Oxime ester photoiniators having a combined structure

[0001] The invention pertains to new oxime ester compounds having a combined structure with alkyl aryl ketone, diaryl ketone or ketocoumarin, and their use as photoinitiators in photopolymerizable compositions.

[0002] From U.S. Pat. No. 3,558,309 it is known that certain oxime ester derivatives are photoinitiators. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,513 oxime ester compounds are disclosed. EP 810595 discribes some oxime ester compounds having electron-donating groups. U.S. Pat. No. 4,202,697 discloses acrylamino-substituted oxime esters. In JP 7-140658 A, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1969, 42(10), 2981–3, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1975, 48(8), 2393–4, Han'guk Somyu Konghakhoechi 1990, 27(9), 672–85, Macromolecules, 1991, 24(15), 4322–7 and European Polymer Journal, 1970, 933–943 some aldoxime ester compounds are described.

[0003] In U.S. Pat. No. 4,590,145 and JP 61-24558-A several benzophenone oxime ester compounds are disclosed. In Chemical Abstract No. 96:52526c, J. Chem. Eng. Data 9(3), 403–4 (1964), J. Chin. Chem. Soc. (Taipei) 41 (5) 573–8, (1994), JP 62-273259-A (=Chemical Abstract 109:83463w), JP 62-286961-A (=Derwent No. 88-025703/04), JP 62-201859-A (=Derwent No. 87-288481/41), JP 62-184056-A (=Derwent No. 87-266739/38), U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,482 and J. of Photochemistry and Photobiology A 107, 261–269 (1997) some p-alkoxy-phenyl oxime ester compounds are described.

[0004] In photopolymerization technology there still exists a need for highly reactive, easy to prepare and easy to handle photoinitiators. In addition, such new photoinitiators must meet the high requirements of the industry regarding properties like, for example, thermal stability and storage stability.

[0005] Surprisingly it was found, that compounds of the formulae I, II and III

[0006]
wherein

• [0007] R₁ is hydrogen, C₃–C₈cycloalkyl or C₁–C₁₂alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogen, phenyl and/or CN; or R₁ is C₂–C₅alkenyl; or R₁ is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, CN, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or R₁ is C₁–C₈alkoxy, benzyloxy; or phenoxy which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl and/or halogen;
• [0008] R₂ and R₂′ independently of each other are hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁–C₂₀alkyl or C₁–C₂₀alkyl substituted by one or more halogen, OR₃, phenyl and/or phenyl substituted by OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or R₂ and R₂′ are C₃–C₈cycloalkyl; or are C₂–C₂₀alkyl interrupted by one or more —O— and/or optionally substituted by one or more halogen, OR₃, phenyl and/or phenyl substituted by OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or R₂ and R₂′ are phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or R₂ and R₂′ are C₂–C₂₀alkanoyl or benzoyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or R₂ and R₂′ are C₂–C₁₂alkoxycarbonyl optionally interrupted by one or more —O— and/or optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups; or R₂ and R₂′ are phenoxycarbonyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, phenyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or R₂ and R₂′ are CN, —CONR₅R₆, NO₂, C₁–C₄haloalkyl, S(O)_m—C₁–C₆alkyl; S(O)_m-phenyl which optionally is substituted by C₁–C₁₂alkyl or SO₂—C₁–C₆alkyl; or are SO₂O-phenyl which optionally is substituted by C₁–C₁₂alkyl; or are diphenyl phosphinoyl or di-(C₁–C₄alkoxy)-phosphinoyl; or R₂ and R₂′ are a group

[0009]

• [0010] Ar₁ is phenyl, naphthyl, benzoyl or naphthoyl, each of which is substituted 1 to 7 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, C₃–C₈cycloalkyl, benzyl and/or phenoxycarbonyl; or each of which is substituted by phenyl or by phenyl which is substituted by one or more OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or each of which is substituted by C₂–C₁₂alkoxycarbonyl optionally interrupted by one or more —O— and/or optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups; or each of which is substituted by OR₃, SR₄, SOR₄, SO₂R₄ and/or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with further substituents on the phenyl or naphthyl ring; or each of which is substituted by a group

[0011]
provided that

• • [0012] if R₂ is not a group (A), (B) or (C), then Ar₁ is phenyl, naphthyl, benzoyl or naphthoyl, each of which is substituted by at least one group —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F);
• [0013] Ar₂ is phenylene, naphthylene, phenylenedicarbonyl or naphthylenedicarbonyl, each of which is substituted 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, C₃–C₈cycloalkyl, benzyl, OR₃, SR₄, SOR₄, SO₂R₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or each of which is substituted by a group —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F);
  provided that
  • [0014] if R₂ or R₂′ is not a group (A), (B) or (C) and Ar₂ is phenylene, naphthylene, phenylenedicarbonyl or naphthylenedicarbonyl, then Ar₂ is substituted by at least one of the groups —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F);
• [0015] if R₂ is not hydrogen or a group (A), (B) or (C), each of which is substituted by at least one of the groups —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F), Ar₂ additionally is

[0016]
each of which is unsubstituted or substituted 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or each of which is substituted by a group, —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F);

• [0017] if R₂ is a group (A), (B) or (C), Ar₂ additionally is

[0018]
each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or each of which is substituted by a group —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F);

• [0019] or Ar₂ is

[0020]
each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 6 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or -6membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the phenyl or naphthyl ring; or each of which is substituted by a group —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F); Ar₃ is phenyl, naphthyl or coumarinyl, each of which is substituted 1 to 7 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, C₃–C₈cycloalkyl, benzyl and/or phenoxycarbonyl; or each of which is substituted by phenyl or by phenyl which is substituted by one or more OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or each of which is substituted by C₂–C₁₂alkoxycarbonyl optionally interrupted by one or more —O— and/or optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups; or each of which is substituted by OR₃, SR₄, SOR₄, SO₂R₄ and/or NR₅R₆;

• [0021] M₁ is C₁–C₂₀alkylene, which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— and/or optionally substituted by one or more halogen, OR₃, phenyl or phenyl substituted by OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₁ is phenylene or naphthylene, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₁ is a group

[0022]
which is optionally substituted 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, OR₃, SR₄, SOR₄, SO₂R₄ and/or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the other phenyl ring;
provided that

• • [0023] if Ar₁ is phenyl, naphthyl, benzoyl or naphthoyl, each of which is not substituted by a group —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F), then M₁ is a group (G) or (H), which is optionally substituted 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, OR₃, SR₄, SOR₄, SO₂R₄ and/or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the other phenyl ring;
• [0024] M₂ is a direct bond, C₁–C₁₀alkylene or cyclohexylene; or M₂ is C₁–C₁₀alkylene or C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—, each of which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— and/or optionally substituted by one or more halogen, OR₃, phenyl or phenyl substituted by OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₂ is phenylene, naphthylene or phenylene-X—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₂ is C₁–C₁₀alkylene-C(O)—X—, C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—C(O)—, phenylene-C(O)—X— or C₁–C₁₀alkylene-phenylene-X—;
• [0025] M₃ and M₃′ independently each other are a direct bond, C₁–C₁₀alkylene or cyclohexylene; or M₃ and M₃′ are C₁–C₁₀alkylene or C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—, each of which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— and/or optionally substituted by one or more halogen, OR₃, phenyl or phenyl substituted by OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₃ and M₃′ are phenylene, naphthylene or phenylene-X—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₃ and M₃′ are C₁–C₁₀alkylene-C(O)—X—, C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—C(O)—, phenylene-C(O)—X—, C₁–C₁₀alkylene-phenylene-X— or phenylene-(CO)-phenylene;
  provided that
  • [0026] M₃ and M₃′ are not C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—, phenylene-X— or C₁–C₁₀alkylene-phenylene-X—, if Ar₁ is naphthyl, naphthoyl or 2-R₃O-phenyl, each of which is not substituted by a group —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F);
• [0027] M₄ and M₄′ independently of each other are a direct bond, —O—, —S—, —NR₅′— or —CO—; or M₄ and M₄′ are —Y—(C₁–C₁₀alkylene)-Y′— which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— and/or optionally substituted by one or more halogen, OR₃, phenyl or phenyl substituted by OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₄ and M₄′ are —Y-phenylene-Y′— or —Y— naphthylene-Y′—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₄ and M₄′ are —Y—(C₁–C₄alkylene)-O-phenylene-O—(C₁–C₄alkylene)-Y′— or —Y—(C₁–C₄alkylene)-O-naphthylene-O—(C₁–C₄alkylene)-Y′—; or M₄ and M₄′ are —X—C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—C(O)— which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O—; or M₄ and M₄′ are a group

[0028]
which is optionally substituted 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, OR₃, SR₄, SOR₄, SO₂R₄ and/or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the other phenyl ring or that of the phenyl or naphthyl ring attached to this group;

• [0029] M₄″ is a direct bond, —O—, —S—, —NR₅′— or —CO—; or M₄″ is —Y—(C₁–C₁₀alkylene)-Y— which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— and/or optionally substituted by one or more halogen, OR₃, phenyl or phenyl substituted by OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₄″ is —Y-phenylene-Y′— or —Y-naphthylene-Y′—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₄″ is —X—C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—C(O)— which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O—;
• [0030] X and X′ independently each other are —O—, —S— or —NR₅—;
• [0031] Y and Y′ independently each other are a direct bond, —O—, —S— or —NR₅—;
• [0032] R₃ is hydrogen, C₁–C₂₀alkyl or phenyl-C₁–C₃alkyl; or R₃ is C₁–C₈alkyl which is substituted by —OH, —SH, —CN, C₃–C₆alkenoxy, —OCH₂CH₂CN, —OCH₂CH₂(CO)O(C₁–C₄alkyl), —O(CO)—(C₁–C₄alkyl), —O(CO)-phenyl, —(CO)OH and/or —(CO)O(C₁–C₄alkyl); or R₃ is C₂–C₁₂alkyl which is interrupted by one or more —O—; or R₃ is —(CH₂CH₂O)_n+1H, —(CH₂CH₂O)_n(CO)—(C₁–C₈alkyl), C₁–C₈alkanoyl, C₂–C₁₂alkenyl, C₃–C₆alkenoyl, C₃–C₈cycloalkyl; or R₃ is benzoyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, —OH and/or C₁–C₄alkoxy; or stituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, —OH and/or C₁–C₄alkoxy; or R₃ is phenyl or naphthyl each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, —OH, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, C₁–C₁₂alkoxy, phenoxy, C₁–C₁₂alkylsulfanyl, phenylsulfanyl, —N(C₁–C₁₂alkyl)₂ and/or diphenylamino;
• [0033] n is 1–20;
• [0034] R₄ is hydrogen, C₁–C₂₀alkyl, C₂–C₁₂alkenyl, C₃–C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl-C₁–C₃alkyl; or R₄ is C₁–C₈alkyl which is substituted by —OH, —SH, —CN, C₃–C₆alkenoxy, —OCH₂CH₂CN, —OCH₂CH₂(CO)O(C₁–C₄alkyl), —O(CO)—(C₁–C₄alkyl), —O(CO)-phenyl, —(CO)OH or —(CO)O(C₁–C₄alkyl); or R₄ is C₂–C₁₂alkyl which is interrupted by one or more —O— or —S—; or R₄ is —(CH₂CH₂O)_n+1H, —(CH₂CH₂O)_n(CO)—(C₁–C₈alkyl), C₁–C₈alkanoyl, C₂–C₁₂alkenyl, C₃–C₆alkenoyl; or R₄ is benzoyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, —OH, C₁–C₄alkoxy or C₁–C₄alkylsulfanyl; or R₄ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, C₁–C₁₂alkoxy, phenyl-C₁–C₃alkyloxy, phenoxy, C₁–C₁₂alkylsulfanyl, phenylsulfanyl, —N(C₁–C₁₂alkyl)₂, diphenylamino, —(CO)O(C₁–C₈alkyl), —(CO)—C₁–C₈alkyl or (CO)N(C₁–C₈alkyl)₂;
• [0035] R₅ and R₆ independently of each other are hydrogen, C₁–C₂₀alkyl, C₂–C₄hydroxyalkyl, C₂–C₁₀alkoxyalkyl, C₂–C₅alkenyl, C₃–C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl-C₁–C₃alkyl, C₁–C₈alkanoyl, C₃–C₁₂-alkenoyl, benzoyl; or R₅ and R₆ are phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by C₁–C₁₂alkyl, benzoyl or C₁–C₁₂alkoxy; or R₅ and R₆ together are C₂–C₆alkylene optionally interrupted by —O— or —NR₃— and/or optionally substituted by hydroxyl, C₁–C₄alkoxy, C₂–C₄alkanoyloxy or benzoyloxy;
• [0036] R₅′ is hydrogen, C₁–C₂₀alkyl, C₂–C₄hydroxyalkyl, C₂–C₁₀alkoxyalkyl, C₂–C₅alkenyl, C₃–C₈-cycloalkyl, phenyl-C₁–C₃alkyl, C₂–C₈alkanoyl, C₃–C₁₂alkenoyl, benzoyl; or R₅′ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by C₁–C₁₂alkyl or C₁–C₁₂alkoxy; or R₅′ is a group

[0037]

• [0038] R₇ is hydrogen, C₁–C₂₀alkyl; C₁–C₈alkyl which is substituted by halogen, phenyl, —OH, —SH, —CN, C₃–C₆alkenoxy, —OCH₂CH₂CN, —OCH₂CH₂(CO)O(C₁–C₄alkyl), —O(CO)—(C₁–C₄alkyl), —O(CO)-phenyl, —(CO)OH or —(CO)O(C₁–C₄alkyl); or R₇ is C₂–C₁₂alkyl which is interrupted by one or more —O—; or R₇ is —(CH₂CH₂O)_n+1H, —(CH₂CH₂O)_n(CO)—(C₁–C₈alkyl), C₂–C₁₂alkenyl or C₃–C₈cycloalkyl; or R₇ is phenyl, biphenylyl or naphthyl, each of which optionally is substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, CN, OR₃, SR₄, SOR₄, SO₂R₄ or NR₅R₆, wherein the substitutents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the phenyl, biphenylyl or naphthyl ring; R₈, R₉, R₈′ and R₉′ independently of each other are hydrogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halogen, phenyl, CN, —OH, —SH, C₁–C₄alkoxy, —(CO)OH or —(CO)O(C₁–C₄alkyl); or R₈, R₉, R₈′ and R₉′ are phenyl optionally substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, CN, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆; or R₈, R₉, R₈′ and R₉′ are halogen, CN, OR₃, SR₄, SOR₄, SO₂R₄ or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the phenyl, naphthyl, benzoyl or naphthoyl group of Ar₁ or that of the substituent R₇ or one of the carbon atoms of the naphthylene or phenylene group of M₃; or R₈ and R₉ or R₈′ and R₉′ together are a group

[0039]

• [0040] R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ independently of one another are hydrogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halogen, phenyl, CN, —OH, —SH, C₁–C₄alkoxy, —(CO)OH or —(CO)O(C₁–C₄alkyl); or R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are phenyl optionally substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, CN, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆; or R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are halogen, CN, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆; and
• [0041] R₁₄ and R₁₅ independently of each other are hydrogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halogen, phenyl, CN, —OH, —SH, C₁–C₄alkoxy, —(CO)OH or —(CO)O(C₁–C₄alkyl); or R₁₄ and R₁₅ are phenyl optionally substituted by one or more C₁—C₆alkyl, halogen, CN, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆;
  provided that
• [0042] (i) if Ar₁ is phenyl, which is substituted by a group (E) and is not additionally substituted by a group (D) or (F), and R₂ is hydrogen, then M₄ is no direct bond, S or NR₅;
• [0043] (ii) if Ar₁ is naphthyl, which is substituted by a group (E) and is not additionally substituted by a group (D) or (F), then M₄ is no direct bond, S, O or NR₅;
• [0044] (iii) if M₄ is O and R₂ is hydrogen, then Ar₁ is not phenyl which is substituted by a group (E) and is not additionally substituted by a group (D) or (F) and simultaneously substituted by OR₃ at the ortho position or by SR₄, NR₅R₆, phenyl, —(CO)R₇ or SO₂R₇; (iv) if Ar₁ is phenyl, which is substituted by —(CO)R₇ and is not additionally substituted by a group (D) or (F), then R₂ is not hydrogen;
• [0045] (v) if Ar₁ is phenyl, which is substituted by —(CO)R₇ and is not additionally substituted by a group (D) or (F), and R₂ is not hydrogen, then R₇ is not phenyl or C₁–C₁₁alkyl;
• [0046] (vi) if Ar₁ is naphthyl, which is substituted by —(CO)R₇ and is not additionally substituted by a group (D) or (F), then R₇ is not phenyl or C₁–C₁₁alkyl;
  exhibit an unexpectedly good performance in photopolymerization reactions compared with the photoinitiator individual structures or the mixtures thereof on which they are based.

[0047] Substituted aryl radicals Ar₁, Ar₂, Ar₃, M₁, M₄ or M₄′ are substituted 1 to 7, 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 times respectively. It is evident that a defined aryl radical cannot have more substituents than free positions at the aryl ring. The radicals are substituted 1 to 7 times, for example 1 to 6 times or 1 to 4 times, in particular one, two or three times.

[0048] Substituted radicals phenyl, are substituted one to 4 times, for example one, two or three times, especially two times. Substituents on the phenyl ring are preferably in positions 4 or in 3,4-, 3,4,5-, 2,6-, 2,4- or 2,4,6-configuration on the phenyl ring.

[0049] Naphthyl is 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl. Naphthoyl is 1-naphthoyl or 2-naphthoyl.

[0050] Coumarinyl is

[0051]
preferably 1-coumarinyl, 4-coumarinyl or 5-coumarinyl.

[0052] Phenylene is 1,2-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene or 1,4-phenylene, preferably 1,4-phenylene. Naphthylene is for example 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,8-, 2,3-, 2,6- or 2,7-naphthlene.

[0053] Phenylenedioxy means phenylene, which is substituted by two O-atoms. Examples are 1,2-phenylenedioxy, 1,3-phenylenedioxy or 1,4-phenylenedioxy, preferably 1,4-phenylenedioxy. Naphthylenedioxy means naphthylene, which is substituted by two O-atoms. Examples are 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,8-, 2,3-, 2,6- or 2,7-naphthylenedioxy.

[0054] C₁–C₂₀alkyl is linear or branched and is, for example, C₁–C₁₈-, C₁–C₁₄-, C₁–C₁₂-, C₁–C₈-, C₁–C₆- or C₁–C₄alkyl or C₄–C₁₂- or C₄–C₈alkyl. Examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl and icosyl. C₁–C₁₂alkyl, C₂–C₁₂alkyl, C₁–C₁₁alkyl, C₁–C₈alkyl and C₁–C₆alkyl have the same meanings as given above for C₁–C₂₀alkyl up to the corresponding number of C-atoms.

[0055] C₂–C₂₀alkyl which is interrupted by one or more —O— is for example interrupted 1–9, 1–5, 1–3 or once or twice by —O—. Two O-atoms are separated by at least two methylene groups, namely ethylene. The alkyl groups are linear or branched. For example the following structural units will occur, —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂CH₃, —[CH₂CH₂O]_y—CH₃, wherein y=1–9, —(CH₂—CH₂O)₇—CH₂CH₃, —CH₂—CH(CH₃)—O—CH₂—CH₂CH₃ or —CH₂—CH(CH₃)—O—CH₂—CH₃.

[0056] C₁–C₂₀alkylene is linear or branched and is, for example, C₁–C₁₆-, C₁–C₁₂-, C₁–C₁₀-, C₁–C₈-, C₁-C₆- or C₁–C₄alkylene or C₄–C₁₂- or C₄–C₈alkylene. Examples are methylene, ethylene, propylene, methylethylene, butylene, methylpropylene, ethylethylene, 1,1-dimethylethylene, 1,2-dimethylethylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, 2-ethylhexylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, dodecylene, tetradecylene, pentadecylene, hexadecylene, octadecylene and icosylene. C₁–C₁₀alkylene has the same meanings as given above for C₁–C₂₀alkylene up to the corresponding number of C-atoms.

[0057] Cyclohexylene is 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexylene.

[0058] C₂–C₄hydroxyalkyl means C₂–C₄alkyl, which substituted by one or two O-atoms. The alkyl radical is linear or branched. Examples are 2-hydroxyethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 1-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, or 2,4-dihydroxybutyl.

[0059] C₃–C₈cycloalkyl is for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, especially cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

[0060] C₁–C₁₂alkoxy is C₁–C₁₂alkyl, which is substituted by one-O-atom. C₁–C₁₂alkyl has the same meanings as given above for C₁–C₂₀alkyl up to the corresponding number of C-atoms. C₁–C₄alkoxy is linear or branched, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butyloxy, sec-butyloxy, isobutyloxy, tert-butyloxy.

[0061] C₁–C₁₂alkylsulfanyl is C₁–C₁₂alkyl, which is substituted by one-S-atom. C₁–C₁₂alkyl has the same meanings as given above for C₁–C₂₀alkyl up to the corresponding number of C-atoms. C₁–C₄alkylsulfanyl is linear or branched, for example, methylsulfanyl, ethylsulfanyl, propylsulfanyl, isopropylsulfanyl, n-butylsulfanyl, sec-butylsulfanyl, isobutylsulfanyl, tert-butylsulfanyl.

[0062] C₂–C₁₀alkoxyalkyl is C₂–C₁₀alkyl, which is interrupted by one O-atom. C₂–C₁₀alkyl has the same meanings as given above for C₁–C₂₀alkyl up to the corresponding number of C-atoms. Examples are methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, ethoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, ethoxypropyl, porpoxymethyl, prpopxyethyl, propoxypropyl.

[0063] C₂–C₂₀alkanoyl is linear or branched and is, for example, C₂–C₁₈-, C₂–C₁₄-, C₂–C₁₂-, C₂–C₈-, C₂–C₆- or C₂–C₄alkanoyl or C₄–C₁₂- or C₄–C₈alkanoyl. Examples are acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, isobutanoyl, pentanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl, dodecanoyl, tetradecanoyl, pentadecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, octadecanoyl, icosanoyl, preferably acetyl. C₁–C₈alkanoyl has the same meanings as given above for C₂–C₂₀alkanoyl up to the corresponding number of C-atoms.

[0064] C₂–C₄alkanoyloxy is linear or branched, for example acetyloxy, propionyloxy, butanoyloxy, isobutanoyloxy, preferably acetyloxy.

[0065] C₂–C₁₂alkoxycarbonyl is a linear or branched and is, for example, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, n-butyloxycarbonyl, isobutyloxycarbonyl, 1,1-dimeth-ylpropoxycarbonyl, pentyloxycarbonyl, hexyloxycarbonyl, heptyloxycarbonyl, octyloxycarbonyl, nonyloxycarbonyl, decyloxycarbonyl or dodecyloxycarbonyl, especially methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, n-butyloxycarbonyl or iso-butyloxycarbonyl, preferably methoxycarbonyl.

[0066] C₂–C₁₂alkoxycarbonyl which is interrupted by one or more —O— is linear or branched. Two O-atoms are separated by at least two methylene groups, namely ethylene.

[0067] Phenoxycarbonyl is

[0068]
Substituted phenoxycarbonyl radicals are substituted one to four times, for example one, two or three times, especially two or three times. Substituents on the phenyl ring are preferably in positions 4 or in 3,4-, 3,4,5-, 2,6-, 2,4- or 2,4,6-position on the phenyl ring, in particular in 4- or 3,4-position.

[0069] Phenyl-C₁–C₃alkyl is for example benzyl, phenylethyl, α-methylbenzyl or α,α-dimethylbenzyl, especially benzyl.

[0070] C₂–C₁₂alkenyl radicals may be mono- or polyunsaturated and are for example vinyl, allyl, methallyl, 1,1-dimethylallyl, 1-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1,3-pentadienyl, 5-hexenyl, 7-octenyl or dodecenyl, especially allyl. C₂–C₅alkenyl radicals have the same meanings as given above for C₂–C₁₂alkenyl radicals up to the corresponding number of C-atoms.

[0071] C₃–C₆alkenoxy radicals may be mono- or polyunsaturated and are for example allyloxy, methallyloxy, butenyloxy, pentenoxy, 1,3-pentadienyloxy, 5-hexenyloxy.

[0072] C₃–C₁₂alkenoyl radicals may be mono- or polyunsaturated and are for example propenoyl, 2-methyl-propenoyl, butenoyl, peritenoyl, 1,3-pentadienoyl, 5-hexenoyl. C₃–C₆alkenoyl radicals have the same meanings as given above for C₃–C₁₂alkenoyl radicals up to the corresponding number of C-atoms.

[0073] Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, especially fluorine, chlorine and bromine, preferably fluorine and chlorine.

[0074] If the substituents OR₃, SR₄ and NR₅R₆ on a phenyl, naphthyl or benzoyl ring form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with further substituents on the phenyl or naphthyl ring, structures comprising two or three rings (inclusive the phenyl ring) are obtained. Examples are

[0075]

[0076] If the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ on a group

[0077]
as M₄ or M₄′ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the other phenyl ring or that of the phenyl or naphthyl ring attached to this group, structures comprising two or three rings (inclusive the phenyl rings) are obtained. Examples are

[0078]

[0079] If, for example R₈, R₉, R₈′ and R₉′ are NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents NR₅R₆ form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the phenyl, naphthyl, benzoyl or naphthoyl group of Ar₁ the following structures are preferred

[0080]
It is clear, that in the context of the present definitions and in view of the examples these groups may bear further substituents.

[0081] If the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ on the phenyl group as R₈ and/or R₉ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the phenyl, naphthyl, benzoyl or naphthoyl group of Ar₁ or that of the substituent R₇, structures comprising two or three rings (inclusive the phenyl rings) are obtained. Examples are

[0082]

[0083] Preferred are compounds of the formulae I, II and III, wherein

• [0084] R₁ is C₃–C₆cycloalkyl or C₁–C₆alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogen or phenyl; or R₁ is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or R₁ is C₁–C₆alkoxy or benzyloxy;
• [0085] R₂ and R₂′ independently of each other are hydrogen; C₁–C₂₀alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halogen, OR₃, phenyl and/or phenyl substituted by OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or are C₃–C₆cycloalkyl; or are C₂–C₂₀alkyl interrupted by one or more —O— and/or optionally substituted by one or more halogen, OR₃, phenyl and/or phenyl substituted by OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or R₂ and R₂′ are phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or R₂ and R₂′ are C₂–C₁₂alkanoyl, C₂–C₁₂alkoxycarbonyl or a group (A), (B) or (C);
• [0086] Ar₁ is phenyl, naphthyl or benzoyl, each of which is substituted 1 to 7 times by halogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or each of which is substituted by phenyl or phenyl which is substituted by one or more OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆; or each of which is substituted by a group —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) and/or (F);
• [0087] Ar₂ is phenylene or phenylenedicarbonyl, each of which is substituted 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆;
• [0088] or Ar₂ is

[0089]
each of which is unsubstituted or substituted 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or each of which is substituted by a group, —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F);

• [0090] or Ar₂ is

[0091]
each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 6 times by halogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the phenyl ring; or each of which is substituted by a group —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F);

• [0092] Ar₃ is phenyl, naphthyl or coumarinyl, each of which is substituted 1 to 7 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, phenyl or by phenyl which is substituted by one or more OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or each of which is substituted by OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆;
• [0093] M₁ is C₁–C₂₀alkylene, which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O—; or M₁ is phenylene or naphthylene, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₁ is a group (H), which is optionally substituted 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the other phenyl ring;
• [0094] M₂ is a direct bond, C₁–C₁₀alkylene or C₁–C₁₀alkylene-O—, each of which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O—; or M₂ is phenylene-O—, which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₂ is C₁–C₆alkylene-phenylene-O—;
• [0095] M₃ and M₃′ independently each other are a direct bond, or are C₁–C₁₀alkylene or C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—, each of which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O—; or M₃ and M₃′ are phenylene or phenylene-X—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₃ and M₃′ are C₁–C₁₀alkylene-C(O)—X—, C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—C(O)—, phenylene-C(O)—X—, C₁–C₆alkylene-phenylene-X— or phenylene-(CO)-phenylene;
• [0096] M₄ and M₄′ independently of each other are a direct bond, —O—, —S—, —NR₅′— or —CO—; or M₄ and M₄′ are —Y—(C₁–C₁₀alkylene)-Y′— which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O—; or M₄ and M₄′ are —Y-phenylene-Y′—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₄ and M₄′ are —Y—(C₁–C₄alkylene)-O-phenylene-O—(C₁–C₄alkylene)-Y′— or —Y—(C₁–C₄alkylene)-O-naphthylene-O—(C₁–C₄alkylene)-Y′—; or M₄ and M₄′ are —X—C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—C(O)— which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O—; or M₄ and M₄′ are a group

[0097]
which is optionally substituted 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the other phenyl ring or that of the phenyl ring attached to this group;

• [0098] M₄″ is a direct bond, —O—, —S—, —NR₅′— or —CO—; or M₄″ is —Y—(C₁–C₁₀alkylene)-Y′— which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O—; or M₄″ is —Y-phenylene-Y′—, which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ and/or NR₅R₆; or M₄″ is —X—C₁–C₁₀alkylene-X—C(O)— which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O—;
• [0099] R₃ is hydrogen, C₁–C₂₀alkyl or phenyl-C₁–C₃alkyl; or R₃ is C₁–C₈alkyl which is substituted by C₃–C₆alkenoxy, —O(CO)—(C₁–C₄alkyl) or —O(CO)-phenyl; or R₃ is C₂–C₁₂alkyl which is interrupted by one or more —O—; or R₃ is C₁–C₈alkanoyl; or benzoyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen and/or C₁–C₄alkoxy; or R₃ is phenyl or naphthyl each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, C₁–C₄alkoxy, C₁–C₁₂alkylsulfanyl, phenylsulfanyl, —N(C₁–C₁₂alkyl)₂ and/or diphenylamino;
• [0100] R₄ is hydrogen, C₁–C₂₀alkyl or phenyl-C₁–C₃alkyl; or R₄ is C₁–C₈alkyl which is substituted by C₃–C₆alkenoxy, —O(CO)—(C₁–C₄alkyl) or —O(CO)-phenyl; or R₄ is C₂–C₁₂alkyl which is interrupted by one or more —O— or —S—; or R₄ is C₁–C₈alkanoyl; or benzoyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, C₁–C₄alkoxy or C₁–C₄alkylsulfanyl; or R₄ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, C₁–C₁₂alkoxy, phenoxy, C₁–C₁₂alkylsulfanyl, phenylsulfanyl, —N(C₁–C₁₂alkyl)₂, diphenylamino or —(CO)(C₁–C₈alkyl);
• [0101] R₅ and R₆ independently of each other are hydrogen, C₁–C₂₀alkyl, C₂–C₁₀alkoxyalkyl, phenyl-C₁–C₃alkyl, C₁–C₈alkanoyl or benzoyl; or R₅ and R₆ are phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by benzoyl, C₁–C₁₂alkyl or C₁–C₁₂alkoxy; or R₅ and R₆ together are C₂–C₆alkylene optionally interrupted by —O— or —NR₃— and/or optionally substituted by C₁–C₄alkoxy, C₂–C₄alkanoyloxy or benzoyloxy; R₅′ is hydrogen, C₁–C₁₀alkyl or C₂–C₄hydroxyalkyl; or R₅′ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by C₁–C₆alkyl or C₁–C₆alkoxy; or R₅′ is a group

[0102]

• [0103] R₇ is hydrogen, C₁–C₂₀alkyl; C₁–C₈alkyl which is substituted by phenyl, —OH, —O(CO)—(C₁–C₄alkyl) or —O(CO)-phenyl; or R₇ is C₂–C₅alkenyl or C₃–C₈cycloalkyl; or R₇ is phenyl, biphenylyl or naphthyl, each of which optionally is substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, CN, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆;
• [0104] R₈, R₉, R₈′ and R₉′ independently of each other are hydrogen, C₁–C₆alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆; or R₈, R₉, R₈′ and R₉′ are halogen, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the phenyl, naphthyl or benzopyl group of Ar₁ or that of the substituent R₇; or R₈ and R₉ or R₈′ and R₉′ together are a group

[0105]
and

• [0106] R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ independently of one another are hydrogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆.

[0107] Particularly preferred are compounds of the formula I or III, wherein

• [0108] R₁ is C₁–C₆alkyl, C₁–C₆alkoxy or phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C₁–C₄alkyl, halogen or OR₃;
• [0109] R₂ and R₂′ independently of each other are is hydrogen or C₁–C₂₀alkyl;
• [0110] Ar₁ is phenyl, naphthyl or benzoyl, each of which is substituted 1 to 7 times by halogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, OR₃, SR₄, NR₅R₆, phenyl or phenyl which is substituted by one or more OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆; or each of which is substituted by a group

[0111]
provided that

• [0112] Ar₁ is phenyl, naphthyl or benzoyl, each of which is substituted by at least one of C(O)R₇, a group (D), a group (E) or a group (F);
  and provided that
• [0113] (i) if Ar₁ is phenyl, which is not substituted by a group (D) nor a group (F) but a group (E), and R₂ is hydrogen, then M₄ is not direct bond, S nor NR₅;
• [0114] (ii) if Ar₁ is naphthyl, which is not substituted by a group (D) nor a group (F) but a group (E), then M₄ is not direct bond, S, O nor NR₅;
• [0115] (iii) if M₄ is O and R₂ is hydrogen, then Ar₁ is not phenyl which is substituted by a group (E) and simultaneously substituted by OR₃ at the ortho position or by SR₄, NR₅R₆, phenyl, COR₇ or SO₂R₇; (iv) if Ar₁ is phenyl, which is not substituted by a group (D) nor a group (F) but a group COR₇, then R₂ is not hydrogen;
• [0116] (v) if Ar₁ is phenyl, which is not substituted by a group (D) nor a group (F) but a group COR₇, and R₂ is not hydrogen, then R₇ is not phenyl nor C₁–C₁₁alkyl;
• [0117] (vi) if Ar₁ is naphthyl, which is not substituted by a group (D) nor a group (F) but a group COR₇, then R₇ is not phenyl nor C₁–C₁₁alkyl;
• [0118] Ar₂ is

[0119]
each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆;

• [0120] Ar₃ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is substituted 1 to 7 times by halogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, OR₃, SR₄, NR₅R₆, phenyl or phenyl which is substituted by one or more OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆; M₄ and M₄′ independently each other are a direct bond, —O—, —S—, —NR₅— or —CO—; or M₄ and M₄′ are —Y—(C₁–C₁₀alkylene)-Y′— which is optionally interrupted by one or more —O—; or M₄ and M₄′ are a group

[0121]
which is optionally substituted 1 to 4 times by halogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆;

• [0122] X and X′ independently each other are —O—, —S— or —NR₅—;
• [0123] R₃ is C₁–C₂₀alkyl, benzyl, phenyl or naphthyl;
• [0124] R₄ is C₁–C₂₀alkyl, benzyl, phenyl or naphthyl;
• [0125] R₅ and R₆ independently of each other are hydrogen, C₁–C₂₀alkyl, benzyl, C₁–C₈alkanoyl, benzoyl, phenyl or naphthyl; or R₅ and R₆ together are C₂–C₆alkylene optionally interrupted by —O— or —NR₃—;
• [0126] R₇ is hydrogen or C₁–C₂₀alkyl; R₇ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which optionally substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆;
• [0127] R₈ and R₉ independently of each other are hydrogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl optionally substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆; R₈ and R₉ are halogen, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₃, R₄, R₅ and/or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the phenyl, naphthyl or benzoyl group of Ar₁ or that of the substituent R₇; or R₈ and R₉ together are a group

[0128]
wherein R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ independently of one another are hydrogen, C₁–C₆alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆.

[0129] Further interesting compounds are compounds of the formula I or III, wherein

• [0130] R₁ is C₁–C₁₂alkyl or phenyl;
• [0131] R₂ and R₂′ are hydrogen or C₁–C₁₂alkyl;
• [0132] Ar₁ is phenyl, naphthyl or benzoyl, each of which is substituted by OR₃ or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₅ or R₆ with further substituents on the phenyl or naphthyl ring; or each of which is substituted by a group —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F);
• [0133] Ar₂ is

[0134]
Ar₃ is naphthyl;

• [0135] M₄ and M₄′ independently of each other are a direct bond, —S—, or —Y—(C₁C₁₀alkylene)-Y′—;
• [0136] Y and Y′ independently each other are a direct bond or —O—;
• [0137] R₃ is C₁–C₁₂alkyl;
• [0138] R₄ is phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by —(CO)(C₁–C₈alkyl);
• [0139] R₅ and R₆ independently of each other are C₁–C₁₂alkyl or phenyl;
• [0140] R₇ is phenyl, biphenylyl or naphthyl, each of which optionally is substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, OR3, SR₄ or NR₅R₆; and
• [0141] R₈ and R₉ are hydrogen.

[0142] In particular interesting are compounds of the formula I and III, wherein

• [0143] R₁ is C₁–C₁₂alkyl or phenyl;
• [0144] R₂ and R₂′ are hydrogen, C₁–C₁₂alkyl, phenyl or C₂–C₁₂alkoxycarbonyl;
• [0145] Ar₁ is phenyl, naphthyl or benzoyl, each of which is substituted by OR₃ or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₅ or R₆ with further substituents on the phenyl or naphthyl ring; or each of which is substituted by a group —(CO)R₇, (D), (E) or (F);
• [0146] Ar₂ is

[0147]
Ar₃ is naphthyl;

• [0148] M₄ and M₄′ independently of each other are a direct bond, —O—, —S—, —Y—(C₁–C₁₀alkylene)-Y′— or —Y—(C₁–C₄alkylene)-O-phenylene-O—(C₁–C₄alkylene)-Y′—;
• [0149] Y and Y′ independently each other are a direct bond or —O—;
• [0150] R₃ is C₁–C₁₂alkyl;
• [0151] R₄ is phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by —(CO)(C₁–C₈alkyl);
• [0152] R₅ and R₆ independently of each other are C₁–C₁₂alkyl; or are phenyl, which unsubstituted or substituted by benzoyl or C₁–C₁₂alkyl;
• [0153] R₇ is phenyl, biphenylyl or naphthyl, each of which optionally is substituted by one or more C₁–C₆alkyl, halogen, OR₃, SR₄ or NR₅R₆; and
• [0154] R₈ and R₉ are hydrogen or NR₅R₆, wherein the substituents NR₅R₆ optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R₅ or R₆ with one of the carbon atoms of the phenyl, naphthyl or benzoyl group of Ar₁.

[0155] In particular preferred compounds according to the present invention are 1-[4-(4-Benzoyl-phenylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-octan-1-one oxime-O-acetate, 1-(6-Benzoyl-9-ethyl-9.H.-carbazol-3-yl)-octan-1-one oxime-O-acetate, 1-(4-{4-[4-(4-Butyryl-phenylsulfanyl)-benzoyl]-phenylsulfanyl}-phenyl)-butan-1-one oxime-O-acetate, 1-[4-(4-{4-[4-(1-acetoxyimino-butyl)-phenylsulfanyl]-benzoyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-butan-1-one oxime-O-acetate.

[0156] Preferred compounds of formulae I, II and III are characterized in that at least one oxime ester moiety and at least one alkyl aryl ketone, diaryl ketone, acylcoumarin or aroylcoumarin moiety are combined in one molecule without or with a short spacer group.

[0157] Oxime esters of formulae I, II and III are prepared by methods described in the literature, for example by reaction of the corresponding oximes with an acyl chloride or an anhydride in an inert solvent such as for example t-Butyl methyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylformamide in the presence of a base, for example triethylamine or pyridine, or in a basic solvent such as pyridine.

[0158]

[0159] Such reactions are well known to those skilled in the art, and are generally carried out at temperatures of −15 to +50° C., preferably 0 to 25° C.

[0160] The compounds of formulae II and III can be obtained analogously by using the appropriate oximes as starting materials:

[0161]
Ar₁, Ar₂, M₁, R₂ and R₂′ have the meanings as given above.

[0162] The oximes required as starting materials can be obtained by a variety of methods described in standard chemistry textbooks (for instance in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Wiley Interscience, 1992), or in specialized monographs, for example, S. R. Sandler & W. Karo, Organic functional group preparations, Vol. 3, Academic Press.

[0163] One of the most convenient methods is, for example, the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine or its salt in polar solvents like ethanol or aqueous ethanol. In that case, a base such as sodium acetate or pyridine is added to control the pH of the reaction mixture. It is well known that the rate of the reaction is pH-dependent, and the base can be added at the beginning or continuously during the reaction. Basic solvents such as pyridine can also be used as base and/or solvent or cosolvent. The reaction temperature is generally the refluxing temperature of the mixture, usually about 60–120° C.

[0164] Another convenient synthesis of oximes is the nitrosation of “active” methylene groups with nitrous acid or an alkyl nitrite. Both alkaline conditions, as described for example in Organic Syntheses coll. Vol. VI (J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988), pp 199 and 840, and acidic conditions, as described, for example, in Organic Synthesis coil. vol V, pp 32 and 373, coll. vol. III, pp 191 and 513, coll. vol. II, pp. 202, 204 and 363, are suitable for the preparation of the oximes used as starting materials in the invention. Nitrous acid is usually generated from sodium nitrite. The alkyl nitrite can be for example methyl nitrite, ethyl nitrite, isopropyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, or isoamyl nitrite.

[0165] Every oxime ester group can exist in two configurations, (Z) or (E). It is possible to separate the isomers by conventional methods, but it is also possible to use the isomeric mixture as such as photoinitiating species. Therefore, the invention also relates to mixtures of configurational isomers of compounds of the formulae I, II and III.

[0166] In accordance with the invention, the compounds of the formulae I, II and III can be used as photoinitiators for the photopolymerization of ethylenically unsaturated compounds or of mixtures which comprise such compounds.

[0167] Another subject of the present invention therefore is a photopolymerizable composition comprising

• [0168] (a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated photopolymerizable compound and
• [0169] (b) as photoinitiator, at least one compound of the formula I, II and/or III as defined above.

[0170] The composition may comprise additionally to the photoinitiator (b) at least one further photoinitiator (c), and/or other additives (d).

[0171] The unsaturated compounds (a) may include one or more olefinic double bonds. They may be of low (monomeric) or high (oligomeric) molecular mass. Examples of monomers containing a double bond are alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or amino acrylates, or alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or amino methacrylates, for example methyl, ethyl, butyl, 2-ethylhexyl or 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate or ethyl methacrylate. Silicone acrylates are also advantageous. Other examples are acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-substituted (meth)acrylamides, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl ethers such as isobutyl vinyl ether, styrene, alkyl- and halostyrenes, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride.

[0172] Examples of monomers containing two or more double bonds are the diacrylates of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, hexamethylene glycol or of bisphenol A, and 4,4′-bis(2-acryl-oyloxyethoxy)diphenylpropane, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate or tetraacrylate, vinyl acrylate, divinylbenzene, divinyl succinate, diallyl phthalate, triallyl phosphate, triallyl isocyanurate or tris(2-acryloylethyl) isocyanurate.

[0173] Examples of polyunsaturated compounds of relatively high molecular mass (oligomers) are acrylated epoxy resins, polyesters containing acrylate-, vinyl ether- or epoxy-groups, and also polyurethanes and polyethers. Further examples of unsaturated oligomers are unsaturated polyester resins, which are usually prepared from maleic acid, phthalic acid and one or more diols and have molecular weights of from about 500 to 3000. In addition it is also possible to employ vinyl ether monomers and oligomers, and also maleate-terminated oligomers with polyester, polyurethane, polyether, polyvinyl ether and epoxy main chains. Of particular suitability are combinations of oligomers which carry vinyl ether groups and of polymers as described in WO 90/01512. However, copolymers of vinyl ether and maleic acid-functionalized monomers are also suitable. Unsaturated oligomers of this kind can also be referred to as prepolymers.

[0174] Particularly suitable examples are esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and polyols or polyepoxides, and polymers having ethylenically unsaturated groups in the chain or in side groups, for example unsaturated polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes and copolymers thereof, polymers and copolymers containing (meth)acrylic groups in side chains, and also mixtures of one or more such polymers.

[0175] Examples of unsaturated carboxylic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, cinnamic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic acid or oleic acid. Acrylic and methacrylic acid are preferred.

[0176] Suitable polyols are aromatic and, in particular, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyols. Examples of aromatic polyols are hydroquinone, 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl, 2,2-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, and also novolaks and resols. Examples of polyepoxides are those based on the abovementioned polyols, especially the aromatic polyols, and epichlorohydrin. Other suitable polyols are polymers and copolymers containing hydroxyl groups in the polymer chain or in side groups, examples being polyvinyl alcohol and copolymers thereof or polyhydroxyalkyl methacrylates or copolymers thereof. Further polyols which are suitable are oligoesters having hydroxyl end groups.

[0177] Examples of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyols are alkylenediols having preferably 2 to 12 C atoms, such as ethylene glycol, 1,2- or 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, octanediol, dodecanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glcyol, polyethylene glycols having molecular weights of preferably from 200 to 1500, 1,3-cyclopentanediol, 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-dihydroxymethylcyclohexane, glycerol, tris(β-hydroxyethyl)amine, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol and sorbitol.

[0178] The polyols may be partially or completely esterified with one carboxylic acid or with different unsaturated carboxylic acids, and in partial esters the free hydroxyl groups may be modified, for example etherified or esterified with other carboxylic acids.

[0179] Examples of esters are:

• [0180] trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolethane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimeth-acrylate, trimethylolethane trimethacrylate, tetramethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol diacrylate, dipentaerythritol triacrylate, dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, tripentaerythritol octaacrylate, pentaerythritol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol dimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, tripen-ta-erythritol octamethacrylate, pentaerythritol diitaconate, dipentaerythritol tris-itaconate, dipentaerythritol pentaitaconate, dipentaerythritol hexaitaconate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butanediol diacrylate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diitaconate, sorbitol triacrylate, sorbitol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol-modified triacrylate, sorbitol tetra methacrylate, sorbitol pentaacrylate, sorbitol hexaacrylate, oligoester acrylates and methacrylates, glycerol diacrylate and triacrylate, 1,4-cyclohexane diacrylate, bisacrylates and bismethacrylates of polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of from 200 to 1500, or mixtures thereof.

[0181] Also suitable as components (a) are the amides of identical or different, unsaturated carboxylic acids with aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aliphatic polyamines having preferably 2 to 6, especially 2 to 4, amino groups. Examples of such polyamines are ethylenediamine, 1,2- or 1,3-propylenediamine, 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-butylenediamine, 1,5-pentylenediamine, 1,6-hexylenediamine, octylenediamine, dodecylenediamine, 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, isophoronediamine, phenylenediamine, bisphenylenediamine, di-β-aminoethyl ether, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, di(β-aminoethoxy)- or di(β-aminopropoxy)ethane. Other suitable polyamines are polymers and copolymers, preferably with additional amino groups in the side chain, and oligoamides having amino end groups. Examples of such unsaturated amides are methylenebisacrylamide, 1,6-hexamethylenebisacrylamide, diethylenetriaminetrismethacrylamide, bis(methacrylamidopropoxy)ethane, β-methacrylamidoethyl methacrylate and N[(β-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]acrylamide.

[0182] Suitable unsaturated polyesters and polyamides are derived, for example, from maleic acid and from diols or diamines. Some of the maleic acid can be replaced by other dicarboxylic acids. They can be used together with ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, for example styrene. The polyesters and polyamides may also be derived from dicarboxylic acids and from ethylenically unsaturated diols or diamines, especially from those with relatively long chains of, for example 6 to 20 C atoms. Examples of polyurethanes are those composed of saturated or unsaturated diisocyanates and of unsaturated or, respectively, saturated diols.

[0183] Polymers with (meth)acrylate groups in the side chain are likewise known. They may, for example, be reaction products of epoxy resins based on novolaks with (meth)acrylic acid, or may be homo- or copolymers of vinyl alcohol or hydroxyalkyl derivatives thereof which are esterified with (meth)acrylic acid, or may be homo- and copolymers of (meth)acrylates which are esterified with hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates.

[0184] Other suitable polymers with acrylate or methacrylate groups in the side chains are, for example, solvent soluble or alkaline soluble polyimide precursors, for example poly(amic acid ester) compounds, having the photopolymerizable side groups either attached to the backbone or to the ester groups in the molecule, i.e. according to EP 624826. Such oligomers or polymers can be formulated with the new photoinitiators and optionally reactive diluents, like polyfunctional (meth)acrylates in order to prepare highly sensitive polyimide precursor resists.

[0185] The photopolymerizable compounds can be used alone or in any desired mixtures. It is preferred to use mixtures of polyol (meth)acrylates.

[0186] Examples of the component (a) are also polymers or oligomers having at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups and at least one carboxyl function within the molecule structure, such as a resin obtained by the reaction of a saturated or unsaturated polybasic acid anhy-A and JP dride with a product of the reaction of an epoxy compound and an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, for example, photosensitive compounds as described in JP 6-1638 and JP 10301276 and commercial products such as EB9696, UCB Chemicals; KAYARAD TCR1025, Nippon Kayaku Co., LTD., or an addition product formed between a carboxyl group-containing resin and an unsaturated compound having an α,β-unsaturated double bond and an epoxy group (for example, ACA200M, Daicel Industries, Ltd.).

[0187] As diluent, a mono- or multi-functional ethylenically unsaturated compound, or mixtures of several of said compounds, can be included in the above composition up to 70% by weight based on the solid portion of the composition.

[0188] The unsaturated compounds (a) can also be used as a mixture with non-photopolymerizable, film-forming components. These may, for example, be physically drying polymers or solutions thereof in organic solvents, for instance nitrocellulose or cellulose acetobutyrate. They may also, however, be chemically and/or thermally curable (heat-curable) resins, examples being polyisocyanates, polyepoxides and melamine resins, as well as polyimide precursors. The use of heat-curable resins at the same time is important for use in systems known as hybrid systems, which in a first stage are photopolymerized and in a second stage are crosslinked by means of thermal aftertreatment.

[0189] The invention also provides compositions comprising as component (a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated photopolymerizable compound which is emulsified or dissolved in water. Many variants of such radiation-curable aqueous prepolymer dispersions are commercially available. A prepolymer dispersion is understood as being a dispersion of water and at least one prepolymer dispersed therein. The concentration of water in these systems is, for example, from 5 to 80% by weight, in particular from 30 to 60% by weight. The concentration of the radiation-curable prepolymer or prepolymer mixture is, for example, from 95 to 20% by weight, in particular from 70 to 40% by weight. In these compositions the sum of the percentages given for water and prepolymer is in each case 100, with auxiliaries and additives being added in varying quantities depending on the intended use.

[0190] The radiation-curable, film-forming prepolymers which are dispersed in water and are often also dissolved are aqueous prepolymer dispersions of mono- or polyfunctional, ethylenically unsaturated prepolymers which are known per se, can be initiated by free radicals and have for example a content of from 0.01 to 1.0 mol of polymerizable double bonds per 100 g of prepolymer and an average molecular weight of, for example, at least 400, in particular from 500 to 10,000. Prepolymers with higher molecular weights, however, may also be considered depending on the intended application. Use is made, for example, of polyesters containing polymerizable C—C double bonds and having an acid number of not more than 10, of polyethers containing polymerizable C—C double bonds, of hydroxyl-containing reaction products of a polyepoxide, containing at least two epoxide groups per molecule, with at least one α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, of polyurethane (meth)acrylates and of acrylic copolymers which contain α,β-ethylenically unsaturated acrylic radicals, as are described in EP 12339. Mixtures of these prepolymers can likewise be used. Also suitable are the polymerizable prepolymers described in EP 33896, which are thioether adducts of polymerizable prepolymers having an average molecular weight of at least 600, a carboxyl group content of from 0.2 to 15% and a content of from 0.01 to 0.8 mol of polymerizable C—C double bonds per 100 g of prepolymer. Other suitable aqueous dispersions, based on specific alkyl (meth)acrylate polymers, are described in EP 41125, and suitable water dispersible, radiation-curable prepolymers of urethane acrylates can be found in DE 2936039.

[0191] Further additives which may be included in these radiation-curable aqueous prepolymer dispersions are dispersion auxiliaries, emulsifiers, antioxidants, e.g. 2,2-thiobis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol) or 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, light stabilizers, dyes, pigments, fillers, such as glass or alumina, for example talc, gypsum, silicic acid, rutile, carbon black, zinc oxide, iron oxides, reaction accelerators, levelling agents, lubricants, wetting agents, thickeners, flatting agents, antifoams and other auxiliaries customary in paint technology. Suitable dispersion auxiliaries are water-soluble organic compounds which are of high molecular mass and contain polar groups, examples being polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidone or cellulose ethers. Emulsifiers which can be used are nonionic emulsifiers and, if desired, ionic emulsifiers as well.

[0192] In certain cases it may be of advantage to use mixtures of two or more of the novel photoinitiators. It is of course also possible to use mixtures with known photoinitiators (c), for example mixtures with camphor quinone, benzophenone, benzophenone derivatives, acetophenone, acetophenone derivatives, for example α-hydroxycycloalkyl phenyl ketones or 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propanone, dialkoxyacetophenones, α-hydroxy- or α-aminoacetophenones, e.g. (4-methylthiobenzoyl)-1-methyl-1-morpholinoethane, (4-morpholinobenzoyl)-1-benzyl-1-dimethylaminopropane, 4-aroyl-1,3-dioxolanes, benzoin alkyl ethers and benzil ketals, e.g. dimethyl benzil ketal, phenylglyoxalic esters and derivatives thereof, dimeric phenylglyoxalic esters, diacetyl, pieresters, e.g. benzophenone tetracarboxylic peresters as described for example in EP 126541, monoacyl phosphine oxides, e.g. (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)diphenylphosphine oxide, bisacylphosphine oxides, bis(2,6-dimethoxy-benzoyl)-(2,4,4-trimethyl-pentyl)-phosphine oxide, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-2,4-dipentoxyphenylphosphine oxide, trisacylphosphine oxides, halomethyltriazines, e.g. 2-[2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-methyl-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-(4-N,N-di(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)aminophenyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-(4-methoxy-naphthyl)-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[2-[4-(pentyloxy)phenyl]ethenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[2-(3-methyl-2-furanyl)-ethenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[2-(5-methyl-2-furanyl)-ethenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[2-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[2-(2-methoxy-phenyl)ethenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[2-[4-isopropyloxy-phenyl]-ethenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[2-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)ethenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[2-bromo-4-N,N-di(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amino-phenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[2-chloro-4-N,N-di(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amino-phenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[3-bromo-4-N,N-di-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amino-phenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, 2-[3-chloro-4-N,N-di(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amino-phenyl]-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine, or other halomethyl-triazines as described for example in G. Buhr, R. Dammel and C. Lindley Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 61,269 (1989), and EP 0262788; halomethyl-oxazol photoinitiators, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,606 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,607; 1,2-disulfones, such as described in E. A. Bartmann, Synthesis 5, 490 (1993); hexaarylbisimidazole, and hexaarylbisimidazole/coinitiators systems, e.g. ortho-chlorohexaphenyl-bisimidazole combined with 2-mercaptobenzthiazole, ferrocenium compounds, or titanocenes, e.g. bis(cyclopentadienyl)-bis(2,6-difluoro-3-pyrryl-phenyl)titanium.

[0193] Where the novel photoinitiator systems are employed in hybrid systems, use is made, in addition to the novel free-radical hardeners, of cationic photoinitiators, of peroxide compounds, such as benzoyl peroxide (other suitable peroxides are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,950,581 column 19, lines 17–25), of aromatic sulfonium-, phosphonium- or iodonium salts as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,950,581, column 18, line 60 to column 19, line 10 or cyclopentadienyl-arene-iron(II) complex salts, for example (η⁶-iso-propylbenzene)(η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)-iron(II) hexafluorophosphate, as well as oxime sulfonic acid esters, as are, for example described in EP 780729. Also pyridinium and (iso)quinolinium salts as described e.g. in EP 497531 and EP 441232 may be used in combination with the new photoinitiators.

[0194] The new photoinitiators, either alone or in mixtures with other known photoinitiators and sensitizers, can be used also in the form of a dispersion or emulsion in water or aqueous solutions.

[0195] Subject of the invention are compositions comprising besides the compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V at least one α-aminoketone, in particular (4-methylthiobenzoyl)-1-methyl-1-morpholinoethane.

[0196] The photopolymerizable compositions generally comprise 0.05 to 25% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 10% by weight, in particular 0.01 to 5% by weight of the photoinitiator, based on the solid composition. The amount refers to the sum of all photoinitiators added, if mixtures of initiators are employed. Accordingly, the amount either refers to the photoinitiator (b) or the photoinitiators (b)+(c).

[0197] In addition to the photoinitiator the photopolymerizable mixtures may include various additives (d). Examples of these are thermal inhibitors, which are intended to prevent premature polymerization, examples being hydroquinone, hydroquinone derivatives, p-methoxyphenol, β-naphthol or sterically hindered phenols, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol. In order to increase the stability on storage in the dark it is possible, for example, to use copper compounds, such as copper naphthenate, stearate or octoate, phosphorus compounds, for example triphenylphosphine, tributylphosphine, triethyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite or tribenzyl phosphite, quaternary ammonium compounds, for example tetramethylammonium chloride or trimethylbenzylammonium chloride, or hydroxylamine derivatives, for example N-diethylhydroxylamine. To exclude atmospheric oxygen during the polymerization it is possible to add paraffin or similar wax-like substances which, being of inadequate solubility in the polymer, migrate to the surface in the beginning of polymerization and form a transparent surface layer which prevents the ingress of air. It is also possible to apply an oxygen-impermeable layer on top of the coating, for example poly(vinylalcohol-co-vinylacetate). Light stabilizers which can be added in a small quantity are UV absorbers, for example those of the hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole, hydroxyphenyl-benzophenone, oxalamide or hydroxyphenyl-s-triazine type. These compounds can be used individually or in mixtures, with or without sterically hindered amines (HALS).

[0198] Examples of such UV absorbers and light stabilizers are

[0199] 1. 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles for example 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5′-tert-butyl-2′-hydro-xyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-ditert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′-sec-butyl-5′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotrizole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-4′-octoxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-amyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-bis-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole, mixture of 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-5′-[2-(2-ethyl-hexyl-oxy)carbonylethyl]-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-5′-[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)carbonylethyl]-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′-dodecyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, and 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-isooctyloxycarbonylethyl)phenylbenzotriazole, 2,2′-methylene-bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6-benzotriazol-2-yl-phenol]; transesterification product of 2-[3′-tert-butyl-5′-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-2′-hydroxy-phenyl]-benzotriazole with polyethylene glycol 300; [R—CH₂CH₂—COO(CH₂)₃]₂— where R=3′-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxy-5′-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl-phenyl.

[0200] 2. 2-Hydroxybenzophenones, for example the 4-hydroxy-, 4-methoxy-, 4-octoxy-, 4-decyloxy-, 4-dodecyloxy-, 4-benzyloxy-, 4,2′,4′-trihydroxy- and 2′-hydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy derivative.

[0201] 3. Esters of substituted or unsubstituted benzoic acids, for example 4-tert-butylphenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoylresorcinol, bis(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)resorcinol, benzoylresorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, and 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate.

[0202] 4. Acrylates, for example isooctyl or ethyl α-cyano-β,β-diphenyl acrylate, methyl α-carbomethoxycinnamate, butyl or methyl α-cyano-β-methyl-p-methoxycinnamate, methyl α-carboxymethoxy-p-methoxycinnamate and N-(β-carbomethoxy-β-cyanovinyl)-2-methylindoline.

[0203] 5. Sterically hindered amines, for example bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) sebacate, bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) succinate, bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl) sebacate, bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl) n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmalonate, condensation product of 1-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, condensation product of N,N′-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexa-methylenediamine and 4-tert-octylamino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-s-triazine, tris-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) nitrilotriacetate, tetrakis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-1,2,3,4-butane tetraoate, 1,1′-(1,2-ethandiyl)bis(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-piperazinone), 4-benzoyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl) 2-n-butyl-2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl) malonate, 3-n-octyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro-([4.5]decane-2,4-dione, bis-(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) sebacate, bis-(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) succinate, condensation product of N,N′-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-morpholino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, condensation product of 2-chloro-4,6-di-(4-n-butylamino-2,2, 6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl)-1,3,5-triazine and 1,2-bis-(3-aminopropyl-amino)ethane, condensation product of 2-chloro-4,6-di-(4-n-butylamino-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)-1,3,5-triazine and 1,2-bis-(3-aminopropylamino)-ethane, 8-acetyl-3-dodecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, 3-dodecyl-1-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione and 3-dodecyl-1-(1,2,2,6,6-penta-methyl-4-piperidyl)-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione.

[0204] 6. Oxalamides, for example 4,4′-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2′-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2′-dioctyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butyloxanilide, 2,2′-didodecyloxy-5,5′di-tert-butyloxanilide, 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyl-oxanilide, N,N′-bis-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxalamide, 2-ethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2′-ethyloxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyl-5,4′-di-tert-butyloxanilide, mixtures of o- and p-methoxy- and of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides.

[0205] 7. 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines, for example 2,4,6-tris(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-propyloxy-phenyl)-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-butyloxy-propyloxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-octyloxy-propyloxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-di-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-dodecyltridecyl-oxy-(2-hydroxypropyl)oxy-2-hydroxy-phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine.

[0206] 8. Phosphites and phosphonites, for example triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl alkyl phosphites, phenyl dialkyl phosphites, tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, distearyl pentaerythrityl diphosphite, tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, diisodecyl pentaerythrityl diphosphite, bis-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythrityl diphosphite, bis-(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl) pentaerythrityl diphosphite, bis-isodecyloxy pentaerythrityl diphosphite, bis-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl) pentaerythrityl diphosphite, bis-(2,4,6-tri-tertbutylphenyl) pentaerythrityl diphosphite, tristearyl sorbityl triphosphite, tetrakis-(2,4-di-tertbutylphenyl)-4,4′-biphenylene diphosphonite, 6-isooctyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12H-di-benzo[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphocine, 6-fluoro-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12-methyl-dibenzo[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphocine, bis-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl) methyl phosphite and bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl) ethyl phosphite.

[0207] To accelerate the photopolymerization it is possible to add amines as component (d), for example triethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, ethyl-p-dimethylaminobenzoate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl benzoate, 2-ethylhexyl-p-dimethylaminobenzoate, octyl-para-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl-para-toluidine or Michler's ketone. The action of the amines can be intensified by the addition of aromatic ketones of the benzophenone type. Examples of amines which can be used as oxygen scavengers are substituted N,N-dialkylanilines, as are described in EP 339841. Other accelerators, coinitiators and autoxidizers are thiols, thioethers, disulfides, phosphonium salts, phosphine oxides or phosphines, as described, for example, in EP 438123, in GB 2180358 and in JP Kokai Hei 6-68309.

[0208] It is further possible to add chain transfer agents which are customary in the art to the compositions according to the invention as component (d). Examples are mercaptans, amines and benzothiazol.

[0209] Photopolymerization can also be accelerated by adding further photosensitizers or coinitiators (as component (d)) which shift or broaden the spectral sensitivity. These are, in particular, aromatic compounds, for example benzophenone and derivatives thereof, thioxanthone and derivatives thereof, anthraquinone and derivatives thereof, coumarin and phenothiazine and derivatives thereof, and also 3-(aroylmethylene)thiazolines, rhodanine, camphorquinone, but also eosine, rhodamine, erythrosine, xanthene, thioxanthene, acridine, e.g. 9-phenylacridine, 1,7-bis(9-acridinyl)heptane, 1,5-bis(9-acridinyl)pentane, cyanine and merocyanine dyes.

[0210] Specific examples of such compounds are

• [0211] 1. Thioxanthones

[0212] Thioxanthone, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 1-chloro-4-propoxythioxanthone, 2-dodecylthioxanthone, 2,4-diethylthioxanthone, 2,4-dimethylthioxanthone, 1-methoxycarbonylthioxanthone, 2-ethoxycarbonylthioxanthone, 3-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)-thioxanthone, 4-butoxycarbonylthioxanthone, 3-butoxycarbonyl-7-methylthioxanthone, 1-cyano-3-chlorothioxanthone, 1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-chlorothioxanthone, 1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-ethoxythioxanthone, 1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-aminothioxanthone, 1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylsulfurylthioxanthone, 3,4-di-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxycarbonyl]-thioxanthone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one 2-ethylhexylether, 1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-(1-methyl-1-morpholinoethyl)-thioxanthone, 2-methyl-6-dimethoxymethyl-thioxanthone, 2-methyl-6-(1,1-dimethoxybenzyl)-thioxanthone, 2-morpholinomethylthioxanthone, 2-methyl-6-morpholinomethylthioxanthone, N-allylthioxanthone-3,4-dicarboximide, N-octylthioxanthone-3,4-dicarboximide, N-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-thioxanthone-3,4-dicarboximide, 1-phenoxythioxanthone, 6-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methoxythioxanthone, 6-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methylthioxanthone, thioxanthone-2-carboxylic acid polyethyleneglycol ester, 2-hydroxy-3-(3,4-dimethyl-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthon-2-yloxy)-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-propanaminium chloride;

• [0213] 2. Benzophenones

[0214] benzophenone, 4-phenyl benzophenone, 4-methoxy benzophenone, 4,4′-dimethoxy benzophenone, 4,4′-dimethyl benzophenone, 4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, 4,4′-bis(methylethylamino)benzophenone, 4,4′-bis(p-isopropylphenoxy)benzophenone, 4-methyl benzophenone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzophenone, 4-(4-methylthiophenyl)-benzophenone, 3,3′-dimethyl-4-methoxy benzophenone, methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate, 4-(2-hydroxyethylthio)-benzophenone, 4-(4-tolylthio)-benzophenone, 1-[4-(4-benzoyl-phenylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-2-methyl-2-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-propan-1-one, 4-benzoyl-N,N, N-trimethylbenzenemethanaminium chloride, 2-hydroxy-3-(4-benzoylphenoxy)-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-propanaminium chloride monohydrate, 4-(13-acryloyl-1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecyl)-benzophenone, 4-benzoyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-[2-(1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy]ethyl-benzenemethanaminium chloride;

• [0215] 3. Coumarins

[0216] Coumarin 1, Coumarin 2, Coumarin 6, Coumarin 7, Coumarin 30, Coumarin 102, Coumarin 106, Coumarin 138, Coumarin 152, Coumarin 153, Coumarin 307, Coumarin 314, Coumarin 314T, Coumarin 334, Coumarin 337, Coumarin 500, 3-benzoyl coumarin, 3-benzoyl-7-methoxycoumarin, 3-benzoyl-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 3-benzoyl-5,7-dipropoxycoumarin, 3-benzoyl-6,8-dichlorocoumarin, 3-benzoyl-6-chloro-coumarin, 3,3′-carbonyl-bis[5,7-di(propoxy)-coumarin], 3,3′-carbonyl-bis(7-methoxycoumarin), 3,3′-carbonyl-bis(7-diethylamino-coumarin), 3-isobutyroylcoumarin, 3-benzoyl-5,7-dimethoxy-coumarin, 3-benzoyl-5,7-diethoxy-coumarin, 3-benzoyl-5,7-dibutoxycoumarin, 3-benzoyl-5,7-di(methoxyethoxy)-coumarin, 3-benzoyl-5,7-di(allyloxy)coumarin, 3-benzoyl-7-dimethylaminocoumarin, 3-benzoyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin, 3-isobutyroyl-7-dimethylaminocoumarin, 5,7-dimethoxy-3-(1-naphthoyl)-coumarin, 5,7-diethoxy-3-(1-naphthoyl)-coumarin, 3-benzoylbenzo[f]coumarin, 7-diethylamino-3-thienoylcoumarin, 3-(4-cyanobenzoyl)-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 3-(4-cyanobenzoyl)-5,7-dipropoxycoumarin, 7-dimethylamino-3-phenylcoumarin, 7-diethylamino-3-phenylcoumarin, the coumarin derivatives disclosed in JP 09-179299-A and JP 09-325209-A, for example 7-[{4-chloro-6-(diethylamino)-S-triazine-2-yl}amino]-3-phenylcoumarin;

• [0217] 4. 3-(aroylmethylene)-thiazolines

[0218] 3-methyl-2-benzoylmethylene-β-naphthothiazoline, 3-methyl-2-benzoylmethylene-benzothiazoline, 3-ethyl-2-propionylmethylene-β-naphthothiazoline;

• [0219] 5. Rhodanines

[0220] 4-dimethylaminobenzalrhodanine, 4-diethylaminobenzalrhodanine, 3-ethyl-5-(3-octyl-2-benzothiazolinyliden the rhodanine derivatives, formulae [1], [2], [7], disclosed in JP 08-305019A;

• [0221] 6. Other Compounds

[0222] acetophenone, 3-methoxyacetophenone, 4-phenylacetophenone, benzil, 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzil, 2-acetylnaphthalene, 2-naphthaldehyde, dansyl acid derivatives, 9,10-anthraquinone, anthracene, pyrene, aminopyrene, perylene, phenanthrene, phenanthrenequinone, 9-fluorenone, dibenzosuberone, curcumin, xanthone, thiomichler's ketone, α-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene) ketones, e.g. 2,5-bis(4-diethylaminobenzylidene)cyclopentanone, 2-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene)-indan-1-one, 3-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-1-indan-5-yl-propenone, 3-phenylthiophthalimide, N-methyl-3,5-di(ethylthio)-phthalimide, N-methyl-3,5-di(ethylthio)-phthalimide, phenothiazine, methylphenothiazine, amines, e.g. N-phenylglycine, ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, butoxyethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, 4-dimethylaminoacetophenone, triethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, dimethylaminoethanol, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl benzoate, poly(propylenegylcol)-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate.

[0223] A photopolymerizable composition, comprising as further additive (d) a photosensitizer compound selected from the group consisting of benzophenone and its derivatives, thioxanthone and its derivatives, anthraquinone and its derivatives, or coumarin derivatives is preferred.

[0224] The curing process can be assisted by adding photosensitizers, in particular, in compositions which are pigmented (for example with titanium dioxide), and also by adding a component which under thermal conditions forms free radicals, for example an azo compound such as 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), a triazene, diazo sulfide, pentazadiene or a peroxy compound, for instance a hydroperoxide or peroxycarbonate, for example t-butyl hydroperoxide, as described for example in EP 245639.

[0225] The compositions according to the invention may comprise as further additive (d) a photoreducable dye, e.g., xanthene-, benzoxanthene-, benzothioxanthene, thiazine-, pyronine-, porphyrine- or acridine dyes, and/or trihalogenmethyl compounds, which can be cleaved by irradiation. Similar compositions are for example described in EP 445624.

[0226] Further additives known in the art may be added as component (d), as for example flow improvers, adhesion promoters, such as vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)3aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-chloropropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane. Surfactants, optical brighteners, pigments, dyes, wetting agents, levelling assistants, dispersants, aggregation preventers, antioxidants or fillers are further examples for additives (d).

[0227] In order to cure thick and pigmented coatings it is appropriate to add glass microspheres or pulverized glass fibres, as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,768.

[0228] The choice of additive(s) (d) is made depending on the field of application and on properties required for this field. The additives described above are customary in the art and accordingly are added in amounts which are usual in the respective application.

[0229] Binders (e) as well can be added to the novel compositions. This is particularly expedient when the photopolymerizable compounds are liquid or viscous substances. The quantity of binder may, for example, be 2–98%, preferably 5–95% and especially 20–90%, by weight relative to the overall solids content. The choice of binder is made depending on the field of application and on properties required for this field, such as the capacity for development in aqueous and organic solvent systems, adhesion to substrates and sensitivity to oxygen.

[0230] Examples of suitable binders are polymers having a molecular weight of about 2,000 to 2,000,000, preferably 5,000 to 1,000,000. Examples of alkali developable binders are acrylic polymer having carboxylic acid function as a pendant group, such as conventionally known copolymers obtained by copolymerizing an ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic acid such as (meth)acrylic acid, 2-carboxyethyl (meth)acrylic acid, 2-carboxypropyl (meth)acrylic acid itaconic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and ω-carboxypolycaprolactone mono(meth)acrylate, with one or more monomers selected from esters of (meth)acrylic acid, such as methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, propyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, glycerol mono(meth)acrylate, tricyclo[5.2.1.0^2,6]decan-8-yl (meth)acrylate, glycidyl (meth)acrylate, 2-methylglycidyl (meth)acrylate, 3,4-epoxybutyl (meth)acrylate, 6,7-epoxyheptyl (meth)acrylate; vinyl aromatic compounds, such as styrene, α-methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, p-chlorostyrene, vinylbenzyl glycidyl ether; amide type unsaturated compounds, (meth)acrylamide diacetone acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N-butoxymethacrylamide; and polyolefin type compounds, such as butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene and the like; methacrylonitrile, methyl isopropenyl ketone, mono-2-[(meth)acryloyloxy]ethyl succinate, N-phenylmaleimide, maleic anhydride, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl pivalate, polystyrene macromonomer, or polymethyl (meth)acrylate macromonomer. Examples of copolymers are copolymers of acrylates and methacrylates with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and with styrene or substituted styrene, phenolic resins, for example novolak, (poly)hydroxystyrene, and copolymers of hydroxystyrene with alkyl acrylates, acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid. Preferable examples of copolymers are copolymers of methyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid, copolymers of benzyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid, copolymers of methyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid, copolymers of benzyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid/styrene, copolymers of benzyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid/hydroxyethyl methacrylate, copolymers of methyl methacrylate/butyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid/styrene, copolymers of methyl methacrylate/benzyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid/hydroxyphenyl methacrylate. Examples of solvent developable binder polymers are poly(alkyl methacrylates), poly(alkyl acrylates), poly(benzylmethacrylate-co-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-methacrylic acid), poly(benzylmethacrylate-co-methacrylic acid); cellulose esters and cellulose ethers, such as cellulose acetate, cellulose acetobutyrate, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose; polyvinylbutyral, polyvinylformal, cyclized rubber, polyethers such as polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide and polytetrahydrofuran; polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyurethane, chlorinated polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride/vinylidene copolymers, copolymers of vinylidene chloride with acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate, copoly(ethylene/vinyl acetate), polymers such as polycaprolactam and poly(hexamethylene adipamide), and polyesters such as poly(ethylene glycol terephtalate) and poly(hexamethylene glycol succinate) and polyimide binder resins.

[0231] The polyimide binder resin in the present invention can either be a solvent soluble polyimide or a polyimide precursor, for example, a poly(amic acid).

[0232] Preferred is a photopolymerizable composition, comprising as binder polymer (e), a copolymer of methacrylate and methacrylic acid.

[0233] Interesting further are polymeric binder components as described e.g. in JP 10-171119-A, in particular for use in color filters.

[0234] The photopolymerizable compositions can be used for various purposes, for example as printing ink, e.g. screen printing inks, inks for offset- or flexo printing, as a clear finish, as a white or colored finish, for example for wood or metal, as powder coating, as a coating material, inter alia for paper, wood, metal or plastic, as a daylight-curable coating for the marking of buildings and roadmarking, for photographic reproduction techniques, for holographic recording materials, for image recording techniques or to produce printing plates which can be developed with organic solvents or with aqueous alkalis, for producing masks for screen printing, as dental filling compositions, as adhesives, as pressure-sensitive adhesives, as laminating resins, as etch resists, solder resists, electroplating resists, or permanent resists, both liquid and dry films, as photostructurable dielectric, for printed circuit boards and electronic circuits, as resists to manufacture color filters for a variety of display applications or to generate structures in the manufacturing process of plasma-display panels and electroluminescence displays, (as for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,446, EP 863534, JP 09-244230-A, JP 10-62980-A, JP 08-171863-A, U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,465, EP 855731, JP 05-271576-A, JP 05-67405-A) for the production of optical switches, optical lattices (interference lattice), light circuits, for producing three-dimensional articles by mass curing (UV curing in transparent moulds) or by the stereolithography technique, as is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,330, to produce composite materials (for example styrenic polyesters, which may, if desired, contain glass fibres and/or other fibres and other auxiliaries) and other thick-layered compositions, for coating or sealing electronic components and integrated circuits, or as coatings for optical fibres, or for producing optical lenses, e.g. contact lenses or Fresnel lenses. The compositions according to the invention are further suitable for the production of medical equipment, auxiliaries or implants. Further, the compositions according to the invention are suitable for the preparation of gels with thermotropic properties, as for example described in DE 19700064 and EP 678534.

[0235] The novel photoinitiators may additionally be employed as initiators for emulsion polymerizations, pearl polymerizations or suspension polymerizations, as polymerization initiators for fixing ordered states of liquid-crystalline monomers and oligomers, or as initiators for fixing dyes on organic materials.

[0236] In coating materials, use is frequently made of mixtures of a prepolymer with polyunsaturated monomers, which may additionally include a monounsaturated monomer as well. It is the prepolymer here which primarily dictates the properties of the coating film, and by varying it the skilled worker is able to influence the properties of the cured film. The polyunsaturated monomer functions as a crosslinking agent which renders the film insoluble. The monounsaturated monomer functions as a reactive diluent, which is used to reduce the viscosity without the need to employ a solvent.

[0237] Unsaturated polyester resins are usually used in two-component systems together with a monounsaturated monomer, preferably with styrene. For photoresists, specific one-component systems are often used, for example polymaleimides, polychalcones or polyimides, as described in DE 2308830.

[0238] The novel photoinitiators and mixtures thereof can also be used for the polymerization of radiation-curable powder coatings. The powder coatings can be based on solid resins and monomers containing reactive double bonds, for example maleates, vinyl ethers, acrylates, acrylamides and mixtures thereof. A free-radically UV-curable powder coating can be formulated by mixing unsaturated polyester resins with solid acrylamides (for example methyl methylacrylamidoglycolate) and a novel free-radical photoinitiator, such formulations being as described, for example, in the paper “Radiation Curing of Powder Coating”, Conference Proceedings, Radtech Europe 1993 by M. Wittig and Th. Gohmann. The powder coatings can also contain binders, as are described, for example, in DE 4228514 and in EP 636669. Free-radically UV-curable powder coatings can also be formulated by mixing unsaturated polyester resins with solid acrylates, methacrylates or vinyl ethers and with a novel photoinitiator (or photoinitiator mixture). The powder coatings may also comprise binders as are described, for example, in DE 4228514 and in EP 636669. The UV-curable powder coatings may additionally comprise white or coloured pigments. For example, preferably rutiletitanium dioxide can be employed in concentrations of up to 50% by weight in order to give a cured powder coating of good hiding power. The procedure normally comprises electrostatic or tribostatic spraying of the powder onto the substrate, for example metal or wood, melting of the powder by heating, and, after a smooth film has formed, radiation-curing of the coating with ultraviolet and/or visible light, using for example medium-pressure mercury lamps, metal halide lamps or xenon lamps. A particular advantage of the radiation-curable powder coatings over their heat-curable counterparts is that the flow time after melting the powder particles can be delayed in order to ensure the formation of a smooth, high-gloss coating. In contrast to heat-curable systems, radiation-curable powder coatings can be formulated to melt at lower temperatures without the unwanted effect of shortening their lifetime. For this reason, they are also suitable as coatings for heat-sensitive substrates, for example wood or plastics. In addition to the novel photoinitiator systems, the powder coating formulations may also include UV absorbers. Appropriate examples are listed above in sections 1.-8.

[0239] The novel photocurable compositions are suitable, for example, as coating materials for substrates of all kinds, for example wood, textiles, paper, ceramics, glass, plastics such as polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefins or cellulose acetate, especially in the form of films, and also metals such as Al, Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mg or Co and GaAs, Si or SiO₂ to which it is intended to apply a protective layer or, by means of imagewise exposure, to generate an image.

[0240] The novel radiation-sensitive compositions further find application as negative resists, having a very high sensitivity to light and being able to be developed in an aqueous alkaline medium without swelling. They are suitable for the production of printing forms for relief printing, planographic printing, photogravure or of screen printing forms, for the production of relief copies, for example for the production of texts in braille, for the production of stamps, for use in chemical milling or as a microresist in the production of integrated circuits. The compositions further may be used as photopatternable dielectric layer or coating, encapsulating material and isolating coating in the production of computer chips, printed boards and other electric or electronic components. The possible layer supports, and the processing conditions of the coating substrates, are just as varied.

[0241] The novel composition also relates to a photosensitive thermosetting resin composition and a method of forming a solder resist pattern by the use thereof, and more particularly relates to a novel photosensitive thermosetting resin composition useful as materials for the production of printed circuit boards, the precision fabrication of metallic articles, the etching of glass and stone articles, the relief of plastic articles, and the preparation of printing plates and particularly useful as a solder resist for printed circuit boards and to a method of forming a solder resist pattern by the steps of exposing a layer of the resin composition selectively to an actinic ray through a photomask having a pattern and developing the unexposed part of the layer.

[0242] The solder resist is a substance which is used during the soldering of a given part to a printed circuit board for the purpose of preventing molten solder from adhering to irrelevant portions and protecting circuits. It is, therefore, required to possess such properties as high adhesion, insulation resistance, resistance to soldering temperature, resistance to solvents, resistance to alkalis, resistance to acids, and resistance to plating.

[0243] Because the photocurable compositions according to the invention have a good thermal stability and are sufficiently resistant to inhibition by oxygen, they are particularly suitable for the production of color filters or color mosaic systems, such as described, for example, in EP 320 264. Color filters usually are employed in the manufacturing of LCD's, projection systems and image sensors. The color filters can be used, for example, for display and image scanner in television receivers, video monitors or computers, in flat panel display technology etc.

[0244] The color filters usually are prepared by forming red, green and blue pixels and a black matrix on a glass substrate. In these processes photocurable compositions according to the invention can be employed. A particularly preferred method of use comprises adding of the coloring matters, dyes and pigments of red, green and blue colors to the light-sensitive resin composition of the present invention, coating of the substrate with the composition, drying of the coating with a short heat treatment, patternwise exposure of the coating to actinic radiation and subsequent development of the pattern in an aqueous alkaline developer solution and optionally a heat treatment. Thus, by subsequently applying a red, green and blue pigmented coating, in any desired order, on top of each other with this process a color filter layer with red, green and blue color pixels can be produced.

[0245] The development is carried out by washing out the areas which were not polymerized with a suitable alkali developing solution. This process is repeated to form the image having plural colors.

[0246] In the light-sensitive resin composition of the present invention, with a process in which at least one or more picture elements are formed on a transparent substrate and then an exposure is given from a side of the transparent substrate, on which the above picture elements are not formed, the above picture elements can be utilized as a light-shielding mask. In this case, for example, in the case where an overall exposure is given, a position adjustment of a mask gets unnecessary and a concern on a position slippage thereof is removed. And, it is possible to cure all of the part on which the above picture elements are not formed. Further, in this case, it is possible as well to develop and remove a part of the portion on which the above picture elements are not formed by using partially a light-shielding mask.

[0247] Since in either case, no gap is formed between the picture elements which are formed formerly and those which are formed later, the composition of the present invention is suitable for, for example, a forming material for a color filter. To be concrete, the coloring matters, dyes and pigments of red, green and blue colors are added to the light-sensitive resin composition of the present invention, and the processes for forming an image are repeated to form the picture elements of red, green and blue colors. Then, the light-sensitive resin composition to which, for example, the black coloring materials, dyes and pigments are added is provided on an overall face. An overall exposure (or a partial exposure via a light-shielding mask) can be provided thereon to form the picture elements of a black color all over the spaces (or all but a partial region of the light-shielding mask) between the picture elements of red, green and blue colors.

[0248] In addition to a process in which the light-sensitive resin composition is coated on a substrate and dried, the light-sensitive resin composition of the present invention can be used as well for a layer transfer material. That is, the light-sensitive resin composition is layer-wise provided directly on a temporary support, preferably on a polyethylene terephthalate film, or on a polyethylene terephthalate film on which an oxygen-shielding layer and a peeling layer or the peeling layer and the oxygen-shielding layer are provided. Usually, a removable cover sheet made of a synthetic resin is laminated thereon for a protection in handling. Further, there can be applied as well a layer structure in which an alkali soluble thermoplastic resin layer and an intermediate layer are provided on a temporary support and further a light-sensitive resin composition layer is provided thereon (JP 5-173320-A).

[0249] The above cover sheet is removed in use and the light-sensitive resin composition layer is laminated on a permanent support. Subsequently, peeling is carried out between those layer and a temporary support when an oxygen-shielding layer and a peeling layer are provided, between the peeling layer and the oxygen-shielding layer when the peeling layer and the oxygen-shielding layer are provided, and between the temporary support and the light-sensitive resin composition layer when either the peeling layer or the oxygen-shielding layer is not provided, and the temporary support is removed.

[0250] A metal support, glass, ceramics, and a synthetic resin film can be used as a support for a color filter. Glass and a synthetic resin film which is transparent and have an excellent dimension stability is particularly preferred.

[0251] The thickness of the light-sensitive resin composition layer is usually 0.1 to 50 micrometers, in particular 0.5 to 5 micrometers.

[0252] A diluted aqueous solution of an alkaline substance can be used as a developing solution for the light-sensitive resin composition of the present invention if the composition contains alkali soluble resin or alkali soluble monomers or oligomers, and further a developer solution prepared by adding a small amount of a water-miscible organic solvent thereto is included as well.

[0253] Examples of suitable alkaline materials include alkali metal hydroxides (for example, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide), alkali metal carbonates (for example, sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate), alkali metal bicarbonates (for example, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate), alkali metal silicates (for example, sodium silicate and potassium silicate), alkali metal metasilicates (for example, sodium metasilicate and potassium metasilicate), triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, morpholine, tetraalkylammonium hydroxides (for example, tetramethylammonium hydroxide), or trisodium phosphate. The concetration of the alkaline substance is 0.01 to 30 weight %, and pH is preferably 8 to 14.

[0254] Suitable organic solvents which are miscible with water include methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, butanol, diacetone alcohol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, propyleneglycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethyl-3-ethoxypropionate, methyl-3-methoxypropionate, n-butyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 2-heptanone, 2-pentanone, epsilon-caprolactone, gamma-butylolactone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetoamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, ethyl lactate, methyl lactate, epsilon-caprolactam, and N-methyl-pyrrolidinone. The concentration of the organic solvent which is miscible with water is 0.1 to 30 weight %.

[0255] Further, a publicly known surface active agent can be added. The concentration of the surface active agent is preferably 0.001 to 10 weight %.

[0256] The light sensitive resin composition of the present invention can also be developed with organic solvents, including blends of two or more solvents, not containing alkaline compounds. Suitable solvents include methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, butanol, diacetone alcohol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, propyleneglycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethyl-3-ethoxypropionate, methyl-3-methoxypropionate, n-butyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 2-heptanone, 2-pentanone, epsilon-caprolactone, gamma-butylolactone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, ethyl lactate, methyl lactate, epsilon-caprolactam, and N-methylpyrrolidinone. Optionally, water can be added to these solvents up to a level at which still a clear solution is obtained and at which sufficient solubility of the unexposed areas of the light sensitive composition is maintained.

[0257] The developer solution can be used in all forms known to the person skilled in the art, for example in form of a bath solution, puddle, or a spraying solution. In order to remove the non-cured portion of the light-sensitive resin composition layer, there can be combined the methods such as rubbing with a rotary brush and rubbing with a wet sponge. Usually, the temperature of the developing solution is preferably at and around room temperature to 40° C. The developing time is changeable according to the specific kind of the light-sensitive resin composition, the alkalinity and temperature of the developing solution, and the kind and concentration of the organic solvent in the case where it is added. Usually, it is 10 seconds to 2 minutes. It is possible to put a rinsing step after the development processing.

[0258] A final heat treatment is preferably carried out after the development processing. Accordingly, a support having a layer which is photopolymerized by exposing (hereinafter referred to as a photocured layer) is heated in an electric furnace and a drier, or the photocured layer is irradiated with an infrared lamp or heated on a hot plate. The heating temperature and time depend on the composition used and the thickness of the formed layer. In general, heating is preferably applied at about 120° C. to about 250° C., for about 5 to about 60 minutes.

[0259] The pigment which can be comprised in the composition according to the present invention, including a pigmented color filter resist composition, is preferably a processed pigment, for example a powdery or pasty product prepared by finely dispersing a pigment into at least one resin selected from the group consisting of acrylic resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, maleic acid resin and ethyl cellulose resin.

[0260] The red pigment comprises, for example, an anthraquinone type pigment alone, a perylene type pigment alone, or a mixture consisting of at least one of them and a disazo type yellow pigment or an isoindoline type yellow pigment, in particular C. I. Pigment Red 177 alone, C. I. Pigment Red 155 alone or a mixture consisting of at least one member of C. I. Pigment Red 177, C. I. Pigment Red 155 and C. I. Pigment Yellow 83 or C. I. Pigment Yellow 139 (“C.I.” refers to the Color Index, known to the person skilled in the art and publicly available). Further suitable examples for the pigment are C.I. Pigment Red 105, 144, 149, 176, 177, 185, 202, 209, 214, 222, 242, 254, 255, 264, 272 and C.I. Pigment Yellow 24, 31, 53, 83, 93, 95, 109, 110, 128, 129, 138, 139, 166 and C.I. Pigment Orange 43.

[0261] The green pigment comprises for instance a halogenated phthalocyanine type pigment alone or its mixture with a disazo type yellow pigment or an isoindoline type yellow pigment, in particular C. I. Pigment Green 7 alone, C. I. Pigment Green 36 alone, C. I. Pigment Green 37 alone or a mixture consisting of at least one member of C. I. Pigment Green 7, C. I. Pigment Green 36, C. I. Pigment Green 37, C.I. Pigment Green 136 and C. I. Pigment Yellow 83 or C. I. Pigment Yellow 139. Other suitable green pigments are C.I. Pigment Green 15 and 25.

[0262] Examples for suitable blue pigments are phthalocyanine type pigments, used either alone or in combination with an dioxazine type violet pigment, for instance, a combination of C. I. Pigment Blue 15:3 and C. I. Pigment Violet 23. Further examples for blue pigments are such of C.I. Blue 15:3, 15:4, 15:6, 16 and 60, i.e. Phthalocyanine CI Pigment Blue 15:3, or Phthalocyanine C.I. Pigment Blue 15:6. Other suitable pigments are such of C.I. Pigment Blue 22, 28, C.I. Pigment Violet 14, 19, 23, 29, 32, 37, 177 and C.I. Orange 73.

[0263] The pigment of the black matrix photopolymeric composition preferably comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of carbon, titanium black and iron oxide. However, a mixture of other pigments which, in total, give the black appearance, can also be used. For example, also C.I. Pigment Black 1 and 7 can be used alone or in combination.

[0264] For any color, combinations of more than two pigments can also be used. Especially suitable in color filter applications are powdery processed pigments prepared by finely dispersing the above mentioned pigments into a resin.

[0265] The concentration of the pigment in the total solid component (pigments of various colors and resin) is for example in the range of 5% to 80% by weight, in particular in the range of 20% to 45% by weight.

[0266] The pigments in the color filter resist composition have preferably a mean particle diameter smaller than the wavelength of visible light (400 nm to 700 nm). Particularly preferred is a mean pigment diameter of <100 nm.

[0267] If necessary, the pigments may be stabilized in the photosensitive composition by pretreatment of the pigments with a dispersant to improve the dispersion stability of the pigment in the liquid formulation. Preferably, the color filter resist composition according to the present invention contains additionally at least one addition polymerizable monomeric compound as component (a).

[0268] For example, the following compounds can be used singly or in combination with the other monomers as the addition-polymerizable monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated double bond used in the present invention. Specifically, they include t-butyl(meth)acrylate, ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)-acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, 2-ethyl-2-butylpropanediol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa-(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate, polyoxyethylated trimethylolpropane tri-(meth)acrylate, tris(2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl)isocyanurate, 1,4-diisopropenyl-benzene, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (meth)acrylate, decamethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, styrene, diallyl fumarate, triallyl trimellitate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylamide, and xylenebis(meth)acrylamide. Further, there can be used a reaction product of a compound having a hydroxyl group, such as 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, and polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate with diisocyanate such as hexamethylenediisocyanate, toluenediisocyanate, and xylenediisocyanate. Particularly preferred are pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, dipenta-erythritol pentaacrylate, and tris(2-acyloyloxyethyl)-isocyanurate.

[0269] In a color filter resist composition the whole amount of the monomers contained in the photopolymerizable composition is preferably 5 to 80% by weight, in particular 10 to 70% by weight based on the whole solid contents of the composition, i.e. the amount of all components without the solvent(s).

[0270] As the binder used in the color filter resist composition, which is soluble in an alkaline aqueous solution and insoluble in water, for example, a homopolymer of a polymerizable compound having one or more acid groups and one or more polymerizable unsaturated bonds in the molecule, or a copolymer of two or more kinds thereof, and a copolymer of one or more polymerizable compounds having one or more unsaturated bonds copolymerizable with these compounds and containing no acid group, can be used. Such compounds can be obtained by copolymerizing one or more kinds of a low molecular compound having one or more acid groups and one or more polymerizable unsaturated bonds in the molecule with one or more polymerizable compounds having one or more unsaturated bonds copolymerizable with these compounds and containing no acid group. Examples of acids groups are, a —COOH group, a —SO₃H group, a —SO₂NHCO— group, a phenolic hydroxy group, a —SO₂NH— group, and a —CO—NH—CO— group. Among those, a high molecular compound having a —COOH group is particularly preferred.

[0271] Preferably, the organic polymer binder in the color filter resist composition comprises an alkali soluble copolymer comprising, as addition polymerizable monomer units, at least an unsaturated organic acid compound such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and the like. It is preferred to use as a further co-monomer for the polymer binder an unsaturated organic acid ester compound such as methyl acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, styrene and the like to balance properties such as alkaline solubility, adhesion rigidity, chemical resistance etc.

[0272] The organic polymer binder can either be a random co-polymer or a block-co-polymer, for example, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,976.

[0273] Examples of polymerizable compounds having one or more acid group and one or more polymerizable unsaturated bond in the molecule include the following compounds:

[0274] Acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, vinylbenzoic acid, and cinnamic acid are examples of the polymerizable compounds having one or more —COOH groups and one or more polymerizable unsaturated bonds in a molecule.

[0275] Vinylbenzenesulfonic acid and 2-(meth)acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid are examples of the polymerizable compounds having one or more —SO₃H groups and one or more polymerizable unsaturated bonds.

[0276] N-methylsulfonyl (meth)acrylamide, N-ethylsulfonyl (meth)acrylamide, N-phenylsulfonyl (meth)acrylamide, and N-(p-methylphenylsulfonyl) (meth)acrylamide are examples of the polymerizable compounds having one or more —SO₂NHCO— groups and one or more polymerizable unsaturated bonds.

[0277] Examples of polymerizable compounds having one or more phenolic hydroxy groups and one or more polymerizable unsaturated bonds in a molecule include hydroxyphenyl (meth)-acrylamide, dihydroxyphenyl (meth)acrylamide, hydroxyphenyl-carbonyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxyphenyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxyphenylthioethyl (meth)acrylate, dihydroxyphenylcarbonyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate, dihydroxyphenyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate, and dihydroxy-phenylthioethyl (meth)acrylate.

[0278] Examples of the polymerizable compound having one or more —SO₂NH— groups and one or more polymerizable unsaturated bonds in the molecule include compounds represented by formula (a) or (b):
CH₂=CHA₁—Y₁—A₂—SO₂—NH—A₃  (a)
CH₂=CHA₄—Y₂—A₅—NH—SO₂—A₆  (b)
wherein Y₁ and Y₂ each represents —COO—, —CONA₇-, or a single bond; A₁ and A₄ each represents H or CH₃; A₂ and A₅ each represents C₁–C₁₂alkylene optionally having a substituent, cycloalkylene, arylene, or aralkylene, or C₂–C₁₂alkylene into which an ether group and a thioether group are inserted, cycloalkylene, arylene, or aralkylene; A₃ and A₆ each represents H, C₁–C₁₂alkyl optionally having a substituent, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; and A₇ represents H, C₁–C₁₂alkyl optionally having a substituent, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group.

[0279] The polymerizable compounds having one or more —CO—NH—CO— group and one or more polymerizable unsaturated bond include maleimide and N-acryloyl-acrylamide. These polymerizable compounds become the high molecular compounds comprising a —CO—NH—CO— group, in which a ring is, formed together with a primary chain by polymerization. Further, a methacrylic acid derivative and an acrylic acid derivative each having a —CO—NH—CO— group can be used as well. Such methacrylic acid derivatives and the acrylic acid derivatives include, for example, a methacrylamide derivative such as N-acetylmethacrylamide, N-propionylmethacrylamide, N-butanoylmethacrylamide, N-pentanoylmethacrylamide, N-decanoylmethacrylamide, N-dodecanoylmethacrylamide, N-benzoylmethacrylamide, N-(p-methylbenzoyl)methacryl-amide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)methacrylamide, N-(naphthyl-carbonyl)methacrylamide, N-(phenylacetyl)-methacryl-amide, and 4-methacryloylaminophthalimide, and an acrylamide derivative having the same substituent as these. These polymerizable compounds polymerize to be compounds having a —CO—NH—CO— group in a side chain.

[0280] Examples of polymerizable compounds having one or more polymerizable unsaturated bond and containing no acid group include a compound having a polymerizable unsaturated bond, selected from (meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylamides, an acrylic compound, vinyl ethers, vinyl esters, styrenes, and crotonates, and specifically, include (meth)acrylates such as alkyl (meth)acrylate or substituted alkyl (meth)acrylate (for example, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, propyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, amyl (meth)acrylate, hexyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, octyl (meth)acrylate, t-octyl (meth)acrylate, chloro-ethyl (meth)acrylate, allyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxy-ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-propyl (meth)acrylate, 5-hydroxypentyl (meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane mono (meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol mono (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, methoxy-benzyl (meth)acrylate, chlorobenzyl (meth)acrylate, furfuryl (meth)acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate, phenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, and aryl (meth)acrylate (for example, phenyl (meth)acrylate, cresyl (meth)acrylate, and naphthyl (meth)acrylate); (meth)acrylamides such as (meth)acryl-amide, N-alkyl(meth)acrylamide (the alkyl group includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, t-butyl, heptyl, octyl, ethylhexyl, cyclohexyl, hydroxyethyl, and benzyl), N-aryl(meth)acrylamide (the aryl group includes, for example, phenyl, tolyl, nitrophenyl, naphthyl, and hydroxyphenyl), N,N-dialkyl(meth)acryl-amide (the alkyl group includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl, ethylhexyl, and cyclohexyl), N,N-diaryl (meth)acrylamide (the aryl group includes, for example, phenyl), N-methyl-N-phenyl (meth)acryl-amide, N-hydroxyethyl-N-methyl (meth)acrylamide, N-2-acetoamidethyl-N-acetyl(meth)acrylamide, N-(phenyl-sulfonyl)(meth)acrylamide, and N-(p-methylphenyl-sulfonyl)(meth)-acrylamide;

• [0281] an allyl compound such as allyl esters (for example, allyl acetate, allyl caproate, allyl caprylate, allyl laurate, allyl palmitate, allyl stearate, allyl benzoate, allyl acetoacetate, and allyl lactate), and allyloxyethanol;
• [0282] vinyl ethers such as alkyl vinyl ether (the alkyl group includes, for example, hexyl, octyl, decyl, ethylhexyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl, chloroethyl, 1-methyl-2,2-dimethylpropyl, 2-ethyl-butyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxyethoxyethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, diethylamino-ethyl, butylaminoethyl, benzyl, and tetrahydrofurfuryl), and vinyl aryl ether (the aryl group includes, for example, phenyl, tolyl, chlorophenyl, 2,4-dichloro-phenyl, naphthyl, and anthranyl);
• [0283] vinyl esters such as vinyl butylate, vinyl isobutylate, vinyl trimethylacetate, vinyl diethyl-acetate, vinyl barate, vinyl caproate, vinyl chloro-acetate, vinyl dichloroacetate, vinyl methoxyacetate, vinyl butoxyacetate, vinyl phenylacetate, vinyl aceto-acetate, vinyl lactate, vinyl-b-phenylbutylate, vinyl cyclohexylcarboxylate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl salicylate, vinyl chlorobenzoate, vinyl tetrachlorobenzoate, and vinyl naphthoate;
• [0284] styrenes such as styrene, alkylstyrene (for example, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethyl-styrene, ethylstyrene, diethylstyrene, isopropylstyrene, butylstyrene, hexylstyrene, cyclohexylstyrene, decyl-styrene, benzylstyrene, chloromethylstyrene, trifluoro-methylstyrene, ethoxymethylstyrene, and acetoxymethyl-styrene), alkoxystyrene (for example, methoxystyrene, 4-methoxy-3-methylstyrene, and dimethoxystyrene), and halogenostyrene (for example, chlorostyrene, dichlorostyrene, trichlorostyrene, tetrachlorostyrene, penta-chlorostyrene, bromostyrene, dibromostyrene, iodostyrene, fluorostyrene, trifluorostyrene, 2-bromo-4-trifluoromethylstyrene, and 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-styrene);
• [0285] crotonates such as alkyl crotonate (for example, butyl crotonate, hexyl crotonate, and glycerine monocrotonate);
• [0286] dialkyl itaconates (for example, dimethyl itaconate, diethyl itaconate, and dibutyl itaconate);
• [0287] dialkyl maleates or fumarates (for example, dimethyl maleate and dibutyl fumarate); and (meth)acrylonitrile.

[0288] There can be used as well hydroxystyrene homo- or co-polymers or a novolak type phenol resin, for example, poly(hydroxystyrene) and poly(hydroxystyrene-co-vinylcyclohexanol), a novolak resin, a cresol novolak resin, and a halogenated phenol novolak resin. More specifically, it includes, for example, the methacrylic acid copolymers, the acrylic acid copolymers, the itaconic acid copoymers, the crotonic acid copolymers, the maleic anhydride co-polymers, for example, with styrene as a co-monomer, and maleic acid copolymers, and partially esterified maleic acid copolymers each described in, for example, JP 59-44615-B4 (the term “JP-B4” as used herein refers to an examined Japanese patent publication), JP 54-34327-B4, JP 58-12577-B4, and JP 54-25957-B4, JP 59-53836-A, JP 59-71048-A, JP 60-159743-A, JP 60-258539-A, JP 1-152449-A, JP 2-199403-A, and JP 2-199404-A, and which copolymers can be further reacted with an amine, as e.g disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,263; further, a cellulose derivative having a carboxyl group on a side chain can be used, and particularly preferred are copolymers of benzyl (meth)acrylate and (meth)acrylic acid and copolymers of benzyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic acid and other monomers, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,139,391, JP 59-44615-B4, JP 60-159743-A and JP 60-258539-A.

[0289] With respect to those having carboxylic acid groups among the above organic binder polymers, it is possible to react some or all of the carboxylic acid groups with glycidyl(meth)acrylate or an epoxy(meth)acrylate to obtain photopolymerizable organic binder polymers for the purpose of improving the photosensitivity, coating film strength, the coating solvent and chemical resistance and the adhesion to the substrate. Examples are disclosed in, JP 50-34443-B4 and JP 50-34444-B4, U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,095, by T. Kudo et al. in J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 37 (1998), p. 3594–3603, U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,385, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,233.

[0290] The weight-average molecular weight of the binders is preferably 500 to 1,000,000, e.g. 3,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably 5,000 to 400,000.

[0291] These compounds may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds. The content of the binder in the light-sensitive resin composition is preferably 10 to 95 weight %, more preferably 15 to 90 weight % based on the whole solid matters.

[0292] Further, in the color filter the total solid component of each color may contain an ionic impurity-scavenger, e.g. an organic compound having an epoxy group. The concentration of the ionic impurity scavenger in the total solid component generally is in the range from 0.1% by weight to 10% by weight.

[0293] Examples of color filters, especially with respect to the above described combinations of pigments and ionic impurity scavenger are given in EP 320264. It is understood, that the photoinitiators according to the present invention, i.e. the compounds of the formulae I, II, and III in the color filter formulations described in EP 320264 can replace the triazine initiator compounds.

[0294] The compositions according to this invention can comprise additionally a crosslinking agent which is activated by an acid, for example as described in JP 10 221843-A, and a compound which generates acid thermally or by actinic radiation and which activates a crosslinking reaction.

[0295] The compositions according to this invention can also comprise latent pigments which are transformed into finely dispersed pigments during the heat treatment of the latent pigment containing photosensitive pattern or coating. The heat treatment can be performed after exposure or after development of the latent pigment-containing photoimageable layer. Such latent pigments are soluble pigment precursors which can be transformed into insoluble pigments by means of chemical, thermal, photolytic or radiation induced methods as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,855. This transformation of such latent pigments can be enhanced by adding a compound which generates acid at actinic exposure or by adding an acidic compound to the composition. Therefore, a color filter resist can also be prepared, which comprises a latent pigment in a composition according to this invention.

[0296] Examples for color filter resists, the composition of such resists and the processing conditions are given by T. Kudo et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 37 (1998) 3594; T. Kudo et al., J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol. Vol 9 (1996) 109; K. Kobayashi, Solid State Technol. November 1992, p. S15–S18; U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,976; U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,952; U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,843; U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,855; U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,298; U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,678; JP 06-230212-A; EP 320264; JP 09-269410-A; JP 10-221843-A; JP 01-090516-A; JP 10-171119-A, U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,016, U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,015, U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,843, U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,008, EP 881541, or EP 902327.

[0297] The photoinitiators of the present invention can be used in color filter resists, for example, such as those given as examples above, or can partially or fully replace the known photoinitiators in such resists. It is understood by a person skilled in the art that the use of the new photoinitiators of the present invention is not limited to the specific binder resins, crosslinkers and formulations of the color filter resist examples given hereinbefore but can be used in conjunction with any radically polymerizable component in combination with a dye or color pigment or latent pigment to form a photosensitive color filter ink or color filter resist.

[0298] Accordingly, subject of the invention also is a color filter prepared by providing red, green and blue (RGB) colour elements and, optionally a black matrix, all comprising a photosensitive resin and a pigment on a transparent substrate and providing a transparent electrode either on the surface of the substrate or on the surface of the color filter layer, wherein said photosensitive resin comprises a polyfunctional acrylate monomer, an organic polymer binder and a photopolymerization initiator of formula I, II or III as described above. The monomer and binder components, as well as suitable pigments are as described above. In the manufacture of color filters the transparent electrode layer can either be applied on the surface of the transparent substrate or can be provided on the surface of the red, green and blue picture elements and the black matrix. The transparent substrate is for example a glass substrate which can additionally have an electrode layer on its surface. It is preferred to apply a black matrix between the color areas of different color in order to improve the contrast of a color filter.

[0299] Instead of forming a black matrix using a photosensitive composition and patterning the black photosensitive composition photolithographically by patternwise exposure (i.e. through a suitable mask) to form the black pattern separating the red green and blue coloured areas on the tranparent substrate it is alternatively possible to use an inorganic black matrix. Such inorganic black matrix can be formed from deposited (i.e. sputtered) metal (i.e. chromium) film on the transparent substrate by a suitable imaging process, for example utilizing photolithographic patterning by means of an etch resist, etching the inorganic layer in the areas not protected by the etch resist and then removing the remaining etch resist.

[0300] There are different methods known how and at which step in the color filter manufacturing process the black matrix can be applied. It can either be applied directly on the transparent substrate prior to formation of the red, green and blue (RGB) colour filter as already mentioned above, or it can be applied after the RGB colour filter is formed on the substrate.

[0301] In a different embodiment of a color filter for a liquid crystal display, according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,796, the black matrix can also be applied on the substrate opposite to the RGB color filter element-carrying substrate, which is separated from the former by a liquid crystal layer.

[0302] If the transparent electrode layer is deposited after applying the RGB color filter elements and—optionally—the black matrix, an additional overcoat film as a protective layer can be applied on the color filter layer prior to deposition of the electrode layer, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,263.

[0303] To form an overcoat layer of a color filter, photosensitive resin or thermosetting resin compositions are employed. The photosensitive composition of the present invention can also be used to form such overcoat layers, because a cured film of the composition is excellent in flatness, hardness, chemical and thermal resistance, transparency especially in a visible region, adhesion to a substrate, and suitability for forming a transparent conductive film, e.g., an ITO film, thereon. In the production of a protective layer, there has been a demand that unnecessary parts of the protective layer, for example on scribing lines for cutting the substrate and on bonding pads of solid image sensors should be removed from the substrate as described in JP57-42009-A, JP1-130103-A and JP1-134306-A. In this regard, it is difficult to selectively form a protective layer with good precision using the above-mentioned thermosetting resins. The photosensitive composition, however, allows to easily remove the unnecessary parts of the protective layer by photolithography.

[0304] It is obvious to those skilled in the art, that the photosensitive compositions of the present invention can be used for generating red, green and blue color pixels and a black matrix, for the manufacture of a color filter, regardless of the above described differences in processing, regardless, of additional layers which can be applied and regardless of differences in the design of the color filter. The use of a composition according to the present invention to form colored elements shall not be regarded as limited by different designs and manufacturing processes of such color filters.

[0305] The photo-sensitive composition of the present invention can suitably be used for forming a color filter but will not be limited to this application. It is useful as well for a recording material, a resist material, a protective layer, a dielectric layer, in display applications and display elements, a paint, and a printing ink.

[0306] The photosensitive compositions according to the invention are also suitable for manufacturing interlayer insulating layers or dielectric layers in a liquid crystal display, and more particularly in a reflection type liquid crystal display including an active matrix type display having a thin film transistor (TFT) as a switching device, and a passive matrix type without a switching device.

[0307] In recent years, liquid crystal displays have, for example, been widely used for pocket-type TV sets and terminal devices for communication by virtue of its small thickness and light weight. A reflection type liquid crystal display without necessity of using a back light is in particular in demand because it is ultra-thin and light-weight, and it can significantly reduce power consumption. However, even if a back light is removed out of a presently available transmission type color liquid crystal display and a light reflection plate is added to a lower surface of the display, it would cause a problem in that the efficiency of utilizing lights is low, and it is not possible to have practical brightness.

[0308] As a solution to this problem, there have been suggested various reflection type liquid crystal displays for enhancing an efficiency of utilizing lights. For instance, a certain reflection type liquid crystal display is designed to include a pixel electrode having reflection function.

[0309] The reflection type liquid crystal display includes an insulating substrate and an opposing substrate spaced away from the insulating substrate. A space between the substrates is filled with liquid crystals. A gate electrode is formed on the insulating substrate, and both the gate electrode and the insulating substrate are covered with a gate insulating film. A semiconductor layer is then formed on the gate insulating film above the gate electrode. A source electrode and a drain electrode are also formed on the gate insulating film in contact with the semiconductor layer. The source electrode, the drain electrode, the semiconductor layer, and the gate electrode cooperate with one another to thereby constitute a bottom gate type TFT as a switching device.

[0310] An interlayer insulating film is formed covering the source electrode, the drain electrode, the semiconductor layer, and the gate insulating film therewith. A contact hole is formed throughout the interlayer insulating film on the drain electrode. A pixel electrode made of aluminum is formed on both the interlayer insulating film and an inner sidewall of the contact hole. The drain electrode of the TFT is eventually in contact with the pixel electrode through the interlayer insulating film. The interlayer insulating layer is generally designed to have a roughened surface by which the pixel electrode acts as a reflection plate which diffuses lights to get a wider angle for viewing (angle of visibility).

[0311] The reflection type liquid crystal display remarkably enhances an efficiency of using lights by virtue that the pixel electrode acts as a light reflection plate.

[0312] In the above-mentioned reflection type liquid crystal display, the interlayer insulating film is designed to have projections and recesses by photolithography. To form and control a fine shape of the projections and recesses in micrometer order for surface roughness and to form contact holes, photolithography methods using positive and negative photoresists are used. For these resists the compositions according to the invention are especially suitable.

[0313] The photosensitive compositions according to the invention can further be used for manufacturing spacers, which control a cell gap of the liquid crystal part in liquid crystal display panels. Since the properties of light transmitted or reflected through the liquid crystal layer in a liquid crystal display are dependent on the cell gap, the thickness accuracy and uniformity over the pixel array are critical parameters for the performance of the liquid crystal display unit. In a liquid crystal cell, the spacing between the substrates in the cell is maintained constant by sparsely distributing glass or polymer spheres about several micrometers in diameter as spacers between the substrates. The spacers are thus held between the substrates to maintain the distance between the substrates at a constant value. The distance is determined by the diameter of the spacers. The spacers assure the minimum spacing between the substrates; i.e., they prevent a decrease in distance between the substrates. However, they cannot prevent the substrates from being separated apart from each other, i.e., the increase in distance between the substrates. Additionally, this method of using spacer beads has problems of the uniformity in the diameter of spacer beads and difficulty in the even dispersion of spacer beads on the panel, as well as nonuniform orientation and decrease in brightness and/or optical aperture depending on the location of spacers on pixel array region. Liquid crystal displays having a large image display area have recently been attracting much attention. However, the increase in the area of a liquid crystal cell generally produces the distortion of the substrates constituting the cell. The layer structure of the liquid crystal tends to be destroyed due to the deformation of the substrate. Thus, even when spacers are used for maintaining the spacing between the substrates constant, a liquid crystal display having a large image display area is unfeasible because the display experiences disturbances. Instead of the above spacer sphere dispersion method, a method of forming columns in the cell gap as spacers has been proposed. In this method, columns of a resin are formed as spacers in the region between the pixel array region and the counter electrode to form a prescribed cell gap. Photosensitive materials having adhesive properties with photolithography are commonly used, for instance, in the manufacturing process of color filters. This method is advantageous compared with the conventional method using spacer beads in the points that location, number and height of the spacers may be controlled freely. In a color liquid crystal display panel, such spacers are formed in the nonimaging area under black matrix of color filter elements. Therefore, the spacers formed using photosensitive compositions do not decrease brightness and optical aperture.

[0314] Photosensitive compositions for producing protective layer with spacers for color filters are disclosed in JP 2000-81701-A and dry film type photoresists for spacer materials are also disclosed in JP 11-174459-A and JP 11-174464-A. As described in the documents, the photosensitive compositions, liquid and dry film photoresists, are comprising at least an alkaline or acid soluble binder polymer, a radically polymerizable monomer, and a radical initiator. In some cases, thermally crosslinkable components such as epoxide and carboxylic acid may additionally be included.

[0315] The steps to form spacers using a photosensitive composition are as follows: a photosensitive composition is applied to the substrate, for instance a color filter panel and after the substrate is prebaked, it is exposed to light through a mask. Then, the substrate is developed with a developer and patterned to form the desired spacers. When the composition contains some thermosetting components, usually a postbaking is carried out to thermally cure the composition.

[0316] The photocurable compositions according to the invention are suitable for producing spacers for liquid crystal displays (as described above) because of their high sensitivity.

[0317] The photosensitive compositions according to the invention are also suitable for manufacturing microlens arrays used in liquid crystal display panels, image sensors and the like.

[0318] Microlenses are microscopic passive optical components that fit on active optoelectronic devices such as detectors, displays, and light emitting devices (light-emitting diodes, transversal and vertical cavity lasers) to improve their optical input or output quality. The areas of applications are wide and cover areas such as telecommunications, information technology, audio-visual services, solar cells, detectors, solid-state light sources, and optical interconnects. Present optical systems use a variety of techniques to obtain efficient coupling between microlenses and microoptical devices.

[0319] The microlens arrays are used for condensing illuminating light on the picture element regions of a nonluminescent display device, such as a liquid crystal display devices, to increase the brightness of the display, for condensing incident light or as a means for forming an image on the photoelectric conversion regions of a line image sensor used for example in facsimiles and the like to improve the sensitivity of these devices, and for forming an image to be printed on a photosensitive means used in liquid crystal printers or light emitting diode (LED) printers.

[0320] The most common application is their use to improve the efficiency of photodetector arrays of a solid-state image sensing device such as a charge coupled device (CCD). In a detector array, the collection of as much light as possible in each detector element or pixel is wanted. If a microlens is put on top of each pixel, the lens collects incoming light and focuses it onto an active area that is smaller than the size of the lens.

[0321] According to the prior-art, microlens arrays can be produced by a variety of methods;

• [0322] (1) A method for obtaining convex lenses wherein a pattern of the lenses in a planar configuration is drawn on a thermoplastic resin by a conventional photolithographic technique or the like, and then the thermoplastic resin is heated to a temperature above the softening point of the resin to have flowability, thereby causing a sag in the pattern edge (so called “reflowing”) (see, e.g., JP 60-38989-A, JP 60-165623-A, JP 61-67003-A, and JP 2000-39503-A). In this method, when the thermoplastic resin used is photosensitive, a pattern of the lenses can be obtained by exposure of this resin to light.
• [0323] (2) A method for forming a plastic or glass material by the use of a mold or a stamper. As lens material, a photocurable resin and a thermosetting resin can be used in this method (see, e.g., WO99/38035).
• [0324] (3) A method for forming convex lenses on the basis of a phenomenon in which when a photosensitive resin is exposed to light in a desired pattern by the use of an aligner, unreacted monomers move from the unexposed regions to the exposed regions, resulting in a swell of the exposed regions (see, e.g., Journal of the Research Group in Microoptics Japanese Society of Applied Physics, Colloquium in Optics, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 118–123 (1987) and Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 87–92(1988)).

[0325] On the upper surface of a supporting substrate, a photosensitive resin layer is formed. Thereafter, with the use of a separate shading mask, the upper surface of the photosensitive resin layer is illuminated with light from a mercury lamp or the like, so that the photosensitive resin layer is exposed to the light. As a result, the exposed portions of the photosensitive resin layer swell into the shape of convex lenses to form the light condensing layer having a plurality of microlens.

• [0326] (4) A method for obtaining convex lenses wherein a photosensitive resin is exposed to light by a proximity exposure technique in which a photomask is not brought into contact with the resin, to cause a blur at the pattern edge, so that the amount of photochemical reaction products is distributed depending upon the degree of blurring at the pattern edge (see, e.g., JP 61-153602-A).
• [0327] (5) A method for generating a lens effect wherein a photosensitive resin is exposed to light with a particular intensity distribution to form a distribution pattern of refractive index depending upon the light intensity (see, e.g., JP 60-72927-A and JP 60-166946-A). The photosensitive compositions according to the invention can be used in any one of the above-mentioned methods to form microlens arrays using photocurable resin compositions.

[0328] A particular class of techniques concentrates on forming microlenses in thermoplastic resins like photoresist. An example is published by Popovic et al. in the reference SPIE 898, pp. 23–25 (1988). The technique, named reflow technique, comprises the steps of defining the lenses' footprint in a thermoplastic resin, e.g. by photolithography in a photosensitive resin like a photoresist, and subsequently heating this material above its reflow temperature. The surface tension draws the island of photoresist into a spherical cap with a volume equal to the original island before the reflow. This cap is a plano-convex microlens. Advantages of the technique are, amongst others, the simplicity, the reproducibility, and the possibility of integration directly on top of a light-emitting or light-detecting optoelectronic device.

[0329] In some cases, an overcoat layer is formed on the patterned lens units with a rectangular shape prior to reflowing to avoid a sagging of the island of the resin in the middle without reflow into a spherical cap in the reflow step. The overcoat acts as a permanent protective layer. The coating layer is also made of a photosensitive composition.

[0330] Microlens arrays can also be fabricated by the use of a mold or a stamper as, for example, disclosed in EP0932256A2. A process of manufacturing the planar microlens array is as follows: a release agent is coated on a shaping surface of a stamper on which convex portions are densely arranged, and a photocurable synthetic resin material having a high refractive index is set on the shaping surface of the stamper. Next, the base glass plate is pushed onto the synthetic resin material, thereby spreading the synthetic resin material, and the synthetic resin material is cured by irradiating with ultraviolet radiation or by heating and is shaped to form the convex microlenses. Thereafter the stamper is peeled off. Then, a photocurable synthetic resin material having a low refractive index is additionally coated onto the convex microlenses as an adhesive layer and a glass substrate which is made into a cover glass plate is pushed onto the synthetic resin material, thereby spreading the same. The synthetic resin material is then cured and finally the planar microlens array is formed.

[0331] As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,867, a similar method using a mold is applied for the production of a prism sheet, which is used as a part of backlight units for color liquid crystal display panels to enhance the brightness. A prism sheet forming a prism row on one side is mounted on the light-emitting surface of the backlight. For fabricating a prism sheet, an active energy ray-curable composition is cast and spread in a lens mold which is made of metal, glass or resin and forms the lens shape of the prism row, etc., after which a transparent substrate sheet is placed onto it and active energy rays from an active energy ray-emitting source are irradiated through the sheet for curing. The prepared lens sheet is then released from the lens mold to obtain the lens sheet.

[0332] The active energy ray-curable composition used to form the lens section must have a variety of properties, including adhesion to the transparent substrate, and suitable optical characteristics.

[0333] Lenses at least with some photoresists in the prior art are not desirable for some applications since the optical transmittance in the blue end of the optical spectrum is poor. Because the photocurable compositions according to the invention have low yellowing properties, both thermally and photochemically, they are suitable for the production of microlens arrays as described above.

[0334] The novel radiation-sensitive compositions are also suitable for photo-lithographic steps used in the production process of plasma display panels (PDP), particularly for the imaging forming process of barrier rib, phosphor layer and electrodes.

[0335] The PDP is a planar display for displaying images and information by virtue of the emission of light by gas discharge. By the construction of panel and the method of operation, it is known in two types, i.e. DC (direct current) type and AC (alternating current) type.

[0336] By way of example, the principle of the DC type color PDP will be briefly explained. In the DC type color PDP, the space intervening between two transparent substrates (generally glass plates) is divided into numerous minute cells by latticed barrier ribs interposed between the transparent substrates. In the individual cells a discharge gas, such as He or Xe, is sealed. On the rear wall of each cell there is a phosphor layer which, on being excited by the ultraviolet light generated by the discharge of the discharge gas, emits visible light of three primary colors. On the inner faces of the two substrates, electrodes are disposed as opposed to each other across the relevant cells. Generally, the cathodes are formed of a film of transparent electroconductive material such as NESA glass. When a high voltage is applied between these electrodes formed on the fore wall and the rear wall, the discharge gas which is sealed in the cells induces plasma discharge and, by virtue of the ultraviolet light radiated consequently, incites the fluorescent elements of red, blue, and green colors to emit lights and effect the display of an image. In the full-color display system, three fluorescent elements severally of the three primary colors of red, blue, and green mentioned above jointly form one picture element.

[0337] The cells in the DC type PDP are divided by the component barrier ribs of a lattice, whereas those in the AC type PDP are divided by the barrier ribs which are arranged parallel to each other on the faces of the substrates. In either case, the cells are divided by barrier ribs. These barrier ribs are intended to confine the luminous discharge within a fixed area to preclude false discharge or cross talk between adjacent discharge cells and ensure ideal display.

[0338] The compositions according to the invention also find application for the production of one- or more-layered materials for the image recording or image reproduction (copies, reprography), which may be mono- or polychromatic. Furthermore the materials are suitable for color proofing systems. In this technology formulations containing microcapsules can be applied and for the image production the radiation curing can be followed by a thermal treatment. Such systems and technologies and their applications are for example disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,459.

[0339] Photocuring is of great importance for printings, since the drying time of the ink is a critical factor for the production rate of graphic products, and should be in the order of fractions of seconds. UV-curable inks are particularly important for screen printing and offset inks.

[0340] As already mentioned above, the novel mixtures are highly suitable also for producing printing plates. This application uses, for example, mixtures of soluble linear polyamides or styrene/butadiene and/or styrene/isoprene rubber, polyacrylates or polymethyl methacrylates containing carboxyl groups, polyvinyl alcohols or urethane acrylates with photopolymerizable monomers, for example acrylamides and/or methacrylamides, or acrylates and/or methacrylates, and a photoinitiator. Films and plates of these systems (wet or dry) are exposed over the negative (or positive) of the printed original, and the uncured parts are subsequently washed out using an appropriate solvent or aqueous solutions.

[0341] Another field where photocuring is employed is the coating of metals, in the case, for example, of the coating of metal plates and tubes, cans or bottle caps, and the photocuring of polymer coatings, for example of floor or wall coverings based on PVC.

[0342] Examples of the photocuring of paper coatings are the colourless varnishing of labels, record sleeves and book covers.

[0343] Also of interest is the use of the novel photoinitiators for curing shaped articles made from composite compositions. The composite compound consists of a self-supporting matrix material, for example a glass fibre fabric, or alternatively, for example, plant fibres [cf. K.-P. Mieck, T. Reussmann in Kunststoffe 85 (1995), 366–370], which is impregnated with the photocuring formulation. Shaped parts comprising composite compounds, when produced using the novel compounds, attain a high level of mechanical stability and resistance. The novel compounds can also be employed as photocuring agents in moulding, impregnating and coating compositions as are described, for example, in EP 7086. Examples of such compositions are gel coat resins, which are subject to stringent requirements regarding curing activity and yellowing resistance, and fibre-reinforced mouldings, for example, light diffusing panels which are planar or have lengthwise or crosswise corrugation. Techniques for producing such mouldings, such as hand lay-up, spray lay-up, centrifugal casting or filament winding, are described, for example, by P. H. Selden in “Glasfaserverstarkte Kunststoffe”, page 610, Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1967. Examples of articles which can be produced by these techniques are boats, fibre board or chipboard panels with a double-sided coating of glass fibre-reinforced plastic, pipes, containers, etc. Further examples of moulding, impregnating and coating compositions are UP resin gel coats for mouldings containing glass fibres (GRP), such as corrugated sheets and paper laminates. Paper laminates may be based on urea resins or melamine resins. Prior to production of the laminate, the gel coat is produced on a support (for example a film). The novel photocurable compositions can also be used for casting resins or for embedding articles, for example electronic components, etc.

[0344] The compositions and compounds according to the invention can be used for the production of holographies, waveguides, optical switches wherein advantage is taken of the development of a difference in the index of refraction between irradiated and unirradiated areas.

[0345] The use of photocurable compositions for imaging techniques and for the optical production of information carriers is also important. In such applications, as already described above, the layer (wet or dry) applied to the support is irradiated imagewise, e.g. through a photomask, with UV or visible light, and the unexposed areas of the layer are removed by treatment with a developer. Application of the photocurable layer to metal can also be carried out by electrodeposition. The exposed areas are polymeric through crosslinking and are therefore insoluble and remain on the support. Appropriate colouration produces visible images.

[0346] Where the support is a metallized layer, the metal can, following exposure and development, be etched away at the unexposed areas or reinforced by electroplating. In this way it is possible to produce electronic circuits and photoresists. When used in image-forming materials the novel photoinitiators provide excellent performance in generating so called printout images, whereby a color change is induced due to irradiation. To form such printout images different dyes and/or their leuco form are used and examples for such print out image systems can be fount e.g. in WO 96/41240, EP 706091, EP 511403, U.S. Pat. No. 3,579,339, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,622,286.

[0347] The novel photoinitiator is also suitable for a photopatternable composition for forming a dielectric layer of a multilayer layer circuit board produced by a sequential build-up process.

[0348] The invention, as described above, provides compositions for producing pigmented and non-pigmented paints and varnishes, powder coatings, printing inks, printing plates, adhesives, dental compositions, gel coats, photoresists for electronics like electroplating resist, etch resist, both liquid and dry films, solder resist, as resists to manufacture color filters for a variety of display applications or to generate structures in the manufacturing processes of plasma-display panels (e.g. barrier rib, phosphor layer, electrode), electroluminescence displays and LCD (e.g. Interlayer insulating layer, spacers, microlens array), as composition for encapsulating electrical and electronic components, for producing magnetic recording materials, micromechanical parts, waveguides, optical switches, plating masks, etch masks, colour proofing systems, glass fibre cable coatings, screen printing stencils, for producing three-dimensional objects by means of stereolithography, and as image recording material, especially for holographic recordings, microelectronic circuits, decolorizing materials, decolorizing materials for image recording materials, for image recording materials using microcapsules.

[0349] Substrates used for photographic information recordings include, for example, films of polyester, cellulose acetate or polymer-coated papers; substrates for offset printing formes are specially treated aluminium, substrates for producing printed circuits are copper-clad laminates, and substrates for producing integrated circuits are, for example, silicon wafers. The layer thickness of the photosensitive layer for photographic materials and offset printing forms is generally from about 0.5 μm to 10 μm, while for printed circuits it is from 0.1 μm to about 100 μm. Following the coating of the substrates, the solvent is removed, generally by drying, to leave a coat of the photoresist on the substrate.

[0350] Coating of the substrates can be carried out by applying to the substrate a liquid composition, a solution or a suspension. The choice of solvents and the concentration depend principally on the type of composition and on the coating technique. The solvent should be inert, i.e. it should not undergo a chemical reaction with the components and should be able to be removed again, after coating, in the course of drying. Examples of suitable solvents are ketones, ethers and esters, such as methyl ethyl ketone, isobutyl methyl ketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, N-methylpyrrolidone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, 2-methoxypropylacetate, methyl-3-methoxypropionate, 2-heptanone, 2-pentanone, and ethyl lactate.

[0351] The solution is applied uniformly to a substrate by means of known coating techniques, for example by spin coating, dip coating, knife coating, curtain coating, brushing, spraying, especially by electrostatic spraying, and reverse-roll coating, and also by means of electrophoretic deposition. It is also possible to apply the photosensitive layer to a temporary, flexible support and then to coat the final substrate, for example a copper-clad circuit board, or a glass substrate by transferring the layer via lamination.

[0352] The quantity applied (coat thickness) and the nature of the substrate (layer support) are dependent on the desired field of application. The range of coat thicknesses generally comprises values from about 0.1 μm to more than 100 μm, for example 0.1 μm to 1 cm, preferably 0.5 μm to 1000 μm.

[0353] Following the coating of the substrates, the solvent is removed, generally by drying, to leave an essentially dry resist film of the photoresist on the substrate.

[0354] The photosensitivity of the novel compositions can extend in general from about 150 nm to 600 nm, for example 190–600 nm, (UV-vis region). Suitable radiation is present, for example, in sunlight or light from artificial light sources. Consequently, a large number of very different types of light sources are employed. Both point sources and arrays (“lamp carpets”) are suitable. Examples are carbon arc lamps, xenon arc lamps, low-, medium-, high- and super high-pressure mercury lamps, possibly with metal halide dopes (metal-halogen lamps), microwave-stimulated metal vapour lamps, excimer lamps, superactinic fluorescent tubes, fluorescent lamps, argon incandescent lamps, electronic flashlights, photographic flood lamps, light emitting diodes (LED), electron beams and X-rays. The distance between the lamp and the substrate to be exposed in accordance with the invention may vary depending on the intended application and the type and output of lamp, and may be, for example, from 2 cm to 150 cm. Laser light sources, for example excimer lasers, such as F₂ excimer lasers at 157 nm exposure, KrF excimer lasers for exposure at 248 nm and ArF excimer lasers for exposure at 193 nm are also suitable. Lasers in the visible region can also be employed.

[0355] The term “imagewise” exposure includes both, exposure through a photomask comprising a predetermined pattern, for example a slide, a chromium mask, a stencil mask or a reticle, as well as exposure by means of a laser or light beam, which for example is moved under computer control over the surface of the coated substrate and in this way produces an image. Suitable UV laser exposure systems for the purpose are, for example, provided by Etec and Orbotech (DP-100™ DIRECT IMAGING SYSTEM). And the computer-controlled irradiation can also be achieved by electron beams. It is also possible to use masks made of liquid crystals that can be addressed pixel by pixel to generate digital images, as is, for example, described by A. Bertsch, J. Y. Jezequel, J. C. Andre in Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 1997, 107, p. 275–281 and by K.-P. Nicolay in Offset Printing 1997, 6, p. 34–37.

[0356] Following the imagewise exposure of the material and prior to development, it may be advantageous to carry out thermal treatment for a short time. After the development a thermal post bake can be performed to harden the composition and to remove all traces of solvents. The temperatures employed are generally 50–250° C., preferably 80–220° C.; the duration of the thermal treatment is in general between 0.25 and 60 minutes.

[0357] The photocurable composition may additionally be used in a process for producing printing plates or photoresists as is described, for example, in DE 4013358. In such a process the composition is exposed for a short time to visible light with a wavelength of at least 400 nm, without a mask, prior to, simultaneously with or following imagewise irradiation.

[0358] After the exposure and, if implemented, thermal treatment, the unexposed areas of the photosensitive coating are removed with a developer in a manner known per se.

[0359] As already mentioned, the novel compositions can be developed by aqueous alkalis or organic solvents. Particularly suitable aqueous-alkaline developer solutions are aqueous solutions of tetraalkylammonium hydroxides or of alkali metal silicates, phosphates, hydroxides and carbonates. Minor quantities of wetting agents and/or organic solvents may also be added, if desired, to these solutions. Examples of typical organic solvents, which may be added to the developer liquids in small quantities, are cyclohexanone, 2-ethoxyethanol, toluene, acetone and mixtures of such solvents. Depending on the substrate also solvents, e.g. organic solvents, can be used as developer, or, as mentioned above mixtures of aqueous alkalis with such solvents. Particularly useful solvents for solvent development include methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, butanol, diacetone alcohol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, propyleneglycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethyl-3-ethoxypropionate, methyl-3-methoxypropionate, n-butyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 2-heptanone, 2-pentanone, epsilon-caprolactone, gamma-butylolactone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, ethyl lactate, methyl lactate, epsilon-caprolactam, and N-methyl-pyrrolidinone. Optionally, water can be added to these solvents up to a level at which still a clear solution is obtained and at which sufficient solubility of the unexposed areas of the light sensitive composition is maintained.

[0360] The invention therefore also provides a process for the photopolymerization of compounds containing ethylenically unsaturated double bonds, i.e. monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric compounds containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond, which comprises adding to these compounds at least one photoinitiator of the formula I, II or III as described above and irradiating the resulting composition with electromagnetic radiation, in particular light of the wavelength 150 to 600 nm, in particular 190–600 nm, with electron beam, or with X-rays.

[0361] The invention further provides a coated substrate which is coated on at least one surface with a composition as described above, and describes a process for the photographic production of relief images, in which a coated substrate is subjected to imagewise exposure and then the unexposed portions are removed with a developer. Imagewise exposure may be effected by irradiating through a mask or by means of a laser or electron beam as already described above. Of particular advantage in this context is the laser beam exposure already mentioned above.

[0362] The compounds of the invention have a good thermal stability and low volatility, and are also suitable for photopolymerisations in the presence of air (oxygen). Further, they cause only low yellowing in the compositions after photopolymerization.

[0363] The examples which follow illustrate the invention in more detail. Parts and percentages are, as in the remainder of the description and in the claims, by weight, unless stated otherwise. Where alkyl radicals having more than three carbon atoms are referred to without any mention of specific isomers, the n-isomers are meant in each case.

[0364] In formula (I):

[0365]
R₁=methyl, R₂=n-C₇H₁₅

[0366] To 7.83 g (40.1 mmol) of N-ethylcarbazole in 40 mL of CH₂Cl₂ are added 5.91 g (42.0 mmol) of benzoyl chloride and 5.88 g (44.1 mmol) of AlCl₃. After stirring for 4 h at room temperature, 6.89 g (42.3 mmol) of octanoyl chloride and 5.92 g (44.4 mmol) of AlCl₃ are added. This reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h. Then, the reaction mixture is poured into ice-water. The products are extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The CH₂Cl₂ layer is washed with water, saturated NaHCO₃ aq. solution and with brine, followed by drying over anhydrous MgSO₄. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel with CH₂Cl₂-hexane(1:1) as eluent affords 12.7 g of a white solid (74.2%).

[0367] The structure is confirmed by the ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃). δ [ppm]: 0.89(t, 3H), 1.20–1.57 (m, 11H), 1.79 (t, 2H), 3.09 (t, 2H), 4.45 (q, 2H), 7.54 (m, 3H), 7.61 (dd, 2H), 7.85 (dd, 2H), 8.09 (d, 1H), 8.19 (d, 1H), 8.64 (d, 1H), 8.74 (d, 1H).

[0368] To hydroxylammonium chloride (0.39 g; 5.57 mmol) and sodium acetate (0.54 g; 6.57 mmol) dissolved in 5 ml of water is added 1-(6-Benzoyl-9-ethyl-9.H.-carbazol-3-yl)-octan-1-one (2.14 g; 5.03 mol) in 15 ml of ethanol. After refluxing for 7 h, H₂O is added to the reaction mixture, the resulting white solid is filtered off, washed with water and dissolved in tetrahydrofurane (THF). After drying this THF solution over anhydrous MgSO₄, condensation under reduced pressure affords 2.16 g of a pale yellow solid (97%).

[0369] The structure is confirmed by the ¹H-NMR spectrum (CDCl₃), δ [ppm]: 0.85 (t, 3H), 1.20–1.70 (m, 13H), 2.90 (tt, 2H), 4.40 (q, 2H), 7.51 (m, 3H), 7.61 (t, 2H), 7.84 (m, 2H), 8.65 (dd, 1H), 8.32 (d, 1H), 8.63 (d, 1H). This solid is used for next reaction without further purification.

[0370] 1-(6-Benzoyl-9-ethyl-9.H.-carbazol-3-yl)-octan-1-one oxime (2.09 g; 4.75 mmol) is dissolved in 25 ml of t-butylmethyl ether. To this solution, acetyl chloride (0.53 g, 4.75 mmol) is added and then 1 ml of triethylamine is added dropwise at 10° C. After stirring at room temperature for 2.5 h, the reaction mixture is poured into water, and the products are extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO₃ aq. solution and then with brine, followed by drying over magnesium sulfate. After condensation, purification by column chromatography on silica gel with CH₂Cl₂-hexane (2:1) as eluent affords 0.67 g of a brownish oil (74.2%).

[0371] ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃). δ [ppm]: 0.86 (t, 3H), 1.22–1.70 (m, 13H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.96 (t, 2H), 4.43 (q, 2H), 7.43–7.65 (m, 5H), 7.84 (dd, 2H), 7.93 (dd, 1H), 8.08 (dd, 1H), 8.44 (dd, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H).

[0372] The compounds of examples 2–13 are prepared according to the method described in example 1 from the corresponding aldehydes or ketones. The compounds and ¹H-NMR-data are given in tables 1 and 2.

[0373]

TABLE 1
				state/mp [° C.]
				1H-NMR,
Example	Ar1	R1	R2	δ [ppm]
2		CH3	n-C7H15	85–860.88(t, 3H)1.20–1.65(m, 10H)2.27(s, 3H)2.83(t, 2H)7.34(d, 2H)7.48(m, 4H)7.59(m, 1H)7.72(m, 4H)7.78(dd, 2H)
3		CH3	H	141–1422.22(s, 3H)5.19(s, 2H)7.01(d, 2H)7.26(d, 2H)7.41(d, 1H)7.41(d, 2H)7.53(d, 4H)7.69(d, 4H)7.79(d, 2H)8.30(s, 1H)
4		Phenyl	n-C7H15	64–660.85(t, 3H)1.20–1.80(m, 8H)2.92(t, 2H)7.43(d, 2H)7.44–7.56(m, 6H)7.61(td, 1H)7.65(td, 1H)7.81(m, 4H)8.12(m, 4H)
5		CH3	H	62–702.22(s, 3H)5.19(s, 2H)7.02(m, 4H)7.17(m, 6H)7.31(m, 4H)7.52(d, 2H)7.70(m, 4H)7.80(d, 2H)8.30(s, 1H)
6		CH3	H	1602.23(s, 3H)5.21(s, 2H)7.04(d, 2H)7.41(t, 1H)7.04(t, 2H)7.56(d, 2H)7.66(d, 2H)7.71(m, 4H)7.87(d, 2H)7.90(d, 2H)8.31(s, 1H)
7		CH3	H	67–691.24(t, 6H)2.31(s, 3H)3.45(q, 4H)5.35(d, 2H)6.66(d, 2H)7.30–8.00(m, 13H)9.04(d, 1H)9.22(s, 1H)
8		CH3	H	1392.23(s, 3H)5.47(s, 2H)7.00(d, 2H)7.58–7.72(m, 4H)7.88–8.08(m, 4H)8.29(s, 1H)8.53(s, 1H)
9		CH3	H	139–1462.22(s, 3H)2.40(tt, 2H)3.92(s, 3H)4.29(m, 4H)6.91(m, 3H)7.13(dd, 1H)7.39(d, 1H)7.48(m, 3H)7.60(td, 1H)7.86(dd, 2H)8.08(s, 1H)8.28(s, 1H)
10		CH3	n-C3H7	104–1081.01(t, 6H)1.60(qt, 2H)1.78(qt, 2H)2.27(s, 3H)2.83(t, 2H)2.95(t, 2H)7.32(d, 2H)7.40–7.50(m, 6H)7.72(d, 2H)7.91(d, 2H)
11		CH3	H	176–1772.32(s, 3H)3.50(s, 3H)4.14(s, 3H)6.87(d, 1H)6.98(d, 2H)7.45(dd, 1H)7.51(t, 1H)7.80(m, 4H)8.03(dd, 6H)8.45(s, 1H)
12		Phenyl	n-C7H15	48–560.86(t, 3H)1.22–1.65(m, 11H)2.29(s, 3H)2.85(t, 2H)4.45(q, 2H)7.52(m, 4H)7.63(t, 1H)7.86(dd, 2H)8.09(dd, 1H)8.30(dd, 1H)8.66(d, 1H)8.86(d, 1H)
13		CH3	n-C7H15	liquid0.86(t, 3H)1.22–1.70(m, 11H)2.24(s, 3H)2.85(t, 2H)4.45(q, 2H)7.52(m, 4H)7.63(t, 1H)7.86(dd, 2H)8.09(dd, 1H)8.30(dd, 1H)8.66(d, 1H)8.86(d, 1H)
14		CH3	n-C7H15	liquid0.87(t, 3H)1.24–1.39(m, 8H)1.56(tt, 2H)2.26(s, 3H)2.83(t, 2)7.27(dd, 2H)7.46–7.58(m, 6H)7.72(dd, 2H)7.76(dd, 2H)7.92(dd, 2H)8.00(dd, 1H)8.06(dd, 1H)
15		CH3	n-C3H7	143–1451.00(t, 3H)1.60(qt, 2H)2.25(s, 3H)2.80(t, 2H)7.24(dd, 2H)7.34(dd, 1H)7.40(m, 3H)7.46(dd, 2H)7.54(m, 2H)7.65–7.75(m, 6H)
16		CH3	H	118–1212.23(s, 3H)4.41(s, 4H)7.00(m, 4H)7.27(dd, 2H)7.40(m, 3H)7.52(dd, 2H)7.66(dd, 2H)7.70(dd, 2H)7.80(dd, 2H)8.31(d, 1H)
17		CH3	H	liquid2.21(s, 3H)5.17(s, 2H)5.21(s, 2H)6.91(m, 4H)7.21(dd, 2H)7.37(m, 3H)7.50(m, 6H)7.72(m, 6H)8.32(s, 1H)
18		CH3	H	97–992.06(s, 3H)2.32(tt, 2H)4.22(t, 2H)4.26(t, 2H)6.94(dd, 2H)7.00(dd, 4H)7.22(dd, 6H)7.36(m, 3H)7.49(dt, 2H)7.62(dd, 2H)7.76(dd, 2H)7.81(dd, 2H)9.86(s, 1H)
19		CH3	H	102–1111.68(tt, 2H)1.86(tt, 4H)2.20(s, 3H)4.03(m, 4H)6.90(dd, 4H)7.24(d, 2H)7.37(m, 3H)7.48(dd, 2H)7.64(dd, 4H)7.76(dd, 2H)8.26(dd, 2H)
20		CH3	H	121–1242.00(tt, 4H)2.21(s, 3H)4.09(d, 4H)6.86(m, 4H)7.22(dd, 2H)7.39(m, 3H)7.50(dd, 2H)7.62(m, 4H)7.77(dd, 2H)8.28(s, 1H)
21		CH3	H	972.20(s, 3H)5.20(s, 3H)7.00(dd, 2H)7.24(dd, 4H)7.42–7.90(m, 26H)8.32(s, 1H)
22		CH3	C2H5	118–1212.27(s, 3H)2.27(s, 3H)5.22(s, 2H)7.02(dd, 2H)7.25(m, 4H)7.40(m, 3H)7.52(dt, 4H)7.69(dd, 2H)7.79(dd, 2H)8.12(dd, 2H)
23		CH3	CH3	133–1381.12(t, 13H)2.90(q, 2H)5.20(s, 2H)7.00(dd, 2H)7.23(dd, 2H)7.40(m, 3H)7.52(dt, 4H)7.68(dd, 2H)7.78(dd, 2H)7.96(dd, 2H)
24		CH3	Phenyl	81–862.20(s, 3H)7.15–7.63(m, 19H)7.76–786(m, 8H)
25		CH3	n-C3H7	521.05(t, 3H)1.50(t, 3H)1.85(qt, 2H)3.10(t, 2H)4.40(q, 2H)7.46–7.56(m, 4H)7.63(dd, 2H)7.85(dd, 2H)8.10(dd, 1H)8.20(dd, 1H)8.64(d, 1H)8.74(d, 1H)
26		CH3	CH3	1261.47(t, 3H)2.27(s, 3H)2.49(s, 3H)4.42(q, 2H)7.48(m, 4H)7.52(td, 1H)7.83(dd, 2H)7.98(dd, 1H)8.08(dd, 1H)8.44(d, 1H)8.58(d, 1H)
27		CH3	C2H5	162–1631.26(t, 3H)1.50(t, 3H)2.30(s, 3H)3.00(qt, 2H)4.44(q, 2H)7.50(m, 4H)7.61(td, 1H)7.85(dd, 2H)7.96(dd, 1H)8.09(dd, 1H)8.45(d, 1H)8.62(d, 1H)
28		CH3	CH3	150–1521.48(t,3H)2.14(s, 6H)2.29(s, 3H)2.38(s, 3H)2.51(s, 3H)4.42(q, 2H)6.95(s, 2H)7.44(m, 2H)7.94(dd, 1H)8.10(m, 1H)8.44(d, 1H)8.50(m, 1H)
29		CH3	CH3	110–1131.45(t, 3H)2.30(s, 3H)2.38(s, 3H)2.50(s, 3H)4.40(q, 2H)7.25–7.50(m, 6H)7.90(dd, 1H)8.10(dd, 1H)8.40(d, 1H)8.50(d, 1H)
30		CH3	CH3	136–1380.98(t, 3H)1.40(qt, 2H)1.90(tt, 2H)2.30(s, 3H)2.50(s, 3H)4.30(t, 2H)7.50(m, 4H)7.62(td, 1H)7.85(dd, 2H)7.98(dd, 1H)8.08(dd, 1H)
31		CH3	(CO)OC2H5	167–1691.45(t, 3H)1.49(t, 3H)2.23(s, 3H)4.45(q, 2H)4.54(q, 2H)7.26–7.64(m, 5H)7.84(dd, 2H)7.91(dd, 1H)8.10(dd, 1H)8.40(d, 1H)8.59(d, 1H)
32		CH3	—SO2-p-tolyl	not determined
33		CH3		not determined

[0374]

TABLE 2
					state/mp [° C.]
Example	Ar2	R1	R2	R2′	1H-NMR, δ [ppm]
34		CH3	n-C3H7	n-C3H7	82–941.00(t, 6H)1.62(qt, 2H)2.27(s, 6H)2.83(t, 4H)7.33(d, 4H)7.47(d, 4H)7.70(d, 4H)7.72(d, 4H)

[0375] In examples 35–36 the following sensitizers are used:

[0376]

S-1	4′-bis(diethylamino)-benzophenone (EAB)
S-2	mixture of 2-isopropyl thioxanthone and 4-isopropylthioxanthone
	(RTMQUANTACURE ITX)

[0377] A photocurable formulation for a sensitivity test is prepared by mixing the following components:

[0378]

200.0 parts by weight	of acrylated acrylcopolymer (RTMACA200M,
	provided by Daicei Industries, Ltd., solid content
	is 50% by weight)
15.0 parts by weight	of dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate ((DPHA),
	provided by UCB Chemicals)
100.0 parts by weight	of acetone

[0379] To that mixture 0.5% (based on the solid content) of a sensitizer and 0.5% or 2.0% (based on the solid content) of the initiator to be tested are added and stirred. All operations are carried out under yellow light. The formulations are applied to an aluminum plate. The solvent is removed by heating at 80° C. for 15 minutes in a convection oven. The thickness of the dry film is 25 μm. Onto this coating an acetate film is applied, over which a standardized test negative with 21 steps of different optical density (Stouffer step wedge) is placed. The sample is covered with a second UV-transparent film and pressed onto a metal plate by means of vacuum. Exposure is carried out in a first test series for 40 seconds, in a second series for 80 seconds and in a third series for 160 seconds, using a metal halide lamp (ORC, model SMX 3000) at a distance of 60 cm. Following exposure, the cover films and the mask are removed and the exposed film is developed with 1% sodium carbonate aqueous solution for 180 sec. at 30° C. by using a spray type developer (Walter Lemmen, model T21). The sensitivity of the initiator system used is characterized by indicating the highest step number which remained (i.e. polymerized) after developing. The higher the number of steps, the more sensitive is the system tested. The results are collected in table 3.

[0380]

TABLE 3
			Number of steps
			reproduced
Photoinitiator	Photoinitiator		after exposure for
of example	concentration	Sensitizer	40 sec.	80 sec.	160 sec.
2	2.0%	—	13	15	17
3	2.0%	—	12	15	16
3	2.0%	S-2	13	15	17
4	2.0%	—	12	14	16
5	0.5%	—	11	13	15
1	2.0%	—	14	17	19
8	2.0%	S-2	12	15	16
9	0.5%	—	13	16	17
14	2.0%	—	14	17	18
10	2.0%	—	14	16	18
11	2.0%	—	12	14	16
12	0.5%	—	11	13	15
13	0.5%	—	15	18	20
18	2.0%	—	8	11	13
16	2.0%	—	11	13	15
17	2.0%	—	8	10	12
19	2.0%	—	6	8	10
14	2.0%	—	13	15	17
21	2.0%	—	7	10	12
20	2.0%	—	5	8	9
24	2.0%	—	9	12	14
22	2.0%	—	10	13	14
25	2.0%	—	14	16	17
23	2.0%	—	11	13	14
15	2.0%	—	11	14	15
26	2.0%	—	13	16	17
27	2.0%	—	13	15	17
28	2.0%	—	13	16	17
29	2.0%	—	13	16	17
30	2.0%	—	13	16	17
31	2.0%	—	10	13	14

[0381] 24 g of benzylmethacrylate, 6 g of methacrylic acid and 0.525 g of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) are dissolved in 90 ml of propylene glycol 1-monomethyl ether 2-acetate (PGMEA). The resulting reaction mixture is placed in a preheated oil bath at 80° C. After stirring for 5 hours at 80° C. under nitrogen, the resulting viscous solution is cooled to room temperature and used without further purification. The solid content is about 25%.

Sensitivity Tests

[0382] A photocurable composition for a sensitivity test is prepared by mixing the following components:

• • [0383] 200.0 parts by weight of a copolymer of benzylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid (benzylmethacrylate:methacrylic acid=80:20 by weight) 25% propylene glycol 1-monomethyl ether 2-acetate (PGMEA) solution, prepared as described above
  • [0384] 50.0 parts by weight of dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate ((DPHA), provided by UCB Chemicals),
  • [0385] 2.0 parts by weight of the photoinitiator to be tested
  • [0386] 150.0 parts by weight of PGMEA, and optionally
  • [0387] 1.2 parts by weight of sensitizer

[0388] All operations are carried out under yellow light. The compositions are applied to an aluminum num plate using an electric applicator with a wire wound bar. The solvent is removed by heating at 100° C. for 2 minutes in a convection oven. The thickness of the dry film is approximately 2 μm. A standardized test negative film with 21 steps of different optical density (Stouffer step wedge) is placed with an air gap of around 100 μm between the film and the resist. Exposure is carried out using a 250 W super high pressure mercury lamp (USHIO, USH-250BY) at a distance of 15 cm. A total exposure dose measured by an optical power meter (ORC UV Light Measure Model UV-M02 with UV-35 detector) on the test negative film is 1000 mJ/cm². After exposure, the exposed film is developed with 1% sodium carbonate aqueous solution for 100 sec. at 30° C. by using a spray type developer (Walter Lemmen, model T21). The sensitivity of the initiator system used is characterized by indicating the highest number of the steps remaining (i.e. polymerized) after developing. The higher the number of steps, the more sensitive is the tested system. The results are listed in table 4.

[0389]

	TABLE 4
		Number of steps reproduced
		after exposure of
	Photoinitiator	1000 mJ/cm2
	of example	no sensitizer	S-1 (EAB)	S-2 (ITX)
	2	17	—	—
	3	14	15	15
	4	14	—	—
	5	15	—	—
	1	20	—	—
	7	15	—	—
	9	14	—	—
	14	18	—	—
	10	18	—	—
	12	16	—	—
	18	—	13	13
	16	13	14	14
	17	—	—	12
	14	18	—	19
	21	16	—	—
	20	—	—	12
	24	18	—	—
	22	15	—	16
	25	20	—	—
	23	15	—	—
	15	18	—	—
	26	20	—	—
	27	19	—	—
	28	19	—	—
	29	20	—	—
	30	19	—	—
	31	17	—	—