Frequency translating repeater with low cost high performance local oscillator architecture

[0001] This application is related to and claims priority from pending U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/576,290 filed Jun. 3, 2004 and is further related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/529,037 filed Mar. 24, 2005 entitled WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK WITH REPEATER FOR ENHANCING NETWORK COVERAGE (claiming priority from PCT Application PCT/US03/28558), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/533,589, filed May 3, 2005 entitled WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK REPEATER WITH DETECTION (claiming priority from PCT Application PCT/US03/35050), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present invention relates generally to wireless networks and, particularly, the present invention relates to a local oscillator (LO) architecture in a frequency translating repeater. In particular, practical considerations must be addressed when implementing such a repeater in a system where many or all the components of the repeater including the LO circuits are implemented in an integrated circuit. One important practical consideration is the degree of on-chip isolation between the receive channel and the transmit channel in the integrated circuit.

[0003] In most frequency translating repeater systems, isolation between the transmit signal path and the receive signal path is a major concern. In particular, signal input stages and even auxiliary circuit input stages, such as LO stages, are susceptible to any in-band signal energy thus signal energy from other than the intended input signal can cause signal anomalies such as interference or “jamming” as will be appreciated. For example, if the LO used for frequency down-conversion is allowed to leak into the LO input of the frequency up-converter, a signal image will be transmitted that will have a jamming effect in the receiver. Further, if the LO used for frequency up-conversion in the transmit path is allowed to leak into the receiver frequency down-converter, the transmitted signal will be down-converted into the receive band and will also have a jamming effect.

[0004] The most common way in which signal energy from LO circuits can be cross coupled is via high-Q tank circuits, LC circuits tuned to resonate at particular frequencies. Since 80 dB of isolation is typically required between the transmit LO and the receive LO, and since, from a practical standpoint, 80 dB of isolation is generally considered nearly impossible between two such tank circuits on a single semiconductor chip, then the LO circuits for the transmit path and the receive path must be at different frequencies. A second path for leakage of signal energy sufficient to couple into LO stages is through the chip substrate. While the signal energy coupled through the substrate is typically at a much lower level than coupling through tank circuits as described, achieving 80 dB of isolation between two different LO circuits on the same substrate is still difficult.

[0005] Broad-band phase noise is another form of signal anomaly leading to receiver desensitization. A typical system, with a noise figure of, for example, 8 dB, can have a resulting system noise floor at −166 dBc/Hz. Thus, if an LO in the system has a broad-band phase noise of −150 dBc/Hz, which is above the noise floor, the phase noise will be imparted to the up-converted signal when passing through the up-converter. Further, if the output of a mixer associated with the LO is −10 dBm, the total phase noise that will be input to the power amplifier (PA) will be at around −160 dBm/Hz. The PA typically has a gain of 25 dB with a noise figure of 6 dB, moving the noise level up to around −135 dBm/Hz. Given a receiver to transmitter isolation of 30 dB, the resulting leakage noise at the system input would be −165 dBm/Hz. It should be appreciated that since the LO signal and the up-converted signal are typically not coherent, they do not directly add. The resulting leakage noise of −165 dBm/Hz as described above results in about 1–1.5 dB of desensitization. Accordingly, with LO frequency offsets at greater than, for example 10 MHz, LO broad-band noise levels above −150 dBc/Hz result in 1 for 1 receiver desensitization. In other words with noise levels at, for example, −149 dBc/Hz, the system is desensitized by 2 dB, with a noise level at −148 dBc/Hz the system is desensitized by 3 dB, and so on.

[0006] Still another problem associated with any switched LO architecture is pulling. Pulling is related to instability of the LO due to changes in the output impedance presented to them. LO pulling will cause disruption in the signal being mixed with the LO until the LO settles back on frequency. It will be appreciated that the amount of time associated with LO pulling is a function of the amount of impedance change and the loop bandwidth. In certain instances, for example in 802.11 signal scenarios, because the 802.11(g) signal has a very short preamble typically 8 μs long, even small amounts of pulling can be catastrophic. Thus an exemplary LO circuit would need to have LO settling within 1 us in order to prevent loss of signal lock or the like.

[0007] An example of isolation in a repeater using frequency translation can be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/529,037 listed and incorporated above. It should be noted however, that in order to ensure robust and effective operation, a frequency translating repeater must be capable of rapidly detecting the presence of a signal and must operate cooperatively in the environment in which it is repeating by providing adequate isolation from signal energy including energy from oscillators and the like, in order to effectively repeat the transmission.

[0008] Accordingly, in various exemplary and alternative exemplary embodiments, the present invention provides a local oscillator (LO) architecture in a frequency translating repeater configured to extend the coverage area in a wireless environment such as a WLAN environment, and, broadly speaking, in any TDD system including an IEEE 802.11b/g based system. The exemplary frequency translating repeater uses signal detection and isolation and can perform in TDD systems such as 802.11 based systems.

[0014] To better appreciate the basic components of an exemplary repeater, reference is made to FIG. 1. A simplified diagram of the major components of an exemplary frequency translating repeater are shown and include an RF module 110 having a first antennal 111 and a second antenna 112. The RF module 110 is bi-directionally coupled through lines 113, 114, 115, and 116 to a baseband module 120 having a modem 121. It will be appreciated that the modem 121, which can be a beacon modem, or the like, for beacon recovery and processing, requires a sampling clock for demodulation and a frequency carrier for modulation. It should be noted that in accordance with various exemplary embodiments, simultaneous demodulation of both frequency channels is desirable. Accordingly, the number of allowable IF frequencies and the required clock and LO frequencies is limited. Table 1 lists a set of allowable frequencies for an IF and sampling clock in accordance with various embodiments. It will be appreciated that the carrier frequency or frequencies for modulation can be selected from one of the IF frequencies in Table 1. Modulation can be performed on any channel supported in the exemplary repeater.

[0015]

	TABLE 1
	Multiple of 22 MHz
	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Digital IF, MHz	66	88	110	132	154	176	198	220
Required sampling freq, MHz	264	352	440	528	616	704	792	880
IF Candidate 1, MHz	198	264	330	396	462	528	594	660
IF Candidate 2, MHz	330	440	550	660	770	880	990	1100
IF Candidate 3, MHz	462	616	770	924	1078	1232	1386	1540
IF Candidate 4, MHz	594	792	990	1188	1386	1584	1782	1980
IF Candidate 5, MHz	726	968	1210	1452	1694	1936	2178	2420
IF Candidate 6, MHz	858	1144	1430	1716	2002	2288	2574	2860

[0016] The exemplary repeater also includes a processor 130 connected to the baseband module 120 through a data link such as a data bus 123 and may also have an analog control connection 122, which can be a series of analog connections. The baseband module 120 is shown in an abbreviated form and will be described in greater detail hereinafter. It will be appreciated however that in the exemplary repeater, any automatic gain control (AGC) and LO instability must be settled within 1 μs. Assuming a loop bandwidth of 100 KHz, if the LO gets pulled by 100 KHZ or 1 loop bandwidth, 10 μs will be required to pull the LO into lock. Since 10 μs exceeds the settling requirement, it must be reduced by either widening the loop bandwidth or limiting the degree of pulling. However, to significantly widen the bandwidth, a more complex phase locked loop (PLL) circuit is required. Thus, the practical solution is to limit pulling to less than 1 KHz or with reference to the LO frequency of 2802 MHz 1 KHz/2802 MHz=0.356 ppm.

[0017] It will be appreciated that the exemplary repeater can include various components such as a reference oscillator band pass filters for filtering the transmit signal, a channel select switch for selecting transmit channels, high pass filters, and low pass filters. The RF module 110, which can be separately implemented in an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), can route a transmit signal to one of two transmit antennas through a transmit switch. The transmit signal can be selected from one of the transmit channels such as TX_A or TX_B at channel select switch and can be input to a power amplifier (PA) followed by a power detector. It will be appreciated that in order to carefully control power, power conditioning can be used.

[0018] During detection, both A and B channels are configured to route signals through FET mixers, LNAs, and down-converters including surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters, LNAs, SAW filters, splitters, and log amplifiers. Digital signals can be extracted and from the A and B channels if present and input to a digital demodulator as described in greater detail herein below and can be used to perform network control and the like through beacon packets, control packets and the like.

[0019] Up-conversion and down-conversion can be performed through tunable frequency synthesizers as will also be discussed hereinbelow. It should be noted that the frequency outputs from the tunable synthesizers or tunable local oscillators (LOs) can be output through buffers to mixers for down-conversion and for up-conversion or can be directly coupled. In cases where buffers are used, the buffers can either be switched or always on, however in accordance with embodiments described herein, the buffers should be always enabled to reduces the adverse effects of switching transients on repeater performance as will be further described hereinbelow.

[0020] It will be appreciated that a digital signal can also be modulated by a digital modulator circuit and output into the transmit stream through a series of switches. The digital modulator circuit can include filters such as 3^rd order, Butterworth type low pass filters for filtering I and Q data, mixers for mixing I and Q data with a clock frequency corresponding to the channel frequency, a variable gain control, and the like. The output of the modulator can be inhibited by setting a switch. On the detect side the opposite channel from the transmit channel can be turned off, allowing for a higher degree of isolation from the transmitted signal. It should be noted that frequency conversion is accomplished by setting the LO used for up-conversion to the opposite of the LO used for down-conversion.

[0021] As noted, the digital demodulator and digital modulator are used to receive and transmit beacons, probe responses, and XOS packets as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill. Additionally, a processor or sequencer can be used to control various operational modes of the exemplary repeater and allow the exemplary receiver to send data to other repeaters or access points (APs) capable of running a network management operating system such as an experimental operating system, Xylan operating system, eXtreme networks operating system (XOS), or the like.

[0022] With reference to FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4, several exemplary LO architectures are shown using two tunable LOs and one fixed LO. All of the architectures use at least two different IF frequencies and in some cases three. Some architectures use an offset LO approach while others use a high side/low side approach to obtain LO isolation. Phase noise can be optimized for the transmit side at the expense of phase noise on the receiver side or can be optimized for phase noise in both transmit and receive stages. Each architecture has a varying degree of complexity.

[0023] It should be noted that in accordance with various exemplary embodiments, it is desirable to have low speed antenna diversity. Low speed diversity involves choosing antennas during initial system configuration and maintaining the antenna configuration from one packet transmission to the next packet transmission. Low speed diversity configuration is performed by searching for beacons on all the channels using one down-converter connected to one antenna and then performing the search again using the other down-converter connected to the opposite antenna. All exemplary architectures should support low speed antenna diversity.

[0024] With reference to FIG. 2, an exemplary LO circuit 210 is shown, which as noted above, can be embodied as a RF ASIC or a cell or module within an ASIC or the like which, as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, is true for all the LO circuits described herein. An advantage of the exemplary LO circuit 210 is the relatively simplicity of the architecture having, for example, a single stage up-converter. Some disadvantages of the LO circuit 210 are that 80 dB TX to RX isolation is required, and poor RX phase noise performance is to be expected, as are potential pulling issues on the TX side.

[0025] FIG. 3, shows an exemplary LO circuit 310. One advantage of the LO circuit 310 is that it does not require 80 dB of LO isolation. Some disadvantages are that complexity is increased with the inclusion of a two stage up-conversion, that three different IF frequencies are used requiring three different SAW filter designs, that poor RX phase noise performance is to be expected, and that potential pulling issues on the TX side are to be expected.

[0026] FIG. 4, shows an exemplary LO circuit 410. Some advantages of the LO circuit 410 are that it does not require 80 dB of LO isolation, the architecture is relatively simple, and the RX and TX phase noise performance is good. Some disadvantages are that the two stage up-conversion increases complexity, and that potential pulling issues are present on the TX and RX sides.

[0027] It can be seen that in view of the above noted advantages and disadvantages, a table such as Table 2 can be constructed to rate each of LO circuits 210, 310 and 410 on characteristics such as LO isolation, phase noise, pulling, and complexity.

[0028]

TABLE 2
	LO circuit 210	LO circuit 310	LO circuit 410
METRIC	rating	rating	rating
LO Isolation	2	4	4
Phase Noise	3	3	4
Pulling	3	3	3
Complexity	4	2	4

[0029] After review of the ratings in Table 2, it can be seen that a “score” can be assigned to each circuit based on the total of the ratings of all metrics. Thus, the score associated with LO circuit 210 is 12, with LO circuit 310 is 12, and with LO circuit 410 is 15. Accordingly, LO circuit 410 provides the highest score and will likely provided effective results although the LO circuit 210 or the LO circuit 310 can be used for satisfying various considerations in exchange for cost and/or performance tradeoffs. A spur analysis common in the art using components capable of generating up to 5th order harmonics can be used verify that no tones fall in channel and jam the receiver when circuit 410 is used. Additionally, to properly perform tests, it should also be noted that proper control of the components in the IF circuit chain will be required such that when the opposite channel is being used, the gain is reduced, select amplifiers are disabled, and the active IF up-converter is disabled.

[0030] With reference again to FIG. 2, the LO circuit 210 can be configured to facilitate repeating from channel 1 at 2412 MHz to channel 13 at 2472 MHz. Accordingly, the signal inputs 211 and 212 from channel 1 and channel 13 respectively can be received from an exemplary RF module such as RF module 110. The signal inputs 211 and 212 can be input to mixers 213 and 214 respectively for mixing with LO derived sideband signals. In the present example, the input signal 211 is designated for reception; thus, it is mixed at mixer 213 with a 1950 MHz signal for down-conversion as will be appreciated. The down-conversion signal is output from a buffer 231 selectively enabled after being generated by mixing an 1818 MHz signal generated from an LO 1 220 tunable from 1818 MHz to 2010 MHz in the upper side band portion 229 of a single side band (SSB) mixer. It will be appreciated that if channel 13 were selected for down-conversion, a 1878 MHz down-conversion signal is output from a buffer 232 selectively enabled (disabled in the present example) after being generated by mixing a 2010 MHz signal generated from an LO 2 222 tunable from 1818 MHz to 2010 MHz in the lower side band portion 230 of the exemplary SSB mixer.

[0031] Once down-converted, the signal 211 can pass to beacon demodulator 215 where any beacon signals, packets, or the like, can be extracted from the input signal 211 using a 264 MHz digital clock rate. It will be appreciated that the digital demodulator is coupled to a processor, sequencer, controller or the like, as described above, for example in connection with a digital demodulator and a sequencer. On the transmit side, network control or signaling information can be mixed with the outbound signal using a beacon modulator 217. To drive the modulator 217, a 132 MHz signal is generated by dividing a fixed LO 221 at 1056 MHz in dividers 223, 224, and 225. The 132 MHz signal can be further divided using divider 226 to generate a 66 MHz signal for mixing at mixer 227 with a 528 MHz signal output from buffer 228, when enabled, to generate a 426 MHz signal. The modulated output signal can be inserted into the signal path at switch 216 which is normally configured such that the beacon modulator 217 is out of circuit.

[0032] The down-converted signal can be coupled to output mixer 217 and switched to channel 13 using a switch 201 such as a GaAs switch located, for example, off the chip. It will be appreciated that the mixer 217 can be coupled to buffer 213 which is enabled to provide an up-conversion signal at 2010 MHz generated by the LO 2 222. In the event the repeating is from channel 13 to channel 1, a signal 212 on channel 13 can be down-converted in mixer 214, using a 1878 MHz generated from buffer 232 by mixing the 2010 MHz signal generated from LO 2 222 and the 132 MHz signal generated as described above using dividers 223, 224, and 225 to divide the 1056 MHz signal generated from the fixed LO 221. The down-converted signal can be input to the beacon demodulator 215 as described for retrieving any modulated signaling data. The down-converted signal can then be input to mixer 218 where it can be up-converted using the 1818 MHz signal generated from LO 1 220 and output from buffer 213 when enabled. The signal can then be repeated on channel 1 when the switch 201 is in the alternate position from what is shown. It should be noted that the LO circuit 210, as noted above, is the simplest architecture but sacrifices performance in the areas listed in Table 2.

[0033] With reference to FIG. 3, as with the example above, the LO circuit 310 can be configured to facilitate repeating from channel 1 at 2412 MHz to channel 13 at 2472 MHz. Accordingly, the signal inputs 211 and 212 from channel 1 and channel 13 respectively can be received from an exemplary RF module such as RF module 110 described above. The signal inputs 211 and 212 can be input to mixers 213 and mixer 314 respectively for mixing with LO derived sideband signals. In the present example, the input signal 211 is designated for reception; thus, it is mixed at mixer 213 with a 1950 MHz down-conversion signal as described above. The 1950 MHz down-conversion signal is output from a buffer 231 selectively enabled after being generated by mixing an 1686 MHz signal generated from an LO 1 320 tunable from 1686 MHz to 1746 MHz in the upper side band portion 329 of a single side band (SSB) mixer.

[0034] Once down-converted, the signal 211 can pass to beacon demodulator 215 where any beacon signals, packets, or the like, can be extracted from the input signal 211 using a 264 MHz digital clock rate generated by dividing the fixed LO 221 at 1056 MHz in divider 223 and 224. On the transmit side, network control or signaling information can be mixed with the outbound signal using a beacon modulator 317. To drive the modulator 317, the 132 MHz signal is divided as noted above from dividers 223, 224, and 225 can be further divided using divider 226 to generate a 66 MHz signal for mixing at mixer 327 with a 528 MHz signal output from buffer 228, when enabled, to generate a 594 MHz signal. The modulated output signal can be inserted into the signal path at switch 316 which is normally configured such that the beacon modulator 317 is out of circuit.

[0035] The down-converted signal can be coupled to an intermediate mixer 333 and the output mixer 217 and switched to channel 13 using the switch 201. The mixer 333 mixes the 132 MHz signal with the 462 MHz signal to generate a 594 MHz intermediate signal which is coupled to the mixer 217. It will be appreciated that the mixer 217 can be coupled to buffer 213 which is enabled to provide an up-conversion signal at 1878 MHz generated by the LO 2 322. In the event the repeating is from channel 13 to channel 1, the signal 212 on channel 13 can be down-converted in mixer 314, using a 2010 MHz signal generated from buffer 232 by mixing the 1878 MHz signal generated from LO 2 322 tunable from 1818 MHz to 1878 MHz and the 132 MHz signal in the lower side band portion 330 of the exemplary SSB mixer. If the signal 212 from channel 13 is used for down-conversion, the down-converted signal is coupled to an intermediate mixer 334 which outputs a 726 MHz intermediate signal. The intermediate signal can then be input to mixer 218 where it can be up-converted using a 1686 MHz signal generated from LO 1 320 and output from buffer 213 when enabled. The signal can then be repeated on channel 1 when the switch 201 is in the alternate position from what is shown. While the LO circuit 310 provides superior isolation, more circuit complexity is needed, for example in the form of additional mixers such as intermediate mixers 333 and 334.

[0036] In accordance with yet another exemplary embodiment, the LO circuit 410 shown in FIG. 4 provides superior performance in all areas listed in Table 2, with minor reduction in pulling performance. The LO circuit 410 provides a more fixed solution where the components are configured to provide repeating without the need to specifically enable on one channel and disable on the other channel. For example, an input signal 411 associated with channel 1 at 2412 MHz can be mixed in mixer 413 with an 1818 MHz signal from a LO 1 441, tunable between 1818 MHz and 1878 MHz. It will be noted that the 1818 MHz signal from the LO 1 441 is also coupled to the up-conversion mixer 427. An input signal 412 associated with channel 13 at 2472 MHz can be mixed in mixer 414 with a 2802 MHz signal from a LO 2 442, tunable between 2742 MHz and 2802 MHz. It will be noted that the 2802 MHz signal from the LO 2 442 is also coupled to the up-conversion mixer 426. Since, unlike the LO circuit 210 and the LO circuit 310, the LO circuit 410 contains no buffers in the up-conversion and down-conversion circuits, circuit complexity is reduced. The down-converted signals output from the mixers 413 and 414 can be input to a beacon demodulator 415, which can be driven using a 264 MHz signal generated from a fixed LO 440 at 924 MHz divided by a divider 417. The beacon demodulator 415 is for demodulating signaling information which maybe present on the signals 411 and 412, for example, as described above. The down-converted signals 411 and 412, now at intermediate frequencies of 594 MHz and 330 MHZ respectively, can be input to intermediate mixers 420 and 419 respectively where they are mixed with the 924 MHz signal from the fixed LO 440.

[0037] The effect of mixing in intermediate mixers 419 and 420 is to swap the frequencies on respective channels. Thus, the 330 MHz down-converted signal from channel 13 is converted to 594 MHz, and the 594 MHz down-converted signal from channel 1 is converted to 330 MHz. The swapped intermediate signals from the outputs of intermediate mixers 419 and 420 can be coupled to mixers 427 and 426 for up-conversion. The mixer 427 mixes the 1818 MHz signal from the LO 1 441 and the 594 MHz signal from intermediate mixer 419, which originated from channel 13, to form a 2412 MHZ signal associated with channel 1. Similarly, the mixer 426 mixes the 2802 MHz signal from the LO 2 442 and the 330 MHz signal from the intermediate mixer 420, which originated from channel 1, to form a 2472 MHz signal associated with channel 13. The signals from mixers 427 and 426 can be output through buffers 429 and 428 to output selection switch 430 shown in a position to repeat on the channel 13 frequency of 2472 MHz. Thus, the exemplary LO circuit 410 facilitates rapid changes in repeater channels since the repeater is configured to detect, down-convert and up-convert on both channels with the final output selection performed by the output selection switch 430 as noted.

[0038] One significant benefit associated with LO circuit 410 is the significant reduction in the frequency error to the repeated signal based on locking the LO 1 441 and the LO 2 442 to the same reference clock. By way of example, in LO circuit 410, in any signal path, the repeated signal will see three mixers configured as “high side, high side, low side” or “low side, high side, high side”. It will be appreciated that “high side” refers to the LO mixing frequency being higher than the signal path frequency. Since each high side mix results in spectral inversion, it is necessary to have two high side mixes in each signal path to correct the spectral inversion caused by any one high side mix. Any offset between the two high sides mixers will be cancelled according to the error factor in ppm and the frequency of the LO.

[0039] Using an example, assume a reference with a drift rating of 15 ppm has drifted high by 10 ppm for a “high side, high side, low side” case. If a signal with an RF frequency=2412 GHz is input into a mixer with a high side LO normally at 3006 MHz, but now drifted to 3006.030060 MHz or 10 ppm, an IF signal at a frequency of 3006.030060 MHz−2412 GHz=594.030060 MHz will result, which is too high since the IF is normally at 594 MHz. Next, the high IF signal is injected into another mixer with a high side LO normally at 1056 MHz, but now drifted to 1056.010560 MHz high. The resulting IF signal is 1056.010560 MHz−594.030060 MHz=461.980500 MHz, which is too low since the IF is normally 462 MHz. The IF signal is then injected into an up-conversion mixer with a low side LO normally at 2000 MHz, but now drifted to 2000.020000 MHz. The resulting signal in 2000.020000 MHz+461.980500 MHz=2462.000500 MHz, which is high since the up-converted signal is normally at 2462 MHz. The resulting total TX error is 500 Hz/2462 MHz=0.203 ppm error which is less than the actual 10 ppm shift originally occurring in the reference.

[0040] In another example, it is again assumed a reference with a 15 ppm drift rating has drifted high by 10 ppm in a “low side, high side, high side” case. If a signal with an RF frequency=2462 GHz is input into a mixer with a low side LO normally at 2000 MHz, but now drifted to 2000.020000 MHz, an IF signal at a frequency of 2462 MHz−2000.020000 MHz=461.980000 MHz will result, which is too low since the IF signal is normally 462 MHz. Next, the IF signal is injected into another mixer with a high side LO normally at 1056 MHz, but that has drifted to 1056.010560 MHz. The resulting IF is at 1056.010560 MHz−461.980000 MHz=594.030560 MHz which is too high since the IF signal is normally at 594 MHz. The signal is then injected into an up-conversion mixer with a high side LO normally at 3006 MHz that has drifted to 3006.030060 MHz. The resulting up-converted signal is at 3006.030060 MHz−594.030560 MHz=2411.999500 MHz which is too low since the up-converted signal is normally at 2412 MHz. The resulting total TX error is 500 Hz/2412 MHz=0.207 ppm error.

[0041] Thus, the repeated signal is essentially corrected to near zero error based on the configuration of the LO circuits. The result of the corrective effect of using two high side mixes is that instead of requiring a reference whose frequency accuracy is related to the absolute system RF frequency, such as 2450 MHz, the accuracy of the reference can be related to the difference between the input frequency and the output frequency of the repeater, which in accordance with exemplary embodiments, is typically less than 100 MHz for 802.11b/g systems. The only error of concern is the error associated with signal input to the beacon demodulator, since the signal undergoes only one down conversion prior to coupling to the input stage of the demodulator. Since a 50 ppm margin of error is required to successfully demodulate a Quadrature Phase Shift Keyed (QPSK) signal, then a 15 ppm oscillator is adequate. If an exemplary Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) detector can tolerate greater error, an oscillator with a greater error margin than 15 ppm can be used thus reducing costs. Since 15 ppm is a standard WLAN oscillator, it will be an adequate choice for an exemplary oscillator source particularly given that the 802.11g standard calls for no greater than 20 ppm clock error.

[0042] It will be appreciated that in accordance with, for example, tests conducted as described in the above referenced U.S. Provision Application Ser. No. 60/576,290 incorporated herein by reference, an exemplary repeater is capable of receiving an 802.11b waveform at 11 Mbps, as well as an 802.11g waveform at 54 Mbps and 6 Mbps and repeat them without excessive signal degradation. Each test injected the specific waveform at its minimum sensitivity on CH1 and then repeated then signal to CH11 at full power and then in a subsequent test CH6 at a reduced power. The repeated waveform was then checked to make sure that proper EVM was being repeated. With narrower SAW filters, the transmit power for adjacent channel repeating will improve even further. Thus it has been demonstrated that the exemplary repeater can easily receive a signal on CH1 at minimum sensitivity and repeat the signal to CH11 at full power. The repeater can repeat the signal to full power as long as 6 (5 MHz) channels of spacing are between the receiver and transmitter. Accordingly, a signal received on CH1 can be repeated on CH8–11 at full power. If repeating was desired on CH6 or CH7, output power would have to be reduced. Again, with improved SAW filters degradation should be only 1–2 dB for adjacent channels only.

[0043] In accordance with various exemplary embodiments, some parameters associated with the exemplary repeater are described in the following tables. An exemplary ASIC may be fabricated, for example, using a 0.35μ SiGe BiCMOS process. The specifications will change as the impedances are very different inside the ASIC.

[0044]

TABLE 3
Parameter	Maximum	Typical
Case Temperature	Storage −65 to 150° C.	Operating 0–70° C.
Junction Temperature	Operating 0–110° C.	65° C.
Supply Voltage	Typical Voltage ±5%	3.3 V and 5.0 V
Electrostatic Discharge	2000 V
Tolerance
RF in	TBD
I/O voltage	TBD

[0045] The Low Side Tunable Synthesize (Synth1) can be set in accordance with Table 4 below which lists the supported RF frequencies as they pertain to different countries and the associated LO frequencies for both the Low Side and High Side tunable synthesizers. The assumption is that the reference for all the synthesizers will be a 22 MHz TCXO and the tunable synthesizers will use a 1 MHz comparison frequency. Table 5 can be used to characterize the Synth 1.

[0046]

TABLE 4
	RF	LO Freq	LO Freq
CH	Freq	Low	High	North				Japan-
Num	(GHz)	Side(GHz)	Side(GHz)	America	Eur	Spain	France	MKK
1	2.412	1.950	3.006	x	x			x
2	2.417	1.955	3.011	x	x			x
3	2.422	1.960	3.016	x	x			x
4	2.427	1.965	3.021	x	x			x
5	2.432	1.970	3.026	x	x			x
6	2.437	1.975	3.031	x	x			x
7	2.442	1.980	3.036	x	x			x
8	2.447	1.985	3.041	x	x			x
9	2.452	1.990	3.046	x	x	x		x
10	2.457	1.995	3.051	x	x	x	x	x
11	2.462	2.000	3.056	x	x		x	x
12	2.467	2.005	3.061		x		x	x
13	2.472	2.010	3.066		x		x	x
14	2.484	2.022	3.078					x
Note:
x denotes ch used in the indicated country.

[0047]

TABLE 5
Parameter	Minimum	Typical	Maximum
Center Frequency @	1950	MHz	—	2022	MHz
1 MHz step
Reference Frequency			22	MHz	50	MHz
Synthesizer Ref Spurs	−50	dBc	−55	dBc
Frequency Step Size			1	MHz
Lock Time		TBD	10	ms
Phase Noise @ 10		−82	dBc/Hz	−80	dBc/Hz
KHz *
Phase Noise @ 100		−92	dBc/Hz	−90	dBc/Hz
KHz *
Phase Noise @ 1		−130	dBc/Hz	−128	dBc/Hz
MHz *
Phase Noise @ 10		−152	dBc/Hz	−150	dB/Hz
MHz *
* Assuming 50 KHz Loop BW and 10 MHz (±10 ppm) Reference Oscillator

[0048] The Synth 2 can be characterized in Table 6 as follows.

[0049]

TABLE 6
Parameter	Minimum	Typical	Maximum
Center Frequency @	3006	MHz	—	3078	MHz
1 MHz step
Reference Frequency		22	MHz	50	MHz
Synthesizer Ref Spurs	-50	dBc	−55	dBc
Frequency Step Size			1	MHz
Lock Time		TBD	10	ms
Phase Noise @ 10		−80	dBc/Hz	−78	dBc/Hz
KHz *
Phase Noise @ 100		−90	dBc/Hz	−88	dBc/Hz
KHz *
Phase Noise @ 1		−128	dBc/Hz	−126	dBc/Hz
MHz *
Phase Noise @ 10		−150	dBc/Hz	−148	dB/Hz
MHz *
* Assuming 50 KHz Loop BW and 10 MHz (±10 ppm) Reference Oscillator

[0050] The fixed frequency synthesizer can be characterized in Table 7 as follows.

[0051]

TABLE 7
Parameter	Minimum	Typical	Maximum
Center Frequency		1056	MHz
Reference Frequency		22	MHz	50	MHz
Synthesizer Ref Spurs	−55	dBc	−60	dBc
Frequency Step Size			1	MHz
Lock Time		TBD	10	ms
Phase Noise @ 10		−85	dBc/Hz	−83	dBc/Hz
KHz *
Phase Noise @ 100		−106	dBc/Hz	−103	dBc/Hz
KHz *
Phase Noise @ 1		−138	dBc/Hz	−136	dBc/Hz
MHz *
Phase Noise @ 10		−152	dBc/Hz	−150	dB/Hz
MHz *
* Assuming 50 KHz Loop BW and 10 MHz (±10 ppm) Reference Oscillator

[0052] One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that as noted above, various techniques can be used to determine different local oscillator configurations and the like in the present invention other than those shown in the examples discussed and described herein. The examples further focus on repeating from channel 1 to channel 13 or vice versa. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize that such an example is for illustrative purposes and other repeating channel configurations can be used. Additionally, various components, such as RF module 210 and repeater module 200 and other elements can be combined into a single integrated device or can be implemented partially in ASICs and discrete components or the like. Other changes and alterations to specific components, and the interconnections thereof, can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without deviating from the scope and spirit of the present invention.