US 7,094,527 B2Grant

System for in-vitro fertilization with spermatozoa separated into X-chromosome and Y-chromosome bearing populations

Issue Date:2006-08-22

•19 Claims

•5 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

An IVF system for successfully utilizing spermatozoa separated into X-chromosome bearing and into Y-chromosome bearing population for insemination. The IVF system includes fertilization medium that can shorten the time from insemination to cleavage and a portable incubator for the transportation of maturing oocytes and inseminated oocytes comrprising a straw (19) and an incubation element (20) that can be sealed with a cap (22).

Metadata

Assignees

XY, Inc.
Colorado State University Through Its Agent Colorado State University Reseach Foundation

Inventors

George E. Seidel
Tae Kwang Suh
Kehuan Lu

Application Information

Application Number:US 10/433,191

Filing Date:2001-11-29

Priority Date:2000-11-29

Art Unit:1655

Classifications

IPC:

A01N1/02

Patent Drawings (5 sheets)

Description

[0001] This application is the U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US01/45237, filed Nov. 29, 2001 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/253,785 filed Nov. 29, 2000 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/253,787 filed Nov. 29, 2000, each hereby incorporated by reference.

I. Technical Field

[0002] Devices, compositions, and methods that improve the quality of embryos generated using in-vitro fertilization (IVF) with spermatozoa separated into X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations.

Ii. Background

[0003] An attractive feature of IVF is that many fewer spermatozoa can be required for insemination than for artificial insemination. However, IVF using spermatozoa separated into X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations (separated spermatozoa) can necessitate modifications to conventional IVF techniques. This may due in part to the pre-capacitation of such spermatozoa.

[0004] In most cases, the percentages of oocytes (oocyte, ootid, or ova, or plurality of same as appropriate to the application) fertilized with separated and unseparated spermatozoa are similar, and events during the first cell cycle are timed similarly for separated and unseparated spermatozoa. However, with conventional procedures, blastocyst production with separated spermatozoa can be 70%–90% of controls with spermatozoa that have not been separated. For example, development to blastocysts has been shown to be 17% with bovine oocytes inseminated with separated spermatozoa, compared with >25% which might be expected with IVF using unseparated spermatozoa as described in the journal article entitled “In Vitro Fertilization With Flow-Cytometerically-Sorted Bovine Sperm” Theriogenology 52: 1393–1405 (1999), hereby incorporated by reference.

[0005] Several factors may contribute to these results. One factor may be that staining of sperm with Hoechst 33342 appears to cause a decline in motility of spermatozoa. Another factor, may be the physical forces the spermatozoa are subject to during the separation process. As but one example, in flow cytometric separation of spermatozoa, spermatozoa exit the flow cytometer at nearly 100 km/h before impacting on the surface of the collection medium. During transit through the flow cytometer spermatozoa can be subjected to laser light at an intensity of over 100 mW. While the transit time may only be 1–2 μsec, this may affect the spermatozoal DNA, and thus, also effect subsequent embryonic development. The process of separating sperm with flow cytometry can also result in a highly diluted sample, 600,000 spermatozoa/mL or less, and subsequent centrifugation steps are necessary to provide concentrated spermatozoa suitable for insemination.

[0006] Another problem with utilizing separated spermatozoa in IVF techniques may be that the facility in which the spermatozoa are separated may be in a different location than where the male mammal from which the spermatozoa are collected is located, which may be different from where the female mammal from which the oocytes are collected is located, which may be a different location from where the in-vitro fertilization is to occur, and which may be a different location from where the female mammal into which the in-vitro cultured embryos are to be transferred. Conventionally, separated sperm may be cryopreserved and transported frozen to the facility at which the IVF techniques are administered. Maturing oocytes are conventionally transported to the facility at which the IVF techniques are administered in portable incubation systems. The maturing oocytes are then inseminated with previously frozen-thawed sperm cells. To avoid cryopreservation of sperm cells or as a convenience to the various facilities involved it may be beneficial to transport maturing oocytes directly to the facility separating the spermatozoa so that separated sperm cells can be added to the oocytes without cryopreservation. However, conventional IVF and in vitro culture of the resulting zygotes typically comprises a separate set of apparatus and procedures making it inconvenient, difficult, or impossible to inseminate and culture oocytes in the same facility in which spermatozoa are separated.

[0007] Even though X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa have been differentiated by and separated based upon the difference in emitted fluorescence for many years, and even though separated spermatozoa have been used for some time with IVF techniques, and even though there is large commercial market for embryos produced with IVF techniques and separated spermatozoa, the above-mentioned problems have yet to be resolved.

[0008] As to the problems with conventional techniques of IVF using separated spermatozoa, and specifically separated spermatozoa, stained spermatozoa, or spermatozoa that are from previously frozen sperm, and with conventional strategies involving the transportation of separated sperm and maturing oocytes, the invention addresses each in a practical manner.

Iii. Disclosure of the Invention

[0009] Accordingly, one of the broad objects of particular embodiments of the invention can be to provide devices, compositions and methods that provide transportation of inseminated oocytes, promotes cleavage of fertilized oocytes and improves the quality of embryos generated with techniques utilizing spermatozoa separated into X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations.

[0010] Another broad object of particular embodiments of the invention can be to provide devices, compositions, and methods that promote cleavage and improve quality of embryos generated using IVF with spermatozoa that are derived from previously frozen sperm.

[0011] Another broad object of particular embodiments of the invention can be to provide devices, compositions, and methods that promote cleavage and improve quality of embryos generated using IVF with spermatozoa that have previously been stained with a DNA binding fluorochrome.

[0012] Another broad object of particular embodiments of the invention can be to provide medium for embryonic culturing that can contain non-essential amino acids.

[0013] Another broad object of the invention can be to provide apparatus and methods for transporting maturing oocytes and fertilized oocytes for the convenience of the end user(s) or to avoid cryopreservation of the spermatozoa used to fertilize oocytes.

[0014] Naturally further objects of the invention are disclosed throughout other areas of specification.

Iv. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0015] FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention in which spermatozoa from fresh or previously frozen-thawed sperm are stained.

[0016] FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the invention for separating stained spermatozoa in to X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations.

[0017] FIG. 3 shows another view of an embodiment of the invention for separating stained spermatozoa in to X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations.

[0018] FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a portable incubation system in which oocytes can be fertilized.

V. Mode(s) for Carrying Out the Invention

[0019] The invention involves devices, methods, and compositions for the in-vitro insemination and fertilization of oocytes (oocyte, ootid, or ova, or plurality of same as appropriate to the application) and the culture of embryos resulting from such techniques.

[0020] Embodiments of the invention can include fresh spermatozoa, or spermatozoa from frozen-thawed sperm of numerous species of mammals. The invention should be understood not to be limited to the species of mammals cited by the specific examples within this patent application. Embodiments of the invention, for example, may include fresh spermatozoa or spermatozoa from frozen-thawed sperm of animals having commercial value for meat or dairy production such as swine, bovids, ovids, equids, buffalo, or the like (naturally the mammals used for meat or dairy production may vary from culture to culture). It may also include fresh spermatozoa or spermatozoa from frozen-thawed sperm from individuals having rare or uncommon attribute(s), such as morphological characteristics including weight, size, or conformation, or other desired characteristics such as speed, agility, intellect, or the like. It may include frozen-thawed sperm from deceased donors, or fresh or frozen-thawed spermatozoa from rare or exotic mammals, such as zoological specimens or endangered species. Embodiments of the invention may also include fresh or frozen-thawed spermatozoa collected from primates, including but not limited to, humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, or the like, and may also include fresh or frozen-thawed spermatozoa from marine mammals, such as whales or porpoises.

[0021] Now referring primarily to FIG. 1, in some embodiments of the invention, Hoechst 33342 stain (1) can be added to bovine spermatozoa contained in frozen-thawed sperm (2) to establish a concentration of 224 μM. The incubation time of the spermatozoa contained in the frozen-thawed sperm (2) with the stain (1) can be about 190 minutes. In anther embodiment of the invention, the stain (1) can be added to the bovine sperm (2) to establish a concentration of 2240 μM and then incubated for about 60 minutes. Frozen-thawed sperm treated in either manner can improve the resolution of X-chromosome bearing from Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa. Understandably, from application to application (such as frozen-thawed sperm from different species) the amount of incubation time and the specific concentration of stain can adjusted to optimize the resolution of the X-chromosome bearing from Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa.

[0022] With respect to the cleavage rates of inseminated oocyte(s), the increase in stain concentration up to at least 10× does not appear to have a depressive effect on either cleavage or embryonic development. Higher stain concentrations may actually be beneficial with respect to certain applications because the length of incubation time may be decreased improving percent cleavage. From application to application length of incubation time can be adjusted to optimize cleavage results or embryonic development, as desired.

[0023] Now referring primarily to FIGS. 2 and 3, a flow cytometer embodiment of the invention is shown which includes a sperm cell source (3) which acts to establish or supply stained spermatozoa or other type of stained cells to be analyzed by the flow cytometer. The sperm cells are deposited within a nozzle (4) in a manner such that the cells are surrounded by a sheath fluid (5). The sheath fluid (5) is usually supplied by some sheath fluid source (6) so that as the cell source (3) supplies sperm cells, the sheath fluid (5) is concurrently fed through the nozzle (4). In this manner it can be easily understood how the sheath fluid (5) forms a sheath fluid environment for the cells. Since the various fluids are provided to the flow cytometer at some pressure, they flow out of the nozzle (4) and exit at the nozzle orifice (7). By providing some type of oscillator (8) which may be very precisely controlled through an oscillator control (9), pressure waves may be established within the nozzle (4) and transmitted to the fluids exiting the nozzle (4) at nozzle orifice (7). Since the oscillator (9) thus acts upon the sheath fluid (5), the stream (10) exiting the nozzle orifice (7) eventually and regularly forms drops (11). Because the sperm cells are surrounded by a sheath fluid environment, the drops (11) may contain within them individually isolated (generally) cells or other items.

[0024] Since the drops (11) generally contain isolated sperm cells, the flow cytometer can distinguish and separate droplets based upon whether or not the appropriate sperm cell is contained within the drop. This is accomplished through a cell sensing system (12). The cell sensing system involves at least some type of sensor (14) which responds to the cells contained within each drop (11) as described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,759, hereby incorporated by reference. As the Johnson patent explains for spermatozoa or sperm cells, although the staining and separation inventions can be understood to be used with a variety of frozen-thawed cells, the cell sensing system (12) may cause an action depending upon the relative presence or relative absence of the bound fluorochrome which may be excited by some stimulant such as the laser exciter (13). While each type of sperm cell can be stained by the stain or fluorochrome, as described above, the differing length of the X-chromosome and the Y-chromosome causes different amounts of stain to be bound, Thus, by sensing the degree of fluorescence emitted by the fluorochrome upon excitation it is possible to discriminate between X-bearing spermatozoa and Y-bearing spermatozoa by their differing fluoresence emission levels.

[0025] In order to achieve separation and isolation of the appropriate sperm cells, the signals received by sensor (14) are fed to some type of sorter discrimination system (15) which very rapidly makes a differentiation decision and can differentially charge each drop (11) based upon whether it has decided that the desired sperm cell does or does not exist within that drop (11). In this manner the separation or discrimination system (15) acts to permit the electrostatic deflection plates (16) to deflect drops (11) based on whether or not they contain the appropriate sperm cell. As a result, the flow cytometer acts to sort the sperm cells by causing them to land in one or more collectors (17). Thus by sensing some property of the sperm cells the flow cytometer can discriminate between sperm cells based on a particular characteristic and place them in the appropriate collector (17). In the system presently used to sort spermatozoa, the X-bearing spermatozoa droplets are charged positively and thus deflect in one direction, the Y-bearing spermatozoa droplets are charged negatively and thus deflect the other way, and the wasted stream (that is unsortable cells) is uncharged and thus is collected in an undeflected stream into a suction tube or the like.

[0026] Now referring primarily to FIG. 3, the process can be even further understood. As shown in that figure, the nozzle (4) emits a stream (10) which because of the oscillator (8) (not shown in FIG. 3) forms drops (11). Since the cell source (3) (not shown in FIG. 3) may supply sperm cells (1) which have been stained according the invention, the magnitude of the fluorescent emission stimulated by the laser exciter (13) is differentially determined by sensor (14) so that the existence or nonexistence of a charge on each drop (11) as it separates from stream (10) can be controlled by the flow cytometer. This control results in positively charged, negatively charged, and uncharged drops based upon the encapsulated sperm cell. As shown in FIG. 3, certain drops are shown as deflected drops (18). These deflected drops (18) are those containing sperm cells (2) differentiated by bearing an X-chromosome or a Y-chromosome. Separated sperm are then deposited in the appropriate collector (17) for later use. See also, International Patent Application PCT/US98/27909, hereby incorporated by reference.

[0027] While the above description focuses on the separation of spermatozoa with flow cytometry, separation of X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa based upon the difference in measurable fluorescent emission may also include numerous other technologies such as liquid chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and other technologies that similarly excite the amount of bound fluorochrome to differentiate between X chromosome bearing spermatozoa and the Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa.

[0028] Embodiments of the invention can also comprise collecting oocytes from a female mammal. With respect to certain embodiments of the invention, oocytes can be aspirated from the ovaries of the desired female mammal or can be obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries. The oocytes can be matured in TCM199 supplemented with about 10% fetal calf serum plus hormones (15 ng FSH, 1 μg LH, 1 μg E₂/ml) for 22–24 h at 39° C., in about 5% CO₂in air.

[0029] Ten to 15 oocytes can be transferred to a 50 μl drop of fertilization medium containing non-essential amino acids, such as tyrode albumin lactaate pyruvate (TALP) supplemented with non-essential amino acids derived from Eagles Medium, and which can further contain 0.6% bovine serum albumin, 20 μg heparin/mL and 5 mM caffeine. Alternately, oocytes can be fertilized in other medium containing non-essential amino acids such as the chemically defined medium described in the journal article entitled “Lowered Oxygen Tension and EDTA Improve Bovine Zygote Development In Chemically Defined Medium”, J. Anim. Sci. (1999), or the SOF medium described in the journal article “Successful Culture In-vitro of Sheep and Cattle Ova”, J. Reprod. Fertil. 30:493–497 (1972), each journal article hereby incorporated by reference.

[0030] After separating or sorting, sperm cells can be washed by centrifugation for about 10 min at 400 g in collection medium (typically Hepes-tyrode albumin lactate pyruvate medium supplemented with 2.0% bovine serum albumin) followed by suspension in the fertilization medium. Thawed, sorted sperm can be prepared by being centrifuged for 20 minutes at 700 g through a Percoll gradient (90%:45%) for separation of live and dead sperm. The sperm pellet can then be washed with fertilization medium by centrifugation at 400 g for 10 minutes. Sperm can then be added to to the fertilization medium to give a concentration of 1–2 million/mL.

[0031]

TABLE 1

Cleavage Stage of Oocytes Inseminated with Separated
Sperm in Four Different Fertilization Media.
	No.	%	% 2-cell	% 8-cell
Media	oocytes	cleavage	at 24 h	at 72 h

Fert-TALP	168	76	6^a	66
Fert-TALP + neaa	176	71	26^b	67
CDM	167	89	75^c	70
SOF	145	86	49^d	69

^a,b,c,dMeans with different superscripts differ (P < .05).

[0032] Now referring primarily to Table 1, as can be understood, oocytes inseminated with separated spermatozoa in fertilization medium containing non-essential amino acids according to the invention exhibit an increased rate of early development through at least the two cell stage.

[0033]

TABLE 2

Embryonic Development and Blastocyst
Quality Resulting From Fertilization in Four Different
Fertilization Media (averaged over two culture media)
	% blastocysts/
	oocyte	% Grade 1 blastocysts/total
Media	No. oocytes	Total	D7	blastocysts

Fert-TALP	326	20	17	52^a,c
Fert-TALP-aa	221	20	17	68^b
CDM	332	22	18	61^b,c
SOF	321	21	17	64^b,c

^a,b,cPercentages without common superscripts differ (P < .05)
^dGrade 1 indicates blastocysts with a distinct inner cell mass suitable for embryo transfer.

[0034] Now referring primarily to Table 2, some embodiments of the invention in which oocytes are fertilized with sorted spermatozoa in fertilization medium containing supplemented non-essential amino acids can exhibit an enhanced quality of embryos. In embodiments of the invention in which oocytes were fertilized in tyrode albumin lactaate pyruvate (TALP) supplemented with non-essential amino acids derived from Eagles Medium, and further containing 0.6% bovine serum albumin, 20 μg heparin/mL and 5 mM caffeine there was a difference (P<0.05) in quality of embryos as compared to TALP without non-essential amino acids.

[0035] Presumptive zygotes can be removed from culture and placed in chemically-defined medium (CDM-1) as discussed in the Journal Animal Science, 78, 152–157 (2000), hereby incorporated by reference, for 6–7 hours after insemination and cultured for 65–66 hours. Embryos that cleaved were further cultured 96 hours in CDM-2 (further containing MEM essential and non-essential amino acids and 2.0 mM fructose) containing 0.12 IU insulin/mL. Blastocysts were morphologically graded according to the size of inner cell mass and stained with Giemsa to determine cell numbers on day 7 after insemination.

[0036] Now referring primarily to FIG. 4, the invention further involves a portable incubation system. Certain embodiments of the invention can comprise a straw (19) having an interior volume between about 0.1 mL and about 0.5 mL into which fertilization medium, and oocytes collected from a female mammal, can be transferred. While the straw (19) could be made of any material compatible with the fertilization medium and the collected oocytes, specific embodiments of the straw (19) can be made of plastic, such as or similar to an artificial insemination straw. The ends of plastic straws can be heat sealed after the fertilization medium and the oocytes are transferred inside.

[0037] The invention can further comprise an incubation element (20) configured to encapsulate the straw (19) or a plurality of straws inserted within. In some embodiments of the invention the incubation element (20) can be a glass tube having a single sealable aperture element. The aperture element (21) can be sealed with a cap (22), and in some embodiments the cap (22) and the tube can have spiral threads (23) that can be rotationally mated to close the incubation element (20).

[0038] After transfer of a straw (19) or a plurality of straws to the interior volume of the incubation element (20), incubation conditions can be established within. Typical incubation conditions within the interior volume of the incubation element can comprise an atmosphere of five percent carbon dioxide in air and a temperature of about 39° C. (37° C. to 41° C.). Once incubation conditions are established within the incubation element, the incubation element (20) can be sealed and the oocytes can then be transported within the incubation element (20).

[0039] In some embodiments of the invention, oocytes can be transported to a sperm cell separation facility where the incubation element (20) is unsealed, the straw (19) is unsealed and a plurality of sperm cells (15) from a population separated on the basis of bearing an X-chromosome or bearing a Y-chromosome can be transferred into the straw (19) containing the oocytes. With respect to some embodiments of the invention a concentration of separated sperm cells (15) can be established of between about 1 million to about 2 million/mL of the fertilization medium. The straw (19) containing the oocytes and spermatozoa in fertilization medium can then be resealed and transferred back into the incubation element (20). The incubation conditions can be re-established and the incubation element sealed. The incubation element (20) containing a straw or plurality of straws (19) can then be transported. During transport the oocytes can become fertilized. Upon arrival zygotes can be transferred from the straw for further culture.

[0040] With respect to certain embodiments of the invention, oocytes can first be inseminated with separated or unseparated spermatozoa in conventional 50 μl drops and loaded into a 0.25 mL straw or straws (19) within two hours after insemination. Straws (19) can be heat sealed and put into the incubation element (20). The open incubation element containing straws with inseminated oocytes can be equilabrated with 5% carbon dioxide in air at about 39° C. for at least one hour and then tightly capped and cultured under the same conditions for between about 18–20 hours.

[0041] Again referring primarily to Table 2, fewer oocytes (P<0.05) fertilized in Fert-TALP developed to the 2-cell stage by 24 hours than in any other media. Notably, the vast majority of oocytes (75%) fertilized in CDM medium cleaved to 2-cell stabe by this time. By 72 hours post-insemination, there was no difference between any of the media, possibly due to the long 8-cell stage cell cycle.

[0042] There was no difference between any of the media on rate of development to blastocysts. However, there was a significant difference in quality of embryos between Fert-TALP and Fert-TALP+non-essential amino acids.

[0043] Progression of early bovine embryonic development using separated sperm are similar to studies with in-vivo or in-vitro cleavage of oocytes fertilized with unseparated spermatozoa. In the cow the first in-vivo cleavage occurs at 24–28 hours following ovulation, and the first in-vitro cleavage tages place at 24–48 hours after insemination.

[0044] Earlier cleavage occurred with oocytes fertilized in CDM, SOF, and Fert-TALP+ aa medium than in conventional Fert-TALP medium. This can be because CDM, SOF, and Fert-TALP+ non-essential amino acids, all contain non-essential amino acids, which may play a role in how quickly spermatozoa penetrate oocytes, of in the length of the first cell cycle.

[0045] As can be easily understood from the foregoing, the basic concepts of the present invention may be embodied in a variety of ways. It involves the staining of spermatozoa, whether fresh spermatozoa or frozen-thawed spermatozoa, separation and isolation techniques which may be used with such stained spermatozoa, as well as devices to accomplish the staining, separation, isolation of such stained spermatozoa into X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations, and the tramsportion of maturing oocytes and fertilized oocytes. In this patent application, the staining and separating techniques used with spermatozoa are disclosed as part of the results shown to be achieved by the various devices described and as steps which are inherent to utilization. They are simply the natural result of utilizing the devices as intended and described. In addition, while some devices are disclosed, it should be understood that these not only accomplish certain methods but also can be varied in a number of ways. Importantly, as to all of the foregoing, all of these facets should be understood to be encompassed by this disclosure.

[0046] The discussion included in this international Patent Cooperation Treaty patent application is intended to serve as a basic description. The reader should be aware that the specific discussion may not explicitly describe all embodiments possible; many alternatives are implicit. It also may not fully explain the generic nature of the invention and may not explicitly show how each feature or element can actually be representative of a broader function or of a great variety of alternative or equivalent elements. Again, these are implicitly included in this disclosure. Where the invention is described in functionally-oriented terminology, each aspect of the function is accomplished by a device, subroutine, or program. Apparatus claims may not only be included for the devices described, but also method or process claims may be included to address the functions the invention and each element performs. Neither the description nor the terminology is intended to limit the scope of the claims which now be included.

[0047] Further, each of the various elements of the invention and claims may also be achieved in a variety of manners. This disclosure should be understood to encompass each such variation, be it a variation of an embodiment of any apparatus embodiment, a method or process embodiment, or even merely a variation of any element of these. Particularly, it should be understood that as the disclosure relates to elements of the invention, the words for each element may be expressed by equivalent apparatus terms or method terms—even if only the function or result is the same. Such equivalent, broader, or even more generic terms should be considered to be encompassed in the description of each element or action. Such terms can be substituted where desired to make explicit the implicitly broad coverage to which this invention is entitled. As but one example, it should be understood that all actions may be expressed as a means for taking that action or as an element which causes that action. Similarly, each physical element disclosed should be understood to encompass a disclosure of the action which that physical element facilitates. Regarding this last aspect, as but one example, the disclosure of a “sorter” should be understood to encompass disclosure of the act of “sorting”—whether explicitly discussed or not—and, conversely, were there only disclosure of the act of “sorting”, such a disclosure should be understood to encompass disclosure of a “sorter” and even a “means for sorting”. Such changes and alternative terms are to be understood to be explicitly included in the description.

[0048] Additionally, the various combinations and permutations of all elements or applications can be created and presented. All can be done to optimize the design or performance in a specific application.

[0049] Any acts of law, statutes, regulations, or rules mentioned in this application for patent: or patents, publications, or other references mentioned in this application for patent are hereby incorporated by reference. Specifically, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/253,787, filed Nov. 29, 2000 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/253,785, filed Nov. 29, 2000, are hereby incorporated by reference including any figures or attachments, and each of references in the following table of references are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0050]


US Patent Documents
DOCUMENT NO.	DATE	NAME	CLASS	SUBCLASS	FILING DATE

32,350	Feb. 10, 1987	Bhattacharya			Nov. 22, 1974
3,687,806	Aug. 29, 1972	Van den Bovenkamp	195	1.3	Nov. 04, 1969
3,829,216	Aug. 13, 1974	Persidsky	356	36	Oct. 02, 1972
3,894,529	Jul. 15, 1975	Shrimpton	128	1 R	Apr. 10, 1969
4,009,260	Feb. 22, 1977	Ericsson	424	105	Dec. 11, 1974
4,067,965	Jan. 10, 1978	Bhattacharya	424	105	Dec. 17, 1975
4,083,957	Apr. 11, 1978	Lang	424	78	Feb. 04, 1976
4,085,205	Apr. 18, 1978	Hancock	424	105	Jan. 24, 1977
4,092,229	May 30, 1978	Bhattacharya	204	180 R	Oct. 20, 1976
4,155,831	May 22, 1979	Bhattacharya	207	299 R	Feb. 23, 1978
4,191,749	Mar. 04, 1980	Bryant	424	105	Oct. 11, 1977
4,225,405	Sep. 30, 1980	Lawson	204	180 R	Aug. 16, 1978
4,276,139	Jun. 30, 1981	Lawson	204	180 R	Oct. 09, 1979
4,339,434	Jul. 13, 1982	Ericsson	424	105	Aug. 17, 1981
4,362,246	Dec. 07, 1982	Adair	209	3.3	Jul. 14, 1980
4,448,767	May 15, 1984	Bryant	424	85	Feb. 15, 1980
4,474,875	Oct. 02, 1984	Shrimpton	435	002	Aug. 18, 1980
4,501,366	Feb. 26, 1985	Thompson	209	556	Dec. 14, 1982
4,511,661	Apr. 16, 1985	Goldberg	436	503	Dec. 30, 1983
4,605,558	Aug. 12, 1986	Shrimpton	424	561	Apr. 20, 1984
4,660,971	Apr. 28, 1987	Sage et al.	356	39	May 03, 1984
4,680,258	Jul. 14, 1987	Hammerling et al	435	7	Aug. 09, 1983
4,673,288	Jun. 16, 1987	Thomas et al.
4,683,195	Jul. 28, 1997	Mullis et al
4,683,202	Jul. 28, 1987	Mullis
4,698,142	Oct. 06, 1987	Muroi et al	204	182.3	Jul. 31, 1985
4,749,458	Jun. 07, 1988	Muroi et al	204	182.3	Mar. 02, 1987
4,790,653	Dec. 13, 1988	North, Jr.
4,988,619	Jan. 29, 1991	Pinkel	435	30	Nov. 30, 1987
4,999,283	Mar. 12, 1991	Zavos et al	435	2	Aug. 18, 1989
5,021,244	Jun. 04, 1991	Spaulding	424	561	May 12, 1989
5,055,393	Oct. 08, 1991	Kwoh et al
5,135,759	Aug. 04, 1992	Johnson	424	561	Apr. 26, 1991
5,346,990	Sep. 13, 1994	Spaulding	530	350	Mar. 12, 1991
5,371,585	Dec. 06, 1994	Morgan et al.	356	246	Nov. 10, 1992
5,437,987	Aug. 01, 1995	Ten et al
5,439,362	Aug. 08, 1995	Spaulding	424	185.1	Jul. 25, 1994
5,461,145	Oct. 24, 1995	Kudo et al
5,466,572	Nov. 14, 1995	Sasaki et al.	435	2	Apr. 25, 1994
5,480,774
5,483,469	Jan. 09, 1996	Van den Engh et al.	364	555	Aug. 02, 1993
5,494,795	Feb. 27, 1996	Guerry et al.	435	6	May 5, 1993
5,503,994	Apr. 02, 1996	Shear et al.	436	90	Oct. 08, 1993
5,578,449	Nov. 26, 1996	Frasch et al.	435	6	Apr. 20, 1995
5,514,537	May 07, 1996	Chandler	435	002	Nov. 28, 1994
5,589,457	Dec. 31, 1996	Wiltbank	514	12	Jul. 03, 1995
5,602,039	Feb. 11, 1997	Van den Engh	436	164	Oct. 14, 1994
5,602,349	Feb. 11, 1997	Van den Engh	73	864.85	Oct. 14, 1994
5,622,820	Apr. 11, 1997	Rossi	435	5	Nov. 3, 1994
5,641,457	Mar. 09, 1999	Tomiyama et al.	250	207	Jun. 16, 1997
5,643,796	Jul. 01, 1997	Van den Engh et al	436	50	Oct. 14, 2004
5,660,997	Aug. 26, 1997	Spaulding	435	7.21	Jun. 07, 1995
5,690,895	Nov. 25, 1997	Matsumoto et al.	422	73	Dec. 06, 1996
5,700,692	Dec. 23, 1997	Sweet	436	50	Sep. 27, 1994
5,726,364	Mar. 10, 1998	Van den Engh	73	864.85	Feb. 10, 1997
5,819,948	Oct. 13, 1998	Van den Engh	209	158	Aug. 21, 1997
5,876,942	Mar. 2, 1999	Cheng et al	435	6	Jul. 24, 1997
5,880,457	Mar. 09, 1999	Tomiyama et al.	250	207	Jun. 16, 1997
5,985,216	Nov. 16, 1999	Rens, et al.	422	073	Jul. 24, 1997
6,071,689	Jun. 06, 2000	Seidel et al.	435	2	Jan. 29, 1998

[0051]


Foreign Documents
	DOCUMENT NO	DATE	COUNTRY

	WO 96/12171	Oct. 13, 1995	United States
	WO 98/34094	Jun. 08, 1998	NZ
	WO 99/05504	Jul. 24, 1998	US
	WO 99/33956	Aug. 07, 1999	US
	WO 99/38883	May 08, 1999	US
	WO 99/42810	Aug. 26, 1999	US
	WO 00/06193	Oct. 02, 2000	US

Claims

We claim:

1. A method of transporting oocytes, comprising the steps of:

a. collecting oocytes from a female non-human mammal;

b. entraining the oocytes in a fertilization medium;

c. transferring the oocytes in said fertilization medium into at least one straw;

d. sealing said at least one straw containing said oocytes;

e. placing said at least one straw inside a closable incubation container capable of containing a separate, transportable incubation environment;

f. transferring said at least one straw inside of said incubation container;

g. establishing incubation conditions within said incubation container;

h. sealing said incubation container; and

i. transporting said oocytes from said female non-human mammal within said straw inside of said incubation container to another location.

2. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 1, wherein said female non-human mammal is selected from the group consisting of non-human primates, bovids, ovids, equids, swine, and dolphins.

3. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 1, wherein said fertilization medium comprises modified Tyrode's medium supplemented with 0.6 percent bovine serum albumin, 20 μg heparin per milliliter of Tyrode's medium, and a concentration of 5 milli-molar caffeine.

4. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 1, wherein between about 10 and about 15 of said oocytes are contained within about 50 micro-liters of said fertilization medium.

5. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 1, wherein said at least one straw has heat sealable aperture elements.

6. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 5, wherein said at least one straw has a interior volume of about 0.25 milliliters.

7. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 1, wherein said incubation container has sealable aperture elements.

8. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 7, wherein said incubation container comprises a glass tube.

9. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 1, wherein said incubation conditions comprise an atmosphere of 5 percent carbon dioxide in air and a temperature of 39 degrees Centigrade within said incubation container.

10. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 1, further comprising the step of transferring sperm cells to said at least one straw containing said oocytes in said fertilization medium.

11. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 10, wherein said step of transferring sperm cells to said at least one straw containing said oocytes comprises establishing a concentration of sperm cells in said fertilization medium of about 1 million to about 2 million per milliliter of fertilization medium.

12. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 1, further comprising the step of separating spermatozoa into enriched X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome populations prior to said step of transferring the oocytes in said fertilization medium into said at least one straw.

13. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 12, further comprising the step of transferring separated sperm cells to said at least one straw containing oocytes.

14. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 13, wherein said step of transferring separated sperm cells to said at least one straw containing oocytes comprises establishing a concentration of said separated sperm cells in said fertilization medium of about 1 million to about 2 million per milliliter of fertilization medium.

15. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claims 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 further comprising the step of transferring said at least one straw containing said oocytes to said incubation container.

16. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 15, further comprising the step of establishing fertilization conditions within said incubation container.

17. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 16, wherein said step of establishing fertilization conditions within said incubation container comprises an atmosphere of 5 percent carbon dioxide in air at a temperature between about 37 degrees Centigrade and about 41 degrees Centigrade for a duration of about 18 hours to about 20 hours.

18. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 16, further comprising the step of transporting said oocytes in said fertilization conditions.

19. A method of transporting oocytes as described in claim 18, further comprising the step of fertilizing at least some of said oocytes during transport.

Patent Citations (336)

Patent	Date	Inventor	Cited By
US3299354(A)	1967-01-01	Hogg	Applicant
US3499435(A)	1970-03-01	Rockwell et al.	Applicant
US3547526(A)	1970-12-01	Devereux	Applicant
US3644128(A)	1972-02-01	Lipner	Applicant
US3661460(A)	1972-05-01	Elking et al.	Applicant
US3710933(A)	1973-01-01	Fulwyler et al.	Applicant
US3761941(A)	1973-09-01	Robertson	Applicant
US3810010(A)	1974-05-01	Thom	Applicant
US3826364(A)	1974-07-01	Bonner et al.	Applicant
US3829216(A)	1974-08-01	Persidsky	Applicant
US3833796(A)	1974-09-01	Fetner et al.	Applicant
US3877430(A)	1975-04-01	Wieder	Applicant
US3893766(A)	1975-07-01	Hogg	Applicant
US3894529(A)	1975-07-01	Shrimpton	Applicant
US3909744(A)	1975-09-01	Wisner et al.	Applicant
US3947093(A)	1976-03-01	Goshima et al.	Applicant
US3960449(A)	1976-06-01	Carleton et al.	Applicant
US3963606(A)	1976-06-01	Hogg	Applicant
US3973003(A)	1976-08-01	Colas	Applicant
US3973196(A)	1976-08-01	Hogg	Applicant
US4009260(A)	1977-02-01	Ericsson	Applicant
US4014611(A)	1977-03-01	Simpson et al.	Applicant
US4067965(A)	1978-01-01	Bhattacharya	Applicant
US4070617(A)	1978-01-01	Kachel et al.	Applicant
US4083957(A)	1978-04-01	Lang	Applicant
US4085205(A)	1978-04-01	Hancock	Applicant
US4092229(A)	1978-05-01	Bhattacharya	Applicant
US4155831(A)	1979-05-01	Bhattacharya	Applicant
US4162282(A)	1979-07-01	Fulwyler et al.	Applicant
US4178936(A)	1979-12-01	Newcomb	Applicant
US4179218(A)	1979-12-01	Erdmann et al.	Applicant
US4191749(A)	1980-03-01	Bryant	Applicant
US4200802(A)	1980-04-01	Salzman et al.	Applicant
US4225405(A)	1980-09-01	Lawson	Applicant
US4230558(A)	1980-10-01	Fulwyler	Applicant
US4255021(A)	1981-03-01	Brunsden	Applicant
US4267268(A)	1981-05-01	Nelson, Jr.	Applicant
US4274408(A)	1981-06-01	Nimrod	Applicant
US4274740(A)	1981-06-01	Eidenschink et al.	Applicant
US4276139(A)	1981-06-01	Lawson	Applicant
US4302166(A)	1981-11-01	Fulwyler et al.	Applicant
US4317520(A)	1982-03-01	Lombardo et al.	Applicant
US4318480(A)	1982-03-01	Lombardo et al.	Applicant
US4318481(A)	1982-03-01	Lombardo et al.	Applicant
US4318482(A)	1982-03-01	Barry et al.	Applicant
US4327177(A)	1982-04-01	Shrimpton	Applicant
US4339434(A)	1982-07-01	Ericsson	Applicant
US4341471(A)	1982-07-01	Hogg et al.	Applicant
US4350410(A)	1982-09-01	Minott	Applicant
US4352558(A)	1982-10-01	Eisert	Applicant
US4361400(A)	1982-11-01	Gray et al.	Applicant
US4362246(A)	1982-12-01	Adair	Applicant
US4395397(A)	1983-07-01	Shapiro	Applicant
US4395676(A)	1983-07-01	Hollinger et al.	Applicant
US4400764(A)	1983-08-01	Kenyon	Applicant
US4422761(A)	1983-12-01	Frommer	Applicant
US4448767(A)	1984-05-01	Bryant	Applicant
US4474875(A)	1984-10-01	Shrimpton	Applicant
US4487320(A)	1984-12-01	Auer	Applicant
US4515274(A)	1985-05-01	Hollinger et al.	Applicant
US4523809(A)	1985-06-01	Taboada et al.	Applicant
US4538733(A)	1985-09-01	Hoffman	Applicant
US4598408(A)	1986-07-01	O'Keefe	Applicant
US4600302(A)	1986-07-01	Sage, Jr.	Applicant
US4605558(A)	1986-08-01	Shrimpton	Applicant
US4631483(A)	1986-12-01	Proni et al.	Applicant
US4637691(A)	1987-01-01	Uehara et al.	Applicant
US4654025(A)	1987-03-01	Cassou et al.	Applicant
US4660971(A)	1987-04-01	Sage et al.	Applicant
US4673288(A)	1987-06-01	Thomas et al.	Applicant
US4680258(A)	1987-07-01	Hammerling et al.	Applicant
US4683195(A)	1987-07-01	Mullis et al.	Applicant
US4683202(A)	1987-07-01	Mullis	Applicant
US4691829(A)	1987-09-01	Auer	Applicant
US4698142(A)	1987-10-01	Muroi et al.	Applicant
US4702598(A)	1987-10-01	Böhmer	Applicant
US4714680(A)	1987-12-01	Civin	Applicant
US4744090(A)	1988-05-01	Freiberg	Applicant
US4749458(A)	1988-06-01	Muroi et al.	Applicant
US4756427(A)	1988-07-01	Gohde et al.	Applicant
US4758729(A)	1988-07-01	Monnin	Applicant
US4764013(A)	1988-08-01	Johnston	Applicant
US4780451(A)	1988-10-01	Donaldson	Applicant
US4790653(A)	1988-12-01	North, Jr.	Applicant
US4794086(A)	1988-12-01	Kasper et al.	Applicant
US4818103(A)	1989-04-01	Thomas et al.	Applicant
US4831385(A)	1989-05-01	Archer et al.	Applicant
US4836038(A)	1989-06-01	Baldwyn	Applicant
US4845025(A)	1989-07-01	Lary et al.	Applicant
US4846785(A)	1989-07-01	Cassou et al.	Applicant
US4877965(A)	1989-10-01	Dandliker et al.	Applicant
US4942305(A)	1990-07-01	Sommer	Applicant
US4959354(A)	1990-09-01	Barbetti	Applicant
US4965204(A)	1990-10-01	Civin	Applicant
US4979093(A)	1990-12-01	Laine et al.	Applicant
US4980277(A)	1990-12-01	Junilla	Applicant
US4981580(A)	1991-01-01	Auer	Applicant
US4983038(A)	1991-01-01	Ohki et al.	Applicant
US4987539(A)	1991-01-01	Moore et al.	Applicant
US4988619(A)	1991-01-01	Pinkel	Applicant
US4999283(A)	1991-03-01	Zavos et al.	Applicant
US5005981(A)	1991-04-01	Schulte et al.	Applicant
US5007732(A)	1991-04-01	Ohki et al.	Applicant
US5021244(A)	1991-06-01	Spaulding	Applicant
US5030002(A)	1991-07-01	North, Jr.	Applicant
US5034613(A)	1991-07-01	Denk et al.	Applicant
US5055393(A)	1991-10-01	Kwoh et al.	Applicant
US5079959(A)	1992-01-01	Miyake et al.	Applicant
US5084004(A)	1992-01-01	Ranoux	Examiner
US5088816(A)	1992-02-01	Tomioka et al.	Applicant
US5098657(A)	1992-03-01	Blackford et al.	Applicant
US5101978(A)	1992-04-01	Marcus	Applicant
US5127729(A)	1992-07-01	Oetliker et al.	Applicant
US5132548(A)	1992-07-01	Borden et al.	Applicant
US5135759(A)	1992-08-01	Johnson	Applicant
US5144224(A)	1992-09-01	Larsen	Applicant
US5150313(A)	1992-09-01	van den Engh et al.	Applicant
US5159397(A)	1992-10-01	Kosaka et al.	Applicant
US5159403(A)	1992-10-01	Kosaka	Applicant
US5162306(A)	1992-11-01	Donaldson	Applicant
US5167926(A)	1992-12-01	Kimura et al.	Applicant
US5180065(A)	1993-01-01	Touge et al.	Applicant
US5182617(A)	1993-01-01	Yoneyama et al.	Applicant
US5195979(A)	1993-03-01	Schinkel et al.	Applicant
US5199576(A)	1993-04-01	Corio et al.	Applicant
US5215376(A)	1993-06-01	Schulte et al.	Applicant
US5219729(A)	1993-06-01	Hodgen	Examiner
US5247339(A)	1993-09-01	Ogino	Applicant
US5259593(A)	1993-11-01	Orme et al.	Applicant
US5260764(A)	1993-11-01	Fukuda et al.	Applicant
US5298967(A)	1994-03-01	Wells	Applicant
US5315122(A)	1994-05-01	Pinsky et al.	Applicant
US5346990(A)	1994-09-01	Spaulding	Applicant
US5359907(A)	1994-11-01	Baker et al.	Applicant
US5366888(A)	1994-11-01	Fry et al.	Applicant
US5367474(A)	1994-11-01	Auer et al.	Applicant
US5370842(A)	1994-12-01	Miyazaki et al.	Applicant
US5412466(A)	1995-05-01	Ogino	Applicant
US5437987(A)	1995-08-01	Teng et al.	Applicant
US5439362(A)	1995-08-01	Spaulding	Applicant
US5447842(A)	1995-09-01	Simons	Applicant
US5452054(A)	1995-09-01	Dewa et al.	Applicant
US5461145(A)	1995-10-01	Kudo et al.	Applicant
US5466572(A)	1995-11-01	Sasaki et al.	Applicant
US5467189(A)	1995-11-01	Kreikebaum et al.	Applicant
US5471294(A)	1995-11-01	Ogino	Applicant
US5471299(A)	1995-11-01	Kaye et al.	Applicant
US5480774(A)	1996-01-01	Hew et al.	Applicant
US5483469(A)	1996-01-01	Van den Engh et al.	Applicant
US5494795(A)	1996-02-01	Guerry et al.	Applicant
US5496272(A)	1996-03-01	Chung et al.	Applicant
US5503994(A)	1996-04-01	Shear et al.	Applicant
US5514537(A)	1996-05-01	Chandler	Applicant
US5523573(A)	1996-06-01	Hanninen et al.	Applicant
US5532155(A)	1996-07-01	Ranoux	Examiner
US5558998(A)	1996-09-01	Hammond et al.	Applicant
US5578449(A)	1996-11-01	Fr asch et al.	Applicant
US5589457(A)	1996-12-01	Wiltbank	Applicant
US5596401(A)	1997-01-01	Kusuzawa	Applicant
US5601235(A)	1997-02-01	Booker et al.	Applicant
US5601533(A)	1997-02-01	Hancke et al.	Applicant
US5622820(A)	1997-04-01	Rossi	Applicant
US5641457(A)	1997-06-01	Vardanega	Applicant
US5643796(A)	1997-07-01	Van den Engh et al.	Applicant
US5650847(A)	1997-07-01	Maltsev et al.	Applicant
US5660997(A)	1997-08-01	Spaulding	Applicant
US5663048(A)	1997-09-01	Winkfein et al.	Applicant
US5672880(A)	1997-09-01	Kain	Applicant
US5675401(A)	1997-10-01	Wangler et al.	Applicant
US5684575(A)	1997-11-01	Steen	Applicant
US5687727(A)	1997-11-01	Kraus et al.	Applicant
US5690895(A)	1997-11-01	Matsumoto et al.	Applicant
US5691133(A)	1997-11-01	Critser et al.	Applicant
US5693534(A)	1997-12-01	Alak et al.	Examiner
US5700692(A)	1997-12-01	Sweet	Applicant
US5707808(A)	1998-01-01	Roslaniec et al.	Applicant
US5708868(A)	1998-01-01	Ishikawa	Applicant
US5726364(A)	1998-03-01	Van den Engh	Applicant
US5759767(A)	1998-06-01	Lakowicz et al.	Applicant
US5777732(A)	1998-07-01	Hanninen et al.	Applicant
US5780230(A)	1998-07-01	Li et al.	Applicant
US5786560(A)	1998-07-01	Tatah et al.	Applicant
US5793485(A)	1998-08-01	Gourley	Applicant
US5796112(A)	1998-08-01	Ichie	Applicant
US5804436(A)	1998-09-01	Okun et al.	Applicant
US5815262(A)	1998-09-01	Schrof et al.	Applicant
US5819948(A)	1998-10-01	Van den Engh	Applicant
US5824269(A)	1998-10-01	Kosaka et al.	Applicant
US5835262(A)	1998-11-01	Iketaki et al.	Applicant
US5868767(A)	1999-02-01	Farley et al.	Applicant
US5873254(A)	1999-02-01	Arav	Examiner
US5876942(A)	1999-03-01	Cheng et al.	Applicant
US5880457(A)	1999-03-01	Tomiyama et al.	Applicant
US5888730(A)	1999-03-01	Gray et al.	Applicant
US5895764(A)	1999-04-01	Sklar et al.	Applicant
US5895922(A)	1999-04-01	Ho	Applicant
US5899848(A)	1999-05-01	Haubrich	Applicant
US5912257(A)	1999-06-01	Prasad et al.	Applicant
US5916144(A)	1999-06-01	Prather et al.	Applicant
US5916449(A)	1999-06-01	Ellwart et al.	Applicant
US5919621(A)	1999-07-01	Brown	Applicant
US5985216(A)	1999-11-01	Rens et al.	Applicant
US5985538(A)	1999-11-01	Stachecki	Examiner
US6002471(A)	1999-12-01	Quake	Applicant
US6050935(A)	2000-04-01	Ranoux et al.	Examiner
US6071689(A)	2000-06-01	Seidel et al.	Examiner
US6087352(A)	2000-07-01	Trout	Applicant
US6117068(A)	2000-09-01	Gourley et al.	Applicant
US6119465(A)	2000-09-01	Mullens et al.	Examiner
US6133044(A)	2000-10-01	Van den Engh	Applicant
US6140121(A)	2000-10-01	Ellington et al.	Examiner
US6149867(A)	2000-11-01	Seidel et al.	Applicant
US6153373(A)	2000-11-01	Benjamin et al.	Applicant
US6154276(A)	2000-11-01	Mariella, Jr.	Applicant
US6175409(B1)	2001-01-01	Nielsen et al.	Applicant
US6177277(B1)	2001-01-01	Soini	Applicant
US6238920(B1)	2001-05-01	Nagai et al.	Applicant
US6248590(B1)	2001-06-01	Malachowski	Applicant
US6263745(B1)	2001-07-01	Buchanan et al.	Applicant
US6283920(B1)	2001-09-01	Eberle et al.	Examiner
US6357307(B1)	2002-03-01	Buchanan et al.	Applicant
US6372422(B1)	2002-04-01	Seidel et al.	Applicant
US6395305(B1)	2002-05-01	Buhr et al.	Applicant
US6411835(B1)	2002-06-01	Modell et al.	Applicant
US6463314(B1)	2002-10-01	Haruna	Applicant
US6489092(B1)	2002-12-01	Benjamin et al.	Applicant
US6524860(B1)	2003-02-01	Seidel et al.	Applicant
US6528802(B1)	2003-03-01	Karsten et al.	Applicant
US6534308(B1)	2003-03-01	Palsson et al.	Applicant
US6537829(B1)	2003-03-01	Zarling et al.	Applicant
US6577387(B1)	2003-06-01	Ross, III et al.	Applicant
US6590911(B1)	2003-07-01	Spinelli et al.	Applicant
US6604435(B1)	2003-08-01	Buchanan et al.	Applicant
US6617107(B1)	2003-09-01	Dean	Applicant
US6618679(B1)	2003-09-01	Loehrlein et al.	Applicant
US6642018(B1)	2003-11-01	Koller et al.	Applicant
US6667830(B1)	2003-12-01	Iketaki et al.	Applicant
US6671044(B1)	2003-12-01	Ortyn et al.	Applicant
US6673095(B1)	2004-01-01	Nordquist	Applicant
US6704313(B1)	2004-03-01	De Resende et al.	Applicant
US6782768(B1)	2004-08-01	Buchanan et al.	Applicant
US6819411(B1)	2004-11-01	Sharpe et al.	Applicant
US2002/0096123(A1)	2002-07-01	Whittier et al.	Applicant
US2002/0113965(A1)	2002-08-01	Roche et al.	Applicant
US2002/0119558(A1)	2002-08-01	Seidel et al.	Applicant
US2002/0141902(A1)	2002-10-01	Asbury et al.	Applicant
US2002/0186375(A1)	2002-12-01	Asbury et al.	Applicant
US2003/0098421(A1)	2003-05-01	Ho	Applicant
US2003/0129091(A1)	2003-07-01	Seidel et al.	Applicant
US2003/0157475(A1)	2003-08-01	Schenk	Applicant
US2003/0207461(A1)	2003-11-01	Bell et al.	Applicant
US2003/0209059(A1)	2003-11-01	Kawano	Applicant
US2004/0005582(A1)	2004-01-01	Shipwast	Applicant
US2004/0031071(A1)	2004-02-01	Morris et al.	Applicant
US2004/0049801(A1)	2004-03-01	Seidel	Applicant
US2004/0053243(A1)	2004-03-01	Evans	Applicant
US2004/0055030(A1)	2004-03-01	Maxwell et al.	Applicant
US2004/0062685(A1)	2004-04-01	Norton et al.	Applicant
US2004/0132001(A1)	2004-07-01	Seidel et al.	Applicant
US2005/0003472(A1)	2005-01-01	Muhammad	Applicant
US2005/0112541(A1)	2005-05-01	Durack	Applicant
US2005/0214733(A1)	2005-09-01	Graham	Applicant
BR9704313	1999-06-01		Applicant
DE69028526	1997-02-01		Applicant
DE19549015(C1)	1997-04-01		Applicant
DE19882943.3	2001-02-01		Applicant
EP25296(A2)	1981-03-01		Applicant
EP71538(A1)	1983-02-01		Applicant
EP160201(A2)	1985-11-01		Applicant
EP189702(A1)	1986-08-01		Applicant
EP288029(B1)	1988-04-01		Applicant
EP276166(A2)	1988-07-01		Applicant
EPA-0366794	1990-05-01		Applicant
EP461618	1991-12-01		Applicant
EP468100(A1)	1992-01-01		Applicant
EP570102(A1)	1993-03-01		Applicant
EP538786(A)	1993-04-01		Applicant
EP606847	1994-07-01		Examiner
EP606847(A2)	1994-07-01		Applicant
EPA-0478155	1998-01-01		Applicant
EP781985(A3)	1998-07-01		Applicant
EP1250897(A1)	2002-10-01		Applicant
EP1403633(A3)	2004-04-01		Applicant
FR2574656(A1)	1986-06-01		Applicant
FRA-2635453	1990-02-01		Applicant
FR2647668(A)	1990-12-01		Applicant
FR2699678(A1)	1992-12-01		Applicant
JP61139747(A)	1986-06-01		Applicant
JP61159135(A)	1986-07-01		Applicant
JP2024535	1990-01-01		Applicant
JP4126064(A)	1992-04-01		Applicant
JP4126065(A)	1992-04-01		Applicant
JP4126066(A)	1992-04-01		Applicant
JP4126079(A)	1992-04-01		Applicant
JP4126080(A)	1992-04-01		Applicant
JP4126081(A)	1992-04-01		Applicant
SU1056008	1983-11-01		Applicant
SU1260778(A1)	1986-09-01		Applicant
WO88/07198	1988-09-01		Applicant
WO90/13315	1990-11-01		Applicant
WO96/12171	1996-04-01		Applicant
WO96/31764	1996-10-01		Applicant
WO98/34094(A1)	1998-08-01		Applicant
WO98/48259	1998-10-01		Applicant
WO99/05504	1999-02-01		Applicant
WO99/33956	1999-07-01		Applicant
WO99/38883(A1)	1999-08-01		Applicant
WO99/44037(A1)	1999-09-01		Applicant
WO/06193	2000-02-01		Applicant
WO1/37655(A1)	2001-05-01		Applicant
WO1/40765(A2)	2001-06-01		Applicant
WO1/40765(A3)	2001-06-01		Applicant
WO1/51612(A1)	2001-07-01		Applicant
WO1/85913(A2)	2001-11-01		Applicant
WO1/85913(A3)	2001-11-01		Applicant
WO1/90295(A1)	2001-11-01		Applicant
WO1/95815(A1)	2001-12-01		Applicant
WO2/19943(A1)	2002-03-01		Applicant
WO2/28311(A2)	2002-04-01		Applicant
WO2/41906(A2)	2002-05-01		Applicant
WO2/43486(A1)	2002-06-01		Applicant
WO2/43574(A2)	2002-06-01		Applicant
WO4/009237(A1)	2004-01-01		Applicant
WO4/012837(A1)	2004-02-01		Applicant
WO4/012837(A3)	2004-02-01		Applicant
WO4/017041(A2)	2004-02-01		Applicant
WO4/017041(A3)	2004-02-01		Applicant
WO4/024227(A2)	2004-03-01		Applicant
WO2004/059282(A2)	2004-07-01		Applicant
WO2004/003697(A2)	2004-10-01		Applicant
WO2004/087177(A1)	2004-10-01		Applicant
WO2004/088283(A2)	2004-10-01		Applicant
WO4/104178(A2)	2004-12-01		Applicant
WO2005/094852(A2)	2005-10-01		Applicant
WO2005/095590(A2)	2005-10-01		Applicant
WO2005/095960(A1)	2005-10-01		Applicant

Non-Patent Literature (441)

Dhali et al. Theriogenology. /2000. vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 1295-1303.Examiner
Boringi et al. Fertil. Steril. 1997. vol. 68, Suppl. p. S196, P-218.Examiner
Catt, et al., “Assessment of Ram and Boar Spermatozoa During Cell-Sorting by Flow Cytometry”, Reproduction Dom Animal, vol. 32, 1997, pp. 251-258.Applicant
Catt, S.L., et al., “Birth of a Male Lamb Derived from an In Vitro Matured Oocyte Fertilized by Intracytoplasmic Injection of a Single Presumptive Male Sperm”, Veterinary Record 139, 1996, pp. 494-495.Applicant
Day, B.N. et al., 1998. Birth of piglets preselected for gender following in vitro fertilization of in vitro matured pig oocytes by X and Y bearing spermatozoa sorted by high speed flow cytometry. Theriogenology. 49(1):360. abstr.Applicant
Dinnyes, A., et al., “Timing of the First Cleavage Post- Insemination Affects Cryosurvival of In Vitro-produced Bovine Blastocysts”, Molec. Reprod. Develop. 53, p. 318-324. 1999.Applicant
Grondahl, C., et al, “In Vitro Production of Equine Embryos”, Biology of Reproduction, Monograph Series I, pp. 299-307 (1995).Applicant
Hamano, K., et al., “Gender Preselection in Cattle with Intracytoplasmically Injected, Flow Cytometrically Sorted Sperm Heads”, biology of Reproduction 60, 1999, pp. 1194-1197.Applicant
Jafar, et al., “Sex Selection in Mammals: A Review”, Theriogenology, vol. 46, 1996, pp. 191-200.Applicant
Lonergan, P., et al., “Effect of Time Interval from Insemination to First Cleavage on the Development of Bovine Embryos In Vitro and In Vivo”, Theriogenology, 1999, p. 326.Applicant
Long, C.R., Rath, D., Welch, G.R., Schreier, L.L., Dobrinsky, J.R. and Johnson, L.A. 1998. Aln vitro production of porcine embryos from semen sorted for sex with a high speed cell sorter: comparison of two fertilization media.@, Theriogenology. 49(1):363. abstr.Applicant
Lu, K. H. et al., “In Vitro Fertilization of Bovine Oocytes with Flow-Cytometrically Sorted and Unsorted Sperm from Different Bulls” Therio. abstr.Applicant
Lu, K.H., et al., “In Vitro Fertilization with Flow-Cytometrically-Sorted Bovine Sperm”, Theriogenology 52, 1999, pp. 1393-1405.Applicant
McNutt, T. L. et al., “Flow Cytometric Sorting of Sperm: Influence on Fertilization and Embryo/Fetal Development in the Rabbit”, Molecular Reproduction and Development, vol. 43, p. 261-267 (1996).Applicant
Melamed et al, “An Historical Review of the Development of Flow Cytometers and Sorters”, 1979, pp. 3-9.Applicant
Rieger, D., et al, “The Relationship Between the Time of First Cleavage of Fertilized Cattle Oocytes and Their Development to the Blastocyst Stage”, Theriogenology, 1999, pp. 190.Applicant
Seidel, G., “Use of Sexed Bovine Sperm for In Vitro Fertilization and Superovulation”, Animal Reproduction and Biotech Lab, CSU, Proceedings of the 2000 CETA/ACTE Convention, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Aug. 2000, pp. 22-24.Applicant
Abdel-Ghaffar, A. E., et al., “Rabbit Semen Metabolism” in Rabbit Production in Hot Climates Baselga and Marai (eds); International Conference of Rabbit Production in Hot Climates 1994, p. 305-312.Applicant
Akhtar, S., et al., “Prevalence of Five Stereotypes of Bluetongue Virus in a Rambouillet Sheep Flock in Pakistan”, Veterinary Record 136, p. 495. (1995).Applicant
Aldrich, S. L., et al., “Parturition and Periparturient Reproductive and Metabolic Hormone Concentration in Prenatally Androgenized Beef Heifers”, J. Anim. Sci. 73:3712. (1995).Applicant
Amann, R. P. et al., “Issues Affecting Commercialization of Sexed Sperm” Therio. 52:1441. (1999).Applicant
Amann, R. P., et al. “Prospects For Sexing Mammalian Sperm,” Animal Reproduction Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University. (1982).Applicant
Amann, R.P. “Fertilizing Potential Vitro of Semen from Young Beef Bulls Containing a High or Low Percentage of Sperm with a Proximal Droplet” Theriogenology 54: 1499-1515, 2000.Applicant
Amann, Rupert P. “Cryopreservation of Sperm” 1999, Encyclopedia of Reproduction 1:733-783.Applicant
American Meat and Science Association in Cooperation with National Livestock and Meat Board, “Research Guidelines for Cookery and Sensory Evaluation and Instrumental Tenderness Measurements for Fresh Meat”. (1995).Applicant
Amoah, E. A. and Gelaye, S., “Biotechnological Advances in Goat Reproduction”, J. Anim. Sci. 75(2): 578-585. (1996).Applicant
Anderson, V. K., et al., Intrauterine und tiefzervikale Insemination mit Gefriersperma bein Schat (Intrauterine and Deep Cervical Insemination With Frozen Semen in Sheep). Zuchthygiene 8:113-118. (1973).Applicant
Arriola, J. and Foote, R.H.: “Glycerolation and Thawing Effects on Bull Spermatozoa frozen in Detergent-Treated Egg Yok and Whole Egg Extenders,” J Dairy Sci, 70:1664-1670 (1987).Applicant
Asbury, Charles A. “Fluorescence Spectra of DNA Dyes Measured in a Flow Cytometer,” University of Washington Feb. 19, 1996.Applicant
Bagley, C. P. “Nutritional Management of Replacement Beef Heifers: a Review” J. Anim. Science 71:3155-3163. (1993).Applicant
Bailey, C. M. et al., “Nulliparous Versus Primiparous Crossbred Females for Beef”, J. Anim. Sci. 69:1403. (1991).Applicant
Baker, R.D., et al., “Effect of Volume of Semen, Number of Sperm and Drugs on Transport of Sperm in Artificially Inseminated Gilts”, J. Anim. Sci. 27:88-93. (1968).Applicant
Bakker Schut, Tom C. “A New Principle of Cell Sorting by Using Selective Electroportation in a Modified Flow Cytometry,” University of Twente, Mar. 10, 1990.Applicant
Barnes, F. L. and Eyestone, W. H., “Early Cleavage and the Maternal Zygotic Transition in Bovine Embryos”, Therio. vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 141-149. (1990).Applicant
Batellier, F. et al., “Advances in Cooled Semen Technology” Animal Reproduction Science 68 p. 181-190 (2001).Applicant
Becker, S.E. and Johnson, A. L. “Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Infused in a Pulsatile or Continuous Fashion on Serum Gonadotropin Concentrations and Ovulation in the Mare”, J. Anim. Sci. 70:1208-1215. (1992).Applicant
Bedford, S .J. and Hinrichs, K., “The Effect of Insemination Volume on Pregnancy Rates of Pony Mares”, Therio. 42:571-578. (1994).Applicant
Behrman, S. J., et al., “Freeze Preservation of Human Sperm” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology vol. 103 (5) p. 654-664 Mar. 1, 1969.Applicant
Bellows, R. A., et al., “Cause and Effect Relationships Associated With Calving Difficulty and Calf Birth Weight”, J. Anim. Sci. 33:407. (1971).Applicant
Berardinelli, J. G., et al., “Source of Progesterolle Prior to Puberty In Beef Heifers”. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1276. (1979).Applicant
Berger, G. S. “Intratubal Insemination”, Fertil. Steril. 48:328-330, (1987).Applicant
Bergfeld, E. G., et al., “Ovarian Follicular Development in Prepubertal Heifers is Influenced by Level of Dietary Energy Intake”, Bio. of Repro. 51:1051. (1994).Applicant
Berry, B. W., et al., “Beef Carcass Maturity Indicators and Palatability Attributes”, J. Anim. Sci. 38:507 (1974).Applicant
Beyhan, Z., et al., “Sexual Dimorphism in IVF Bovine Embryos Produced by Sperm Sorted by High Speed Flow Cytometry”, abstr. Therio. 49(1): 359 (1998).Applicant
Beyhan, Z., Et Al., 1999 Sexual Dimorphism In IVM-IVF Bovine Embryos Produced from X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa Sorted By High Speed Flow Cytometry. Theriogenology. 52: 35-48.Applicant
BigosBigos, Martin “Nine Color Eleven Parameter Immunophenotyping Using Three Laser Flow Cytometry,” Stanford University Dec. 22, 1998.Applicant
Bioxcell, Bovine Sperm Preservation, Advertisement Jun. 28, 2005.Applicant
Bond, J., et al., “Growth and Carcass Traits of Open Beef Heifers Versus Beef Heifers That Have Calved”, Nutrition Reports International 34:621. 1986.Applicant
Boucque, C. V., et al., “Beef-Production With Maiden and Once-Calved Heifers”, Livestock Prod. Sci. 7:121. 1980.Applicant
Bourdon, R. M. and J. S. Brinks. “Simulated Efficiency of Range Beef -Production III. Culling Strategies and Nontraditional Management-Systems”, J. Anim. Sci. 65:963. 1987.Applicant
Bracher, V. and Allen, W.R., “Videoendoscopic Examination of the Mare's Uterus: I. Findings in Normal Fertile Mares”, Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 24, p. 274-278. 1992.Applicant
Braselton, W. E. and McShan, W. H., “Purification and Properties of Follicle Stimulating and Luteinizing Hormones From Horse Pituitary Glands” Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 139:45-48. 1970.Applicant
Braun, J. et al, “Effect of Different Protein Supplements on Motility and Plasma Membrane Integrity of Frozen- Thawed Stallion Spermatozoa”, Cryobiology (1995) 32:487-492.Applicant
Brethour, J. R. and Jaeger, J. R., “The Single Calf Heifer System”, Kansas Agric. Sta. Rep of Progress 570. 1989.Applicant
Brinsko, S.P. et al., “Artificial Insemination and Preservation of Semen.” Veterinary Clinics of North America:Equine Practice vol. 8 NUM.1 Apr. 1992. pp. 205-218.Applicant
Bristol, F. “Breeding Behavior of a Stallion at Pasture With 20 Mares in Synchronized Oestrus” J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 32:71. 1982.Applicant
Brookes, A. J. and O'Byrne, M., “Use of Cow-Heifers in Beef Production” J. of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 126:30. 1965.Applicant
Buchanan, B. R., et al, “Insemination of Mares with Low Numbers of Either Unsexed or Sexed Spermatozoa”, Therio. vol. 53, p. 1333-1344. 2000.Applicant
Buchanan, B.R. “Pregnancy Rates in Mares Following a Single Insemination with a Low Number of Spermatozoa into the Tip of the Uterine Hom” Theriologenology p. 395.Applicant
Burns, P. D. and Spitzer, J.C., “Influence of Biostimulation on Reproduction in Postpartum Beef-Cows”, J. Anim. Sci. 70:358. 1992.Applicant
Burwash, L. D., et al., “Relationship of Duration of Estrus to Pregnancy Rate in Normally Cycling, Non Lactating Mares” J.A.V.M.A. 165:714-716. 1974.Applicant
Byerley, D. J., et al., “Pregnancy Rates of Beef Heifers Bred Either on Puberal or Third Estrus”. J Anim. Sci. 65:645. 1987.Applicant
Caslick, E. A., “The Vulva and the Vulvo-Vaginal Orifice and its Relation to Genital Health of the Thoroughbred Mare”, Cornell Veterinarian, vol. 27, p. 178-187. 1937.Applicant
Cave-Penney, Tony, “Sexed Semen Offers Faster Genetic Gain”, Farming News, Livestock Supplement, Feb. 1997, p. 28.Applicant
Celestron: Telescope Basics: www.celestron.com/tb-2ref/htm; 4 pages.Applicant
Chandler, J. E., “Videomicroscopic Comparison of Bull Sperm and Leukocyte Chromosome Areas as Related to Gender”, J Dairy Sci 73, p. 2129-2135. 1990.Applicant
Chandler, J. E., et al, “Bovine Spermatozoal Head Size Variation and Evaluation of a Separation Technique Based on this Size”, Therio. 52, p. 1021-1034. 1999.Applicant
Chen, S.H. “Effects of Oocyte Activation and Treatment of Spermatozoa on Embryonic Development Following Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Cattle” Theriogenology 48: 1265-1273, 1997.Applicant
Chen, Y. et al., Survival of Bull Spermatozoa Seeded and Frozen at Different Rates in Egg Yolk-Tris and Whole Milk Extenders, 1993 J Dairy Sci 76:1028-1034.Applicant
Chin, W. W. and Boime, I. 1990. In Glycoprotein Hormones. Serona Symp. Norwell, MA. pp. 19-20.Applicant
Choi, Y.H. “Developmental Cappacity of Equine Oocytes Matured and Cultured in Equine Trophoblast-Conditioned Media” Theriogenoogy 56: 320-339, 2001.Applicant
Chung, Y. G., et al. “Artificial insemination of Superovulated Heifers With 600,000 Sexed Sperm”. J Anim. Sci. Suppl. 1. 836:215. 1998 abstr.Applicant
Clement, F., et al., “Which Insemination Fertilizes When Several Successive Inseminations are Performed Before Ovulation” 7th Int. Symp. Eq. Repro. 151. 1998 abstr.Applicant
Cran, D. G., et al, “Production of Lambs by Low Dose Intrauterine Insemination With Flow Cytometrically Sorted and Unsorted Semen”, Therio. p. 267. 1997.Applicant
Cran, D. G., et al., “Sex Preselected in Cattle: A Field Trial”, Veterinary Record 136, 1995, p. 495-496.Applicant
Cran, D. G., et al., “Production of Bovine Calves Following Separation of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm and In Vitro Fertilization”. Vet. Rec. 132:40-41. 1993.Applicant
Cran, D. G., et al., “The Predetermination of Embryonic Sex Using Flow Cytometrically Separated X and Y Spermatozoa” Human Reproduction Update 1996, vol. 2 (4) p. 355-63.Applicant
Crowley, J. P. “The facts of Once-Bred Heifer Production” School of Agric., Univ. of Aberdeen, Scotland. 1973.Applicant
Cui, K. et al, “X Larger than Y”, Nature 366, p. 177-118, 1993.Applicant
Cui, K., “Size Differences Between Human X and Y Spermatozoa and Prefertilization Diagnosis”, Molecular Human Reproduction, vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 61-67. 1997.Applicant
Curran, S. “Fetal Gender Determination” in Equine Diagnostic Ultrasonography 1st ed. Rantanen, N.W. and McKinnon A.O. (eds.) Williams and Williams, 1998, p. 165-69.Applicant
da Silva, Coutinho M.A..“ Effect of time of oocyte collection and site of insemination of oocyte transfer in mares.” Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratiory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Journal of Animal Science 2002. 80:1275-1279.Applicant
DakoCytomation, “MoFlo® Sorters” http://www.dakocytomation.us/prod—productrelatedinformation?url=gprod—moflo—index.htm one page, printed Jun. 26, 2003.Applicant
Database up 1 BR9704313 (Alves, De Resende et al) Jun. 4, 1999.Applicant
de Leeuw, F.E. et al:“ Effects of carious cryoprotective agents and membrane-stabilizing compounds on bull sperm emebrane integrity after cooling and freezing” Cryobiology Us, Academic Press Inc 1993 pp. 32-44.Applicant
Dean, P.N., et al. “Hydrodynamic Orientation of Spermatozoa Heads for Flow Cytometry”. Biophys. J. 23:7-13. 1978.Applicant
Demick, D.S., et al. “Effect of Cooling, Storage, Glycerization and Spermatozoal Numbers on Equine Fertility” J. Anim. Sci. 43:633-637. 1976.Applicant
DenDaas, J. H. G., et al. “The relationship between the number of spermatozoa inseminated and the reproductive efficiency of dairy bulls” J Dairy Sci. 81: 1714-1723. 1998.Applicant
Denham, A. “In-vitro studies on Sandhill Range Forage as Related to Cattle Preference”, M.S. Thesis. Colorado State University. 1965.Applicant
Denk, Winfried. “Two-Photon Molecular Excitation in Laser-Scanning Microscopy, ” Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. 1995.Applicant
Deutscher, G. H. “Extending Interval From Seventeen to Nineteen Days in the Melengestrol Acetate-Prostaglandin Estrous Synchronization Program for Heifers”. The Professional Animal Scientist 16:164. 2000.Applicant
Diagnostic Products Corporation, “Coat-A-Count” http://www.Progesterone.com. 1998.Applicant
Dikeman, M. E. “Cattle Production Systems to Meet Future Consumer Demands” J. Anim. Sci. 59:1631, 1984.Applicant
Dippert, K.D. “Fertilization Rates in Superovulated and Spontaneously Ovulating Mares” Theriogenology 41: 1411-1423, 1994.Applicant
Donaldson, L. E., “Effect of Insemination Regimen on Embryo Production in Superovulated Cows”, The Veterinary Record, Jul. 13, p. 35-37, 1985.Applicant
Donoghue, A.M., et al. “Timing of Ovulation after Gonadotropin Induction and its Importance to Successful Intrauterine Insemination in the Tiger (Panthera tigris)” J. Reprod. Fertil. 107:53-58. 1996.Applicant
Douglas, R. H., “Review of Induction of Superovulation and Embryo Transfer in the Equine” Therio. 11:33-46. 1979.Applicant
Douglas, R. H., et al. “Induction of Ovulation and Multiple Ovulation on Seasonally-Anovulatory Mares with Equine Pituitary Fractions.” Therio. 2(6): 133-142. 1974.Applicant
Doyle, S. P., et al. “Artificial Insemination of Lactating Angus Cows with Sexed Semen”. Proc. Western Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 50:203. 1999.Applicant
Dresser D.W. et at. Analysis of DNAcontent ofLiving Spermatozoa Using Flow Cytometry Technique Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 1993, vol. 98, pp. 357-365.Applicant
Duchamp, G., et al. “Alternative Solutions to hCG Induction of Ovulation in the Mare” J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 35:221-228. 1987.Applicant
Evans, M. J. and Irvine, C. H. G. “Induction of Follicular Development, Maturation and Ovulation by Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Administration to Acyclic Mares” Bio. Reprod. 16:452-462. 1977.Applicant
Ferrell, C. L. Effects of Post-Weaning Rate of Gain on Onset of Puberty and Productive Performance of Heifers of Different Breeds. J. Anim. Sci. 55:1272. 1982.Applicant
Ferrell, C. L. and T. G. Jenkins. “Energy-Utilization by Mature, Nonpregnant, Nonlactating Cows of Different Types” J. Anim. Sci. 58:234. 1984.Applicant
Field, R. A., et al., “Bone-Ossification and Carcass Characteristics of Wethers Given Silastic Implants Containing Estradiol”, J. Anim. Sci. 68:3663-3668. 1990.Applicant
Field, R. et al., “Growth, Carcass, and Tenderness Characteristics of Virgin, Spayed, and Single-Calf Heifers”, J. Anim. Sci. 74:2178. 1996.Applicant
Fitzgerald, B. P., et al. “Effect of Constant Administration of a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist on Reproductive Activity in Mares: Preliminary Evidence on Suppression of Ovulation During the Breeding Season.” Am. J. Vet. Res. 54:1746-1751. 1993.Applicant
Fluharty, F. L., et al., “Effects of Age at Weaning and Diet on Growth of Calves”,Ohio State University Dept. of Animal Scieneces. 1966 Ohio Agri. Res. And Den. Circular, 156:29 1966.Applicant
Foote, et al. Motility and Fertility of Bull Sperm Frozen-Thawed Differently in Egg Yolk and Milk Extenders Containing Detergent, 1987 J Dairy Sci 70:2642-2647.Applicant
Foote, R.H., “Buffers and Extenders: What Do They Do? Why Are They Important?” Proc of the NAAB Tech. Comf. On Artificial Insemination and Reproduction, 62-70 (1984).Applicant
Foulkes, J. A., et al. “Artificial Insemination of Cattle Using Varying Numbers of Spermatozoa.” Vet. Rec. 101:205. 1977.Applicant
Francon, M. and Yamamoto, T., “Un Noveau et tres simple dispositif interferentiel applicable as microscope” Optica Acta 9, p. 395-408.1962.Applicant
Fugger, E. F. “Clinical Experience with Flow Cytometric Separation of Human X- and Y- Chromosome Bearing Sperm”, Therio. vol. 52, pp. 1435-1440.1999.Applicant
Fuller, Robert R. “Characterizing Submicron Vesicles With Wavelenth-Resolved Fluorescence in Flow Cytometry,” University of Illinois, May 13, 1996.Applicant
Fulwyler, M. J. “Electronic Separation of Biological Cells by Volume.” Science. 150:910. 1965.Applicant
Fulwyler, M. J. “Hydrodynamic Orientation of Cells.” J of Histochem. and Cytochem. 25:781-783. 1977.Applicant
Garner, D. L., et al. “Quantification of the X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa of Domestic Animals by Flow Cytometry.” Biol. Reprod. 28:312-321. 1983.Applicant
Ginther, O. J., “Sexual Behavior Following Introduction of a Stallion into a Group of Mares” Therio. vol. 19 (6) Jun. 1983.Applicant
Ginther, O. J., “Some Factors Which Alter Estrus Cycle in Mares.” J. Anim. Sci. 33:1158. 1971 abstr.Applicant
Ginther, O. J., Reproductive Biology of the Mare. (2nd Ed.) Equiservices, Cross Plains, WI. 1992.Applicant
Gledhill, B. L. “Gender Preselection: Historical, Technical and Ethical Perspective.” Semen Reprod. Endocrinol. 6:385-395. 1988.Applicant
Gombe, S. and Hansel, W. “Plasma Luteinizing□Hormone (LH) and Progesterone Levels in Heifers on Restricted Energy Intakes.” J. Anim. Sci. 37:728. 1973.Applicant
Goppert-Mayer,“Uber Elementarakte mit zwei Quantensprungen Von Maria Copper -Mayer”.Applicant
Gottlinger et al., “Operation of a Flow Cytometer”, Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting, A. Radbruch (Ed.), 1992, pp. 7-23.Applicant
Gourley, D. D. and Riese, R. L. “Laparoscopic Artificial Insemination in Sheep.” Vet. Clin. N. Amer: Food Anim. Prac. 6(3): 615-633 (1990).Applicant
Graham, J. Analysis of Stallion semen and its Relation to Fertility. ABSTRACT.Applicant
Graham, J.K. and Hammerstedt, R.H.: “Differential Effects of Butylated Hydroxytoluene Analogs on Bull Sperm Subjected to Cold-Induced Membrane Stress,” Cryobiology, 29:106-117 (1992).Applicant
Graham, James K., “Effect of Cholesterol-Loaded Cyclodextrins in Semen Extenders”, Proceedings of the 19th Technical Conference on Artificial Insemination & Reproduction, 2003, pp. 91-95.Applicant
Gravert, H. O., “Genetic Aspects of Early Calving.” In: J.C. Taylor (Ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and Its Impact on Beef Production. 59 (1975).Applicant
Gregory, K. E., et al., “Characterization of Biological Types of Cattle—Cycle lll: ll Growth Rate and Puberty in Females” J. Anim. Sci. 49:461 (1979).Applicant
Grimes, I. F, and T.B. Turner. “Early Weaning of Fall Born Calves ll. Post Weaning Performance of Early and Normal□Weaned Calves”. l. Prod. Agric. 4:168 (1991).Applicant
Guillou, F. and Combamous, Y. “Purification of Equine Gonadotropins and Comparative Study of Their Acid-Dissociation and Receptor-Binding Specificity.” Biochemica Et Biophysica Acta 755:229-236 (1983).Applicant
Gumsey, M. P., and Johnson, L.A., “Recent Improvements in Efficiency of Flow Cytometric Sorting of X and Y-Chromosome Bering Sperm of Domestic Animals: a Review” New Zealand Society of Animal Protection, three pages (1998).Applicant
Hall, J. B., et al., “Effect of Age and Pattern of Gain on Induction of Puberty with a Progestin in Beef Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 75:1606 (1997).Applicant
Hamamatsu, “Technical Information, Optical Detector Selection: A Delicate Balancing Act”, web page, http://www.optics.org/hamamatsu/photodiode.html, printed on Apr. 15, 2000, 6 pages total.Applicant
Hammerstedt, et al., “Cryopreservation of Mammalian Sperm: What We Ask Them to Survive,” Journal of Andrology, 11:1:73-88 (1990).Applicant
Harrison, L.A., et al., “Comparison of HCG, Buserelin and Luprostiol for Induction of Ovulation in Cycling Mares.” Eq. Vet. Sci. 3:163-166 (1991).Applicant
Harte, F. J. “System of Production of Beef From Once Calved Heifers.” In: J.C. Taylor (Ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. 123 (1975).Applicant
Hawk, H. W., et al., “Fertilization Rates in Superovulating Cows After Deposition of Semen on the Infundibulum Near the Uterotubal Junction of After Insemination with High Numbers of Sperm”, XP-002103478, Therio. vol. 29, No. 5, p. 1131-1142 (1988).Applicant
Hermesmeyer, G. N., et al. “Effects of Prenatal Androgenization and Implantation on the Performance and Carcass Composition of Lactating Heifers in the Single-Calf Heifer System.” The Professional Animal Scientist 15:173. 1999.Applicant
Herweijer, Hans. “High-Speed Photodamage Cell Selection Uing Bromodeoxyuridine/Hoechst 33342 Photosensitized Cell Killing,” Sep. 23, 1987.Applicant
Herzenberg, Leonard A. “Flourescence-activated Cell Sorting,” pages 108-117.Applicant
Hilton, G. G., et al., “An Evaluation of Current and Alternative Systems for Quality Grading Carcasses of Mature Slaughter Cows.” J. Anim. Sci. 76:2094. 1998.Applicant
Ho, L., et al., “Influence of Gender, Breed and Age on Maturity Characteristics of Sheep.” J. Anim. Sci. 67:2460-2470. 1989.Applicant
Hofferer, S., et al. “Induction of Ovulation and Superovulation in Mares Using Equine LH and FSH Separated by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography.” J. Reprod. Fertil. 98:597-602. 1993.Applicant
Hohenboken, W. D. “Applications of sexed semen in cattle production.” Therio. 52:1421. 1999.Applicant
Holtan, D. W., et al., “Estrus, Ovulation and Conception Following Synchronization With Progesterone, Prostaglandin F2a and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Pony Mares.” J. Anim. Sci. 44:431-437. 1977.Applicant
Horan, Paul K. “Quantitative Single Cell Ana,lysis and Sorting, Rapid Analysis and sorting of cells is emerging as an important new technology in research and medicine.”.Applicant
Householder, D. D., et al. “Effect of Extender, Number of Spermatozoa and hCG on Equine Fertility.” J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1:9-13. 1981.Applicant
Howard, J. G., et al., “Comparative Semen Cryopreservation in Ferrets (Mustela putorious furo) and Pregnancies After Laparoscopic Intrauterine Insemination With Frozen-Thawed Spermatozoa.” J. Reprod. Fertil. 92:109-118. 1991.Applicant
Howard, J. G., et al., “Sensitivity to Exogenous Gonadotropins for Ovulation and Laparoscopic Artificial Insemination in the Cheetah and Clouded Leopard.” Biol. Reprod. 56:1059-1068. 1997.Applicant
Hunter, R. H. F. “Transport and Storage of Spermatozoa in the Female Tract.” Proc 4th Int. Congress Anim. Repro. and A. I. 9:227-233. 1980.Applicant
Hyland, J. H., et al., “Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Delivered by Continuous Infusion Induces Fertile Estrus in Mares During Seasonal Acyclity” Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (34th) 989, p. 181-190.Applicant
IMV Technologies, Protocol of Bioxcell with Fresh Semen, 1 page, 2000.Applicant
IMV Technologies, Protocol of Bioxcell with Frozen Semen, 2 pages, 2000.Applicant
Irvine, C H. G. and Alexander, S. L. “GnRH” Chapter 4 in Equine Reproduction, McKinnon and Voss eds. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, London. p. 37. (1993).Applicant
Iwazumi, Y., et al., “Superovulation Using CIDR in Holstein Cows” J. of Reprod. Dev. vol. 40 (3) 1994, pp. 259-266.Applicant
Jakubiczka, S. et al. “A Bovine Homologue of the Human TSPY Gene.” Genomics. 1993, vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 732-735.Applicant
Jarriage, R. “Age of Cows at First Calving in France.” In: J.C. Taylor (Ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. 10. (1975).Applicant
Jasko, D. J., et al., “Effect of Insemination Volume and Concentration of Spermatozoa on Embryo Recovery in Mares”, Therio. 37:1233-1239, (1992).Applicant
Jasko, D. J., et al., “Pregnancy Rates Utilizing Fresh, Cooled and Frozen-Thawed Stallion Semen”, American Association of Equine Practitioners 38th Annual Convention Proceedings, 1992, p. 649-60.Applicant
Johnson, A. L. “Pulsatile Administration of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Advances Ovulation in Cycling Mares”, Biol. Reprod. 35:1123-1130, (1986).Applicant
Johnson, A. L., et al. “Use of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Treatment to Induce Multiple Ovulations in the Anestrous Mare” Eq. Vet. Sci. 8:130-134, (1988).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Flow Cytometric Determination of Spermatozoa Sex Ration in Semen Purportedly Enriched for X or Y Bearing Spermatozoa”, Therio. 29:265 abstr.Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Gender Preselection in Domestic Animals Using Flow Cytometrically Sorted Sperm” J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl l) 70:8-18. (1992).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “The Safety of Sperm Selection by Flow Cytometry” Ham. Reprod. 9(5): 758. (1994).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Advances in Gender Preselection in Swine” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement, vol. 52, p. 255-266 (1997).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Gender Preselection in Humans? Flow Cytometric Separation of X and Y Spermatozoa for the Prevention of X-Linked Diseases” Human Reproduction vol. 8 No. 10, p. 1733-1739 (1993).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Gender Preselection in Mammals: An Overview”, Deutsch. Tierarztl. Wschr, vol. 103, p. 288-291 (1996).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Isolation of X- and Y-Bearing Spermatozoa for Sex Preselection.” Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology. Ed. H. H. Charlton. Oxford University Press. 303-326. (1994).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Sex Preselection by Flow Cytometric Separation of X and Y Chromosome Bearing Spermatozoa Based on DNA Difference: a Review.” Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 7:893-903. (1995).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Sex Preselection in Rabbits: Live Births from X and Y Sperm Separated by DNA and Cell Sorting”, Biology of Reproduction 41, pp. 199-203 (1989).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Sex Preselection in Swine: Altered Sex Rations in Offspring Following Surgical Insemination of Flow Sorted X- and Y- Bearing Sperm”, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, vol. 26, pp. 309-314 (1991).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Sex Preselection in Swine: Flow Cytometric Sorting of X- and Y- Chromosome Bearing Sperm to Produce Offspring”, Boar Semen Preservation lV, p. 107-114. (2000).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., “Successful Gender Preselection in Farm Animals”, Agricultural Biotechnology, p. 439-452. (1998).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., et al. “Sex Preselection: High-speed Flow Cytometric Sorting of X and Y Sperm for Maximum Efficiency”, Therio. vol. 52, p. 1323-1341 (1999).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., et al., “Enhanced Flow Cytometric Sorting of Mammalian X and Y Sperm: High Speed sorting and Orienting Nozzle for Artificial Insemination”, Therio. 49(1): 361 (1988) abstr.Applicant
Johnson, L.A., et al., “Flow Sorting of X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa into Two Populations”, Gamete Res. 16:203-212. (1987).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., et al., “Improved Flow Sorting Resolution of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Viable Sperm Separation Using Dual Staining and Dead Cell Gating” Cytometry 17 (suppl 7): 83, (1994).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., et al., “Flow Cytometry of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm for DNA Using an Improved Preparation Method and Staining with Hoechst 33342.” Gamete Research 17: 203-212. (1987).Applicant
Johnson, L.A., et al., “Modification of a Laser-Based Flow Cytometer for High-Resolution DNA Analysis of Mammalian Spermatozoa” Cytometry 7, pp. 268-273 (1986).Applicant
Joseph, R. L. “Carcass composition and meat quality in once calved heifers.” In: J.C. Taylor (Ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. 143. (1975).Applicant
Joseph, R. L. and J. P. Crowley. “Meat Quality of Once-Calved Heifers.” Irish J. Agric. Research 10:281. (1971).Applicant
Kachel, V., et al., “Uniform Lateral Orientation, Caused by Flow Forces, of Flat Particles in Flow-Through Systems”, The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 774-780. (1997).Applicant
Kanayama, K., et al., “Pregnancy by Means of Tubal Insemination and Subsequent Spontaneous Pregnancy in Rabbits.” J. Int. Med. Res. 20:401-405. (1992).Applicant
Karabinus, et al., “Effects of Egg Yolk-Citrate and Milk Extenders on Chromatin Structured Viability of Cryopreserved Bull Sperm”, Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 74, No. 11, p. 3836-3848. (1999).Applicant
Keeling, P. “A Modeling Study of Once-Bred Heifer Beef Production.” Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 51. (1991).Applicant
Kilicarslan, M. R., et al., “Effect of GnRH and hCG on Ovulation and Pregnancy in Mares.” Vet. Rec. 139:119-120. (1996).Applicant
Kinder, J. E., et al. “Endocrine Basis for Puberty in Heifers and Ewes.” J. Repro. and Fertility, p. 393. (1995).Applicant
Kinder, J. E., et al., “Endocrine Regulation of Puberty in Cows and Ewes.” J. Repro. and Fertility, Suppl. 34:167. (1987).Applicant
Kinoshita, Shuichi. “Spectroscopic Properties of Fluorescein in Living Lymphocytes, ” Osaka Uinversity Aug. 7, 1986.Applicant
Klindt, J. and J. D. Crouse. “Effect of Ovariectomy and Ovariectomy with Ovarian Autotransplantation on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 68:3481. (1990).Applicant
Klosterman, E. W. and C. F. Parker. “Effect of Size, Breed and Sex Upon Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle.” North Central Regional Research Publication 235, Ohio Agric. Research and Development Center 1090:3. (1976).Applicant
Kniffen, D. M., et al., “Effects of Long-Term Estrogen Implants in Beef Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:2886. (1999).Applicant
Kobata, Akira, “Structures and Functions of the Sugar Chains of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin”, in Glycoprotein Hormones Chin, W.W. and Boime, I., eds. Serono Symposia, Norwell, MA. p. 19-20. 1990.Applicant
Koch, R. M., et al., “Characterization of Biological Types of Cattle -Cycle-ll .3.” Carcass Composition, Quality and Palatablility. J. Anim. Sci. 49:448. (1919).Applicant
Kommisrud E., et al. “Comparison of Two Processing Systems for Bull Semen with Regard to Post-Thaw Motility and Nonreturn Rates.” Theriogenology, vol. 45, 1996, pp. 1515-1521.Applicant
Lapin, D. R. and Ginther, O. J. “Induction of Ovulation and Multiple Ovulations in Seasonally Anovulatory and Ovulatory Mares with an Equine Pituitary Extract.” J. Anim. Sci. 44:834-842. (1977).Applicant
Laster, D. B., “Factors Affecting Dystocia and Effects of Dystocia on Subsequent Reproduction in Beef-Cattle.” J. Anim. Sci. 36:695. (1973).Applicant
Lawrenz, R. “Preliminary Results of Non-Surgical Intrauterine Insemination of Sheep With Thawed Frozen Semen.” J S Afr. Vet. Assoc. 56(2): 61-63. (1985).Applicant
Levinson, G., et al., “DNA-based X-Enriched Sperm Separation as an Adjunct to Preimplantation Genetic Testing for the Preparation of X-linked Disease.” Mol. Human Reprod. 10:979-982. (1995).Applicant
Lightwave Electronics, “Xcyte,” www.LightwaveElectronics.com.Applicant
Lindsey, A. C., et al., “Low Dose Insemination of Mares Using Non-Sorted and Sex-Sorted Sperm” Animal Reproduction Science 68 p. 279-89 (2001).Applicant
Lindsey, A., et al., “Hysteroscopic Insemination of Mares with Nonfrozen Low-dose Unsexed or Sex-sorted Spermatozoa”, pp. 1-15 currently unpublished.Applicant
Linge, F. “Faltforsok med djupfrost sperma (Field Trials With Frozen Sperm).” Farskotsel. 52:12-13. (1972).Applicant
Liu, Z, et al. “Survival of Bull Sperm Frozen at Different rates in Media Varying in Osmolarity.” Cryobiology, vol. 27, 1998, pp. 219-230.Applicant
Loy, R. G. and Hughes, J.P. “The Effects of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Ovulation, Length of Estrus, and Fertility in the Mare.” Cornell Vet. 56:41-50 (1965).Applicant
Lynch, I. M., et al., “Influence of timing of gain on growth and reproductive performance of beef replacement heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 75:1715. (1997).Applicant
Macmillan, K. L. and Day, A.M., “Prostaglandin F2a: A Fertility Drug In Dairy Cattle?”, Animal Research Station, Private Bag, Hamilton, New Zealand, Therio. vol. 18, No. 3, p. 245-253 (1982).Applicant
Manni, Jeff. “To-Photon Excitation Expands the Capabilities of Laser-Scanning Microscopy,”.Applicant
Manning, S. T., et al., “Development of Hysteroscopic Insemination of the Uterine Tube in the Mare”, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Theriogenology, 1998, p. 84-85.Applicant
Martin, A. H., et al., “Characteristics of Youthful Beef Carcasses in Relation to Weight, Age and Sex. lll. Meat Quality Attributes.” Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 51:305. (1971).Applicant
Martin, L. C., et al., “Genetic-effects on Beef Heifer Puberty and Subsequent Reproduction.” J. Anim. Sci. 70:4006. (1992).Applicant
Martinez, E. A., et al., “Successful Low-Dose Insemination by a Fiberoptic Endoscope Technique in the Sow”, Proceedings Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Netherlands, Therio. vol. 53 p. 201, Jan. 2000.Applicant
Matsuda, Y. and Tobari, I. “Chromosomal Analysis in Mouse Eggs Fertilized In Vitro With Sperm Exposed to Ultraviolet Light (UV) and Methyl and Ethyl Methanesulfonate (MMS and EMS).” Mutat. Res. 198:131-144. (1988).Applicant
Matulis, R. J., “Growth and carcass characteristics of cull cows after different times-on-feed.” J. Anim. Sci. 65:669. (1987).Applicant
Mauleon, P. “Recent research related to the physiology of puberty.”In: J.C. Taylor (ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. (1975).Applicant
Maxwell, W. and Johnson, L., “Chlortetracycline Analysis of Boar Spermatozoa After Incubation, Flow Cytometric Sorting, Cooling, or Cryopreservation”, Molecular Reproduction and Development 46, p. 408-418. (1997).Applicant
Maxwell, W. M. C., et al., “Fertility of Superovulated Ewes After Intrauterine or Oviductal Insemination with Low Numbers of Fresh or Frozen-Thawed Spermatozoa.” Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 5:57-63. (1993).Applicant
Maxwell, W. M. C., et al., “The Relationship Between Membrane Status and Fertility of Boar Spermatozoa After Flow Cytometric Sorting in the Presence or Absence of Seminal Plasma” Reprod. Fertil. Dev. vol. 10 p. 433-40 (1998).Applicant
Maxwell, W. M. C., et al., “Viability and Membrane Integrity of Spermazota after Dilution and Flow Cytometric Sorting in the Presence or Absence of Seminal Plasma.” Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 8:1165-78. (1997).Applicant
McCormick, R. J. “The Flexibility of the Collagen Compartment of Muscle.” Meat Sci. 36:79. (1994).Applicant
McCue, P.M. “Superovulation” Vet. Clin. N. Amer. Eq. Prac. 12:1-11. (1996).Applicant
McCue, P.M., et al., “Oviductal insemination in the mare.” 7th Internat. Symp. Eq. Reprod. 133 (1997) abstr.Applicant
McDonald, L. E. “Hormones of the Pituitary Gland.” Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 6th ed. Edited by N. H. Booth and L. E. McDonald. Ames, Iowa State Univ. Press. p. 590 (1988).Applicant
McKenna, T. et al., “Nonreturn Rates of Dairy Cattle Following Uterine Body or Comual Insemination.” J. Dairy Sci. 73:1179-1783 (1990).Applicant
McKinnon, A.O. and Voss, J. L. Equine Reproduction. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, London (1993).Applicant
McKinnon, A.O., et al., “Predictable Ovulation in Mares Treated With an Implant of the GnRH Analogue Deslorelin.” Eq. Vet. J. 25:321-323. (1993).Applicant
McKinnon, A.O., et al., “Repeated Use of a GnRH Analogue Deslorelin (Ovuplant) for Hastening Ovulation in the Transitional Mare.” Eq. Vet. J. 29:153-155. (1996).Applicant
McLeod, John H., “The Axicon: A New type of Optical Element”, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 44 No. 8, Aug. 1954, Eastman Kodak Company, Hawk-Eye Works, Rochester, New York.Applicant
Meilgaard, M., et al., “Sensor Evaluation Techniques.” CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL. (1991).Applicant
Meinert, C., et al., “Advancing the Time of Ovulation in the Mare With a Short-Term Implant Releasing the GnRH Analogue Deslorelin”, Equine Veterinary Journal, 25, p. 65-68 (1993).Applicant
Mendes Jr., J.O.B. “Effect of heparin on cleavage rates and embryo production with four bovine sperm preparation protocols” Theriogenology 60 (2003) 331-340.Applicant
Menke,E. A Volume Activated Cell Sorter Journal of Histo chemistry and Cyto Chemistry, 1977, vol. 25,No. 7, pp. 796-803.Applicant
Merton, J., et al., “Effect of Flow Cytometrically Sorted Frozen/Thawed Semen on Success Rate of In Vitro Bovine Embryo Production”, Therio. 47, p. 295. (1997)Applicant
Metezeau P. et al. Improvement of Flow Cytometry Analysis and Sorting of Bull Spermatozoa by Optical Monitoring of Cell Orientation as Evaluated by DAN Specific Probing Molecular Reproduction and Development, 1991,vol. 30 pp. 250-257.Applicant
Meyers, P. J., et al., “Use of the GnRH Analogue, Deslorelin Acetate, in a Slow Release Implant to Accelerate Ovulation in Oestrous Mares.” Vet. Rec. 140:249-252. (1997).Applicant
Michaels, C., “Beef A. I. Facilities That Work”, Proc. Fifth N.A.A.B Tech. Conf. A. I. Reprod. Columbia, MO. pp. 20-22.Applicant
Michel, T. H., et al., “Efficacy of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone for Hastening Ovulation in Thoroughbred Mares.” Eq. Vet. J. 6:438-442. (1986).Applicant
Miller, S. J. “Artificial Breeding Techniques in Sheep.” Morrow, D.A. (ed: Current Therapy in Therio 2. Philadelphia, WB Saunders. (1986).Applicant
Mirskaja, L. M. and Petropavloskii, V.V. “The Reduction of Normal Duration of Heat in the Mare by the Administration of Prolan.” Probl. Zivotn. Anim. Breed. Abstr. 5:387. (1937).Applicant
Moe, P. W., “Energetics of Body Tissue Mobilization.” J. of Dairy Sci. 54:548.Applicant
Molinia, F. C., et al., “Successful Fertilization After Superovulation and Laparoscopic Intrauterine Insemination of the Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula, and Tammar Wallaby, Macropus eugenii.” J. Reprod. Fertil. 112:9-17. (1998).Applicant
Moran, C., et al., “Puberty in Heifers -a Review.” Animal Reproduction Sci. 18:167. (1989).Applicant
Moran, D. M. et al., “Determination of Temperature and Cooling Rate Which Induce Cold Shock in Stallion Spermatozoa”, Therio. vol. 38 p. 999-1012 (1992).Applicant
Morcom, C. B. and Dukelow, W.R. “A Research Technique for the Oviductal Insemination of Pigs Using Laparoscopy.” Lab. Anim. Sci. p. 1030-1031. (1980).Applicant
Morgan, J. B., et al., “National Beef Tenderness Survey.” J. Anim. Sci. 69: 3274. (1991).Applicant
Morris, L. H., et al., “Hysteroscopic Insemination of Small Numbers of Spermatozoa at the Uterotubal Junction of Preovulatory Mares”, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, vol. 118, pp. 95-100 (2000).Applicant
Morris, S. T., et al., “Biological efficiency: How relevant is this concept to beef cows in a mixed livestock seasonal pasture supply context?” Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 54:333. (1994).Applicant
Moseley, W. M., et al., “Relationship of Growth and Puberty in Beef Heifers Fed Monensin” J. Anim. Sci. vol. 55 No. 2 p. 357-62 (1982).Applicant
Mount, D. E. “Fibrous and Non-fibrous Carbohydrate Supplementation to Ruminants Grazing Forage From Small Grain Crops.” M.S. Thesis. Abstr. Colorado State University. (2000).Applicant
Muller, W. and Gautier, F. “Interactions of Heteroaromatic Compounds with Nucleic Acids.” Euro. J Biochem. 54:358. (1975).Applicant
Mullis, K. B. and F. A. Faloona, “Specific Synthesis of DNA in Vitro Via a Polymerase-Catalyzed Chain Reaction” Methods in Enzymology vol. 155 p. 335-350 (1978).Applicant
Munne, S. “Flow Cytometry Separation of X and Y Spermatozoa Could be Detrimental to Human Embryos”, Hum. Reprod. 9(5): 758 (1994).Applicant
Myers, S. E., “Performance and Carcass Traits of Early-Weaned Steers Receiving Either a Pasture Growing Period or a Finishing Diet at Weaning.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:311. (1999).Applicant
Myers, S. E., et al., “Comparison of Three Weaning Ages on Cow-Calf Performance and Steer Carcass Traits.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:323. (1999).Applicant
Myers, S. E., et al., “Production Systems Comparing Early Weaning to Normal Weaning With or Without Creep Feeding for Beef Steers.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:300. (1999).Applicant
Nix, J. P., et al., “Serum Testosterone Concentration, Efficiency of Estrus Detection and Libido Expression in Androgenized Beef Cows.” Therio. 49: 1195. (1998).Applicant
Nowshari, et al., “Superovulation of Goats with Purified pFSH Supplemented with Defined Amounts of pLH”, Therio. vol. 43, p. 797-802 (1995).Applicant
NRC. “Nutrient Requirements for Beef Cattle.” National Academy of Sci. National Research Council, Washington, DC. (1996).Applicant
O'Brien, Justine K. et al., “Preliminary Developments of Sperm Sorting Technology in Non-human Primates”, Biology of Reproduction 2001 (Su;;. 1) 64:158.Applicant
Olive, M.D., “Detection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli after Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification with a Tehrmostable DNA Polymerase”, J of Clinical Microbiology, Feb. 1989 p. 261-265.Applicant
Olson, S.E. and Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Reduced Oxygen Tension and EDTA improve Bovine Zygote Development in a Chemically Defined Medium”, J. of Anim. Sci. 78, pp. 152-157. (2000).Applicant
Owen, J. B. “The Maiden Female-A Means of Increasing Meat Production.” Proc. Symp. On the Use of Once Bred Heifers and Gilts. (1973).Applicant
Ozhin F.V. et al. Artificial insemination of farm animals. Moscow, Izdatelstvo Selskokhozyaastvennoi Literatury, 1961, pp. 350-361 and pp. 380-393.Applicant
Pace, M. M. and Sullivan, J. J. “Effect of Timing of Insemination, Numbers of Spermatozoa and Extender Components on Pregnancy Rates in Mares Inseminated with Frozen Stallion Semen.” J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 23:115-121.Applicant
Parrish, J. J., et al., “Capacitation of Bovine Sperm by Heparin”, Department of Meat and Animal Science, Biology Of Reproduction 38, p. 1171-1180 (1988).Applicant
Patterson, D. J., et al., “Estrus Synchronization with an Oral Progestogen Prior to Superovulation of Postpartum Beef Cows” Therio. 48, 1025-33 (1997).Applicant
Peippo, J., et al., “Sex Diagnosis of Equine Preimplantation Embryos Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction”, Therio. vol. 44:619-627 (1995).Applicant
Penfold, L.M.et at., “Comparative Motility of X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Bovine Sperm Separated on the Basis of DNA Content”, Mol. Reprod. And Develop. 1998, vol. 50,pp. 323-327.Applicant
Perry, E. J., “Historical Background” The Artificial Insemination of Farm Animals. 4th ed. E. J. Perry (ed.) New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, pp. 3-12. (1968).Applicant
Petersen, G. A., et al, “Cow and Calf Performance and Economic-Considerations of Early Weaning of Fall-Born Beef Claves”, J. Anim. Sci., 64:15, pp. 15-22. (1987).Applicant
Petit, M. “Early Calving in Suckling Herds.” In: J.C. Taylor (ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. p. 157-176. (1975).Applicant
Picket B.W., et al., “Livestock Production Science,” 1998.Applicant
Pickett, B. W, et al., “Factors Influencing the Fertility of Stallion Spermatozoa in an A. I. Program.” Proc. 8th International Congress Anim. Reprod. A. I. Krakow, Poland. 4:1049-1052. (1976).Applicant
Pickett, B. W., et al., “Effect of Seminal Extenders on Equine Fertility.” J. Anim. Sci. 40:1136-1143. (1975).Applicant
Pickett, B. W., et al., “Influence of Seminal Additives and Packaging Systems on Fertility of Bovine Spermatozoa.” J. Anim. Sci. Suppl. ll. 47:12. (1978).Applicant
Pickett, B. W., et al., “Management of the Mare for Maximum Reproductive Efficiency.” CSU Anim. Repro. Lab. Bull. No. 06. Fort Collins CO. (1989).Applicant
Pickett, B. W., et al., “Procedures for Preparation, Collection, Evaluation and Insemination of Stallion Semen.” CSU Exp. Sta. Artira. Reprod. Lab. Gen. Series Bull. 935. (1973).Applicant
Pickett, B. W., et al., “Recent Developments in Artificial Insemination in Horses”, Livestock Production Science, 40, p. 31-36 (1994).Applicant
Pickett, B. W., et al., “The Effect of Extenders, Spermatozoal Numbers and Rectal Palpation on Equine Fertility.” Proc. Fifth N.A.A.B Tech. Conf. A. I. Reprod. Columbia, MO. pp. 20-22. (1974).Applicant
Pinkel et al., “Flow Chambers and Sample Handling”, Flow Cytometry: Instrumentation and Data Analysis, Van Dilla et al. (Eds.), 1985, pp. 77-128.Applicant
Pinkel, D., et al, “Flow Cytometric Determination of the Proportions of X- and Y- Chromosome-Bearing Sperm in Samples of Purportedly Separated Bull Sperm”, J. of Anim. Sci., vol. 60, p. 1303-1307 (1998).Applicant
Pinkel, D., et al., “High Resolution DNA Content Measurements of Mammalian Sperm”, Cytometry 3:1-9. (1982).Applicant
Pinkel, D., et al., “Sex Preselection in Mammals? Separation of Sperm Bearing the Y and “O” Chromosomes in the Vole Microtus Oregoni”, Science vol. 218 p. 904 (1982).Applicant
Piston, D.W. “Three-dimensionally resolved NAD(P)H cellular metabolic redox imaging of the in situ cornea with two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy,” Journal of Microscopy, vol. 178, Nov. 29, 1994.Applicant
Polge, E. J., “Historical Perspective of AI: Commercial Methods of Producing Sex Specific Semen, IVF Procedures”, Proceedings of the 16th Technical Conference on Artificial Insemination & Reproduction, Cambridge, England, pp. 7-11. (1996).Applicant
Polge, et al, “Revival of Spermatozoa After Vitrification and Dehydration at Low Temperatures,” Nature, 164:666 (1994).Applicant
Preza, C. et al, “Determination of Direction-Independent Optical Path-Length Distribution of Cells Using Rotational-Diversity Transmitted-Light Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Images”, Presented at the Multidimensional Microscopy: Image Acquisition and Processing V, p. 1-11 (1998).Applicant
Prokofiev M.I. Regoulyatsia Razmnozhenia Selskokhozyastvennykh Zhivotnykh, Leningrad, NAOUKA Publishing House, 1983, pp. 181-195.Applicant
Province, C.A., et al., Cooling Rates, Storage, Temperatures and Fertility of Extended Equine Spermatozoa Therio. vol. 23 (6) p. 925-934, Jun. 1985.Applicant
Pursel, et al, “Effect of Orvus ES Paste on Acrosome Morphology, Motility and Fertilizing Capacity of Frozen-Thawed Boar Sperm,” Journal of Animal Science, 47:1:198-202 (1978).Applicant
Purvis, H. T. and J. C. Whittier. “Effects of Ionophore Feeding and Anthelmintic Administration on Age and Weight at Puberty in Spring-Born Beef Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 74:736-744. (1996).Applicant
Randel, R. D. “Nutrition and Postpartum Rebreeding in Cattle.” J. Anim. Sci. 68:853. (1990).Applicant
Rath, D., et al., “Low Dose Insemination Technique in the Pig”, Boar Semen Preservation IV, p. 115 118. (2000).Applicant
Rath, D., et al., “Production of Piglets Preselected for Sex Following in Vitro Fertilization with X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa Sorted by Flow Cytometry”, Therio. 47, p. 795-800 (1997).Applicant
Rathi, R. et al., “Evaluation of In Vitro Capacitation of Stallion Spermatoza”, Biology of Reproduction 2001,vol. 65, pp. 462-470.Applicant
Recktenwald, Diether. “Cell Separation Methods and Applications,” New York 1997.Applicant
Reiling, B.A., et al., “Effect of Prenatal Androgenization on Performance, Location, and Carcass and Sensory Traits on Heifers in Single Calf Heifer System”, J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 73: 986, p. 986-992.Applicant
Reiling, B.A., et al., “Effects of Prenatal Androgenization and Lactation on Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Finishing Single-Calf Heifers” J. Anim. Sci. vol. 75 p. 1504-1512 (1997).Applicant
Reiling, B.A., et al., “Effects of prenatal Androgenization, Melengestrol Acetate, and Synovex-H on Feedlot Performance, Carcass, and Sensory Traits of Once-Calved Heifers” J. Anim. Sci. vol. 74 p. 2043-51 (199).Applicant
Rens, W., et al., “A Novel Nozzle for More Efficient Sperm Orientation to Improve Sorting Efficiency of X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Sperm”, Technical Notes, Cytometry 33, p. 476-481 (1998).Applicant
Rens, W., et al., “Improved Flow Cytometric Sorting of X- and Y- Chromosome Bearing Sperm: Substantial Increase in Yield of Sexed Semen”, Molecular Reproduction and Development, p. 50-56(1999).Applicant
Rigby, S. L., et al., “Pregnancy Rates in Mares Following Hysterscopic or Rectally-Guided Utero-Tubal insemination with Low Sperm Numbers” Abstracts/Animal Reproduction Science vol. 68 p. 331-333 (2001).Applicant
Riggs, B.A. “Integration of Early Weaning and Use of Sexed Semen in a Single-Calf Heifer System to Increase Value of Non-Replacement Heifers” MS Thesis, Colorado State University, Spring 2000.Applicant
Ritar, A. and Ball, A., “Fertility of Young Cashmere Goats After Laparoscopic Insemination.” J. Agr. Sci. 117: p. 271-273. (1991).Applicant
Roberts, J. R., Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases. Ithaca, New York. p. 740-749. (1971).Applicant
Romero-Arredondo, A. “Effects of Bovine Folicular Fluid on Maturation of Bovine Oocytes” Theriogenology 41: 383-394, 1994.Applicant
Romero-Arrendondo, A. “Effects of Follicular Fluid dring In Virto Maturation of Bovine Oocytes on In Vitro Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development” Biology of Reproduction 55, 1012-1016 1996.Applicant
Romita, A. “Some Considerations on the Beef Situation in Italy.” In: J.C. Taylor (ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. 23. (1975).Applicant
Roser, J. F., et al., “Reproductive Efficiency in Mares With Anti-hCG Antibodies.” Proc 9th Int. Congr. Anim. Repro. and A. I. 4:627 (1980) abstr.Applicant
Roth, T. L., et al., “Effects of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, and Laparoscopic Artificial Insemination on Embryo, Endocrine, and Luteal Characteristics in the Domestic Cat.” Bio. Reprod. 57:165-171 (1997).Applicant
Roux, M., et al., “Early Calving Heifers Versus Maiden Heifers for Beef-Production from Dairy herds. I. The Effects of Genotype (Friesian and Carloads x Friesian) and Two Feeding Levels in the Rearing Period on Growth and Carcass Quality.” Livestock Prod. Sci. 16:1 (1987).Applicant
Rowley, H. S., et al., “Effect of Insemination Volume on Embryo Recovery in Mares.” J. Equine Vet. Sci. 10:298-300 (1990).Applicant
Roy, J. H., “Rearing Dairy-Herd Replacements.” Journal of the Society Of Dairy Technology 31:73-79 (1978).Applicant
Rutter, L. M., et al., “Effect of Abomasal Infusion of Propionate on the GnRH-Induced Luteinizing Hormone Release in Prepuberal Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 56:1167 (1983).Applicant
Salamon, S., Artificial Insemination of Sheep, Chippendale, New South Whales. Publicity Press. p. 83-84 (1976).Applicant
Salisbury, G. W. and VanDemark, N. L. “Physiology of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination of Cattle.” San Francisco: Freeman and Company. p. 442-551 (1978) (1961 & 1978 COMBINED) Chapters 16 and 17 are the complete article.Applicant
Schenk, J. L. “Applying Semen Sexing Technology to the AI Industry”, Proceedings of the 18th Technical Conference on Artificial insemination & Reproduction, 2000.Applicant
Schenk, J. L, et al., “Imminent Commercialization of Sexed Bovine Sperm”, Proceedings, The Range Beef Cow Symposium XVL, p. 89-96 (1999).Applicant
Schenk, J. L., “Cryopreservation of Flow-Sorted Bovine Spermatozoa”, Therio. vol. 52, 1375-1391 (1999).Applicant
Schiewe, M. C., et al., “Transferable Embryo Recovery Rates Following Different Insemination Schedules in Superovulated Beef Cattle” Therio. 28 (4) Oct. 1997, pp. 395-406.Applicant
Schillo, K. K., et al, “Effects of Nutrition and Season on the Onset of Puberty in the Beef Heifer.” J. Anim. Sci. 70:3994 (1992).Applicant
Schmid, R. L., et al, “Fertilization with Sexed Equine Spermatozoa Using Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Oviductal Insemination ”, 7th International Symposium On Equine Reproduction, pp. 139 (1998) abstr.Applicant
Schnell, T. D., et al, “Performance, Carcass, and Palatability Traits for Cull Cows Fed High-Energy Concentrate Diets for 0, 14, 28, 42, or 56 days.” J. Anim. Sci. 75:1195. (1997).Applicant
Schoonmaker, J. P., et al., “Effects of Age at Weaning and Implant Strategy on Growth of Steer Calves.” J. Anim. Sci. (Supppl. II) 76:71. (1998) abstr.Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr. “ Cryopreservation of Equine Embryos” Veterinary Cliniics of North America: Equine Practice vol. 12, No. 1, Apr. 1996.Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr. “Sexing Bovine Sperm” The AABP Proceedings - vol. 34.Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr. Sexing mammalian spermatozoa and embryos-state of the art Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supp 54, 477-487 1999.Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr. “Uterine Horn Insemination of Heifers With Very Low Numbers of Nonfrozen and Sexed Spermatozoa”, Atlantic Breeders Cooperative, Therio. 48: pp. 1255-1264, (1997).Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr et al., “Current Status of Sexing Mammalian Spermatozoa,” Society for Reproduction and fertiity, pp. 733-743, 2002.Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Commercilizing Repreductive Biotechnology—The Approach used by XY, Inc.,” Theriogenology, p. 5, 1999.Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr. et al., “Insemination of Heifers with Sexed Sperm”, Therio, vol. 52, pp. 1407-1421 (1999).Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Artificial Insemination With X-and Y-Bearing Bovine Sperm”, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, (1996).Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Status of Sexing Semen for Beef Cattle”, Texas A & M University 45th Annual Beef Cattle Short Course and Trade Show Proceedings, Aug. 9-11, p. lll24-lll27, (1999).Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr., et al, “Insemination Of Heifers With Very Low Numbers Of Frozen Spermatozoa”, CSU, Atlantic Breeders Cooperative, Lancaster, PA, DUO Dairy, Loveland, CO, Jul. (1996).Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr., et al, “Insemination of Holstein Heifers With Very Low Numbers Of Unfrozen Spermatozoa”, CSU, Atlantic Breeders Cooperative, (1995).Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr., et al, “Sexing Mammalian Sperm—Overview”, Therio. 52: 1267-1272, (1999).Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr., et al., “Artificial Insemination of Heifers with Cooled, Unfrozen Sexed Semen”, Therio, vol. 49 pp. 365 (1998) abstr.Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr., et al., “Insemination of Heifers with Sexed Frozen or Sexed Liquid Semen.” Therio. 51. (in press) (1999) abstr.Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr., Economics of Selecting for Sex: The Most Important Genetic Trait, Theriogenology 59, (2003), pp. 585-598.Applicant
Sell, R. S., et al., “Single-calf Heifer Profitability Compared to Other North Dakota Beef Production Systems,” Department of Ag. Eco., North Dakota State University, Ag. Econ. Rpt. 20.Applicant
Senger, P. L., et al., “Influence of Cornual Insemination on Conception in Dairy Cattle.” J Anim. Sci. 66:3010-3016. (1988).Applicant
Shabpareh, V. “Methods for Collecting and Maturing Equine Oocytes in Virto” Theriogenology 40: 1161-1175, 1993.Applicant
Shackelford, S. D., et al, “Effects of Slaughter Age on Meat Tenderness and USDA Carcass Maturity Scores of Beef Females.” J. Anim. Sci. 73:3304. (1995).Applicant
Shapiro, Howard M. MD., PC. “Practical Flow Cytometry Third Edition,” New York 1994.Applicant
Sharpe, J.C., et al., “A New Optical Configuration for Flow Cytometric Sorting of Aspherical Cells” Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand (PNS) Nov. 2, 1997 Abstract.Applicant
Sharpe, Johnathan, Thesis; “An Introduction of Flow Cytometry”, Ch. 2-2.2, 1997.Applicant
Sharpe, Johnathan, Thesis; “Gender Preselection-Principle Scientific Options,” Ch. 3.4-3.4.8, 1997.Applicant
Sharpe, Johnathan, Thesis; “Sperm Sexing using Flow Cytometry,” Ch. 3.5-3.5.8, 1997.Applicant
Sharpe, Johnathan, Thesis; “Sperm Sexing-Method of Johnson et al,” Ch. 3.6-4.3.4, 1997.Applicant
Shelton, J. N. and Moore, N.W. “The Response of the Ewe to Pregnant Serum Mare Gonadotropin and to Horse Anterior Pituitary Extract.” J. Reprod. Fertil. 14:175-177. (1967).Applicant
Shilova, A. V., et al., “The Use of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin for Ovulation Date Regulation in Mares.” Vlllth Int. Congress On Anim. Repro. and A. I. 204-208. (1976).Applicant
Shorthose, W. R. and P. V. Harris. “Effect of Animal Age on the Tenderness of Selected Beef Muscles.” J. Food Sci. 55:1-. (1990).Applicant
Silbermann, M., “Hormones and Cartilage. Cartilage: Development, Differentiation, and Growth.” pp. 327-368. Academic Press, Inc. (1983).Applicant
Simon, M., “The Effect of Management Option on the Performance of Pregnant Feedlot Heifers.” M.S. Thesis. Kansas State University. (1983).Applicant
Skogen-Hagenson, M. J. et al; “A High Efficiency Flow Cytometer,” The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 784-789, 1977, USA.Applicant
Smith, G. C., et al, “USDA Maturity Indexes and Palatability of Beef Rib Steaks.” J. of Food Quality 11:1. (1988).Applicant
Smith, G. C., et al., “Relationship of USDA Maturity Groups to Palatability of Cooked Beef.” J. of Food Sci. 47:1100. (1982).Applicant
Smith, R. L., et al, Influence of Percent Egg Yolk during Cooling and Freezing on Survival of Bovine.Applicant
Solsberry G.U., Van-Denmark N.L., Theory and practice of artificial cow insemination in USA, Moscow, KOLOS Publishing House, 1966, p. 346.Applicant
Spectra Physics, The Solid State Laser Company, “Vangaurd 4 Watts of UV from a Quasi-CW, All Solid State Laser,” http://www.splasers.com/products/isl—products/vangaurd.html three pages, printed Nov. 14, 2002.Applicant
Spectra-Physics Products, “Fcbar” http://www.splasers.com/products/oem—products/ov—fcbar.html two pages printed Nov. 14, 2002.Applicant
Spectra-Physics, The Solid State Laser Company, Vanguard 2000-HMD 532, www.specra-physics.com.Applicant
Spectra-Physics, The Solid State Laser Company, Vanguard 350-HMD 355, www.specra-physics.comApplicant
Squires, E. L, et al., “Effect of Dose of GnRH Analog on Ovulation in Mares.” Therio. 41:757-769. (1994).Applicant
Squires, E. L, “Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Sperm Attributes by Flow Cytometry”, Diagnostic Techniques and Assisted Reproductive Technology, The Veterinary Clinics of North America, Equine Practice, vol. 12, No. 1, p. 127-130 (1996).Applicant
Squires, E. L., “Early Embryonic Loss” Equine Diagnostic Ultrasonography, first ed., Rantanen & McKinnon. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, p. 157-163 (1998).Applicant
Squires, E. L., et al, “Cooled and Frozen Stallion Semen”, Bulletin No. 9, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO. (1999).Applicant
Squires, E.L., “Procedures for Handling Frozen Equine Semen for Maximum Reproductive Efficiency”, pp. 1, 39-41, 81-89.Applicant
Staigmiller, R.B. “Superovulation of Cattle with Equine Pituitary Extract and Porcine FSH” Theriogenology 37: 1091-1099 1992.Applicant
Stap J. Et al Improving the Resolution of Cryopreserved X- and Y- Sperm During DNA Flow Cytometric Analysis with the Addition to Percoll to quench the Fluorescence of Dead Sperm: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam (1998) Journal of Animal Science vol. 76 1998, pp. 1896-1902.Applicant
Steel, N. L., “Cost Effectiveness of Utilizing Sexed-Semen in a Commercial Beef Cow Operation”, MS Thesis, Colorado State University, Summer 1998.Applicant
Steinkamp: “Flow Cytometry” vol. 55, No. 9, Sep. 1984 pp. 1375-1400, New York Review of Scientific Instruments Abstract Only.Applicant
Stellflug, J. N., “Plasma Estrogens in Periparturient Cow.” Therio 10:269. (1978).Applicant
Stevenson, J. S., et al., “Detection of Estrus by Visual Observation and Radiotelemetry in Peripubertal, Estrus-Synchronized Beef Heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 74:729. (1996).Applicant
Story, C. E., et al., “Age of Calf at Weaning of Spring-Calving Beef Cows and the Effect on Cow and Calf Performance and Production Economics.” J. Anim. Sci. 78:1403. (2000).Applicant
Stovel R.T. A Means for Orienting Flat Cells in flow systems Biophysical Journal, 1978, vol. 23, pp. 1-5.Applicant
Sullivan, J. J., et al., “Duration of Estrus and Ovulation Time in Nonlactating Mares Given Human Chorionic Gonadotropin During Three Successive Estrous Periods.” J.A.V.M.A. 162:895-898. (1973).Applicant
Sumner, A. T. and Robinson, J. A., “A Difference in Dry Mass Between the Heads of X and Y- Bearing Human Spermatozoa”, J Reprod Fertil. 48, p. 9-15 (1976).Applicant
Swanson, E. W. “Future Research on Problems of Increasing Meat Production by Early Calving.” In: J.C. Taylor (ed.) The Early Calving of Heifers and its Impact on Beef Production. (1975).Applicant
Swenson, S. L., et al., “PRRS Virus Infection in Boars: Isolation From Semen and Effect on Semen Quality” from the 1995 Research Investment Report, Iowa State University, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University.Applicant
Taljaard, T. L., et al., “The Effect of the Laparoscopic Insemination Technique on the Oestrus Cycle of the Ewe.” J. South Afr. Vet. Assoc. 62(2): 60-61. (1991).Applicant
Tatum, J. D., et al., “Carcass Characteristics, Time on Feed and Cooked Beef Palatability Attributes.” J. Anim. Sci. 50:833. (1980).Applicant
Taylor, C. S., “Efficiency of Food Utilization in Traditional and Sex-Controlled Systems of Beef Production”, AFRC Animal Breeding Research Organization, West Mains Road, Edinburg EH9 3JQ, pp. 401-440.Applicant
Tervit, H.R., et al., “Successful Culture In Vitro of Sheep and Cattle Ova”, Agriculutural Research Council, Unit of Reprod. Physio. and Biochem., Univ of Cambridge, p. 493-497 (1972).Applicant
Thun, Rico, et al., Comparison of Biociphos-Plus® and TRIS-Egg Yolk Extender for Cryopreservation of Bull Semen; Theriogenology Symposium, Dec. 1999, vol. 52, #8.Applicant
Time-Bandwidth Products “GE—100—XHP”, www.tbsp.com, 2 pages, Jan. 2002.Applicant
Unruh, J. A. “Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Growth-Promoting Compounds on Carcass Composition, Meat Quality and Meat Nutritional-Value.” J. Anim. Sci. 62:1441. (1986).Applicant
USDA “Official United States Standards for Grades of Carcass Beef.” Agric, Marketing Serv., USDA, Washington, DC. (1997).Applicant
Van Dilla, Martin, “Overview of Flow Cytometry: Instrumentation and Data Analysis”, Flow Cytometry: Instrumentation and Data Analysis, Van Dilla et al. (Eds.), 1985, pp. 1-8.Applicant
Van Munster, E. B., “Geslachtsbepaling met interferometrie”, Derde prijs NtvN-prijsvraag voor pas-gepromoveerden 65/4, (Sex Determination with Interferometry) p. 95-98 (1999).Applicant
Van Munster, E. B., et al, “Difference in Sperm Head Volume as a Theoretical Basis for Sorting X & Y-Bearing Spermatozoa: Potentials and Limitations”, Therio 52, pp. 1281-1293 (1999).Applicant
Van Munster, E. B., et al, “Difference in Volume of X- and Y-chromosome Bearing Bovine Sperm Heads Matches Difference in DNA Content” Cytometry vol. 35 p. 125-128 (1999).Applicant
Van Munster, E. B., et al, “Measurement-Based Evaluation of Optical Path Length Distributions Reconstructed From Simulated Differential Interference Contrast Images”, J of Microscopy 191, Pt. 2, p. 170-176 (1998).Applicant
Van Munster, E. B., et al, “Reconstruction of Optical Pathlength Distributions From Images Obtained by a Wide Field Differential Interference Contrast Microscope”, J of Microscopy 188, Pt. 2, p. 149-157 (1997).Applicant
Vazquez, J. J. et al., “Nonsurgical Uterotubal Insemination in the Mare”, Proceedings of the 44th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, vol. 44, pp. 68-69 (1998).Applicant
Vazquez, J. M., et al., “A. I. in Swine; New Strategy for Deep Insemination with Low Number of Spermatozoa Using a Non-surgical Methodology”, 14th International Congress on Animal Reproduction, vol. 2, Stockholm, Jul. 2000, p. 289.Applicant
Vazquez, J., et al., “Development of a Non-surgical Deep Intra Uterine Insemination Technique”, Boar Semen Preservation IV, lVth International Conference on Boar Semen Preservation, Maryland, pp. 262-263.Applicant
Vazquez, J., et al., “Hyposmotic Swelling Test as Predictor of the Membrane Integrity in Boar Spermatozoa”, Boar Semen Preservation lV, lVth International Conference on Boar Semen Preservation, Maryland, pp. 263.Applicant
Vazquez, J., et al., “Successful low dose insemination by a fiber optic Endoscope technique in the Sow”, Proceedings Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Netherlands, Theriogenology, vol. 53 Jan. 2000.Applicant
Vidament, M., et al., “Equine Frozen Semen Freezability and Fertility Field Results.” Therio. 48:907. (1997).Applicant
Vincent, B.C., et al, “Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Once-Calved Heifers.” Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 71:311. (1991).Applicant
Vogel, T., et al, “Organization and Expression of Bovine TSPY”, Mammalian Genome, vol. 8, pp. 491-496 (1997).Applicant
Voss, J. L. and Pickett, B. W., “Reproductive Management of the Broodmare.” CSU Exp. Sta. Anim. Reprod. Lab. Gen. Series. Bull. 961. (1976).Applicant
Voss, J. L., et al., “Effect of Number and Frequency of Inseminations on Fertility in Mares.” J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 32:53-57. (1982).Applicant
Voss, J. L., et al., Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Duration of Estrous Cycle and Fertility of Normally Cycling, Nonlactating Mares. J.A.V.M.A. 165:704-706. (1974).Applicant
Waggoner, A. W., et al., “Performance, Carcass, Cartilage Calcium, Sensory and Collagen Traits of Longissimus Muscles of Open Versus 30-month-old Heifers That Produced One Calf.” J. Anim. Sci. 68:2380. 1990.Applicant
Watson, “Recent Developments and Concepts in the Cryopreservvation of Spermatozoa and the Assessment of Their Post-Thawing Function,” Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 7:871-891 (1995) ABSTRACT.Applicant
Welch G., et al., Fluidic and Optical Modifications to a FACS IV for Flow Sorting of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm Based on DNA. Cytometry 17 (Suppl. 7): 74. (1994).Applicant
Welch, G., et al., “Flow Cytometric Sperm Sorting and PCR to Confirm Separation of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Bovine Sperm”, Animal Biotechnology, 6, pp. 131-139 (1995).Applicant
Wheeler, T. L., et al., “Effect of Marbling Degree on Beef Palatability in Bos-taurus and Bos-indicus cattle.” J. Anim. Sci. 72:3145. (1994).Applicant
Wickersham, E. W. and L. H. Schultz. “Influence of Age at First Breeding on Growth, Reproduction, and Production of Well-Fed Holstein Heifers.” J. Dairy Sci. 46:544. (1963).Applicant
Wilhelm, K.M. et al, “Effects of Phosphatidylserine and Cholesterol Liposomes on the Viability, Motility, and Acrosomal Integrity of Stallion Spermatozoa Prior to and after Cryopreservation”, Cryobiology 33:320, 1996.Applicant
Wilson, C. G., et al., “Effects of Repeated hCG Injections on Reproductice Efficiency in Mares.” Eq. Vet. Sci. 4:301-308. (1990).Applicant
Wilson, D. E. et al., “Mammal Species of the World”, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993, 1206 pp.Applicant
Wilson, M.S. “Non-surgical Intrauterine Artificial Insemination in Bitches Using Frozen Semen.” J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 47:307-311. (1993).Applicant
Windsor, D. P., et al, “Sex Predetermination by Separation of X and Y Chromosome-bearing Sperm: A Review”, Reproduction of Fertilization and Development 5, pp. 155-171, (1993).Applicant
Wintzer et al.:“Krankheiten des Pferdes Ein Leitfaden fur Studium und Praxiz,” 1982, nParey, Berlin Hamburg XP002281450.Applicant
Woods, G. L. and Ginther, O. J. “Recent Studies Related to the Collection of Multiple Embryos in Mares.” Therio. 19:101-108. (1983).Applicant
Woods, J., et al., “Effects of Time of Insemination Relative to Ovulation on Pregnancy Rate and Embryonic-Loss Rate in Mares.” Eq. Vet. J. 22(6): 410-415. (1990).Applicant
Zhou, Hongwei, et al. “Research on and Development of Flow Cell Sorting Apparatuses,” Gazette of Biopyhsics, vol. 13, ed. 3, 1997.Applicant
Hamamatsu, “Photomultiplier Tubes,” web page, http://optics.org/hamamatsu/pmt.html. Printed on Apr. 15, 2000 4.Applicant
Hermesmeyer, G.N. ,et al. Effects of Lactation and Prenatal Androgenization on the Performance, Carcass Composition, and Longissimus muscle sensory characteristics of heifers in the single-calf heifer system. The Professional Animal Scientist 15: 14-23.Applicant
Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Fertility of Bulls on the Edge of the Dose-Response Curve for Numbers of Sperm per Inseminate”; Proceedings of the 17th Technical comference on Artificial Insemination & Reproduction, 1998.Applicant
Hollinshead, F.K. et al. “In vitro and in vivo assessment of functional capacity of flow cytometrically sorted ram spermatozoa after freezing and thawing.” Reprod. Fertil. And Develop. 2003. vol. 15, pp. 351-359.Applicant
Hollinshead F. K. et al. “Production of lambs of predetermined sex after the insemination of ewes with low numbers of frozen-thawed sorted X- or Y- Chromosome-bearing spermatozoa”, Reprod. Fertil. And Develop. 2002, vol. 14, pp. 503-508.Applicant
Hollinshead F. K. et al. “Sex-Sorting and Re-cryopreservation of Frozen-Thawed Ram Sperm for In Vitro Embryo Production” Theriogenology, vol. 59. (2003) pp. 209.Applicant
Cran et al. The predetermination of embryonic sex using flow cytometrically separated X and Y spermatozoa, Human Reproduction Update 1996, vol. 2, No. 4 pp. 355-363.Applicant
Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Electronic Tube Center, Photomultiplier Tubes, Brochure Dec. 1997.Applicant
Johnson, L. A., et al. The Beltsville Sperm Sexing Technology: High-speed sperm sorting gives improved sperm output for In Vitro fertiliation and AI, Journal of Animal Science, vol. 77, Suppl 2/J, Dairy Sci. vol. 82, Suppl. 2/1999 pp. 213-220.Applicant
Peters D., The LLNL high-speed sorter: Design features,operational characteristics, and bioloical utility, Cyometry, 6:290-301 (1985).Applicant
Rens W., et al Slit-scan flow cytometry for consistenT high resdolution DNA analysis of X- and Y- chromosome bearing sperm, Cytometry 25:191-199 (1996).Applicant
van Munster, E. B. Interferometry in flor to sort unstained X- and Y-Chromosme-Bearing Bull Spermatozoa, Cytometry 47:192-199 (2002).Applicant
Scmid, R. L., et al. Effects of follicular fluid or progesterone on in vitro maturation of equine oocytes before intracytoplasmic sperm injection with non-sorted and sex-sorted spermatozoa, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 56:519-525, 2000.Applicant
Brink, Z et al. A reliable procedure for superovulating cattle to obtain zygotes and early emryos for microinjection, Theriogenology vol. 41, p. 168, (1994).Applicant
Spectra-Physics, The Solid State Laser Company, Vanguard 350-HMD 355, User's Manual, Dec. 2002.Applicant
Photon, Inc. Light MeasuringSolutions, NanoScan for High-powered beam Applications, 2005.Applicant
Fluorescense Lifetime Systems, www.picoquant.com, Jan. 28, 2005 pp. 2.Applicant
NCI ETI Branch, Flow CytometryCore Laboratory, http://home.ncifcrf.gov/ccr/flowcore/ndyag.htm, pp. 5, May 11, 2004.Applicant
NCI ETI Branch, Flow CytometryCore Laboratory, http://home.ncifcrf.gov/ccr/flowcore/lsrll.htm, pp. 14, May 11, 2004.Applicant

Abstract

Description

I. Technical Field

Ii. Background

Iii. Disclosure of the Invention

[0012] Another broad object of particular embodiments of the invention can be to provide medium for embryonic culturing that can contain non-essential amino acids.

[0014] Naturally further objects of the invention are disclosed throughout other areas of specification.

Iv. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0015] FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention in which spermatozoa from fresh or previously frozen-thawed sperm are stained.

[0016] FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the invention for separating stained spermatozoa in to X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations.

[0017] FIG. 3 shows another view of an embodiment of the invention for separating stained spermatozoa in to X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations.

[0018] FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a portable incubation system in which oocytes can be fertilized.

V. Mode(s) for Carrying Out the Invention

[0031]

TABLE 1

Cleavage Stage of Oocytes Inseminated with Separated
Sperm in Four Different Fertilization Media.
	No.	%	% 2-cell	% 8-cell
Media	oocytes	cleavage	at 24 h	at 72 h

Fert-TALP	168	76	6^a	66
Fert-TALP + neaa	176	71	26^b	67
CDM	167	89	75^c	70
SOF	145	86	49^d	69

^a,b,c,dMeans with different superscripts differ (P < .05).

[0033]

TABLE 2

Embryonic Development and Blastocyst
Quality Resulting From Fertilization in Four Different
Fertilization Media (averaged over two culture media)
	% blastocysts/
	oocyte	% Grade 1 blastocysts/total
Media	No. oocytes	Total	D7	blastocysts

Fert-TALP	326	20	17	52^a,c
Fert-TALP-aa	221	20	17	68^b
CDM	332	22	18	61^b,c
SOF	321	21	17	64^b,c

^a,b,cPercentages without common superscripts differ (P < .05)
^dGrade 1 indicates blastocysts with a distinct inner cell mass suitable for embryo transfer.

[0050]


US Patent Documents
DOCUMENT NO.	DATE	NAME	CLASS	SUBCLASS	FILING DATE

32,350	Feb. 10, 1987	Bhattacharya			Nov. 22, 1974
3,687,806	Aug. 29, 1972	Van den Bovenkamp	195	1.3	Nov. 04, 1969
3,829,216	Aug. 13, 1974	Persidsky	356	36	Oct. 02, 1972
3,894,529	Jul. 15, 1975	Shrimpton	128	1 R	Apr. 10, 1969
4,009,260	Feb. 22, 1977	Ericsson	424	105	Dec. 11, 1974
4,067,965	Jan. 10, 1978	Bhattacharya	424	105	Dec. 17, 1975
4,083,957	Apr. 11, 1978	Lang	424	78	Feb. 04, 1976
4,085,205	Apr. 18, 1978	Hancock	424	105	Jan. 24, 1977
4,092,229	May 30, 1978	Bhattacharya	204	180 R	Oct. 20, 1976
4,155,831	May 22, 1979	Bhattacharya	207	299 R	Feb. 23, 1978
4,191,749	Mar. 04, 1980	Bryant	424	105	Oct. 11, 1977
4,225,405	Sep. 30, 1980	Lawson	204	180 R	Aug. 16, 1978
4,276,139	Jun. 30, 1981	Lawson	204	180 R	Oct. 09, 1979
4,339,434	Jul. 13, 1982	Ericsson	424	105	Aug. 17, 1981
4,362,246	Dec. 07, 1982	Adair	209	3.3	Jul. 14, 1980
4,448,767	May 15, 1984	Bryant	424	85	Feb. 15, 1980
4,474,875	Oct. 02, 1984	Shrimpton	435	002	Aug. 18, 1980
4,501,366	Feb. 26, 1985	Thompson	209	556	Dec. 14, 1982
4,511,661	Apr. 16, 1985	Goldberg	436	503	Dec. 30, 1983
4,605,558	Aug. 12, 1986	Shrimpton	424	561	Apr. 20, 1984
4,660,971	Apr. 28, 1987	Sage et al.	356	39	May 03, 1984
4,680,258	Jul. 14, 1987	Hammerling et al	435	7	Aug. 09, 1983
4,673,288	Jun. 16, 1987	Thomas et al.
4,683,195	Jul. 28, 1997	Mullis et al
4,683,202	Jul. 28, 1987	Mullis
4,698,142	Oct. 06, 1987	Muroi et al	204	182.3	Jul. 31, 1985
4,749,458	Jun. 07, 1988	Muroi et al	204	182.3	Mar. 02, 1987
4,790,653	Dec. 13, 1988	North, Jr.
4,988,619	Jan. 29, 1991	Pinkel	435	30	Nov. 30, 1987
4,999,283	Mar. 12, 1991	Zavos et al	435	2	Aug. 18, 1989
5,021,244	Jun. 04, 1991	Spaulding	424	561	May 12, 1989
5,055,393	Oct. 08, 1991	Kwoh et al
5,135,759	Aug. 04, 1992	Johnson	424	561	Apr. 26, 1991
5,346,990	Sep. 13, 1994	Spaulding	530	350	Mar. 12, 1991
5,371,585	Dec. 06, 1994	Morgan et al.	356	246	Nov. 10, 1992
5,437,987	Aug. 01, 1995	Ten et al
5,439,362	Aug. 08, 1995	Spaulding	424	185.1	Jul. 25, 1994
5,461,145	Oct. 24, 1995	Kudo et al
5,466,572	Nov. 14, 1995	Sasaki et al.	435	2	Apr. 25, 1994
5,480,774
5,483,469	Jan. 09, 1996	Van den Engh et al.	364	555	Aug. 02, 1993
5,494,795	Feb. 27, 1996	Guerry et al.	435	6	May 5, 1993
5,503,994	Apr. 02, 1996	Shear et al.	436	90	Oct. 08, 1993
5,578,449	Nov. 26, 1996	Frasch et al.	435	6	Apr. 20, 1995
5,514,537	May 07, 1996	Chandler	435	002	Nov. 28, 1994
5,589,457	Dec. 31, 1996	Wiltbank	514	12	Jul. 03, 1995
5,602,039	Feb. 11, 1997	Van den Engh	436	164	Oct. 14, 1994
5,602,349	Feb. 11, 1997	Van den Engh	73	864.85	Oct. 14, 1994
5,622,820	Apr. 11, 1997	Rossi	435	5	Nov. 3, 1994
5,641,457	Mar. 09, 1999	Tomiyama et al.	250	207	Jun. 16, 1997
5,643,796	Jul. 01, 1997	Van den Engh et al	436	50	Oct. 14, 2004
5,660,997	Aug. 26, 1997	Spaulding	435	7.21	Jun. 07, 1995
5,690,895	Nov. 25, 1997	Matsumoto et al.	422	73	Dec. 06, 1996
5,700,692	Dec. 23, 1997	Sweet	436	50	Sep. 27, 1994
5,726,364	Mar. 10, 1998	Van den Engh	73	864.85	Feb. 10, 1997
5,819,948	Oct. 13, 1998	Van den Engh	209	158	Aug. 21, 1997
5,876,942	Mar. 2, 1999	Cheng et al	435	6	Jul. 24, 1997
5,880,457	Mar. 09, 1999	Tomiyama et al.	250	207	Jun. 16, 1997
5,985,216	Nov. 16, 1999	Rens, et al.	422	073	Jul. 24, 1997
6,071,689	Jun. 06, 2000	Seidel et al.	435	2	Jan. 29, 1998

[0051]


Foreign Documents
	DOCUMENT NO	DATE	COUNTRY

	WO 96/12171	Oct. 13, 1995	United States
	WO 98/34094	Jun. 08, 1998	NZ
	WO 99/05504	Jul. 24, 1998	US
	WO 99/33956	Aug. 07, 1999	US
	WO 99/38883	May 08, 1999	US
	WO 99/42810	Aug. 26, 1999	US
	WO 00/06193	Oct. 02, 2000	US

Other Reference Documents

[0053] “Applying Semen Sexing Technology to the AI Industry”, National Association of Animal Breeders, September 2000, pp. 1–16

[0054] “Sexed Semen Offers Faster Genetic Gain”, Farming News, Livestock Supplement, February 1997, p. 28.

[0055] Akhtar, S., et al., “Prevalence of Five Stereotypes of Bluetongue Virus in a Rambouillet Sheep Flock in Pakistan”, Veterinary ecord 136, 1995, p. 495.

[0056] Akhtar, S., et al., “Sex Preselected in Cattle: a Field Trial”, Veterinary Record 136, 1995, p. 495–496.

[0058] Amann, R. P. “Issues affecting commercialization of sexed sperm”. Therio: 52:1441, 1999

[0061] Amoah, E. A. and Gelaye, S. 1996. Biotechnological advances in goat reproduction. J. Anim. Sci. 75(2):578–585.

[0062] Andersen, V. K., Aamdal, J. and Fougner, J. A. 1973. Intrauterine und tiefzervikale Insemination mit Gefriersperma bein Schat. Zuchthygiene. 8:113–118.

[0063] Bagley, C. P. 1993. Nutritional management of replacement beef heifers-A review. J. Anim. Sci. 71:3155–3163.

[0064] Bailey, C. M., Reid, C. R., Ringkob, T. P., Koh, Y. O., and Foote, W. D. “Nulliparous versus primiparous crossbred females for beef.” J. Anim. Sci. 69:1403., 1991

[0065] Baker, R. D., Dziuk, P. J. and Norton, H. W. 1968. Effect of volume of semen, number of sperm and drugs on transport of sperm in artificially inseminated gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 27:88–93.

[0066] Barnes, F. L. and Eyestone, W. H., “Early Cleavage and the Matemal Zygotic Transition in Bovine Embryos”, Theriogeneology, Vol. 33, No. 1, January 1990, pp. 141–149

[0068] Bedford, S. J. and Hinrichs, K. 1994. The effect of insemination volume on pregnancy rates of pony mares. Theriogenology 42:571–578.

[0070] Berardinelli, J. G., R. A. Dailey, R. L. Butcher, and E. K. Inskeep. “Sourceof progesterolle prior to puberty in beef heifers”. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1276., 1979

[0071] Berger, G. S. 1987. Intratubal insemination. Fert. Steril. 48:328–330.

[0073] Berry, B. W., Smith, G. C., and Carpente. zl, “Beef carcass maturity indicators and palatability attributes”, J. Anim. Sci. 38:507, 1974

[0074] Beyhan, Z., et al., “Sexual Dimorphism in IVF Bovine Embryos Produced by Sperm Sorted by High Speed Flow Cytometry”, Theriogenology 49, 1998, p. 359.

[0075] Blanchard, T. and Dickson, V., “Stallion Management”, The Veterinary Clinics of North America, Equine Practice, Vol. 8, No. 1, April 1992, pp 207–218.

[0076] Bond, J., et al., “Growth and carcass traits of open beef heifers versus beef heifers that have calved”, Nutrition Reports International 34:621. 1986

[0077] Boucque, C. V., et al., “Beef-production with maiden and once-calved heifers”, Livestock Prod. Sci. 7:121. 1980

[0078] Bourdon, R. M. and J. S. Brinks. “Simulated efficiency of range beef-production”. Culling strategies and nontraditional management-systems. J. Anim. Sci. 65:963. 1987

[0079] Bracher, V. and Allen, W. R., “Videoendoscopic Examination of the Mare's Uterus: Findings in Normal Fertile Mares”, Equine Veterinary Journal, Vol. 24 (1992), pp. 274–278

[0080] Braselton, W. E. and McShan, W. H. 1970. “Purification and properties of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones from horse pituitary glands”, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 139:45–48.

[0081] Brethour, J. R., “The single-calfheifer system”, Kans. Agric. Sta. Rep. Frog. 570. 1989

[0082] Bristol, S. P. 1982. Breeding behavior of a stallion at pasture with 20 mares in synchronized oestrus. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 32:71.

[0083] Brookes, A. J. and Obyme, M., “Use of cow-heifers in beef production”, J. of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 126:30. 1965

[0084] Buchanan, B. R., et al, “Insemination of Mares with Low Numbers of Either Unsexed or Sexed Spermatozoa”, Theriogenology, Vol. 53, pp 1333–1344, (2000)

[0085] Burns, P. D. and Spitzer, J. C., “Influence of biostimulation on reproduction in postpartum beef-cows”, J. Anim. Sci. 70:358. 1992

[0086] Burwash, L. D., Pickett, B. W., Voss, J. L. and Back, D. G. 1974. “Relatioship of duration of estms to pregnancy rate in normally cycling, non-lactating mares” J.A.V.M.A. 165:714–716.

[0087] Byerley, D. J., et al., “Pregnancy rates of beef heifers bred either on puberal or 3rd estrus”. J Anim. Sci. 65:645. 1987

[0088] Caslick, E. A., “The Vulva and the Vulvo-vaginal Orifice and its Relation to Genital Health of the Thoroughbred Mare”, Cornell Veterinarian, Vol. 27, 1937, pp. 178–187

[0089] Catt, et al., “Assessment of Ram and Boar Spermatozoa During Cell-Sorting by Flow Cytometry”, Reproduction Dom Animal, Vol. 32, 1997, pp 251–258.

[0091] Chin, W. W. and Boime, I. 1990. In: Glycoprotein Hormones. Serona Symp. Norwell, Mass. pp. 19–20

[0092] Chung, Y. G., Schenk, J. L., Herickhoff, L. A. and Seidel, G. E. Jr. 1998. Artificial insemination of superovulated heifers with 600,000 sexed sperm. J Anim. Sci. Suppl. 1. 836:215. abstr.

[0094] Coleou, J., et al., “Essai de velage tres precoce de genisses en vue de la production de viande.” Essai Vauz/Aure no. 50, programme USFGC-INAPG-ITFC. 1974

[0095] Cran, D. G., et al., “Production of Bovine Calves Following Separation of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm and In Vitro Fertilisation”, Veterinary Record 132, 1993, pp. 40–41.

[0096] Cran, D. G., et al., “Production of Lambs by Low Dose Intrauterine Insemination with Flow Cytometrically Sorted and Unsorted Semen”, Theriogenology 47, 1997, p. 267.

[0097] Crowley, J. P. The facts of once-bred heifer production. (Ed) J. B. Owens. The maiden female-a means of increasing meat production. School of Agric., Univ. of Aberdeen, Scotland. 1973

[0098] Curran, S. 1998. In: Equine Diagnostic Ultrasonography. Fetal gender determination. Rantanen & McKinnon. 1^stEd. Williams and Wilkins. pp. 165–169.

[0100] Dean, P. N., Pinkel, D. and Mendelsob. n, M. L. 1978. Hydrodynamic orientation of spermatozoa heads for flow cytometry. Biophys. J. 23:7–13.

[0101] Demick, D. S., Voss, J. L. and Pickett, B. W. 1976. Effect of cooling, storage, glycerization and spermatozoal numbers on equine fertility. J. Anim. Sci. 43:633–637.

[0103] Denham, A. “In-vitro studies on sandhill range forage as related to cattle preference”, M.S. Thesis. 1965. Colorado State University.

[0105] “Diagnostic Products Corporation. Coat-A-Count”, Progesterone.com. 1998.

[0106] Dikeman, M. E. Cattle production systems to meet future consumer demands. J. Anim. Sci. 59:1631, 1984

[0107] Dinnyes, A., et al., “Timing of the First Cleavage Post-insemination Affects Cryosurvival of In Vitro-produced Bovine Blastocysts”, Molec Reprod Develop 53, 1999, pp 318–324.

[0108] Donaldson, L. E., “Effect of Insemination Regimen on Embryo Production in Superovulated Cows”, The Veterinary Record, Jul. 13, 1985, pp. 35–37

[0110] Douglas, R. H. 1979. Review of superovulation and embryo transfer in the equine. Theriogenology. 11:33–46.

[0112] Doyle, S. P., et al. “Artificial insemination of lactating angus cows with sexed semen”. Proc. Western Sect. Am.Soc.Anim. Sci. 50:203. 1999

[0113] Duchamp, G., Bour, B., Combamous, Y. and Palmer, E. 1987. Alternative solutions to hCG induction of ovulation in the mare. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 35:221–228.

[0115] Ferrell, C. L. and T. G. Jenkins. “Energy-Utilization by Mature, nonpregnant, nonlactating cows of different types” J. Anim. Sci. 58:234. 1984

[0116] Ferrell, C. L. “Effects of post-weaning rate of gain on onset of puberty and productive performance of heifers of different breeds. J. Anim. Sci. 55:1272. 1982

[0117] Field, R. A., et al., “Bone-ossification and carcass characteristics of wethers given silastic implants containing estradiol”. I. Anim. Sci. 68:3663–3668. 1990

[0118] Field, R., R. et al., “Growth, carcass, and tenderness characteristics of virgin, spayed, and single-calfheifers.”, J. Anim. Sci. 74:2178. 1996

[0120] Fluharty, F. L., et al., “Effect of weaning and diet on growth of calves.” Research and Reviews. The Ohio State University Department of Animal Sciences. 1996

[0121] Fluharty, F. L., et al., “Effects of Age at Weaning and Diet on Growth of Calves”, Ohio Agri. Res. and Dev. Circular, 1996, 156:29.

[0122] Foulkes, J. A., Stewart, D. L. and Herbert, C. N. 1977. Artificial insemination of cattle using varying numbers of spermatozoa. Vet. Rec. 101:205.

[0123] Fugger, E. F., “Clinical Experience with Flow Cytometric Separation of Human X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Sperm”, Theriogenology, Vol. 52, pp. 1435–1440 (1999)

[0124] Fulwyler, M. J. 1965. Electronic separation of biological cells by volume. Science. 150:910.

[0125] Fulwyler, M. J. 1977. Hydrodynamic orientation of cells. J Histochem. Cytochem. 25:781–783.

[0128] Ginther, O. J. 1983. Sexual behavior following introduction of a stallion into a group of mares. Theriogenology. 19:877.

[0129] Ginther, O. J. 1992. In: Reproductive Biology of the Mare. (2^ndEd.) Equiservices, Cross Plains, Wis.

[0130] Gledhill, B. L. 1988. Gender preselection: historical, technical and ethical perspective. Semin Reprod. Endocrinol. 6:385–395.

[0131] Gombe, S. and Hansel, W. “Plasma luteinizing-hormone (LH) and progesterone levels in heifers on restricted energy intakes.” J. Anim. Sci. 37:728. 1973

[0132] Gourley, D. D. and Riese, R. L. 1990. Laparoscopic artificial insemination in sheep. Vet. Clin. N. Amer: Food Anim. Prac. 6(3):615–633.

[0133] Gravert, H. 0., “Genetic Aspects of Early Calving.” In: J. C. Taylor (Ed.) The early calving of heifers and it's impact on beef production. 59. 1975

[0134] Gregory, K. E., et al., “Characterization of biological types of cattle III .2.”Growth-rate and puberty in females. J. Anim. Sci. 49:461. 1979

[0135] Grimes, I. F, and T. B. Turner. “Early weaning of fall bom calves II.” Post weaning performance of early and normal-weaned calves. I. Prod. Agric. 4:168. 1991

[0136] Grondahl, C., et al, “In Vitro Production of Equine Embryos”, Biology of Reproduction, Monograph Series I, pp. 299–307 (1995)

[0139] Hall, J. B., et al., “Effect of age and pattern of gain on induction of puberty with a progestin in beef heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 75:1606. 1997

[0140] Hamano, K., et al., “Gender Preselection in Cattle with Intracytoplasmically Injected, Flow Cytometrically Sorted Sperm Heads”, biology of Reproduction 60, 1999, pp. 1194–1197.

[0141] Harrison, L. A., Squires, E. L. and McKinnon, A. O. 1991. Comparison of hCG, buserelin and luprostiol for induction of ovulation in cycling mares. Eq. Vet. Sci. 3:163–166.

[0142] Harte, F. J. “System of production of bee from once calved heifers.” In: J. C. Taylor (Ed.) The early calving ofheifers and it's impact on beef production. 123. 1975

[0146] Hilton, G. G., et al., “An evaluation of current and alternative systems for quality grading carcasses of mature slaughter cows.” I. Anim. Sci. 76:2094. 1998

[0147] Ho, L., et al., “Influence of gender, breed and age on maturity characteristics of sheep.” J. Anim. Sci. 67:2460–2470. 1989

[0149] Hohenboken, W. D. “Applications of sexed semen in cattle production.” Therio.52:1421. 1999

[0151] Householder, D. D., Pickett, B. W., Voss, J. L. and Olar, T. T. 1981. Effect of extender, number of spermatozoa and hCG on equine fertility. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1:9–13.

[0154] Hunter, R. H. F. 1980. Transport and storage of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract.

[0155] Proc 4^thInt. Congr. Artira. Repro. and A. I. 9:227–233.

[0157] Irvine, C. H. G. and Alexander, S. L. 1993. In: Equine Reproduction. Edited by McKirmon and Voss. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, London. pp. 37.

[0158] Jafar, et al., “Sex Selection in Mammals: A Review”, Theriogenology, vol. 46, 1996, pp 191–200.

[0159] Jarriage, R. “Age of cows at first calving in France.” J. C. Taylor (Ed.) The early calving ofheifers and it's impact on beef production. 10. 1975

[0160] Jasko, D. J., Martin, J. M. and Squires, E. L. 1992. Effect of volume and concentration of spermatozoa on embryo recovery in mares. Theriogenology. 37:1233–1239

[0161] Johnson L. A., et al., 1987. Flow cytometry of X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm for DNA using an improved preparation method and staining with Hoechst 333–42. Garnete Research 17: 203–212

[0162] Johnson, “Gender preselection in Mammals: An overview”, Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wschr, Vol. 103, Aug./Sep. 1996, pp 288–291.

[0163] Johnson, A. L. 1986. Pulsatile release of gonadotropin releasing hormone advances ovulation in cycling mares. Biol. Reprod. 35:1123E 1130.

[0164] Johnson, A. L. and Becker, S. E. 1988. Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment to induce multiple ovulations in the anestrous mare. Eq. Vet. Sci. 8:130–134.

[0166] Johnson, L., “Successful Gender Preselection in Farm Animals”, Agricultural Biotechnology, 1998, pp. 439–452.

[0167] Johnson, L. A. 1988. Flow cytometric determination of spermatozoa sex ratio in semen purportedly enriched for X or Y bearing spermatozoa. Theriogenology. 29:265. abstr.

[0168] Johnson, L. A. 1992. Gender preselection in domestic animals using flow cytometrically sorted sperm. J Anim. Sci. Suppl 1.70:8–18.

[0169] Johnson, L. A. 1994. Isolation of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa for sex preselection. In: Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology. Ed. H H Charlton. Oxford University Press. 303–326.

[0170] Johnson, L. A. 1995. Sex preselection by flow cytometric separation of X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa based on DNA difference: a review. Reprod. Fert. Dev. 7:893–903.

[0171] Johnson, L. A. and Schulman, J. D. 1994. The safety of sperm selection by flow cytometry. Ham. Reprod. 9(5):758.

[0172] Johnson, L. A., “Sex preselection in swine: altered sex ratios in offspring following surgical insemination of flow-sorted X- and Y-bearing sperm”, Reprod. Domest. Anim. 26:309–314, 1991

[0173] Johnson, L. A., and Pinkel, D., “Modification of a Laser-Based flow Cytometer for High-Resolution DNA Analysis of Mammalian Spermatozoa”, Cytometry 7, 1986, pp 268 –273.

[0177] Joseph, R. L. “Carcass composition and meat quality in once calved heifers.” In: J. C. Taylor (Ed.) The early calving of heifers and it's impact on beef production. 143. 1975

[0178] Joseph, R. L. and J. P. Crowley. “Meat quality of once-calved heifers.” Irish J. of Agric. Research 10:281. 1971

[0180] Kanayama, K., Sankai, T., Nariaik, K., Endo, T. and Sakuma, Y. 1992b. Pregnancy by means of tubal insemination and subsequent spontaneous pregnancy in rabbits. J. lnt. Med. Res. 20:401–405.

[0182] Keeling, P. C. B. M. S. T. G. D. I. a. P. W. J., “A modeling study of once-bred heifer beef production.” Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 51. 1991

[0183] Kilicarslan, M. R., Horoz, H., Senunver, S. C., Konuk, S. C., Tek, C. and Carioglu, B. 1996. Effect of GMRH and hCG on ovulation and pregnancy in mares. Vet. Rec. 139:119–120.

[0184] Kinder, J. E., et al. “Endocrine basis for puberty in heifers and ewes.” J. Repro. and Fertility 393. 1995

[0187] Kniffen, D. M., Wagner, W. R., and Lewis. P. E. “Effects oflong-tenn estrogen implants in beef heifers.” I. Anim. Sci. 77:2886. 1999

[0188] Koch, R. M., et al., “Characterization of biological types of cattle -Cycle-II .3.” Carcass composition, quality and palatability. I. Anim. Sci. 49:448. 1919

[0189] Lapin, D. R. and Ginther, O. J. 1977. Induction of ovulation and multiple ovulations in seasonally anovulatory and ovulatory mares with an equine pituitary extract. J. Anim. Sci. 44:834–842.

[0190] Laster, D. B., “Factors affecting dystocia and effects of dystocia on subsequent reproduction in beef-cattle.” J. Anim. Sci. 36:695. 1973

[0191] Lawrenz, R. 1985. Preliminary results of non-surgical intrauterine insemination of sheep with thawed frozen semen. J S Afr. Vet. Assoc. 56(2):61–63.

[0192] Levinson, G., et al, 1995. DNA-based X-enriched sperm separation as an adjunct to preimplantation genetic testing for the preparation of X-linked disease. Mol. Human Reprod. 10:979–982.

[0193] Lindsey, A., et al., A Hysteroscopic Insemination of Mares with Nonfrozen Low-dose Unsexed or Sex-sorted Spermatozoa@, currently unpublished, pp. 1–15.

[0194] Linge, F. 1972. Faltforsok med djupfrost sperma (field trials with frozen sperm). Farskotsel. 52:12–13.

[0195] Lonergan, P., et al., “Effect of Time Interval from Insemination to First Cleavage on the Development of Bovine Embryos In Vitro and In Vivo”, Theriogenology, 1999, p. 326

[0197] Loy, R. G. and Hughes, J. P. 1965. The effects of human chorionic gonadotropin on ovulation, length of estrus, and fertility in the mare. Cornell Vet. 56:41–50.

[0198] Lu, K. H., et al., “In Vitro Fertilization with Flow-Cytometrically-Sorted Bovine Sperm”, Theriogenology 52, 1999, pp. 1393–1405.

[0199] Lynch, I. M., et al., “Influence of timing of gain on growth and reproductive performance of beef replacement heifers.” I. Anim. Sci. 75:1715. 1997

[0201] Martin, A. H., et al., “Characteristics of youthful beef carcasses in relation to weight, age and sex .3. meat quality attributes.” Canadian I. Anim. Sci. 51:305. 1971

[0202] Martin, L. C., J. S. Brinks, R. M. Bourdon, and L. V. Cundiff. “Genetic-effects on beef heifer puberty and subsequent reproduction.” J. Anim. Sci. 70:4006. 1992

[0204] Matulis, R. J., F. K. Mckeith, D. B. Faulkner, L. L. Berger, and P. George. “Growth and carcass characteristics of cull cows after different times-on-feed.” J. Anim. Sci. 65:669. 1987

[0205] Mauleon, P. “Recent research related to the physiology of puberty.” Commission of the European Communities. The early calving of heifers and it's impact on beef production. 1975

[0208] Mccomlick, R. J. “The flexibility of the collagen compartment of muscle.” Meat Sci. 36:79. 1994

[0209] McCue, P. M. 1996. Superovulation. Vet. Clin. N. Amer. Eq. Prac. 12:1–11.

[0210] McCue, P. M., Fleury, J. J., Denniston, D. J., Graham, J. K. and Squires, E. L. 1997. Oviductal insemination in the mare. 7^thInt Symp. Eq. Reprod. 133. abstr.

[0211] McDonald, L. E. 1988. Hormones of the pituitary gland. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 6^thed. Edited by N. H. Booth and L. E. McDonald. Ames, Iowa State Univ. Press. pp. 590.

[0212] McKenna, T., Lenz, R. W., Fenton, S. E. and Ax, R. L. 1990. Nonreturn rates of dairy cattle following uterine body or comual insemination. J. Dairy Sci. 73:1179–1783.

[0213] McKinnin, A. and Voss, J., “Equine Reproduction”, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1993, pp 291, 299–302, 345–348, 73

[0214] McKinnon, A. et al, 1993. Predictable ovulation in mares treated with an implant of the GnRH analogue deslorelin. Eq. Vet. J. 25:321–323.

[0215] McKinnon, A. O. et al, 1996. Repeated use of a GnRH analogue deslorelin (Ovuplant) for hastening ovulation in the transitional mare. Eq. Vet. J. 29:153–155.

[0217] Meilgaard, M., G. V. Civille, and B. T. Carr. “Sensor Evaluation Techniques.” CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Fla. 1991

[0218] Meinert, C., et al., “Advancing the time of ovulation in the mare with a short-term implant releasing the GnRH analogue deslorelin”, Equine Veterinary Journal, 25, 1993, pp 65–68.

[0219] Merton, J., et al., “Effect of Flow Cytometrically Sorted Frozen/Thawed Semen on Success Rate of In Vitro Bovine Embryo Production”, Theriogenology 47, 1997, pp. 295.

[0221] Michaels, Charles, “Beef A.I. Facilities that work”, Proc. Fifth N.A.A.B Tech. Conf. A.I. Reprod. Columbia, Mo. pp. 20–22.

[0223] Miller, S. J. 1986. Artificial Breeding Techniques in Sheep. In Morrow, D.A. (ed): Current Therapy in Theriogenology 2. Philadelphia, WB Saunders.

[0224] Mirskaja, L. M. and Petrapavlovskii, V. V. 1937. The reproduction of normal duration of heat in the mare by the administration of Prolan. Probi. Zivotn. Anim. Breed. Abstr. 5:387.

[0225] Moe, P. W., H. F. Tyrrell, and W. P. Flatt. “Energetics ofbodytissue mobilization.” J. of Dairy Sci. 54:548.

[0228] Monensin.” J. Anim. Sci. 55:357–362. 1982

[0229] Moran, C., J. F. Quirke, and J. F. Roche. “Puberty in heifers—a review.” Animal Reproduction Sci. 18:167. 1989

[0230] Morcom, C. B. and Dukelow, W. R. 1980. A research technique for the oviductal insemination of pigs using laparoscopy. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1030–1031.

[0231] Morgan, J. B., et al., “National beef tenderness survey.” J. Anim. Sci. 69:3274. 1991

[0233] Moseley, W. M., et al., 1982. Relationship of Growth and Puberty in Beef Heifers Fed

[0234] Mount, D. E. “Fibrous and non-fibrous carbohydrate supplementation to ruminants grazing forage from small grain crops.” M. S. Thesis. Colorado State University. 2000

[0235] Muller, W. and Gautier, F. 1975. Interactions of heteroaromatic compounds with nucleic acids. Euro. J Biochem. 54:358.

[0236] Munne, S. 1994. Flow cytometry separation of X and Y spemnatozoa could be detrimental to human embryos. Hum. Reprod. 9(5):758

[0237] Myers, S. E., “Performance and carcass traits of early-weaned steers receiving either a pasture growing period or a finishing diet at weaning.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:311. 1999

[0238] Myers, S. E., et al., “Comparison of three weaning ages on cow-calfperformance and steer carcass traits.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:323. 1999

[0239] Myers, S. E., et al., “Production systems comparing early weaning to normal weaning with or without creep feeding for beef steers.” J. Anim. Sci. 77:300. 1999

[0240] Nix, I. P., I. C. Spitzer, and P. I. Chenoweth. “Serum testosterone concentration, efficiency of estrus detection and libido expression in androgenized beef cows.” Therio. 49:1195. 1998

[0241] Nowshari, et al., “Superovulation of Goats with Purified pFSH Supplemented with Defined Amounts of pLH”, Theriogenology, Vol 43, 1995, pp 797–802.

[0242] Nowshari, et al., Theriogenology, Vol 43, 1995, pp 797–802.

[0243] NRC. Nutrient requirements for beef cattle. National Academy of Sci. National Research Council, Washington, DC. 1996

[0244] Olson, S. E. and Seidel, G. E. Jr., “Reduced Oxygen Tension and EDTA improve Bovine Zygote Development in a Chemically Defined Medium”, Joumal of Animal Science 78, 2000, pp. 152–157.

[0245] Owen, J. B. “The maiden female-a means of increasing meat production.” Proc. Symp. on the use of once bred heifers and gilts. 1973

[0248] Parrish, J., et al., “Capacitation of Bovine Sperm by Heparin”, Technology of Reproduction 38, 1988, pp. 1171–1180.

[0249] PCT application, PCT/US99/17165, filed Jul. 28, 1999, entitled “Equine System for Non-Surgical Artificial Insemination”.

[0250] PCT application, PCT/US98/27909, filed Dec. 31, 1998, entitled “Commercially Practical Sex-Specific Insemination of Mammnals”.

[0251] Peippo, J., et al., “Sex diagnosis of equine preimplantation embryos using the polymerase chain reaction”, Theriogenology, Vol. 44 619–627 (1995)

[0252] Perry, E. J. 1968. Historical Background In: The Artificial lnsemination of Farm Animals. 4^{th ed.}Edited by E. J. Perry. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, pp. 3–12.

[0253] Petersen, G. A., et al, “Cow and Calf Performance and Economic Considerations of Early Weaning of Fall-Born Beef Calves”, J. Anim. Sci., 1987, 64:15, pp 15–22.

[0254] Petit, M. “Early Calving in Suckling Herds.” In: (Ed.) J. C. Taylor. The early calving of heifers and it's impact on beef production. 157. 1975

[0255] Pickett G W, et al., “Management of the mare for maximum reproductive efficiency”, Bulletin No. 6 Colorado State University, Ft. Collins Colo. (1989)

[0256] Pickett, B. W, et al., 1976. Factors influencing the fertility of stallion spermatozoa in an A.I. program. Proc. 8^thIntemat. Congr. Anim. Reprod. A.I. Krakow, Poland. 4: 1049–1052.

[0257] Pickett, B. W. and Back, D. G. 1973. Procedures for preparation, collection, evaluation and insemination of stallion semen. C.S.U. Exp. Sta. Artira. Reprod. Lab. Gen. Series Bull. 935.

[0258] Pickett, B. W., and Shiner, K. A., “Recent developments in artificial insemination in horses”, Livestock Production Science, 40, 1994, pp 31–36.

[0259] Pickett, B. W., Burwash, L. D., Voss, J. L. and Back, D. G. 1975b. Effect of seminal extenders on equine fertility. J. Anim. Sci. 40:1136–1143.

[0261] Pinkel, D., Gledhill, B. L., Van Dilla, M. A., Stephenson, D. and Watchmaker, G. 1982b. High resolution DNA measurements of mammalian spermatozoa. Cytometry. 3:1–9. (1982b)

[0263] Purvis, H. T. and J. C. Whittier. “Effects ofionophore feeding and anthelmintic administration on age and weight at puberty in spring-bom beef heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 74:736–744. 1996

[0264] Randel, R. D. “Nutrition and postpartum rebreeding in cattle.” J. Anim. Sci. 68:853. 1990

[0265] Rath, D., et al., “Low Dose Insemination Technique in the Pig”, Boar Semen Preservation IV, 2000, pp. 115–118.

[0268] Rens, W., et al, “A Novel Nozzle for More Efficient Sperm Orientation to Improve Sorting Efficiency of X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Sperm”, Cytometry 33, 1998, pp. 476481

[0270] Rieger, D., et al, “The Relationship Between the Time of First Cleavage of Fertilized Cattle Oocytes and Their Development to the Blastocyst Stage”, Theriogenology, 1999, pp. 190.

[0271] Ritar, A. and Ball, A. 1991. Fertility of young cashmere goats after laparoscopic insemination. J. Agr. Sci. 117:271–273.

[0272] Roberts, J. R. 1971. In: Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases. Ithaca, N.Y. pp. 740–749.

[0273] Romita, A. “Some considerations on the beef situation in Italy.” (Ed.) J. C. Taylor. The early calving of heifers and it's impact on beef production. 23. 1975

[0275] Rowley, H-S., Squires, E. L. and Pickett, B. W. 1990. Effect of insemination volume on embryo recover in mares. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 10:298–300.

[0276] Roy, J. H. B. “Rearing dairy-herd replacements.” J. of the Soc. ofdairy Technology 31:73–79. 1978

[0277] Rutter, L. M., et al., “Effect of abomasal infusion of propionate on the GnRH-induced luteinizing-hormone release in prepuberal heifers.” J. Anim. Sci. 56:1167. 1983

[0278] Salamon, S. 1976. Artificial Insemination of Sheep. Chippendale, New South Whales. Publicity Press. p. 83–84.

[0279] Salisbury, G. W. and VanDemark, N. L. 1961. Physiology ofReproduction and Artificial Insemination of Cattle. San Francisco: Freeman and Company.

[0280] SAS, SAS/STAT, “Useres Guide (Release 6.03)”, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, N.C., 1988. 3 pages

[0281] SAS. “The SAS System for Windows.” Ver 7.0. Rel 6.12. SAS Inst.lnc., Cary, N.C. 2000

[0282] Schenk, J. L., T. K. Suh, D. G. Cran, and G. E. Seidel. “Cryopreservation of flow-sorted bovine spennatozoa.” Therio. 52:1375. 1999

[0283] Schenk, J. L. and Seidel, Jr., G. E., “Imminent Commercialization of Sexed Bovine”, Proceedings, The Range Beef Cow Symposium XVL, 1999, pp 89–96.

[0284] Schillo, K. K., J. B. Hall, and S. M. Hileman. “Effects of nutrition and season on the onset of puberty in the beef heifer.” J. Anim. Sci. 70:3994. 1992

[0286] Schoonmaker, J. P., et al., “Effects of age at weaning and implant strategy on growth of steer calves.” J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl2) 76:71 (Abstr.). 1998

[0287] Seidel, G. E. and L. A. Johnson. “Sexing mammalian spenn-overview.” Therio. 52: 1267. 1999

[0288] Seidel, G. E., “Insemination of heifers with sexed sperm.” Therio. 52:1407. 1999

[0293] Seidel, Jr., G. E., et al, “Insemination of Holstein Heifers With Very Low Numbers Of Unfrozen Spermatozoa”, Colorado State University, Atlantic Breeders Cooperative, (1995)

[0294] Seidel, Jr., G. E. et al, “Insemination Of Heifers With Very Low Numbers Of Frozen Spermatozoa”, Colorado State University (1996)

[0296] Senger, P. L., Becker, W. C., Davidge, S. T., Hillers, J. K. and Reeves, J. J. 1988. Influence of comual insemination on conception rates in dairy cattle. J Anim. Sci. 66:3010–3016.

[0297] Shackelford, S. D., M. Koohmaraie, and T. L. Wheeler. “Effects of slaughter age on meat tenderness and usda carcass maturity scores of beef females.” I. Anim. Sci. 73:3304. 1995

[0298] Shelton, J. N. and Moore, N. W. 1967. The response of the ewe tot pregnant mare gonadotropin and to horse anterior pituitary extract. J. Reprod. Fert. 14:175–177.

[0299] Shilova, A. V., Platov, E. M. and Lebedev, S. G. 1976. The use of human chorionic gonadothrophin for ovulation date regulation in mares. VIIIth Int. Congr. On Anim. Repro. and A.I. 204–208.

[0300] Shorthose, W. R. and P. V. Harris. “Effect of animal age on the tenderness of selected beef muscles.” I. Food Sci. 55:1-. 1990

[0301] Silbennann, M., “Honnones and Cartilage. Cartilage: development, differentiation, and growth.” pp. 327–368. Academic Press, Inc. 1983

[0302] Simon, M., “The effect of management option on the perfonnance of pregnant feedlot heifers.” M.S. Thesis. Kansas State University. 1983

[0303] Smith, G. C., B. W. Berry, J. W. Savell, and H. R. Cross. “USDA maturity indexes and palatability of beefrib steaks.” J. of Food Quality 11:1. 1988

[0304] Smith, G. C., et al., “Relationship of usda maturity groups to palatability of cooked beef.” J. of Food Sci. 47:1100. 1982

[0307] Squires, E. L., “Early Embryonic Loss in Equine Diagnostic Ultrasonography”, 1^stEd. pp 157–163 Eds Rantanen & McKinnon. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Md. (1998)

[0308] Squires, E. L., et al, “Cooled and frozen stallion semen”, Bulletin No. 9, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colo. (1999)

[0309] Stellflug, J. N., D. K. Ran, R. D. Randel, and Eo L. Moody. “Plasma estrogens in peri-parturient cow.” Therio 10:269. 1978

[0319] Unruh, J. A. “Effects of endogenous and exogenous growth-promoting compounds on carcass composition, meat quality and meat nutritional-valu˜.” J. Anim. Sci. 62:1441. 1986

[0320] U.S. application, Ser. No. 09/454,488, entitled “Improved Flow Cytometer Nozzle and Flow Cytometer Sample Handling Methods”, filed Dec. 3, 1999.

[0321] U.S. application, No. 60/238,294, entitled “Hysteroscopic Insemination of Mares” filed Oct. 5, 2000.

[0322] U.S. application, Ser. No. 09/448,643, entiled “Multiple Sexed Embryo Production System for Mammals”, filed Nov. 24, 1999.

[0323] U.S. application, Ser. No. 09/511,959 entitled “Methods For Improving Sheath Fluids and Collection Systems For Sex-Specific Cytometer Sorting of Sperm”, filed Feb. 23, 2001.

[0325] U.S. application Ser. No. 09/015,454, entitled “System for Improving Yield of Sexed Embryos in Mammals”, filed on Jan. 29, 1998, 59 total pages which includes drawings.

[0326] U.S. application No. 60/211093, entitled “Integrated System for Herd Management Using Sexed Semen”, filed Jun. 12, 2000.

[0327] U.S. application entitled “System For Separating Frozen-Thawed Sperm Cells Into X-Chromosome And Y-Chromosome Bearing Populations”, filed Nov. 28, 2000.

[0328] U.S. application Ser. No. 60/094,720, entitled “System for Low Dose Insemination of Equines”, filed Jul. 30, 1998.

[0329] U.S. application Ser. No. 60/113,143, entitled “Equine Insemination System”, Dec. 18, 1998.

[0330] U.S. application Ser. No. 60/203,089, entitled “Detector System for Resolving Small Differences in Photo-generated Signal”, filed May 9, 2000.

[0331] U.S. application Ser. No. 60/211093, entitled “Integrated System for Herd Management Using Sexed Semen”, filed Jun. 12, 2000.

[0332] U.S. application Ser. No. 60/224,050., entitled “Integrated System for Herd Management With Terminal-Cross Program Using Sexed Semen”, filed Aug. 9, 2000.

[0333] USDA “Official United States standards for grades of carcass beef.” Agric, Marketing Serv., USDA Washington, DC. 1997

[0339] Vidament, M., Dupere, A. M., Julienne, P., Evain, A., Noue, P. and Palmer, E. 1997. Equine frozen semen freezeability and fertility field results. Theriogenology. 48:907.

[0340] Vincent, B. C., S. D. M. Jones, L. E. Jeremiah, M. A. Price, and J. A. Newman. “Carcass characteristics and meat quality of once-calved heifers.” Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 71:311 1991

[0341] Voss, J. L. and Pickett, B. W. 1976. Reproductive management of the broodmare. C.S.U. Exp. Sta. Anim. Reprod. Lab. Gen. Series. Bull. 1–12.

[0345] Welch G. R., et al., 1994. Fluidic and optical modifications to a FACS IV for flow sorting of X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm based on DNA. Cytometry 17 (suppl. 7):74.

[0346] Welch, G., et al., Flow Cytometric Sperm Sorting and PCR to Confirm Separation of X- and Y-Chromosome Bearing Bovine Sperm□, Animal Biotechnology, 6 (2), 131–139, 1995, pp 131–139.

[0347] Wheeler, T. L., L. v. Cundiff, and R. M. Koch. “Effect of marbling degree on beef palatability in Bos- Taurus and Bos-Indicus cattle.” J. Anim. Sci. 72:3145. 1994

[0348] Wickersham, E. W. and L. H. Schultz. “Infilience of age at first breeding on growth, reproduction, and production of well-fed holstein heifers.” J. Dairy Sci. 46:544. 1963

[0349] Wilson, C. G., Downie, C. R., Hughes, J. P. and Roser, J. F. 1990. Effects of repeated hCG injections on reproductive efficiency in mares. Eq. Vet. Sci. 4:301–308.

[0350] Wilson, M. S. 1993. Non-surgical intrauterine artificial insemination in bitches using frozen semen. J.Reprod. Fert Suppl. 47:307–311.

[0351] Woods, J. and Ginther, O. J. 1983. Recent studies related to the collection of multiple embryos in mares. Theriogenology. 19:101–108.

[0352] Woods, J., Bergfelt, D. R. and Ginther, O. J. 1990. Effects of time of insemination relative to ovulation on pregnancy rate and embryonic-loss rate in mares. Eq. Vet. J. 22(6):410–415.

[0353] XP-002103478, File Biosis, one page.