Electrical distribution functional module

[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/443,444 entitled Safety Module Electrical Distribution System, filed May 22, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,111 which relates to and claims the benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Applications No. 60/383,269 entitled Safety Plug-In Module Electrical Distribution System, filed May 23, 2002 and No. 60/441,852 entitled Safety Module Electrical Distribution System, filed Jan. 21, 2003. This application also relates to and claims the benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/649,318 entitled Dimmer Switch Module, filed Feb. 1, 2005. All of the aforementioned prior applications incorporated by reference herein.

[0002] Standard AC electrical systems are comprised of an electrical box and an electrical device, such as an outlet or switch, installed within the box. During a roughing phase of construction, electrical boxes are mounted to wall studs at predetermined locations. After the boxes are installed, a journeyman electrician routes power cables through building framing to the appropriate boxes. The power cable is fed through openings in the rear or sides of the electrical boxes and folded back into the boxes, unterminated, so as to be out of the way until the next phase. During a makeup phase, wall panels are installed and painted, and the journeyman returns to the construction site to install the electrical devices into the boxes. After conductors are wired to an electrical device, it and the attached conductors are pushed into the electrical box and the device is attached to the top and bottom of the box with screws. During a trim phase, face plates are mounted over the open-end of the electrical boxes, completing the standard electrical wiring process.

[0003] Standard AC electrical systems are problematic in construction and use, with respect to costs, safety and functionality. From an electrical contractor perspective, a journeyman electrician must make two separate trips to the job site, one for the rough phase and one for the makeup phase. Also, during the makeup phase, installation of the wall panels can damage the work completed during the rough phase. This occurs, for example, when a router contacts exposed cables as drywallers create a hole to accommodate electrical box openings. Another form of damage occurs when drywall compound or paint fouls the exposed cables, insulation and labeling.

[0004] From a general contractor's perspective, verification of the electrical contractor's work is not possible until after the makeup phase. Until then, the electrical cables are unterminated. After the makeup phase, however, miswiring typically requires cutouts in the installed wall panels and associated patches after corrections are completed. Further, the electrical system cannot be activated until after verification. Thus, during the rough and makeup phases, electricity for tools and lighting must be supplied by generators, which create hazards due to fumes, fuel, and noise and are an unreliable electrical source. In addition, until the trim phase is completed, unskilled personnel have access to the electrical cable. Tampering can compromise the integrity of the electrical wiring and also create a safety problem after power is activated.

[0005] From a homeowner's perspective, there are problems with repair of the standard electrical wiring. Replacement of a broken outlet or switch device first requires removal of a face plate. The screws that attach the module to the top and bottom of the electrical box must be removed next. The device is then removed from the box and the conductors are removed by loosing the screws on the outlet sides. The process is then reversed to attach the conductors to a new device and mount the new device into the electrical box.

[0006] The prior art electrical device replacement procedure described above exposes the homeowner to AC wiring upon removal of the face plate. This exposure creates a shock hazard. Further, a homeowner's reluctance to change out broken devices or to spend the money to hire an electrician also creates a shock and a fire hazard from continued use of cracked, broken or excessively worn outlets or switches. In addition, the integrity of the original wiring becomes questionable if a homeowner or other third party removes and replaces an electrical device. Miswiring by a third party can violate building codes and create shock and fire hazards, such as inadvertently switching the hot and neutral conductors, failing to attach ground wires, kinking or nicking conductors or improperly tightening connections.

[0007] A modular electrical distribution system benefits the electrical contractor in several respects. A wiring module is installed internally to an electrical box and associated functional modules, such as a dimmer switch module, are removably installed into the wiring module without exposure to or access to electrical system wiring attached behind the panel. The journeyman's work can completed at the rough phase, when installation of the wiring module is complete. Thus, there is no need for the journeyman to return to the job site during the makeup phase because any semi-skilled laborer can insert, for example, an appropriate outlet or switch module. Further, there is no wiring access after the rough phase, protecting wiring integrity. Also, there are no exposed conductors or parts inside the electrical box that can be inadvertently damaged during wall panel installation.

[0008] A modular electrical distribution system also benefits the general contractor. Because wiring is completed during rough framing, verification and activation of the building electrical system can be performed at the rough phase. Miswiring can be corrected before wall panels are installed and painted, eliminating cut and patch repairs. Early electrical system activation eliminates the need to use generators. Lack of third party access to the journeyman's wiring preserves integrity after verification and eliminates shock exposure to other workers.

[0009] A modular electrical distribution system also benefits the homeowner. Replacement of broken sockets and switches can be easily and safely accomplished. Safety is enhanced by reducing exposure to electrical wiring and encouraging replacement of defective outlets and switches. Further, maintenance costs are reduced by reducing the need to hire an electrician for repairs. Wiring integrity is insured by reducing the opportunity of unqualified third parties to access the electrical system.

System Overview

[0057] FIGS. 1–2 illustrate a safety module electrical distribution system 100 having a functional module 110 and a wiring module 1600. The electrical distribution system 100 is configured to mount within a standard electrical box (not shown), such as is typically installed within a building wall. In particular, the wiring module 1600 is configured to be easily installed within an electrical box, and a functional module 110 is configured to be removably plugged into the wiring module 1600, as described below. FIGS. 1A–B show an outlet module 300 in an installed and a removed position, respectively. FIGS. 2A–B show a switch module 900 in an installed and a removed position, respectively. A face plate (not shown) may be installed over a functional module 110 so as to provide an aesthetic trim.

[0058] As shown in FIGS. 1–2, each functional module 110 provides a user-accessible electrical distribution function. As shown in FIGS. 1A–B, the functional module 110 may be an outlet module 300, which functions to supply a user with electrical power through a conventional AC plug inserted into one of the module sockets. The outlet module 300 is configured for installation in a ground-up position in a wiring module 1600 oriented for outlet installation. Alternatively, an outlet module and wiring module can be configured for outlet installation in a ground-down position.

[0059] As shown in FIGS. 2A–B, the functional module 110 may be a switch module 900, which allows a user to control electrical power to an outlet, a light or any of various electrical devices (not shown) by actuating the module switch. The switch is slideable between first and second positions in contrast to a conventional toggle switch, such as used for turning an interior light on and off. The switch module 900 is configured for installation in a wiring module 1600 oriented for switch installation. Reversible wiring module 1600 orientation within an electrical box to indicate the module to be installed and its proper orientation is described in detail with respect to FIGS. 16A–H, below

[0060] Other outlet and switch related functional modules 110 may include GFCI outlets, covered safety outlets and dimmer switches (FIGS. 23–24) to name just a few. Further, the electrical distribution system 100 may be wall-mounted, ceiling-mounted or floor-mounted. In additional, the electrical distribution system 100 can be adapted for uses other than building electrical distribution, such as airplane, automobile or boat electrical distribution applications, to name a few. A modular electrical outlet and switch system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,341,981 entitled Safety Electrical Outlet and Switch System, and a covered safety outlet module and corresponding plug are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/737,713 entitled Safety Plug and Covered Outlet Module, both assigned to ProtectConnect, Irvine, Calif. and incorporated by reference herein.

Outlet Module

[0061] FIGS. 3A–B illustrate an outlet module 300 having a body 310, a front side 301 and a back side 302. The body 310 accepts attachment screws 305 on diagonally opposite corners that are utilized to secure the outlet module 300 to a wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 1A–B). The outlet module front side 301 provides upper and lower sockets 320 each configured to accept a conventional, three-wire (grounded) electrical plug. The outlet module back side 302 provides shielded plugs 330 and a ground bar 834 that physically and electrically connect the outlet module 300 to a wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 1A–B). The shielded plugs 330 transfer electrical power to the sockets 320, and the ground bar 834 provides a ground path for the sockets 320. The ground bar 834 also functions as a key to assist in orienting the outlet module 300 relative to the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 1A–B).

[0062] FIG. 4A illustrates an outlet module 300 having a front cover 500, a rear cover 600, a power contact set 700 and a ground contact set 800. The front cover 500 and back cover 600 form the outlet module body 310 (FIGS. 3A–B). The covers 500, 600 advantageously snap together with a latch and catch assembly, described with respect to FIGS. 5–6, below. This reduces manufacturing assembly steps and reduces or eliminates the need for separate fasteners, such as rivets or screws and/or sonic welding. The contact set 700, 800 is retained within the covers 500, 600 and provides conductive paths from the wiring panel 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B) to the outlet sockets 320 (FIG. 3A). In particular, a power contact set 700 transfers power from the shielded plugs 330 (FIG. 3B) to the outlet sockets 320 (FIG. 3A). A ground contact set 800 provides a ground path between a ground bar 834 (FIG. 3B) and the outlet sockets 320 (FIG. 3A). The ground contact set components 810, 830, 850 are assembled as described with respect to FIGS. 8A–B, below. In one embodiment, the covers 500, 600 are constructed of nylon. FIG. 4B illustrates an alternative embodiment of an outlet module 400, such as for 20A applications

[0063] FIGS. 5A–B illustrate the outlet module front cover 500 having an outside face 501, an inside face 502, outlet apertures 510, attachment ears 520, side latches 530 and contact housing structure 540, 550. As shown in FIG. 5A on the outside face 501, the outlet apertures 510 form the entry to the outlet module sockets 320 (FIG. 3A) and include a hot slot, neutral slot and ground hole for each of a top socket and bottom socket. The attachment ears 520 are advantageously integral to the front cover 500, eliminating the need for a separate mechanism for attaching the outlet module 300 (FIGS. 3A–B) to the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B). The attachment ears 520 are located at an upper right corner and a diagonally opposite lower left corner (not visible), and each has a fastening aperture that accepts, for example, an attachment screw 305 (FIGS. 3A–B). The side latches 530 form the front cover portion of the latch and catch assembly, functionally described with respect to FIG. 4, above.

[0064] As shown in FIG. 5B on the inside face 502, a power contact structure 540 accepts the power contact set 700 (FIGS. 7A–B) so that the power contact clips 701 (FIGS. 7A–B) align with the hot and neutral slots of the outlet apertures 510. A ground contact structure 550 accepts the ground contact set 800 (FIGS. 8A–B) so that the ground contact clips 832, 852 (FIGS. 8A–B) align with the ground holes of the outlet apertures 510.

[0065] FIGS. 6A–B illustrate the outlet module back cover 600 having an outside face 601, an inside face 602, plug shields 610, a ground bar aperture 620, side catches 630 and contact support structure 640, 650. As shown in FIG. 6B on the outside face 601, the plug shields 610 advantageously provide the shield portion of the shielded plugs 330 (FIG. 3B). Specifically, the plug shields 610 completely surround all sides of the power contact set prongs 702 (FIGS. 7A–B). In this manner, the prongs 702 (FIGS. 7A–B) are not exposed when the outlet module plugs 330 (FIG. 3B) are engaged with the wiring module sockets 810 (FIG. 18A), even when the outlet module 300 (FIGS. 3A–B) is partially separated from the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B). The ground bar aperture 620 allows the ground bar 834 (FIGS. 8A–B) to protrude through the back cover 600, providing a ground contact with the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B). The side catches 630 provide apertures that accept and engage the side latches 530 (FIGS. 5A–B) so as to releaseably secure together the front cover 500 (FIGS. 5A–B) and the back cover 600.

[0066] As shown in FIG. 6A on the inside face 602, a power contact support structure 640 consists of slots that allow the prongs 702 (FIGS. 7A–B) to protrude through the back cover 600 within the plug shields 610, providing a power connection with the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B). A ground contact support structure 650 supports the ground contact set 800 (FIGS. 8A–B).

[0067] FIGS. 7A–B illustrate the power contact set 700 having an upper hot contact 710, a lower hot contact 720, an upper neutral contact 730 and a lower neutral contact 740. Each contact 710–740 has a prong clip 701 interconnected with a prong 702. The prong clips 701 align with the front cover hot and neutral slots 510 (FIG. 5A) to form the outlet module sockets 320 (FIG. 3A). The prongs 702 insert through the power contact support structure 640 into the plug shields 610 to form the outlet module shielded plugs 330 (FIG. 3B). Advantageously, the power contact set 700 is configured so that the contacts may be manufactured by a stamp and fold process. In one embodiment, the contacts are brass.

[0068] FIGS. 8A–B illustrate a ground contact set 800 having a ground buss 810, an upper ground contact 830 and a lower ground contact 850. The ground clips 832, 852 align with the front cover ground holes 510 (FIG. 5A) to form the ground portion of the outlet module sockets 320 (FIG. 3A). The ground bar 834 protrudes through the back cover 600 (FIGS. 6A–B) to provide a ground path connection with the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B). The unassembled ground contact set 800 is illustrated in FIG. 4, above. Ground contact set 800 assembly is described below.

[0069] As shown in FIGS. 8A–B, the ground buss 810 has a upper rivet 812, a lower rivet 814, a upper cutout 815, a slot 816 and a lower cutout 818. The ground buss 810 mechanically supports and electrically interconnects the upper ground contact 830 and the lower ground contact 850. The upper ground contact 830 has an upper ground clip 832, a ground bar 834, leaves 836 and a tab 838. The upper ground clip 832 and ground bar 834 extend from opposite ends of the upper ground contact 830. The upper ground clip 832 accepts a ground pin from a standard AC electrical plug. The ground bar 834 inserts into a corresponding ground clip 1902 (FIGS. 19A–B) in the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B). The tab 838 extends generally perpendicularly below and between the clip 832 and bar 834 and has an aperture corresponding to the top rivet 812. The leaves 836 extend from the back of the clip 832. The lower ground contact 850 has a lower ground clip 852, leaves 854 and a tab 858. The tab 858 extends generally perpendicularly to the clip 852 and has an aperture corresponding to the lower rivet 814. The leaves 854 extend from the back of the clip 852.

[0070] Also shown in FIGS. 8A–B, the ground contact set 800 is assembled by inserting the upper ground contact 830 and lower ground contact 850 into the ground buss 810. Specifically, the ground bar 834 is inserted into the slot 816, the leaves 836, 854 are inserted into the upper and lower cutouts 815, 818, respectively, the upper and lower rivets 812, 814 are inserted through the tabs 838, 858. The rivets 812, 814 are then splayed, fixedly attaching the upper and lower ground contacts 830, 850 to the ground buss 810. Advantageously, the ground contact set 800 is configured so that the ground contact set components 810, 830, 850 may be manufactured by a stamp and fold process. In one embodiment, the upper and lower ground contacts 830, 850 are brass and the ground buss 810 is zinc-plated steel.

Switch Module

[0071] FIGS. 9A–B illustrate a switch module 900 having a body 910, a front side 901 and a back side 902. Like the outlet module body 310 (FIGS. 3A–B), the switch module body 910 accepts screws on diagonally opposite corners that are utilized to secure the switch module 900 to a wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 2A–B). The switch module front side 901 has a slideable switch 1100 configured to actuate internal contacts so as to route electrical power, to turn on and off a light, for example. Like the outlet module 300 (FIGS. 3A–B), the switch module back side 902 provides shielded plugs 930 that physically and electrically connect the switch module 900 to a wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 2A–B). The shielded plugs 930 conduct electrical power under control of the switch 1100. There may be null plugs 940 having no conductors depending on the switch module 900 configuration and associated function, as described with respect to FIGS. 13A–F, below. The switch module 900 does not require a ground path to the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 2A–B). A key bar 1520, therefore, provides a non-conducting structure that substitutes for a ground bar 834 (FIG. 3B), to assist in orienting the switch module 900 relative to the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 2A–B).

[0072] FIG. 10 illustrates a switch module 900 having a switch 1100, a front cover 1200, a rear cover 1500, a contact set 1300, an actuator 1400 and a spring 1000. The front cover 1200 and back cover 1500 form the switch module body 910 (FIGS. 9A–B). The covers 1200, 1500 advantageously snap together and are secured with a latch and catch assembly, described with respect to FIGS. 12A–B and 15A–B, below. This reduces manufacturing assembly steps and reduces or eliminates the need for separate fasteners, such as rivets or screws and/or sonic welding. In one embodiment, the covers 1200, 1500 are constructed of nylon.

[0073] As shown in FIG. 10, the switch 1100 snaps into and is slidably retained by the front cover 1200 and engages the actuator 1400. The switch 1100 is movable between a first position and a second position. The contact set 1300, actuator 1400 and spring 1000 are retained within the covers 1200, 1500. The contact set 1300 routes electrical power from the wiring panel 1600 (FIGS. 1A–B) as determined by the switch 1100 positions. In particular, the position of the switch 1100 determines the position of the actuator 1400, which, in turn, determines whether the contact set 1300 is open or closed. If closed, the contact set 1300 provides a conductive path that transfers power between the shielded plugs 930 (FIG. 3B). The switch 1100 remains in its manually set position under tension from the spring 1000.

[0074] FIGS. 11A–B illustrate a switch 1100 that is generally rectangular, having a front side 1101 and a back side 1102. The front side 1101 has a finger grip 1110 for manually sliding the switch between its first position and its second position, as described above. The back side 1102 has latches 1120 and a lever 1130 that extends in a direction generally normal to the plane of the back side 1102. The latches 1120 are configured to pass through front cover slots 1214 (FIG. 12A), which cause the latches 1120 to flex inward toward the extension 1130 as the switch 1100 is pressed into the front cover 1200 (FIGS. 12A–B). The latches 1120 spring outward after the latches pass through the slots 1214 (FIG. 12A), seating the switch in the front cover 1200 (FIGS. 12A–B), as described below. The lever tip 1132 inserts through the actuator slot 1410 (FIGS. 14A–B) and contacts the spring 1000, mechanically connecting the switch 1100 to the actuator 1400 (FIGS. 14A–B).

[0075] FIGS. 12A–B illustrate a front cover 1200 having an outside face 1201, an inside face 1202, a switch cavity 1210, attachment ears 1220, side latches 1230 and top and bottom catches 1240. Located on the outside face 1201, the cavity 1210 is configured to accommodate the switch 1100 (FIGS. 11A–B). Within the cavity 1210 is a lever slot 1212 that allows the switch lever 1130 (FIG. 11B) to pass through the front cover to the actuator 1400 (FIGS. 14A–B). The lever slot 1212 extends along the cavity 1210 a sufficient distance to allow switch movement between first and second positions, as described above. Also within the cavity 1210 are catch slots 1214 that accommodate and capture the switch latches 1120 (FIG. 11B), as described above. The attachment ears 1220 are located at an upper right corner and a diagonally opposite lower left corner (not visible), and each has a fastening aperture that accepts, for example, an attachment screw 305 (FIGS. 3A–B). The side latches 1230 and top and bottom catches 1240 form the front cover portion of the latch and catch assembly, functionally described with respect to FIG. 10, above.

[0076] FIGS. 13A–B illustrate a SPST contact set 1300 having a throw buss 1310 and a pole buss 1320. The throw buss 1310 has a first prong 1312, a flexible throw 1314 and a throw contact 1318. The pole buss 1320 has a second prong 1322, a fixed pole 1324 and a pole contact 1328. The first and second prongs 1312, 1322 form the conductive portion of the shielded plugs 930 (FIG. 9B). The flexible throw 1314 engages the actuator 1400, as described with respect to FIGS. 14A–B, below, which moves the throw between an open position and a closed position (shown). In the closed position, the throw contact 1318 touches and electrically connects with the pole contact 1328, establishing a conductive path between the first and second prongs 1312, 1322. In the open position, the throw contact 1318 is separated from the pole contact 1328 so that there is no conductive path between the first and second prongs 1312, 1322.

[0077] FIGS. 13C–D illustrate a SPDT contact set 1301 for a 3-way switch having a second pole buss 1330 in addition to the SPST contact set 1300 (FIGS. 13A–B). The second pole buss 1330 has a third prong 1332 and a second pole contact 1338. The flexible throw 1314 engages the actuator 1400, as described with respect to FIGS. 14A–B, below, which moves the throw between a first position (shown) and a second position. In a first position, the throw contact 1318 touches and electrically connects with the pole contact 1328, establishing a conductive path between the first and second prongs 1312, 1322. In a second position, the throw contact 1318 touches and electrically connects with the second pole contact 1338, establishing a conductive path between the first and third prongs 1312, 1332.

[0078] FIGS. 13E–F illustrate a DPDT contact set 1302 for a 4-way switch having a second throw buss 1340 and a third pole buss 1350 in addition to the SPDT contact set 1301. The second throw buss 1340 has a second flexible throw 1344. The second throw buss 1340 has a fourth prong 1342, a second flexible throw 1344 and a second throw contact 1348. The second pole buss 1330 has the third pole contact 1339, and the third pole buss 1350 has a fourth pole contact 1359. In a first position, the throw contact 1318 touches and electrically connects with the pole contact 1328, establishing a conductive path between the first and second prongs 1312, 1322. Also, the second throw contact 1348 touches and electrically connects with the third pole contact 1339, establishing a conductive path between the third and fourth prongs 1332, 1342. In a second position, the throw contact 1318 touches and electrically connects with the second pole contact 1338, establishing a conductive path between the first and third prongs 1312, 1332. Also, the second throw contact 1348 touches and electrically connects with the fourth pole contact 1339, establishing a conductive path between the second and fourth prongs 1322, 1342.

[0079] FIGS. 14A–B illustrate an actuator 1400 having a front face 1401, a back face 1402 and a lever slot 1410 generally centered within and passing through the front and back faces 1401, 1402. The actuator 1400 is positioned within the switch module 900 (FIG. 10) so that the front face 1401 is proximate the front cover 1200 (FIG. 10) and the contact set 1300 (FIG. 10) and the back face 1402 is proximate the spring 1000 (FIG. 10) and the back cover 1500 (FIG. 10). The lever slot 1410 accommodates the switch lever tip 1132 (FIG. 11B), as described above. The front face 1401 has a pair of upper arms 1420 and a pair of lower arms 1430 extending generally perpendicularly from the front face 1401 so as to engage the contact set 1300 (FIGS. 13A–B). In particular, the flexible throw 1314 (FIGS. 13A–B) is engaged between the upper arms 1420. For a DPDT contact set 1302 (FIGS. 13E–F), a second flexible throw 1344 (FIGS. 13E–F) is engaged between the lower arms 1430. The back face 1402 has a pair of posts 1440 that are slidably retained within back cover guides 1550 (FIG. 15A).

[0080] FIGS. 15A–B illustrate a rear cover 1500 having an inside face 1502, an outside face 1501, plug shields 1510, a key bar 1520, side catches 1530, top and bottom latches 1540, actuator guides 1550, a spring hold 1560 and contact support structure 1570. As shown in FIG. 15B on the outside face 1501, the plug shields 1510 advantageously provide the shield portion of the shielded plugs 930 (FIG. 9B). Specifically, the plug shields 1510 completely surround all sides of the contact set prongs 1312, 1322 (FIGS. 13A–B). In this manner, the prongs are not exposed when the switch module plugs 930 (FIG. 9B) are engaged with the wiring module sockets 1810 (FIG. 18A), even when the switch module 900 (FIGS. 9A–B) is partially separated from the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B). The key bar 1520 is configured to insert into the wiring module ground socket 1820 (FIG. 18A), although the key bar 1520 is nonconductive. The key bar 1520 assists proper orientation of the switch module 900 (FIGS. 9A–B) to the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B). The side catches 1530 provide apertures that accept and engage the side latches 1230 (FIGS. 12A–B), and the top and bottom latches 1540 insert into and engage the top and bottom catches 1240 (FIGS. 12A–B) so as to releaseably secure together the front cover 1200 (FIGS. 12A–B) and the back cover 1500.

[0081] As shown in FIG. 15A on the inside face 1502, the actuator guides 1550 slidably retain the actuator posts 1440 (FIG. 14B). The spring hold 1560 accommodates and retains the spring 1000 (FIG. 10). The contact support structure 1570 consists of slots through the back cover 1500 and structure extending generally normal to the inside face 1502 that support the contact set 1300 (FIGS. 13A–B). The slots accept the contact set prongs 1312, 1322 (FIGS. 13A–B), which protrude through the back cover 1500 within the plug shields 1510.

Terminal-Block Wiring Module

[0082] FIGS. 16A–B illustrate a terminal-block wiring module 1600 having a functional side 1601 and a wiring side 1602. The functional side 1601 has structured sockets 1810 and an off-center ground socket 1820. The structured sockets 1810 accept corresponding functional module shielded plugs, as described with respect to FIG. 20A, below. The wiring module 1600 is configured to mount within a conventional electrical box (not shown), secured with attachment screws 1605. A functional module, such as an outlet module 300 (FIGS. 3A–B) or a switch module 900 (FIGS. 9A–B) plug into the wiring module functional side 1601, secured to the wiring module with attachment screws that thread through attachment ears and corresponding module mounts 1930, as described with respect to FIGS. 1–2, above. A power cable (not shown) routed into the electrical box attaches to a terminal block 1640 (FIG. 16F) accessible from the wiring module wiring side 1602, as described with respect to FIGS. 16E–H, below.

[0083] As shown in FIGS. 16A–B, a wiring module 1600 advantageously can be installed, wired and tested by journeyman electrician at the rough-in phase of building construction. The wiring module 1600 is mounted within an electrical box according to the type of functional module for which the wiring module 1600 will be wired. If the wiring module 1600 is mounted in a first orientation (FIG. 1B), the ground socket 1820 is positioned below-center. If the wiring module is mounted in a second orientation (FIGS. 2B, 16A), the ground socket 1820 is positioned above-center. The ground socket 1820 accepts an outlet module ground bar 834 (FIG. 3B) or switch module key bar 1520 (FIG. 9B), which act as keys. Correspondingly, the ground socket 1820 acts as a block that accepts a functional module key 834 (FIG. 3B), 1520 (FIG. 9B) only when the functional module is properly oriented with respect to the wiring module 1600 according to module type, such as a switch or outlet. In one embodiment, the wiring module 1600 is mounted with the ground socket 1820 above-center for a switch module 900 (FIGS. 9A–B) and mounted with the ground socket 1820 below-center for an outlet module 300 (FIGS. 3A–B), as described in further detail with respect to FIGS. 16E–H, below.

[0084] FIGS. 16C–D illustrate a terminal-block wiring module 1600 having terminal guards 1700 that advantageously provide covered access to the terminal set 2100 (FIG. 21). In particular, in a closed position (FIGS. 16A–B) the terminal guards 1700 protect users from shock and insulate between closely mounted high voltage devices. In an open position (FIGS. 16C–D), the terminal guards 1700 allow convenient access to the terminal screws 2140 so as to attach or remove power cable wires from the terminal blocks 1640. As shown in FIG. 16C, a hinge 1702 allows a terminal guard 1700 to move from a closed position FIGS. (16A–B) to an open position. A latch 1704 presses into a corresponding catch slot 2220, which retains a terminal guard 1700 in a closed position until it is manually opened. As shown in FIG. 16D, in one embodiment a swivel mount 1709 (FIG. 17B) also allows the terminal guard 1700 to swivel from side to side in an open position, further easing access to the terminal screws 2140.

[0085] FIGS. 16E–F illustrate orientation-dependent labels on the wiring module functional and wiring sides, respectively. As described above, the type of functional module to be mounted in the wiring module 1600 determines the mounted orientation of the wiring module 1600 within an electrical box. Color coded labels 1620, 1630 on the functional side (FIG. 16E) and wiring labels 1650, 1660 on the wiring side (FIG. 16F) advantageously indicate to the journeyman electrician the correct wiring module 1600 orientation. The color coded labels 1620, 1630 also advantageously indicate the correct functional module to be installed or replaced. In particular, as shown in FIG. 16E, the color coded labels include a switch label 1620 and an outlet label 1630. The switch label 1620 has an orientation indicator 1622 and corresponding text that specify the wiring module orientation for a switch module 900 (FIGS. 2A–B). In addition, color boxes 1624 advantageously match color indicators 2310 (FIG. 23A) on corresponding switch modules 900. Further, as shown in FIG. 16F, the outlet label 1630 has an orientation indicator 1632 and corresponding text that specify the wiring module orientation for an outlet module 300 (FIGS. 1A–B). Also, color boxes 1634 match an outlet color indicator. In one embodiment, the switch color boxes 1624 are yellow, red and orange matching SP, 3-way and 4-way switch color indicators, respectively. The outlet color boxes 1634 are dark and light blue for full hot and half-hot wiring, matching a blue color indicator for an outlet module. The color boxes 1624, 1634 are marked by the journeyman electrician at wiring module installation to visually indicate the module type for which the wiring module 1600 was wired.

[0086] As shown in FIG. 16F, there are four terminal blocks 1640, each having terminal labels “1,” “2,” “3” and “4” 1670 identifying the individual terminal blocks T1, T2, T3 and T4 by number. In a switch orientation (shown), switch labels 1650 are advantageously positioned in a manner visually corresponding to each of the individual terminal blocks 1640. The switch labels 1650 identify switch wiring for each terminal block by switch type SP, 3-way and 4-way. The outlet labels 1660 are upside down in the switch orientation, visually indicating that they are inapplicable. In an outlet orientation (upside down from that shown), outlet labels 1660 are similarly positioned in a manner visually corresponding to each of the individual terminal blocks 1640. The outlet labels 1660 identify outlet wiring. The switch labels 1650 are upside down in the outlet orientation, visually indicating that they are inapplicable.

[0087] FIGS. 16G–H illustrate switch and outlet wiring schematics, respectively, corresponding to the terminal labels 1670 (FIG. 16F), switch labels 1650 (FIG. 16F) and outlet labels 1660 (FIG. 16F) described with respect to FIG. 16F, above. Graphically depicted are groups of four terminals 1690 representing the terminal blocks 1640 (FIG. 16F). Also depicted are individual terminal blocks 1691, corresponding hot, neutral, traveler and switch wires 1692, and links and gaps 1693 corresponding to removable breakaways 2116.

[0088] FIGS. 17A–B illustrate a terminal-block wiring module 1600 having a wiring panel 1800 and a mounting bracket 1900. The wiring panel 1800 has a front cover 2000, a back cover 2200, a terminal set 2100 and terminal guards 1700. The front cover 2000 and back cover 2200 are secured together with a fastener (not shown). The mounting bracket 1900 further secures the front cover 2000 to the back cover, as described with respect to FIGS. 18–20, below. The terminal set 2100 is retained within the wiring panel 1800 and provides terminal blocks 1640 (FIG. 16F) for power cable attachment and provides conductive paths between the terminal blocks 1640 (FIG. 16F) and structured sockets 1810 (FIG. 18A). The mounting bracket 1900 advantageously performs multiple functions including securing the wiring module 1600 to an electrical box (not shown), securing together the front and back covers 2000, 2200, providing a ground bar clip 1902 (FIG. 19A) for contact with a module ground bar 834 (FIG. 3B) and providing a ground terminal 1907 (FIG. 19A) for a ground wire connection.

[0089] As shown in FIGS. 17A–B, the terminal guards 1700 each have a hinge 1702, a latch 1704, a mount 1706, 1709 and a grip 1708. The mount 1706, 1709 slides into a corresponding guard slot 2210 (FIG. 22A) on each side of the back cover 2200, which secures each terminal guard 1700 to the wiring panel 1800. The hinge 1702 advantageously allows a terminal guard 1700 to move between a closed position (FIGS. 16A–B) blocking inadvertent contact with the terminal blocks 1640 (FIG. 16F) and an open position (FIGS. 16C–D) allowing access to the terminal blocks 1640 (FIG. 16F). The latch 1704 presses into a corresponding catch slot 2220 (FIG. 22A) on each side of the back cover 2200, which retains each terminal guard 1700 in a closed position until it is manually opened. A grip 1708 assists in latching the terminal guards 1700. A stationary mount 1706 (FIG. 17A) holds the terminal guards 1700 in alignment with the terminal screws 2140 (FIG. 21). Alternatively, a swivel mount 1709 (FIGS. 17B) advantageously allows the terminal guards 1700 to swivel to either side 1601, 1602 (FIGS. 16A–B) of the wiring module for easier access to the terminal screws 2140 (FIG. 21).

[0090] FIGS. 18A–B illustrate a wiring panel 1800 having a front side 1801 and a back side 1802. The front side 1801 has structured sockets 1810, a ground socket 1820 and bracket slots 1830. The back side 1802 has terminal blocks 1640 (FIG. 16F) formed by a terminal set 2100 (FIG. 21) having terminal screws 2140 (FIG. 21) that are accessed through the terminal guards 1700, as described above.

[0091] FIGS. 19A–B illustrate a mounting bracket 1900 having a bracket body 1901, a ground clip 1902 and a ground terminal 1907. The ground clip 1902 is attached to the bracket body 1901 with a rivet 1905. The ground terminal 1907 provides a ground termination for a ground wire (not shown). The bracket 1900 has swages 1910, box mounts 1920 and module mounts 1930. The bracket 1900 is configured to be disposed around the rear cover 2200 (FIGS. 22A–B) with the swages 1910 inserted through front cover slots 2020 (FIGS. 20A–B) and spread against the front cover outside 2001 so as to secure together the front and rear covers 2000, 2200. A fastener 1909 is inserted through the bracket and into the wiring panel front cover 2000, so as to secure together the front and rear covers 2000, 2200. The box mounts 1920 allow the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B) to be secured to an electrical box (not shown) and are configured to removably engage a box cover (FIGS. 27–29). The module mounts 1930 allow functional modules 300 (FIGS. 3A–B), 900 (FIGS. 9A–B) to be secured to the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B). The ground clip 1902 is configured to physically and electrically connect to a module ground bar 834 (FIGS. 8A–B).

[0092] In an alternative embodiment, the mounting bracket 1900 does not have swages 1910. Multiple fasteners 1909 are inserted through the mounting bracket 1900 and into the wiring panel front cover 2000, so as to secure together the front and rear covers 2000, 2200. After the mounting bracket 1900 is attached to the front cover 2000, ears at the top and bottom of the mounting bracket 1900 are bent over and against the front cover outside 2001 to further secure together the front and rear covers 2000, 2200. Trusses are included across or proximate to folded portions of the mounting bracket 1900 to strengthen the bracket structure. The box mount 1920 may have an alternative shape so as to accommodate a box cover 2700 (FIGS. 27A–B).

[0093] FIGS. 20A–B illustrate a front cover 2000 having an outside face 2001 and an inside face 2002. As shown in FIG. 20A on the outside face 2001, raised guards 2010 and surrounding channels 2014 provide the nonconductive portions of structured sockets 1810 (FIG. 18A). Each raised guard 2010 and surrounding channel 2014 are configured to mate with a corresponding plug shield 610 (FIG. 6B). In particular, when a functional module is plugged into the wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B), shields 610 (FIG. 6B), 1510 (FIG. 15B) insert into channels 2014, guards 2010 insert within shields 610 (FIG. 6B), 1510 (FIG. 15B), and prongs 702 (FIGS. 7A–B) plug into power clips 2112 (FIG. 21). This interlocking action of the shield plugs 330 (FIG. 3B), 930 (FIG. 9B) and the structured sockets 1810 (FIG. 18A) advantageously provides a fully enclosed shield as an electrical connection is made between a functional module and a wiring module, in addition to tactile feedback and a solid mechanical and electrical connection. Further, the guards 2010 and channels 2014 reduce the chance of an inadvertent contact between a tool, such as a screwdriver tip, and a hot contact within a socket 1810 (FIG. 18A). For example, a tool dragged across the wiring panel front side 1801 (FIG. 18A) during service will tend to lodge in the channel 2014 or against the raised guard 2010 or both. In a particular embodiment, the shields 610 (FIG. 6B), 1510 (FIG. 15B) and the corresponding channels 2014 and raised guards 2010 are generally rectangular in shape with rounded corners.

[0094] As shown in FIG. 20B, the inside face 2002 has swage slots 2020, a ground aperture 2030 and terminal support structure 2050, 2060. The swage slots 2020 accommodate the mounting bracket swages 1910 (FIG. 19A), which assist to secure together the front and back covers 2000, 2200. The ground aperture 2030 accommodates a ground bar 834 (FIG. 3B) or key bar 1520 (FIG. 9B) as part of a ground socket 1820 (FIG. 18A). The support structure 2050, 2060 houses the terminal set 2100 (FIGS. 21).

[0095] FIG. 21 illustrates a terminal set 2100 having contact busses 2110, terminal clamps 2130 and terminal screws 2140. The contact busses 2110 each have power clips 2112 that provide the conductor portion of the structured sockets 1810 (FIG. 18A). The power clips 2112 are configured to physically and electrically connect with module prongs 702 (FIGS. 7A–B), 1312, 1322 (FIGS. 13A–B). The terminal clamps 2130 and terminal screws 2140 terminate power cables (not shown) to the contact busses 2110. The terminal clamps 2130 are configured to secure one wire per channel 2132. Advantageously, this provides a four-wire capacity for each of four terminal blocks 1640 (FIG. 16F). In one embodiment, each terminal block 1640 (FIG. 16F) is configured for four 14 gauge copper wires or two 12 gauge copper wires. Breakaways 2116 are removable to selectively isolate individual terminal blocks 1640 (FIG. 16F).

[0096] FIGS. 22A–B illustrate a back cover 2200 having an inside face 2202 and an outside face 2201. The inside face 2202 has mount slots 2210 and catch slots 2220 that retain the terminal guards 1700 (FIG. 17), as described above. The inside face 2202 also has terminal slots 2230 that retain the terminal set. The outside face 2201 is shaped to accommodate the mounting bracket 1900 (FIGS. 19A–B) and accommodate power cable attachment to the terminal blocks 1640 (FIG. 16F).

Fixed-Wire Wiring Module

[0097] FIGS. 23A–B illustrate a fixed-wire wiring module 2300 having a functional side 2301 and a wiring side 2302. The wiring module 2300 is configured to mount within a conventional electrical box (not shown), secured with attachment screws (not shown) threaded through box mounts 2452. A functional module, such as an outlet module 300 (FIGS. 3A–B) or a switch module 900 (FIGS. 9A–B) plug into the wiring module functional side 2301, secured to the wiring module 2300 with attachment screws (not shown) that thread through attachment ears (not shown) and corresponding module mounts 2454, as described with respect to FIGS. 1–2, above. A power cable (not shown) routed to the electrical box attaches to pushwire connectors 2370 at the end of fixed wires 2350 extending from the wiring module wiring side 2302.

[0098] FIGS. 24A–B illustrate a fixed-wire wiring module 2300 having a front cover 2410, a back cover 2420, a terminal set 2430, a mounting bracket 2450, a ground bar clip 2460 and fasteners 2470. The front cover 2410 and back cover 2420 are secured together with the fasteners 2470 and enclose the terminal set 2432. Advantageously, the mounting bracket 2450 is partially enclosed by, and retained between, the front cover 2410 and back cover 2420 so as to secure the mounting bracket 2450 to, and mechanically and electrically integrate the mounting bracket with, the wiring module 2300.

[0099] As shown in FIGS. 24A–B the front cover 2410 has structured sockets 2412, a ground aperture 2414, support structure 2416 and fastener posts 2418. The structured sockets 2412 interlock with functional module shielded plugs and the ground aperture 2414 accommodates a ground bar or key bar as part of a ground socket in a manner as described with respect to FIGS. 20A–B, above. The support structure 2416 houses the terminal set 2430. The fastener posts 2418 align with fastener apertures 2424 and accept the fasteners 2470 securing the front cover 2410 to the back cover 2420.

[0100] Also shown in FIGS. 24A–B, the terminal set 2430 has power clips 2432, fixed wire terminals 2434 and breakaways 2438. The power clips 2432 provide the conductor portion of the structured sockets 2412 and are configured to physically and electrically connect with module prongs in a manner as described with respect to FIG. 21, above. The fixed wire terminals 2434 electrically and mechanically connect a striped end of the fixed wires 2350 (FIGS. 23A–B) to the terminal set 2430. The breakaways 2438 are removable to selectively isolate individual power clips 2432.

[0101] Further shown in FIGS. 24A–B, the mounting bracket 2450 is adapted to a channel extending lengthwise along the front cover 2410 and corresponding support structure extending lengthwise along the back cover 2420. The mounting bracket 2450 has box mounts 2452, module mounts 2454, a ground clip aperture 2456 and a ground terminal 2458. The box mounts 2452 accept fasteners (not shown) to secure the bracket to an electrical box (not shown). The module mounts 2454 accept fasteners (not shown) to secure a functional module (not shown) to the wiring module 2300. The ground clip aperture 2456 is adapted to the ground clip 2460, which connects a functional module ground bar electrically and mechanically to the bracket 2450. The bracket has an integrated rivet for securing the ground clip 2460 within the aperture 2456. The ground terminal 2458 electrically and mechanically connects a striped end of a ground one of the fixed wires 2350 (FIGS. 23A–B) to the bracket 2450.

[0102] Additionally shown in FIGS. 24A–B, the back cover 2420 has wire apertures 2422, fastener apertures 2424 and a breakaway aperture 2426. The wire apertures 2422 are adapted to the fixed wires 2350 (FIGS. 23A–B) so as to provide a seal around and strain relief for the fixed wires and access to the terminal set 2430 and ground terminal 2458. The fastener apertures 2424 accept that portion of the fasteners 2470 that thread into or are otherwise secured to the fastener posts 2418. The breakaway aperture 2426 allows user access to the breakaways 2438 within an assembled wiring module 2300.

Electrical Box Cover

[0103] FIGS. 25A–B illustrate an electrical box cover 2500 having a generally planar cover plate 2510, clamps 2520, catches 2530, trusses 2540 and markers 2550. The cover plate 2510 has a front side 2501 and a back side 2502. The clamps 2520 are located, one each, generally centered on the top and bottom of the cover plate 2510 and extend generally perpendicularly from the back side 2502. The catches 2530 are apertures, one for each catch 2530, that are generally centered on the catches 2520 and extending along the juncture between the catches 2530 and the cover plate 2510. The trusses 2540 are protrusions on the cover plate 2540 that extend substantially along the length of the front side 2501, providing structural support to resist bending of the cover plate 2510. The markers 2550 are generally round protrusions on the front side 2501 of the cover plate 2540 located, one each, proximate the top and bottom of the cover plate 2540.

[0104] FIGS. 26A–B illustrate an electrical box 2600 that is covered and uncovered, respectively, by a box cover 2500, as described with respect to FIGS. 25A–B, above. The box cover 2500 removably mounts over the electrical box open face 2601 so as to prevent material such as plaster and paint from fouling the wiring module 1600 during the makeup phase of construction. Advantageously, the box cover 2500 mounts generally flush with the electrical box open face 2601 and, hence, generally flush with installed drywall so as not to interfere with drywall construction during the makeup phase. Drywall, once loosely positioned, can be pressed against the box cover 2500. In doing so, the markers 2550 dimple the drywall, advantageously marking the location of the electrical box 2600 so that drywall cutouts can be accurately made to accommodate the electrical box 2600.

[0105] As shown in FIGS. 26A–B, the box cover 2500 is installed on the box mounts 1920 of a wiring module 1600 mounted within the electrical box 2600. In particular, the clamps 2520 flex somewhat to slide over the box mounts 1920 until the box mounts 1920 insert into corresponding catches 2530. The box cover 2500 can be easily removed by flexing the clamps 2520 so that a box mount 1920 clears a corresponding catch 2530.

[0106] FIG. 25 illustrate a 2-gang electrical box 2500 with overlapping box covers 2500. The box covers 2500 are configured so that a first portion 2591 of one cover overlaps a second portion 2592 of another cover so as to prevent drywall related material from entering between the covers 2500 and fouling the electrical box 2700 interior.

Terminal Shield

[0107] FIGS. 28A–B illustrate a terminal-block wiring module 1600 having a terminal shield 2900 installed on a wiring side 1602 using fasteners 1909. The terminal shield 2900 advantageously prevents bare copper ground wires (not shown), which typically are connected between the ground terminal 1907 (FIG. 17A) and an electrical box (not shown), from inadvertently protruding through the back cover 2200 (FIG. 17A) and short circuiting the terminal set 2100 (FIG. 17A).

[0108] FIGS. 29A–B illustrate a terminal shield 2900 having a front side 2901, a back side 2902 and a spine 2905. Mounting ears 2910 extend from both ends of the spine 2905, and shield wings 2920 extend from both sides of the spine 2905. Breakaway guards 2930 extend from a central portion of each shield wing 2920. A V-shaped hinge 2935 extending across a portion of each breakaway guard 2930 allows the breakaway guards 2930 to flex somewhat to gain access for removal of one or both of the breakaways 2116 (FIG. 16F), as described with respect to FIGS. 16G–H, above. Mounting apertures 2940 are defined in the mounting ears 2910, wire apertures 2950 are defined in the shield wings 2920, and a bracket aperture 2960 is defined in a central portion of the spine 2905.

[0109] As shown in FIGS. 29A–B, the terminal shield 2900 is installed with the back side 2902 proximate the wiring module 1600 (FIG. 28A) and the front side 2901 distal the wiring module 1600 (FIG. 28A). In particular, the spine 2905 fits against the bracket 1900 and the bracket aperture 2960 accommodates protrusions due to the ground clip 1902 (FIG. 17A) or its associated fastener. The mounting apertures 2940 accept the fasteners 1909 (FIG. 28A), which also secure together the wiring module 1600 (FIG. 28A). The shield wings 2920 cover exposed portions of the terminal set 2100 (FIG. 17A), and the wire apertures 2950 accommodate wire ends that are connected to the terminal set 2100 (FIG. 17A).

Dimmer Switch Module

[0110] FIGS. 30A–B illustrate a dimmer switch module 3000 having a power control 3200 and a dimmer control 3500 on a front side 3001 and shielded plugs 3010 and a key bar 3820 on a back side 3002. The power control 3200 actuates an internal switch that routes electrical power between the shielded plugs 3010 to turn on and off a light, for example. The dimmer control 3500 actuates an internal potentiometer that controls the current between the shielded plugs 3010 to adjust a light's intensity, for example. The shielded plugs 3010 physically and electrically connect the dimmer switch module 3000 to a wiring module 1600 (FIGS. 16A–B). The key bar 3820 provides a non-conducting structure that assists in orienting the dimmer switch module 3000 relative to a wiring module.

[0111] FIG. 31 further illustrates the dimmer switch module 3000 having a power control 3200, a front cover 3300, a spring 3400, a dimmer control 3500, a heat sink 3600, a dimmer circuit board 3700 and a back cover 3800. Advantageously, the heat sink 3600 is partially enclosed between the front and back covers 3300, 3800 with fins 3620 extending outside the covers 3300, 3800 so as to provide a substantial heat dissipating surface area outside of the module 3000. The module heat sink 3600 is thermally coupled to a triac 3710 mounted on the circuit board 3700 so as to dissipate heat generated by the triac 3710.

[0112] As shown in FIG. 31, the covers 3300, 3800 snap together with a latch and catch assembly so as to form a module housing that retains the heat sink 3600, circuit board 3700 and dimmer control 3500. The power control 3200 and the dimmer control 3500 are slidably retained by the front cover 3300. The power control 3200 is movable between an on position and an off position and remains in its manually set position under tension from the spring 3400. The dimmer control 3500 engages the circuit board 3700 and the front cover 3300 and is movable over a continuum of current setting positions ranging from a low current position to a high current position. The dimmer circuit board 3700 routes electrical power from a wiring module as determined by the power control 3200 and controls the amount of electrical current and power as determined by the dimmer control 3500. The circuit board 3700 is secured to the back cover 3800 with fasteners 3020.

[0113] The power control 3200, front cover 3300, spring 3400 and dimmer control 3500 are described in detail with respect to FIGS. 32–35, below. The heat sink 3600, dimmer circuit board 3700 and the back cover 3800 are described in detail with respect to FIGS. 36–38, below. The dimmer switch circuit is described with respect to FIG. 39, below.

[0114] FIGS. 32A–B illustrate a power control 3200 that is generally rectangular having a front side 3201 and a back side 3202. The front side 3201 has a finger grip 3210 for manually sliding the power control 3200 between an on position and an off position. The back side 3202 has latches 3220, a lever 3230 and a knob 3240 extending generally normal to the plane of the back side 3202. The latches 3220 are adapted to pass through front cover catch slots 3314 (FIGS. 33A–B), seating the power control 3200 into the front cover 3300 (FIGS. 33A–B). The lever 3230 inserts through a front cover power control slot 3312 (FIGS. 33A–B) and a heat sink slot 3640 (FIGS. 36A–B) so as to actuate a circuit board switch 3720 (FIGS. 37A–C). In particular, the lever 3230 has a vertical face 3232 and an angled face 3234 at its tip. The vertical face 3232 actuates the switch 3720 (FIGS. 37A, C) to an off position and the angled face 3234 actuates the switch 3720 (FIGS. 37A, C) to an on position. The knob 3240 presses against the spring 3400 (FIGS. 34A–B) so as to provide tension to the power control 3200 and to define on and off positions.

[0115] FIGS. 33A–B illustrate a front cover 3300 having an outside face 3301, an inside face 3302, a power control cavity 3310, a dimmer lever slot 3320, side latches 3330 and posts 3340. Located on the outside face 3301, the power control cavity 3310 is configured for the power control 3200 (FIGS. 32A–B). Within the power control cavity 3310 are a power lever slot 3312, catch slots 3314 and spring holders 3316. The power lever slot 3312 allows the power control lever 3230 (FIGS. 32A–B) to pass through the front cover 3300 to the circuit board 3700 (FIGS. 37A–C). The catch slots 3314 retain the power control latches 3220 (FIGS. 32A–B), as described above. The spring holders 3316 are configured to retain the spring 3400 (FIGS. 34A–B) within the power control cavity 3310. Also located on the outside face 3301, the dimmer lever slot 3320 allows a dimmer lever 3510 (FIGS. 35A–B) to protrude through the front cover 3300 so that the dimmer control 3500 (FIGS. 35A–B) can be manually positioned. The side latches 3330 insert into back cover side catches 3830 (FIGS. 38A–B) so as to secure together the front cover 3300 and the back cover 3800 to form a housing, as described above.

[0116] FIGS. 34A–B illustrate a spring 3400, which provides tension and a position retaining mechanism for the power control 3200 (FIGS. 32A–B). The spring 3400 has a curved middle 3410, flat surfaces 3420 extending from the middle 3410 and folded ends 3430. The middle 3410 pushes against the power control knob 3240 (FIGS. 32A–B) forcing the knob 3240 (FIGS. 32A–B) to one of the flat surfaces 3420 so as to retain the power control 3200 (FIGS. 32A–B) in either an on or off position until manually actuated. The ends 3430 extend perpendicularly to the flat surfaces 3420 so as to grasp the spring holders 3316 (FIGS. 33A–B).

[0117] FIGS. 35A–B illustrate a dimmer control 3500 having a dimmer lever 3510, a clip 3520 and guides 3530. The dimmer lever 3510 extends perpendicularly from the guides 3530 and protrudes through the dimmer lever slot 3320 (FIGS. 33A–B) so as to be accessible for manual actuation. The clip 3520 defines a generally centered clip aperture 3522 that fits over and retains a potentiometer control 3732 (FIGS. 37A–C). The guides 3530 are supported by the front cover inside face 3302 (FIGS. 33A–B) and extend beyond the ends of the dimmer control slot 3320 (FIGS. 33A–B). As the dimmer control 3500 is slidably actuated, the potentiometer control 3732 (FIGS. 37A–C) is slideably actuated so as to adjust the resistance of the potentiometer 3730 (FIGS. 37A–C), dimming a light or otherwise changing current through the dimmer module 3000, as described below.

[0118] FIGS. 36A–B illustrate a heat sink 3600 having a body 3610, fins 3620 extending generally perpendicularly from and folded back toward the body 3610, attachment ears 3630, a slot 3640, a potentiometer aperture 3650, latch apertures 3660 and thru holes 3670. The attachment ears 3630 define apertures 3632 that accept fasteners so that the dimmer switch module 3000 (FIGS. 30A–B) can be secured to a wiring module. The slot 3640 passes the power control lever 3230 (FIGS. 32A–B) as described above. The potentiometer aperture 3650 accommodates the potentiometer 3730 (FIGS. 37A–C). The latch apertures 3660 pass the front cover latches 3330 (FIGS. 33A–B) to the back cover catches 3830 (FIGS. 38A–B). The thru holes 3670 allow tool access to the circuit board fasteners 3020 (FIG. 31).

[0119] FIGS. 37A–C illustrate a circuit board 3700 having a printed circuit substrate 3705 with mounted components 3710–3740 on a front side 3701 and prongs 3750 extending from a back side 3702. The major mounted components are a triac 3710, a switch 3720, a potentiometer 3730 and a coil 3740, described below. The triac 3710 is secured to the heat sink, as shown in FIG. 31, above. The prongs 3750 form the conductive portions of the shielded plugs 3010 (FIGS. 30A–B).

[0120] FIGS. 38A–B illustrate a back cover 3800 having an inside face 3802, an outside face 3801, shields 3810, a key bar 3820, side catches 3830 and mounting posts 3840. As shown in FIG. 38B on the outside face 3801, the shields 3810 provide the shield portion of the shielded plugs 3010 (FIGS. 30A–B). In particular, the shields 3810 completely surround all sides of the prongs 3750 (FIGS. 37A–C) so that the prongs 3750 (FIGS. 37A-C) are not exposed while the dimmer switch module 3000 is engaged with a wiring module, even when the dimmer switch module 3000 is partially separated from a wiring module. The key bar 3820 is configured to insert into a wiring module ground socket so as to orient the dimmer switch module 3000. The side catches 3830 accept and engage the side latches 3330 (FIGS. 33A–B) so as to secure the front cover 3300 to the back cover 3800. As shown in FIG. 38A on the inside face 3802, the mounting posts 3840 define apertures that accommodate fasteners 3020 (FIG. 31) that attach the circuit board 3700 (FIG. 37A–C) to the back cover 3800.

[0121] FIG. 39 illustrates a dimmer circuit 3900, such as implemented on the circuit board 3700, described above. The dimmer circuit 3900 has the major components identified with respect to FIGS. 37A–C including a triac 3710, on/off switch 3720, potentiometer 3730 and coil 3740. The triac 3710 is a power control element for the circuit 3700. The switch 3720 enables and disables the circuit 3700. The coil 3740 and a first RC filter 3910 suppress RF (radio frequency) electrical noise. A current limiting resistor 3920 protects the potentiometer 3730 in the event of a short circuit. A second RC filter 3940 smoothes the current input to a diac 3930. In operation, the triac 3710 is initially nonconducting. The potentiometer 3730 variably sets the trigger point of a diac 3930 within an AC power cycle. In particular, the capacitor 3950 is charged through the potentiometer 3730 until the trigger level of the diac 3930 is reached and it fires. This causes the triac 3710 to be conductive so that current flows between the prongs 3750. The triac 3710 will remain in a conductive mode until the current flowing between the prongs 3750 is lower than the triac hold current at the end of a half period of the AC power cycle.

Other Functional Modules

[0122] Although described above with respect to outlet and switch modules, the electrical distribution system may operate in conjunction with a variety of functional modules providing various electrical functions, such as security modules, data transfer modules, computing modules, home entertainment modules and intelligent home product modules to name a few. For example, a security module may incorporate a video camera or motion sensor. A data transfer module may incorporate data storage devices, wireless transceivers or AC power line transceivers. A computing module may incorporate a microprocessor, a data entry or display device, for example. A home entertainment module may work in conjunction with speakers, LCD panels or plasma TVs. A home product module, for instance, may incorporate a microcontroller and a wireless or an AC power line transceiver for appliance control.

[0123] A functional module has been disclosed in detail in connection with various embodiments. These embodiments are disclosed by way of examples only and are not to limit the scope of the claims that follow. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate many variations and modifications.