US 7,074,237 B2Grant
Multiple facet joint replacement
Issue Date:2006-07-11
•20 Claims
•18 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A prosthesis for the replacement of multiple diseased or traumatized spinal facets comprises a portion that replaces at least a bony portion of the facets to be replaced and where the prosthesis attaches to the vertebra in a manner that does not require attachment to, or abutment against, the lamina. Multiple configurations of the prosthesis provide for replacement of the two inferior facets, the two superior facets, a superior and inferior facet, or all four facets. A method of installing the prosthesis is provided that is comprised of the steps of resecting at least a portion of the facets that carry the diseased or traumatized spinal facets and attaching the prosthesis in a manner that does not require attachment or abutment against the lamina.
Metadata
Assignee
- Facet Solutions, Inc.
Inventors
- E. Marlowe Goble
- T. Wade Fallin
- Robert W. Hoy
Application Information
Application Number:US 10/420,467
Filing Date:2003-04-22
Priority Date:2000-12-13
Art Unit:3733
Classifications
IPC:
A61F2/44A61B17/56
Patent Drawings (18 sheets)
Description
[0001] This is a continuation of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/736,103, filed Dec. 13, 2000 by E. Marlowe Goble et al. for MULTIPLE FACET JOINT REPLACEMENT now U.S. Pat. No. 6,565,605.
Background of the Invention
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to surgical devices and methods to replace a damaged, diseased, or otherwise painful spinal facet joint.
[0004] 2. Description of Related Art
[0005] Traumatic, inflammatory, metabolic, synovial, neoplastic and degenerative disorders of the spine can produce debilitating pain that can have severe socioeconomic and psychological effects. One of the most common surgical interventions today is arthrodesis, or spine fusion, of one or more motion segments, with approximately 300,000 procedures performed annually in the United States. Clinical success varies considerably, depending upon technique and indications, and consideration must be given to the concomitant risks and complications. For example, it has been shown that spine fusion decreases function by limiting the range of motion for patients in flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending. Furthermore, it has been shown that spine fusion creates increased stresses and, therefore, accelerated degeneration of adjacent non-fused motion segments. Additionally, pseudoarthrosis, as a result of an incomplete or ineffective fusion, may reduce or even eliminate pain relief for the patient. Also, the fusion device, whether artificial or biological, may migrate out of the fusion site.
[0006] Recently, several attempts have been made to recreate the natural biomechanics of the spine by use of an artificial disc. Artificial discs provide for articulation between vertebral bodies to recreate the full range of motion allowed by the elastic properties of the natural intervertebral disc which directly connects two opposed vertebral bodies.
[0007] However, the artificial discs proposed to date do not fully address the mechanics of motion of the spinal column. In addition to the intervertebral disc, posterior elements called the facet joints help to support axial, torsional and shear loads that act on the spinal column. Furthermore, the facet joints are diarthroidal joints that provide both sliding articulation and load transmission features. The effects of their absence as a result of facetectomy has been observed to produce significant decreases in the stiffness of the spinal column in all planes of motion: flexion and extension, lateral bending, and rotation. Furthermore, contraindications for artificial discs include arthritic facet joints, absent facet joints, severe facet joint tropism or otherwise deformed facet joints.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. Re. 36,758 to Fitz discloses an artificial facet joint where the inferior facet, the mating superior facet, or both, are covered with a cap. The cap requires no preparation of the bone or articular surfaces; it covers and, therefore, preserves the bony and articular structure.
[0009] The capping of the facet has several potential disadvantages. If the facet joint is osteoarthritic, a cap will not remove the source of the pain. Additionally, at least in the case of surface replacements for osteoarthritis femoral heads, the capping of articular bone ends has proven to lead to clinical failure by means of mechanical loosening. The clinical failure is hypothesized to be a sequela of disrupting the periosteum and ligamentum teres femoris, both serving a nutrition delivery role to the femoral head, thereby leading to avascular necrosis of the bony support structure for the surface replacement. Another potential disadvantage is that in order to accommodate the wide variability in anatomical morphology of the facets, not only between individuals but also between levels within the spinal column, a very wide variety of sizes and shapes would be required.
[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,464 to Martin discloses a spinal facet joint prosthesis that is supported on the lamina, which is sometimes also referred to as the posterior arch of the vertebra. Extending from this prosthetic support structure are inferior and/or superior blades that replace the cartilage at the facet joint. Like the Fitz design, the Martin prosthesis generally preserves existing bony structures and therefore does not address pathologies which affect the bone of the facets in addition to affecting the associated cartilage. Furthermore, the Martin invention requires a mating condition between the prosthesis and the lamina, or the posterior arch, that is a thin base of curved bone that carries all four facets and the spinous process. Since the posterior arch is a very complex and highly variable anatomic surface, it is very difficult to design a prosthesis that provides reproducible positioning to correctly locate the cartilage-replacing blades for the facet joints.
[0011] Another approach to surgical intervention for spinal facets is provided in WO9848717A1 to Villaret. While Villaret teaches the replacement of spinal facets, the replacement is interlocked in a manner to immobilize the joint.
[0012] Facet joint replacement in conjunction with artificial disc replacements represent a novel solution to recreating a fully functional motion segment that is compromised due to disease or trauma. Together, facet joint and disc replacement can eliminate substantially all sources of pain, return full function and range of motion, and restore the natural biomechanics of the spinal column. Additionally, degenerative or traumatized facet joints may be replaced in the absence of disc replacement when the natural intervertebral disc is unaffected by the disease or trauma.
[0013] It would therefore be an improvement in the art to provide a device and a method for the replacement of multiple vertebral facets and a portion of their associated bony structure so as to remove the source of traumatic, arthritic, or other disease related pain.
Summary of the Invention
[0014] It is an object of the invention to provide a multiple vertebral facet replacement prosthesis for a diseased or traumatized vertebra with painful or compromised facet joints.
[0015] It is another object of the invention to provide a method of replacing multiple vertebral facets for a diseased or traumatized vertebra with,painful or compromised facet joints.
[0016] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a kit of multiple facet prostheses for the convenient replacement of one or more levels of facet joints.
[0017] In one preferred embodiment, the inferior bilateral facets of a superior vertebra are resected at the base of the facets where they connect to the posterior arch. Flanges are oriented relative to the body of the prosthesis such that when the flanges are placed against the pedicles and in a manner such that the planar surfaces of the flanges are perpendicular to the respective axes of the pedicle's interior bone canal, the articulating surfaces of the inferior bilateral facet prosthesis will be properly positioned to replicate the articulating surfaces of the natural facets. Each flange includes a hole for the passage of a fastener to securely attach the prosthesis to the pedicle. The fastener can be a screw, spike, tack, staple, modular post, or the like.
[0018] Alternatively, or in addition, the superior facets of an inferior vertebra are resected at the base of the facets where they connect to the pedicles. As with the bilateral inferior facet prosthesis, a bilateral superior facet prosthesis is attached to the inferior vertebra by means of fasteners which engage holes on mounting flanges and the pedicles.
[0019] The fasteners or the bone contacting surfaces of the flanges may be porous coated to promote bone ingrowth in order to achieve long term fixation. The porous coating may carry osteoconductive agents, such as hydroxylapatite, calcium sulfate, or demineralized bone matrix. Alternatively, the porous coating may carry osteoinductive agents, such as bone morphogenic proteins, including rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7.
[0020] Alternative embodiments of the present invention include the replacement of different combinations of facets on a single vertebra. One embodiment provides for the replacement of the left inferior and left superior facets by a single prosthesis. Another embodiment provides for the concurrent replacement of all four facets by a single prosthesis. The four facet prosthesis can be used in conjunction with a superior bilateral facet replacement and an inferior bilateral facet replacement to provide a two level replacement of facet joints. Alternatively, two of the four facet prostheses can be used in conjunction with a superior bilateral facet replacement and an inferior bilateral facet replacement to provide a three level replacement of facet joints, where the middle level facet replacement is accomplished by the two adjacent four facet prostheses.
[0021] The present invention has numerous advantages over the prior art. Among other things, the present invention provides for the convenient, simultaneous replacement of multiple combinations of facets on a single vertebra: two superior facets, two posterior facets, two left facets, two right facets, or all four facets. Furthermore, multiple levels of facet joints can be replaced by selecting from a kit of multiple facet joint prostheses. Another advantage of the present invention is a precise and tight attachment of the prosthesis to bones, as opposed to prosthetic surfaces that rely on mating with highly complex and variable external surfaces of the vertebra, such as the posterior arch. Another advantage is that the optional porous coating is placed into interior bone spaces where porous coatings have proven to achieve bone ingrowth for excellent long term fixation strength. This ability to achieve bone ingrowth is uncertain for the prior art devices that engage the external bone surfaces of the vertebra. Yet another advantage lies in the removal of the facet bone structure. More particularly, where the facet bone is involved in the disease pathology or the trauma that compromised the articular or cartilaginous surface of the facet, resection provides a means for ensuring that all pain associated with the disease or trauma is removed. With prior art devices, the bony structure of the facets is generally left intact.
[0022] The above, and other, objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description which is to be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0023] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a spine motion segment;
[0024] FIG. 2 is a dorsal view of a bilateral facet joint reconstructed in accordance with the present invention;
[0025] FIG. 3 is a lateral view of the bilateral facet joint prosthesis shown in FIG. 2 ;
[0026] FIG. 4 is a dorsal view of the implanted inferior bilateral facet prosthesis shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 ;
[0027] FIG. 5 is an inferior view of the implanted inferior bilateral facet prosthesis shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 ;
[0028] FIG. 6 is a ventral view of the inferior bilateral facet prosthesis shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 ;
[0029] FIG. 7 is a dorsal view of the implanted superior bilateral facet prosthesis shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 ;
[0030] FIG. 8 is a superior view of the implanted superior bilateral facet prosthesis shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 ;
[0031] FIG. 9 is a ventral view of the superior bilateral facet prosthesis shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 ;
[0032] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the superior bilateral facet prosthesis shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 ;
[0033] FIG. 11 is a dorsal view of a two level facet joint replacement;
[0034] FIG. 12 is a lateral view of the two level facet joint replacement of FIG. 11 ;
[0035] FIG. 13 is a dorsal view of the implanted four facet prosthesis shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 ;
[0036] FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the four facet prosthesis shown in FIG. 13 ;
[0037] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an alternative form of inferior bilateral facet prosthesis;
[0038] FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an implanted superior and inferior unilateral facet prosthesis; and
[0039] FIG. 17 is a perspective view of the unilateral facet prosthesis shown in FIG. 16 .
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments
[0040] Referring first to FIG. 1 , there is shown a superior vertebra 5 and an inferior vertebra 10, with an intervertebral disc 15 located in between. Vertebra 5 has superior facets 20, inferior facets 25, a lamina (also sometimes referred to as a posterior arch) 30, a spinous process 35, and pedicles 40. Vertebra 10 has superior facets 45, inferior facets 50, a posterior arch 55, a spinous process 60, and pedicles 65 (only one of which is seen in FIG. 1 ).
[0041] Referring now to FIG. 2 , the left and right inferior facets 25 of vertebra 5 have been resected at 70 and a bilateral inferior facet prosthesis 75 has been attached to vertebra 5 using screw fasteners 80. Similarly, the left and right superior facets 45 of vertebra 10 have been resected at 82 (FIG. 7 ) and a bilateral superior facet prosthesis 85 has been attached to vertebra 10 using screw fasteners 90.
[0042] In FIG. 3 it can be appreciated that bilateral inferior facet prosthesis 75 replicates the natural anatomy when compared to the intact inferior facet 25 of vertebra 5. Furthermore, bilateral facet prosthesis 75 extends from its attachment point in a manner that does not require contact with, or mating to, the complex geometry of the lamina (or posterior arch) 30. Resection surfaces 70 provide adequate clearance for bilateral inferior facet prosthesis 75 and provide complete removal of the diseased or traumatized natural inferior facets 25.
[0043] FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate how the geometry of the bridge 95 of bilateral inferior facet prosthesis 75 matches that of the posterior arch 30 of vertebra 5 in order to provide adequate clearance for the central foramen 100. Articular surfaces 105 articulate with the opposing superior facets 45 (or their prosthetic replacements) of the vertebra 10.
[0044] FIG. 6 illustrates the bilateral inferior facet prosthesis 75 with flanges 110 that abut against the pedicles 40 of vertebra 5. Bridge 95 connects the articular surfaces 105. Holes 115 allow the attachment of bilateral inferior facet prosthesis 75 to vertebra 5 by means of screw fasteners 80. Alternatively, screw fasteners 80 could be replaced with staples, pins, tacks, anchors, modular fixation posts, or the like. These alternative fasteners could further include porous coatings to further enhance bony fixation, and could also include osteoconductive or osteoinductive substances.
[0045] In FIG. 7 it can be appreciated that bilateral superior facet prosthesis 85 replicates the natural anatomy when compared to the intact superior facets 45 of vertebra 10. Furthermore, bilateral facet prosthesis 85 extends from its attachment point in a manner that does not require contact with, or mating to, the complex geometry of the lamina (or posterior arch) 55. Resection surfaces 82 provide adequate clearance for bilateral superior facet prosthesis 85 and provide complete removal of the diseased or traumatized natural superior facets 45.
[0046] FIG. 8 illustrates how the geometry of the bridge 120 of bilateral superior facet prosthesis 85 matches that of the posterior arch 55 of vertebra 10 in order to provide adequate clearance for the central foramen 125. Articular surfaces 130 articulate with the opposing inferior facets of the vertebra 5.
[0047] FIG. 9 illustrates the bilateral superior facet prosthesis 85 with flanges 135 that abut against the pedicles 65 of vertebra 10. Bridge 120 connects the articular surfaces 130 (seen in FIG. 8 but not seen in FIG. 9 ). Holes 140 allow the attachment of bilateral superior facet prosthesis 85 to vertebra 10 by means of screw fasteners 90.
[0048] FIG. 10 illustrates an alternative superior facet prosthesis 85A with a bearing surface 130A that mounts to substrate 131A. The bearing surface 130A is preferably a biocompatible polymeric material, such as ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. Alternately, the bearing surface 130A can be ceramic, such as zirconia or alumina. The substrate 131A is preferably a biocompatible metal alloy, such as an alloy of titanium, cobalt, or iron.
[0049] FIG. 11 illustrates a superior vertebra 145, a middle vertebra 150, and an inferior vertebra 155. Superior facet prosthesis 85 articulates with quad-facet prosthesis 160 to recreate the natural biomechanics of the replaced facet joints. Inferior facet prosthesis 75 articulates with quad-facet prosthesis 160 to recreate the natural biomechanics of the replaced facet joints at the next upper level. Thus, FIG. 11 illustrates a two level reconstruction of facet joints. Superior facet prosthesis 85, quad-facet prosthesis 160, and inferior facet prosthesis 75 are each attached to bone by means of screw fasteners 165.
[0050] In the lateral view of FIG. 12 , it can be appreciated that superior facet prosthesis 85, quad-facet prosthesis 160, and inferior facet prosthesis 75 do not encroach into the intervertebral foraminal spaces 167 where nerve roots extend laterally from the spinal cord.
[0051] Referring next to FIG. 13 , it should be appreciated that superior bridge 170 and inferior bridge 175 of quad-facet prosthesis 160 do not contact any portion of vertebra 150. Mounting holes 180 (shown in FIG. 14 ) are used to secure the flanges 185 against the pedicles of vertebra 150.
[0052] In FIG. 15 , an alternative inferior bilateral facet prosthesis 190 is presented. To further stabilize the implant and to counter moments that act upon the two points of fixation into the pedicles, a set of parallel flanges 195 extend posteriorly such that the two flanges straddle the spinous process 35. A bolt 200 is used to fasten the parallel flanges to the spinous process. Alternatively, other adjunctive structural features could be added to further stabilize the prosthesis. For example, a strut that extends, and attaches, to the transverse process could be used to further stabilize the prosthesis.
[0053] Looking next at FIGS. 16 and 17 , there is shown a superior and inferior unilateral facet prosthesis 300. Unilateral facet prosthesis 300 comprises a body 305 and a stem 310 extending out of body 305. A superior element 315 extends vertically upward from body 305, and an inferior element 310 extends vertically downward from body 305. Unilateral facet prosthesis 300 is configured so that when its stem 310 extends into the pedicle of vertebra 325, superior element 315 will replace a resected superior facet, and inferior element 320 will replace a resected inferior facet. If desired, stem 310 could be replaced with a screw extending through a hole in body 305 and into the pedicle.
[0054] Having described preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the embodiments shown herein are by way of example and not limitation, and that various changes and modifications may be effected by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the following claims.
Claims
Certificate of Correction present
The claims shown below may not include correction changes. Use the corrected PDF for authoritative text.
What is claimed is:
1. A system for replacing at least a first left facet and a first right facet of a vertebra, the system comprising:
a first left articular surface shaped to replace the first left facet
a first right articular surface shaped to replace the first right facet; and
a bridge configured to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface without requiring removal of a spinous process of the vertebra and without encircling the spinous process.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the bridge extends only one of superior to the spinous process, and inferior to the spinous process.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the bridge extends inferior to the spinous process.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein the bridge extends superior to the spinous process.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the bridge is unitarily formed with the first left articular surface and with the first right articular surface.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the bridge is further configured to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface without requiring any resection of the spinous process.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the bridge is further configured to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface without contacting the spinous process.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the first left facet comprises a superior left facet of the vertebra and the first right facet comprises a superior right facet of the vertebra.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the first left facet comprises an inferior left facet of the vertebra and the first right facet comprises an inferior right facet of the vertebra.
10. A system for replacing at least a first left facet and a first right facet of a vertebra, the system comprising:
a first left articular surface shaped to replace the first left facet
a first right articular surface shaped to replace the first right facet; and
a bridge extending only superior to a spinous process of the vertebra to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface without requiring removal of the spinous process.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the bridge is further configured to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface without requiring any resection of the spinous process and without contacting the spinous process.
12. The system of claim 10, wherein the first left facet comprises a superior left facet of the vertebra and the first right facet comprises a superior right facet of the vertebra.
13. A system for replacing at least a first left facet and a first right facet of a vertebra, the system comprising:
a first left articular surface shaped to replace the first left facet
a first right articular surface shaped to replace the first right facet; and
a bridge extending only inferior to a spinous process of the vertebra to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface without requiring removal of the spinous process.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the bridge is further configured to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface without requiring any resection of the spinous process and without contacting the spinous process.
15. The system of claim 13, wherein the first left facet comprises an inferior left facet of the vertebra and the first right facet comprises an inferior right facet of the vertebra.
16. A method for replacing at least a first left facet and a first right facet of a vertebra, the method comprising:
positioning a first left articular surface to replace the first left facet;
positioning a first right articular surface to replace the first right facet; and
positioning a bridge to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface without requiring removal of the spinous process of the vertebra and without encircling the spinous process.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein positioning the bridge to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface comprises positioning the bridge to extend only one of inferior to the spinous process, and superior to the spinous process.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein positioning the bridge to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface comprises positioning the bridge without requiring any resection of the spinous process and without contacting the spinous process.
19. A method for replacing at least a first left facet and a first right facet of a vertebra, the method comprising:
positioning a first left articular surface to replace the first left facet;
positioning a first right articular surface to replace the first right facet; and
positioning a bridge to extend only superior to a spinous process of the vertebra to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface without requiring removal of the spinous process.
20. A method for replacing at least a first left facet and a first right facet of a vertebra, the method comprising:
positioning a first left articular surface to replace the first left facet;
positioning a first right articular surface to replace the first right facet; and
positioning a bridge to extend only inferior to a spinous process of the vertebra to connect the first left articular surface to the first right articular surface without requiring removal of the spinous process.
Patent Citations (343)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3247000(A) | 1966-04-01 | Taylor | Applicant |
| US3298372(A) | 1967-01-01 | Feinberg | Applicant |
| US3486505(A) | 1969-12-01 | Morrison | Applicant |
| US3508954(A) | 1970-04-01 | White et al. | Applicant |
| US3857642(A) | 1974-12-01 | Miller | Applicant |
| US3867728(A) | 1975-02-01 | Stubstad et al. | Applicant |
| US3875595(A) | 1975-04-01 | Froning | Applicant |
| US4092078(A) | 1978-05-01 | Klotz et al. | Applicant |
| US4289123(A) | 1981-09-01 | Dunn | Applicant |
| US4349921(A) | 1982-09-01 | Kuntz | Applicant |
| US4483334(A) | 1984-11-01 | Murray | Applicant |
| US4501269(A) | 1985-02-01 | Bagby | Applicant |
| US4604995(A) | 1986-08-01 | Stephens et al. | Applicant |
| US4611581(A) | 1986-09-01 | Steffee | Applicant |
| US4641636(A) | 1987-02-01 | Cotrel | Applicant |
| US4657550(A) | 1987-04-01 | Daher | Applicant |
| US4696290(A) | 1987-09-01 | Steffee | Applicant |
| US4759769(A) | 1988-07-01 | Hedman et al. | Applicant |
| US4772287(A) | 1988-09-01 | Ray et al. | Applicant |
| US4790303(A) | 1988-12-01 | Steffee | Applicant |
| US4800874(A) | 1989-01-01 | David et al. | Applicant |
| US4805602(A) | 1989-02-01 | Puno et al. | Applicant |
| US4827918(A) | 1989-05-01 | Olerud | Applicant |
| US4863476(A) | 1989-09-01 | Shepperd | Applicant |
| US4863477(A) | 1989-09-01 | Monson | Applicant |
| US4904260(A) | 1990-02-01 | Ray et al. | Applicant |
| US4911718(A) | 1990-03-01 | Lee et al. | Applicant |
| US4946458(A) | 1990-08-01 | Harms et al. | Applicant |
| US5011484(A) | 1991-04-01 | Breard | Applicant |
| US5047055(A) | 1991-09-01 | Bao et al. | Applicant |
| US5071437(A) | 1991-12-01 | Steffee | Applicant |
| US5092866(A) | 1992-03-01 | Breard et al. | Applicant |
| US5092867(A) | 1992-03-01 | Harms et al. | Applicant |
| US5127912(A) | 1992-07-01 | Ray et al. | Applicant |
| US5147361(A) | 1992-09-01 | Ojima et al. | Applicant |
| US5147404(A) | 1992-09-01 | Downey | Applicant |
| US5171280(A) | 1992-12-01 | Baumgartner | Applicant |
| US5192326(A) | 1993-03-01 | Bao et al. | Applicant |
| US5246458(A) | 1993-09-01 | Graham | Applicant |
| US5258031(A) | 1993-11-01 | Salib et al. | Applicant |
| US5261910(A) | 1993-11-01 | Warden et al. | Applicant |
| US5263953(A) | 1993-11-01 | Bagby | Applicant |
| US5282863(A) | 1994-02-01 | Burton | Applicant |
| US5306275(A) | 1994-04-01 | Bryan | Applicant |
| US5306308(A) | 1994-04-01 | Gross et al. | Applicant |
| US5306309(A) | 1994-04-01 | Wagner et al. | Applicant |
| US5313962(A) | 1994-05-01 | Obenchain | Applicant |
| US5318567(A) | 1994-06-01 | Vichard | Applicant |
| US5366455(A) | 1994-11-01 | Dove et al. | Applicant |
| US5370697(A) | 1994-12-01 | Baumgartner | Applicant |
| US5387213(A) | 1995-02-01 | Breard et al. | Applicant |
| US5391168(A) | 1995-02-01 | Sanders et al. | Applicant |
| US5401269(A) | 1995-03-01 | Buttner-Janz et al. | Applicant |
| US5415661(A) | 1995-05-01 | Holmes | Applicant |
| US5437669(A) | 1995-08-01 | Yuan et al. | Applicant |
| US5437672(A) | 1995-08-01 | Alleyne | Applicant |
| US5439464(A) | 1995-08-01 | Shapiro | Applicant |
| US5443516(A) | 1995-08-01 | Albrektsson et al. | Applicant |
| US5458642(A) | 1995-10-01 | Beer et al. | Applicant |
| US5458643(A) | 1995-10-01 | Oka et al. | Applicant |
| US5464439(A) | 1995-11-01 | Gendler | Applicant |
| US5470333(A) | 1995-11-01 | Ray | Applicant |
| US5476463(A) | 1995-12-01 | Boachie-Adjei et al. | Applicant |
| US5480401(A) | 1996-01-01 | Navas | Applicant |
| US5489308(A) | 1996-02-01 | Kuslich et al. | Applicant |
| US5507745(A) | 1996-04-01 | Logroscino et al. | Applicant |
| US5507813(A) | 1996-04-01 | Dowd et al. | Applicant |
| US5514180(A) | 1996-05-01 | Heggeness et al. | Applicant |
| US5522899(A) | 1996-06-01 | Michelson | Applicant |
| US5527312(A) | 1996-06-01 | Ray | Applicant |
| US5531745(A) | 1996-07-01 | Ray | Applicant |
| US5531747(A) | 1996-07-01 | Ray | Applicant |
| US5534028(A) | 1996-07-01 | Bao et al. | Applicant |
| US5534030(A) | 1996-07-01 | Navarro et al. | Applicant |
| US5545229(A) | 1996-08-01 | Parsons et al. | Applicant |
| US5549607(A) | 1996-08-01 | Olson et al. | Applicant |
| US5556431(A) | 1996-09-01 | Buttner-Janz | Applicant |
| US5556687(A) | 1996-09-01 | McMillin | Applicant |
| US5562735(A) | 1996-10-01 | Margulies | Applicant |
| US5562736(A) | 1996-10-01 | Ray et al. | Applicant |
| US5562737(A) | 1996-10-01 | Graf | Applicant |
| US5569248(A) | 1996-10-01 | Mathews | Applicant |
| US5571189(A) | 1996-11-01 | Kuslich | Applicant |
| US5571191(A) | 1996-11-01 | Fitz | Applicant |
| US5572191(A) | 1996-11-01 | Lundberg | Applicant |
| US5582612(A) | 1996-12-01 | Lin | Applicant |
| US5584832(A) | 1996-12-01 | Schlapfer | Applicant |
| US5603713(A) | 1997-02-01 | Aust et al. | Applicant |
| US5645597(A) | 1997-07-01 | Krapiva | Applicant |
| US5649926(A) | 1997-07-01 | Howland | Applicant |
| US5653762(A) | 1997-08-01 | Pisharodi | Applicant |
| US5666243(A) | 1997-09-01 | Brent | Applicant |
| US5672175(A) | 1997-09-01 | Martin | Applicant |
| US5674295(A) | 1997-10-01 | Ray et al. | Applicant |
| US5674296(A) | 1997-10-01 | Bryan et al. | Applicant |
| US5676701(A) | 1997-10-01 | Yuan et al. | Applicant |
| US5681310(A) | 1997-10-01 | Yuan et al. | Applicant |
| US5683464(A) | 1997-11-01 | Wagner et al. | Applicant |
| US5683465(A) | 1997-11-01 | Shinn et al. | Applicant |
| US5688272(A) | 1997-11-01 | Montague et al. | Applicant |
| US5690629(A) | 1997-11-01 | Asher et al. | Applicant |
| US5702450(A) | 1997-12-01 | Bisserie | Applicant |
| US5704936(A) | 1998-01-01 | Mazel | Applicant |
| US5716415(A) | 1998-02-01 | Steffee | Applicant |
| US5735899(A) | 1998-04-01 | Schwartz et al. | Applicant |
| US5749873(A) | 1998-05-01 | Fairley | Applicant |
| US5772661(A) | 1998-06-01 | Michelson | Applicant |
| US5797909(A) | 1998-08-01 | Michelson | Applicant |
| US5814046(A) | 1998-09-01 | Hopf | Applicant |
| US5824093(A) | 1998-10-01 | Ray et al. | Applicant |
| US5824094(A) | 1998-10-01 | Serhan et al. | Applicant |
| US5836948(A) | 1998-11-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US5860977(A) | 1999-01-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US5865846(A) | 1999-02-01 | Bryan et al. | Applicant |
| US5868745(A) | 1999-02-01 | Alleyne | Applicant |
| US5876404(A) | 1999-03-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US5893889(A) | 1999-04-01 | Harrington | Applicant |
| USRE36221(E) | 1999-06-01 | Breard et al. | Applicant |
| US5961516(A) | 1999-10-01 | Graf | Applicant |
| US5986169(A) | 1999-11-01 | Gjunter | Applicant |
| US6001130(A) | 1999-12-01 | Bryan et al. | Applicant |
| US6004322(A) | 1999-12-01 | Bernstein | Applicant |
| US6014588(A) | 2000-01-01 | Fitz | Applicant |
| US6019759(A) | 2000-02-01 | Rogozinski | Applicant |
| US6019792(A) | 2000-02-01 | Cauthen | Applicant |
| US6039761(A) | 2000-03-01 | Li et al. | Applicant |
| US6039763(A) | 2000-03-01 | Shelokov | Applicant |
| US6048342(A) | 2000-04-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6063088(A) | 2000-05-01 | Winslow | Applicant |
| US6063121(A) | 2000-05-01 | Xavier et al. | Applicant |
| US6066325(A) | 2000-05-01 | Wallace et al. | Applicant |
| USRE36758(E) | 2000-06-01 | Fitz | Applicant |
| USRE36758(E) | 2000-06-01 | Fitz | Examiner |
| US6074390(A) | 2000-06-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6080157(A) | 2000-06-01 | Cathro et al. | Applicant |
| US6090112(A) | 2000-07-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6113637(A) | 2000-09-01 | Gill et al. | Applicant |
| US6113639(A) | 2000-09-01 | Ray et al. | Applicant |
| US6132464(A) | 2000-10-01 | Martin | Examiner |
| US6132465(A) | 2000-10-01 | Ray et al. | Applicant |
| US6149652(A) | 2000-11-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6151934(A) | 2000-11-01 | Chong et al. | Applicant |
| US6152926(A) | 2000-11-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6156038(A) | 2000-12-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6176861(B1) | 2001-01-01 | Bernstein et al. | Applicant |
| US6179838(B1) | 2001-01-01 | Fiz | Applicant |
| US6190414(B1) | 2001-02-01 | Young et al. | Applicant |
| US6206882(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Cohen | Applicant |
| US6206922(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Zdeblick et al. | Applicant |
| US6238397(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6241730(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Alby | Applicant |
| US6264655(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Pisharodi | Applicant |
| US6267764(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Elberg | Applicant |
| US6280444(B1) | 2001-08-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6290700(B1) | 2001-09-01 | Schmotzer | Applicant |
| US6293949(B1) | 2001-09-01 | Justis et al. | Applicant |
| US6312469(B1) | 2001-11-01 | Gielen et al. | Applicant |
| US6314325(B1) | 2001-11-01 | Fitz | Applicant |
| US6332882(B1) | 2001-12-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6379355(B1) | 2002-04-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6413259(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Lyons et al. | Applicant |
| US6419676(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6419677(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6419704(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Ferree | Applicant |
| US6440169(B1) | 2002-08-01 | Elberg et al. | Applicant |
| US6447546(B1) | 2002-09-01 | Bramlet et al. | Applicant |
| US6451020(B1) | 2002-09-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6461359(B1) | 2002-10-01 | Tribus et al. | Applicant |
| US6471704(B1) | 2002-10-01 | Gertzbein et al. | Applicant |
| US6475219(B1) | 2002-11-01 | Shelokov | Applicant |
| US6478796(B1) | 2002-11-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6481440(B1) | 2002-11-01 | Gielen et al. | Applicant |
| US6500178(B1) | 2002-12-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6514256(B1) | 2003-02-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6527806(B1) | 2003-03-01 | Ralph et al. | Applicant |
| US6565605(B1) | 2003-05-01 | Goble et al. | Examiner |
| US6579319(B1) | 2003-06-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6582433(B1) | 2003-06-01 | Yun | Applicant |
| US6585769(B1) | 2003-07-01 | Muhanna et al. | Applicant |
| US6610091(B1) | 2003-08-01 | Reiley | Examiner |
| US6616669(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Ogilvie et al. | Applicant |
| US6626909(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Chin | Applicant |
| US6626944(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Taylor | Applicant |
| US6652527(B1) | 2003-11-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6652534(B1) | 2003-11-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6652585(B1) | 2003-11-01 | Lange | Applicant |
| US6669729(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Chin | Applicant |
| US6695842(B1) | 2004-02-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6699246(B1) | 2004-03-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6699247(B1) | 2004-03-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6733534(B1) | 2004-05-01 | Sherman | Applicant |
| US6761719(B1) | 2004-07-01 | Justis et al. | Applicant |
| US6761720(B1) | 2004-07-01 | Senegas | Applicant |
| US6783527(B1) | 2004-08-01 | Drewry et al. | Applicant |
| US6796983(B1) | 2004-09-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US6811567(B1) | 2004-11-01 | Reiley | Examiner |
| US6835205(B1) | 2004-12-01 | Atkinson et al. | Applicant |
| US6835207(B1) | 2004-12-01 | Zacouto et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0007073(A1) | 2001-07-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0012938(A1) | 2001-08-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0016743(A1) | 2001-08-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0021850(A1) | 2001-09-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0031965(A1) | 2001-10-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0039452(A1) | 2001-11-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0029039(A1) | 2002-03-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0091446(A1) | 2002-07-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/2116000 | 2002-08-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0123806(A1) | 2002-09-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2002/2143331 | 2002-10-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0183746(A1) | 2002-12-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0009226(A1) | 2003-01-01 | Graf | Applicant |
| US2003/0055427(A1) | 2003-03-01 | Graf | Applicant |
| US2003/0065330(A1) | 2003-04-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0073998(A1) | 2003-04-01 | Pagliuca et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0109880(A1) | 2003-06-01 | Shirado et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0315391 | 2003-08-01 | Graf | Applicant |
| US2003/3191470 | 2003-10-01 | Ritland | Applicant |
| US2003/0220643(A1) | 2003-11-01 | Ferree | Applicant |
| US2003/3220642 | 2003-11-01 | Freudiger | Applicant |
| US2004/0006341(A1) | 2004-01-01 | Shaolian | Applicant |
| US2004/0006391(A1) | 2004-01-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2004/0024458(A1) | 2004-02-01 | Senegas et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0049189(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Le Couedic et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0049190(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Biedermann et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0049272(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2004/0049273(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2004/0049274(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2004/0049275(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2004/0049276(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2004/0049277(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2004/0049278(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2004/0049281(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2004/0072315(A1) | 2004-04-01 | Carli | Applicant |
| US2004/0078082(A1) | 2004-04-01 | Lange | Applicant |
| US2004/0082954(A1) | 2004-04-01 | Teitelbaum et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0087950(A1) | 2004-05-01 | Teitelbaum | Applicant |
| US2004/0106995(A1) | 2004-06-01 | Le Couedic et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0111154(A1) | 2004-06-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2004/0116927(A1) | 2004-06-01 | Graf | Applicant |
| US2004/0117017(A1) | 2004-06-01 | Pasquet et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0127989(A1) | 2004-07-01 | Dooris et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0143264(A1) | 2004-07-01 | Mcafee | Applicant |
| US2004/0147928(A1) | 2004-07-01 | Landry et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0153071(A1) | 2004-08-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0158245(A1) | 2004-08-01 | Chin | Applicant |
| US2004/0167520(A1) | 2004-08-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0172025(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Drewry et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0181282(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0181285(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Simonson | Applicant |
| US2004/0186475(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Falahee | Applicant |
| US2004/0220568(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0225289(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Biedermann et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0230192(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Graf | Applicant |
| US2004/0230304(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Yuan et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0236327(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Paul et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0236328(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Paul et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0236329(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Panjabi | Applicant |
| US2004/4230201 | 2004-11-01 | Yuan et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0243239(A1) | 2004-12-01 | Taylor | Applicant |
| US2005/0010291(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Stinson et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0010293(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0010298(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Zucherman et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0027361(A1) | 2005-02-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2005/0043797(A1) | 2005-02-01 | Lee | Applicant |
| US2005/0043799(A1) | 2005-02-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2005/0119748(A1) | 2005-06-01 | Reiley et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0131406(A1) | 2005-06-01 | Reiley et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0137705(A1) | 2005-06-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2005/0137706(A1) | 2005-06-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2005/0143818(A1) | 2005-06-01 | Yuan et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0149190(A1) | 2005-07-01 | Reiley | Applicant |
| US2005/0154467(A1) | 2005-07-01 | Peterman et al. | Applicant |
| CN2386790(Y) | 2000-07-01 | Applicant | |
| EP408489(A1) | 1991-01-01 | Applicant | |
| EP322334(B1) | 1992-02-01 | Applicant | |
| EP667127(A1) | 1995-08-01 | Applicant | |
| EP767637(B1) | 1998-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP768843(B1) | 1999-02-01 | Applicant | |
| EP669109(B1) | 1999-05-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1239785(B1) | 2004-09-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1343424(B1) | 2004-09-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1399078(B1) | 2004-12-01 | Applicant | |
| FR2721501(B1) | 1996-08-01 | Applicant | |
| JP10-179622(A2) | 1998-07-01 | Applicant | |
| JP10179622(A2) | 1998-07-01 | Applicant | |
| JP10277070(A2) | 1998-07-01 | Applicant | |
| SU1468543(A1) | 1989-03-01 | Applicant | |
| SU1517953(A1) | 1989-10-01 | Applicant | |
| WO8707827(A1) | 1987-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO9421185(A1) | 1994-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO9505784(A1) | 1995-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO9505785(A1) | 1995-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO9505786(A1) | 1995-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO9822033(A1) | 1998-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO98/48717(A1) | 1998-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO9848707(A1) | 1998-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO99/23963(A1) | 1999-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO9921500(A1) | 1999-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO9921501(A1) | 1999-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO/38582(A1) | 2000-07-01 | Applicant | |
| WO1/30248(A1) | 2001-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO145576(A1) | 2001-06-01 | Applicant | |
| WO149192(A1) | 2001-07-01 | Applicant | |
| WO156489(A1) | 2001-08-01 | Applicant | |
| WO164142(A1) | 2001-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO164144(A2) | 2001-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO191657(A1) | 2001-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO191658(A1) | 2001-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO200124(A1) | 2002-01-01 | Applicant | |
| WO203882(A2) | 2002-01-01 | Applicant | |
| WO207621(A1) | 2002-01-01 | Applicant | |
| WO207622(A1) | 2002-01-01 | Applicant | |
| WO207623(A1) | 2002-01-01 | Applicant | |
| WO213732(A3) | 2002-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO230336(A2) | 2002-04-01 | Applicant | |
| WO234120(A2) | 2002-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO243603(A1) | 2002-06-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2067792(A2) | 2002-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2067793(A2) | 2002-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2089712(A2) | 2002-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2102259(A2) | 2002-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3009737(A1) | 2003-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3011147(A1) | 2003-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3015646(A2) | 2003-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3045262(A2) | 2003-06-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3077806(A1) | 2003-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4017817(A2) | 2004-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4019762(A2) | 2004-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4024010(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4032794(A2) | 2004-04-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4032794(A3) | 2004-04-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4039239(A2) | 2004-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4039239(A3) | 2004-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4039243(A2) | 2004-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4039243(A3) | 2004-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4041066(A2) | 2004-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4041066(A3) | 2004-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4073533(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4098423(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4098452(A2) | 2004-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4105577(A2) | 2004-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO4105580(A2) | 2004-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO5044152(A1) | 2005-05-01 | Applicant |
Non-Patent Literature (16)
- Goh JC, et al., “Influence of PLIF cage size on lumbar spine stability”, Spine, Jan. 2000 25:1, Medline abstract—one page.Applicant
- Head WC, “Wagner surface replacement arthroplasty of the hip. Analysis of fourteen failures in forty-one hips”, J Bone Joint Surg. [AM], Mar. 1981 63:3, Medline abstract—one page.Applicant
- Khoo LT, et al., “A Biomechanical Analysis of the Effects of Lumbar Fusion on the Adjacent Vertebral Motion Segment”, Proceedings of the 2000 Annual Meeting of the North American Spine Society, New Orleans.Applicant
- Kotani Y, et al., “The effects of spinal fixation and destabilization on the biomechanical and histologic properties of spinal ligaments. An in vivo study.”, Spine, Mar. 1998 15 23:6, Medline abstract—one page.Applicant
- LeMaire JP, et al., “Intervertebral Disc Prosthesis: Results and Prospects for the year 2000”, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, No. 337, pp. 64-76.Applicant
- Nagata H, et al., “The effects of immobilization of long segments of the spine on the adjacent and distal facet force and lumbrosacral motion”, Spine, 1993, Dec. 18:16, pp. 2471-2479.Applicant
- Nibu K, et al., “Multidirectional stabilizing potential of BAK interbody spinal fusion system for anterior surgery [see comments]”, J Spinal Discord, Aug. 1997 10:4, Medline abstract—one page.Applicant
- Tsantrizos A, et al., “Segmental stability and compressive strength of posterior lumbar interbody fusion implants”, Spine, Aug. 1, 2000 25:15, Medline abstract—one page.Applicant
- Todd Anres; Facet Joint Arthroplasty: A Glimpse of the Future of Spine Technology, Orthopaedic Product News, Sep./Oct. 2005 p. 38,40.Applicant
- Goh JC, et al., “Influence of PLIF cage size on lumbar spine stability”, Spine, Jan. 2000 25:1, PubMed abstract.Applicant
- Head WC, Wagner surface replacement arthroplasty of the hip. Analysis of fourteen failures in forty-one hips:, J Bone Joint Surg. [Am], Mar. 1981 63:3, PubMed Abstract.Applicant
- Kotani Y, et al., “The effects of spinal fixation and destabilization on the biomechanical and histologic properties of spinal ligaments. An in vivo study.”, Spine, Mar. 15, 1998 23:6, PubMed abstract.Applicant
- Lemaire JP, et al., “Intervertebral Disc Prosthesis: Results and Prospects for the Year 2000”, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, PubMed abstract.Applicant
- Nagata H, et al., “The effects of immobilization of long segments of the spine on the adjacent and distal facet force and lumbrosacral motion”, Spine, Dec. 199318:16. PubMed abstract.Applicant
- Nibu K, et al., Multidirectional stabilizing potential of BAK interbody spinal fusion system for anterior surgery, J Spinal Discord, Aug. 1997 10:4, PubMed abstract.Applicant
- Tsantrizos A, et al., “Segmental stability and compressive strength of posterior lumbar interbody fusion implants”, Spine, Aug. 1, 2000 25:15, PubMed abstract.Applicant