Clock generation circuits providing slewing of clock frequency

[0001] The present application is related to a patent application by Kenneth Paist and Parag Parikh, entitled “Spectrum Profile Control for a PLL and the Like,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/644,362, filed on Aug. 20, 2003, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0002] The present invention relates generally to electronic systems, and more particularly, to clock generation in electronic systems.

[0003] Many electronic systems use a clock signal that is provided to the components of the electronic system. Ideally, a single clock frequency is created by a clock generation circuit and provided, via the clock signal, to the components.

[0004] With the rise in use of mobile devices, power has become an important concern. Manufacturers of electronic systems have tried to increase performance as well as extend battery life. Even non-mobile devices have been designed to use less power, particularly during idle times.

[0005] One technique used to save power is to have clock generation circuits capable of producing multiple clock frequencies. However, many clock generation circuits can become unstable during transitions between clock frequencies. Consequently, the clock signal of such a clock generation circuit is generally turned off for a certain time period after a transition between clock frequencies. The time period is chosen to ensure that the clock generation circuit has transitioned to a new frequency and has a stable output. During this time period, the electronic system is essentially frozen, as nothing will be input to or output from the system.

[0006] Nonetheless, the above technique allows clock frequency in the electronic system to be increased or decreased. During a need for high speed operation, such as during normal use of the electronic system, the clock frequency is increased, generally to about a maximum frequency. During idle times or at other times where high speed operation is not necessary, the clock frequency is decreased, generally to a speed conducive for lower power.

[0007] Although techniques exist for changing clock frequency in an electronic system, a need still exists for techniques that can more smoothly change clock frequency.

[0008] Generally, clock generation circuits and methods of use thereof are described that provide slewing of clock frequency. During slewing of clock frequency, the clock generation circuit can produce a stable output, which means that components receiving to a clock signal having the clock frequency can be used, if desired, during slewing.

[0009] In an exemplary aspect of the invention, techniques are described for slewing a clock frequency of a clock signal from an initial clock frequency to a final clock frequency. An oscillator provides a number of phase outputs. A current frequency divider value is set to an initial frequency divider value, the initial frequency divider value corresponding to the initial clock frequency. A period of a feedback signal is modified through a number of periods from an initial period to a final period, utilizing one or more of the phase outputs. The current frequency divider value is changed when the period of the feedback signal reaches the final period. The modify and change operations are performed until the current frequency divider value reaches a final frequency divider value, where the final frequency divider value corresponds to the final clock frequency.

[0010] In an exemplary implementation, a fractional modulator of a clock generation circuit performs the previously described techniques. Additionally, a number of feedback dividers are coupled to the phase outputs of the oscillator and each feedback divider divides, by using a frequency divider value provided by the fractional modulator, a frequency of a corresponding one of the phase outputs to create a divided phase output. The divided phase outputs are coupled to a multiplexer, which selects one of the divided phase outputs under direction of the fractional modulator. The selected divided phase output is the feedback signal and is coupled to other elements of a clock generation circuit.

[0011] In another exemplary aspect of the invention, the period modification is effected by selecting one of the number of phase outputs of the oscillator. The phase outputs are selected so that changes of one or more phases on the feedback signal are effected, and the phase changes cause modification of the period of the feedback signal. The modification in period causes a modification of frequency of the clock signal, as the feedback signal is used during production of the clock signal. During certain phase selections of the phase outputs, a frequency divider value is changed in order to modify the period of the feedback signal or to maintain the period of the feedback signal.

[0012] In another exemplary aspect of the invention, a memory comprises entries having values used to select the phase outputs of the oscillator and values used to select corresponding frequency divider values. The values are used when modifying the period of the feedback signal. The frequency divider values may be stored using values relative to a current frequency divider value. Modification of the period of the feedback signal entails, in this example, using both a selected phase output and a selected corresponding frequency divider value, where the corresponding frequency divider value is used to modify the current frequency divider value to create a resultant frequency divider value that is used to divide a frequency of a phase outputs. Additionally, the memory can be used for both slewing of clock frequency and spreading of clock frequency. Spreading of clock frequency creates a number of clock frequencies around a nominal frequency in order to reduce peak power at the nominal frequency. The memory can contain values suitable for slewing both up and down in frequency. Alternatively, the memory can contain values suitable for slewing down in frequency and the clock generation circuit can contain a circuit suitable to convert the values used when slewing down in frequency to values used when slewing up in frequency.

[0026] The present disclosure will first give an overview of frequency spreading for a clock signal, then give a description of exemplary clock generation circuits and methods of use thereof. An Appendix is also provided.

[0027] Overview of Frequency Spreading

[0028] One complication caused by clock signals is that these signals produce Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI). EMI is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which has established rules as to how much EMI is allowed to be radiated from an electronic system at various frequencies. For example, for frequencies under 1 gigahertz (GHz), EMI is examined in 100 kilohertz (kHz) bandwidths. The FCC has also established techniques for measuring EMI at these bandwidths.

[0029] Manufacturers of electronic systems consequently have to design their electronic systems in accordance with the EMI requirements of the FCC. As clock frequencies have increased, the EMI radiated by clock signals has also increased. There are various techniques for reducing EMI radiated from clock signals. One such technique is spreading the clock signal frequencies used through spread spectrum techniques.

[0030] Spread spectrum for clock generation refers generally to a process whereby a clock signal that might be generated at a single frequency is, instead, generated at a relatively wide number of frequencies. There are different types of spread spectrum. Turning now to FIG. 1A, a graph illustrating a center spread type of spread spectrum is shown. Curve 110 is a power spectral density curve showing how power varies for the clock signal of a conventional clock generation circuit that outputs a single frequency. Although ideally this curve would be a very narrow curve, most clock generation circuits have some amount of non-ideal frequency response, which yields curve 110. Curve 130 is a power spectral density curve generated by using spread spectrum techniques using center spreading. Center spreading provides a range of clock frequencies centered around a center frequency, called nominal clock frequency (F_nom) 120 in this example.

[0031] FIG. 1B shows a graph illustrating a down spread type of spread spectrum. When spreading, the spreading occurs downward from the nominal clock frequency 120. Spreading clock frequency from a nominal clock frequency downward some predetermined amount and then spreading back to the nominal clock frequency is called “down spreading” herein. Curve 140 illustrates a power spectral density curve created using down spreading. In this disclosure, it is assumed that down spreading is being used, but the circuits and methods provided herein may be adapted by one skilled in the art for any type of spread spectrum, such as center spreading.

[0032] What spread spectrum does is allow an electronic system to run near the nominal frequency yet have lower EMI at that nominal frequency. For example, if the nominal clock frequency, F_nom 120 of FIG. 1A, is 1 GHz, a conventional electronic system might have a certain spectral energy in a 100 kHz band centered at 1 GHz but little spectral energy elsewhere, as shown by curve 110 in FIG. 1A. By contrast, an electronic system employing spread spectrum clock generation might have 50 percent less spectral energy in a 100 kHz band centered at 1 GHz but more spectral energy elsewhere as compared to the conventional electronic system, as shown by curve 130 of FIG. 1A. Even though there is more spectral energy elsewhere, the lower spectral energy at the 1 GHz frequency means that the EMI at that frequency is reduced as compared to a system not employing spread spectrum.

[0033] Exemplary Clock Generation Circuits and Methods of use Thereof

[0034] The present invention provides clock generation circuits that provide smooth slewing from an initial frequency to a final frequency for a clock signal output by a clock generation circuit. Additionally, the clock generation circuits can also spread the clock frequencies on the clock signal.

[0035] Turning now to FIG. 2, a block diagram is shown of an exemplary clock generation circuit 200 that provides slewing from one clock frequency to another. The term “slewing” refers to moving clock frequency from an initial clock frequency to a final clock frequency over a period of time, wherein the initial and final clock frequencies are not the same. For instance, in FIG. 1A or 1B above, the nominal frequency would be changed from an initial clock frequency to a final clock frequency. The clock generation circuit 200 can additionally use spread spectrum techniques to spread clock frequency. By way of example, the term “spreading” means that a spread spectrum technique (such as center spreading or down spreading) is used to spread a clock frequency on a clock signal at frequencies near a nominal frequency. In slewing, a nominal clock frequency is being changed for some, generally large, amount of time. Conversely, in spreading, a number of frequencies near a nominal frequency is being generated and the nominal frequency is not changed.

[0036] Clock generation circuit 200 comprises a Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) 210, a charge pump and loop filter module 215, a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) 220, a number of feedback divider modules 240-1 through 240-4, a multiplexer (MUX) 250, and a fractional modulator 255. Each feedback divider module 240 comprises a frequency divider value 241. Fractional modulator 255 comprises a memory 260, a current M value register 265, a final M value register 270, a start memory location register 275, an end memory location register 280, a down-to-up profile converter 285, and a current memory location register 290. Fractional modulator 255 produces a first control signal 256 and a second control signal 257.

[0037] The PFD 210 has inputs of a feedback signal 251 and a reference clock (Refclk) signal 205, and produces two PFD outputs 211 and 212. PFD outputs 211 and 212 are coupled to the charge pump and loop filter 215, the output 216 of which is provided to VCO 220. The PFD 210 compares a phase of the reference clock signal 205 with a phase of the feedback signal 251 and will produce PFD outputs 211 and 212, which are typically differential outputs labeled as UP and DOWN outputs, and the signals on the PFD outputs 211 and 212 correspond to a magnitude of phase difference between the reference clock signal 205 and the feedback signal 251. Charge pump and loop filter module 215 adds charge to or subtracts charge from a loop filter (not shown) in the charge pump and loop filter module 215, and generates a voltage on output 216 suitable for causing the VCO 220 to set its output clock frequency on clock signal 221. A VCO 220 is one type of oscillator. The PFD 210, charge pump and loop filter 215, and VCO 220 are known to those skilled in the art. For example, see F. Gardner, “Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-28, 1849-1858 (1980), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0038] The VCO 220 comprises four inverters 225-1 through 225-4, each of which has a corresponding phase output 230-1 through 230-4. The VCO 220 produces a clock signal 221 suitable for coupling to other devices (not shown). The clock signal 221 is a buffered version of output phase 230-4, although the one or more buffers used to buffer the clock signal 221 are not shown.

[0039] Each phase output 230 is coupled to one of four feedback divider 240, each of which produces a corresponding divided phase output 245. Each feedback divider 240 has a frequency divider value 241, M, that is used to divide a frequency of a corresponding phase output 230. The divided phase outputs 245-1 through 245-4 are coupled to MUX 250, which couples one of the divided phase outputs 245 to feedback signal 251. The MUX 250 is directed by the fractional modulator 255, via first control signal 256, as to which divided phase output 245 should be coupled to the feedback signal 251. The fractional modulator 255 illustratively modifies, through techniques described in more detail below, period of the feedback signal 251 by, for example, selecting one of the phase outputs 230 and a corresponding frequency divider value 241 used in each of the feedback dividers 240. By way of example, the frequency divider value 241 can be a current frequency divider value (e.g., stored in current M value register 265) modified by a relative frequency divider value determined from memory 260, as described in more detail below. In an exemplary embodiment, selection of one of the phase outputs 230 and a corresponding frequency divider value 241 is performed multiple times to create a number of different periods in the feedback signal 251. Each feedback divider 240 receives, through the second control signal 257, the frequency divider value 241. Alternatively, each feedback divider 240 could receive an indication as to whether the frequency divider value 241 currently being used should be increased, be decreased, or remain the same. Illustratively, the fractional modulator 255 creates “fractional” periods on the feedback signal, as the fractional modulator 255 creates periods on the feedback signal that are between what could be created if only the frequency divider value 241 was changed.

[0040] The first control signal 256 corresponds to a selected phase output 230, which is typically indicated by a number. For example, the number three could indicate phase output 230-4. The first control signal 256 could have two signal lines, each of which would be active to indicate that phase output 230-4 should be selected. Alternatively, the first control signal 256 could comprise four signal lines, where the fourth signal line indicates that that phase output 230-4 should be selected. Any techniques for indicating which phase output 230 should be selected may be used. The second control signal 257 could have enough signal lines to pass the frequency divider value 241 to each of the feedback dividers 240, one or more signal lines indicating a change in frequency divider value 241 (e.g., by utilizing a relative frequency divider value from memory 260), or some combination of these. Any techniques for indicating or changing a frequency divider value 241 may be used. The fractional modulator 255 optionally produces a slew signal 291, which may be coupled to other components (not shown) to alert the components that the clock generation circuit 200 is slewing.

[0041] The frequency divider 240 is used to modify the clock frequency of the clock signal 221. An equation that describes this is the following: VCO frequency=Refclk frequency multiplied by M, where “VCO frequency” is the clock frequency of clock signal 221. A conventional Phase Locked Loop (PLL) would comprise the PFD 210, the charge pump and loop filter 215, the VCO 220, and a single feedback divider 240 having a feedback signal 251. It should be noted that some implementations of clock generation circuit 200 could have a modulating waveform input to a summing device, the summing device intermediate (e.g., on the output 216) the charge pump and loop filter 215 and the VCO 220.

[0042] The memory 260 holds entries suitable for selecting phases (e.g., corresponding to the divided phase outputs 245 and the phase outputs 230) and frequency divider values 241 in order to perform spreading and slewing. In an exemplary embodiment, a relative frequency divider value is stored in memory 260, as explained below. By way of example, half of memory 260 can be used, during down spreading, to hold entries for spreading from a nominal frequency to a lower frequency by modifying a period of the feedback signal 251 and the other half of memory 260 can be used to hold entries for spreading from the lower frequency to the nominal frequency by modifying a period of the feedback signal 251. Additionally, depending on implementation, only part of the memory 260 might be used during spreading. This is described in more detail below.

[0043] In an exemplary embodiment, the frequency divider value 241 is changed to modify a period of the feedback signal 215, thereby effecting a frequency change in the frequency of the clock signal 221. When modifying the period of the feedback signal 251, the frequency divider value 241 in the feedback divider 240 is typically not permanently changed, but is instead temporarily changed to create and maintain a particular period for the feedback signal 251. This is described in reference to FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 4. Briefly, a period of the feedback signal 251 is modified in order to cause a change in frequency of the clock signal 221. For example, when down spreading or slewing down using four phases of the feedback signal 251 (e.g., and the VCO 220), the phase of the feedback signal 251 will be changed from an initial phase to a decrease in phase of a single phase, then to a decrease in phase of two phases, until a predetermined phase decrease of three (e.g., or four) phases is met. Each phase change modifies the period of the feedback signal 251 and create a frequency change in the output of the clock signal 221. When down spreading, the phase of the feedback signal 251 is again changed from the predetermined phase change of three phases, to a phase change of two phases, to a phase change of one phase, then back to no phase change.

[0044] The memory 260 is also used for slewing from an initial frequency to a final frequency. During slewing down in frequency, when a final phase for the feedback signal 241 is reached, typically for a predetermined time, the frequency divider value 241 (e.g., and the frequency divider value in current M value register 265) is changed and output to the frequency dividers 240. Modification of the period of the feedback signal 251 is again performed. This process is continued until a final frequency divider value (e.g., stored in final M value register 270) is reached. Thus, the frequency divider value 241 is changed when slewing down in frequency to provide a permanent change in nominal clock frequency of the clock signal. Slewing down in frequency is called “down slewing” herein, and slewing up in frequency is called “up slewing” herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the current frequency divider value is stored in the current M value register 265, and the final frequency divider value is stored in the final M value register 270.

[0045] Typically, a portion or all of the memory 260 is used when down spreading. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, a first half of the memory 260 is used to decrease clock frequency from a nominal clock frequency to a predetermined final down-spread frequency when down spreading and a second half of the memory 260 is used to increase the frequency from the final down-spread frequency to the nominal clock frequency.

[0046] During down slewing, in an exemplary embodiment, the first half of the memory 260 is used multiple times in order to change the nominal clock frequency from an initial clock frequency to a final clock frequency. Thus, in this exemplary embodiment, the start memory location register 275 can be used to determine where to start in the memory for down slewing, and the end memory location register 280 can be used to determine where to end in the memory 260 when down slewing. When up slewing, the down-to-up profile converter 285, in an exemplary embodiment, converts the entries in the first half of the memory 260 used during down slewing to values suitable for use in up slewing. The down-to-up profile converter 285 is used in one exemplary embodiment so that space is saved, as memory takes a large amount of space relative to the down-to-up profile converter 285. However, entries in memory 260 could be used to implement up slewing.

[0047] Although only four feedback dividers 240 are shown, more or less may be used. More feedback dividers 240 can provide smoother spreading and slewing, and typically eight or 16 feedback divider 240 will be used. Having more feedback divider 240 requires a MUX able to select the appropriate number (i.e., eight or 16) phases and the appropriate VCO 220 to generate the appropriate number (i.e., eight or 16) of phases. Additionally, different types of VCOs 220 can have different outputs and number of stages. For example, some individual stages of VCOs 220 can produce two phase outputs. Thus, 16 phases might be produced by eight stages in an exemplary VCO 220.

[0048] Furthermore, the MUX 250 could be placed before the feedback divider 240, which would mean that only one feedback divider 240 would be necessary. Thus, the block 281 could be considered a feedback divider and multiplexer circuit 281, where the feedback divider and multiplexer circuit 281 performs both the frequency division (e.g., by using a frequency divider value) and selection of a phase in order to effect modification of the period on feedback signal 251.

[0049] It should be noted that typical feedback dividers 240 may have frequency divider values 241 that are different than the frequency divider values described herein. For example, a conventional feedback divider 240 might be an “M+3” feedback divider 240, which means that to create a frequency divider value of 50 in an M+3 feedback divider 240, the frequency divider value of 47 would be input to the feedback divider 240. The value of 47 (e.g., and not 50) would generally be stored in memory 260 when an M+3 feedback divider is used. Additionally, conventional feedback dividers 240 such as an M+3 feedback divider have a reset period when a new frequency divider value is read and used to divide frequency of a signal. In an exemplary embodiment, the frequency divider value is loaded to the feedback dividers 240 during the reset period.

[0050] FIG. 3A is an example of spreading and slewing clock frequency curves for down spreading and down slewing, respectively. FIG. 3B is a memory table used during the down spreading and down slewing in FIG. 3A. FIG. 3C is a circle diagram of frequency used to illustrate the potential need for changes in both a frequency divider value and a phase during transitions between certain phases. FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C will be used to describe down spreading for an exemplary embodiment, then will be used to describe how down slewing is performed in an exemplary embodiment.

[0051] FIG. 3A shows two frequency curves 390, 395 that represent ideal frequency curves for down spreading, and the approximation curves 310, 320, 330, 340 are representations of what happens when the frequency divider values and phase outputs are changed in order to modify a period of the feedback signal. It should be noted that the approximation curves 310, 320, 330, 340 are merely representations for exposition. An actual down slewing curve is shown in FIG. 10.

[0052] FIG. 3A also shows how the frequency divider value, M, corresponds to frequency. For curves 390 and 395, the frequency divider value is typically never permanently changed and is changed for one time period (as described in reference to FIG. 3B).

[0053] FIG. 3B shows a number of entries 317-1 through 317-16 in a memory table 300 (e.g., a portion of memory 260 of FIG. 1) for selecting the frequency divider value, M, 313 and the phase value 315. Each phase value 315 corresponds to one of the divided phase outputs 245, and this example uses four phases, one through four, and is used to select one of the divided phase outputs 245. Reference 311 corresponds to approximation 310 and shows the entries 317-1 through 317-4 used to create the approximation 310. Similarly, references 321, 331 and 341 correspond to approximations 320, 330 and 340, respectively, and show the entries 317-5 through 317-16 used to create these approximations. Each of the entries 317 is typically applied to the clock generation circuit 200 for a predetermined time period, called a cycle herein.

[0054] If the frequency divider value 313 were simply changed for spreading or slewing, there would too much of a phase jump and jitter would generally increase dramatically. Also, the clock generation circuit 200 (see FIG. 2) could become relatively unstable. Furthermore, changing the frequency divider value 313 leads to a large change in clock frequency, which might not be tolerable for many systems. Consequently, in order to make a frequency decrease without too much of a phase change, phase values 315 are modified through specific techniques, and this phase modification causes corresponding modification of the period of the feedback signal 251.

[0055] FIG. 3C shows a circle having phases one through four placed around the circumference. Whenever a phase change point 301 is passed, not only is the phase value 315 changed, but the frequency divider value 313 is also changed using a function of the current frequency divider value. The function is typically adding or subtracting a one from the current frequency divider value. Thus, when down spreading or down slewing is being performed the following phase modifications (e.g., a non-exhaustive list) should have both the phase value 315 and frequency divider value 313 modified: a phase modification from phase one to phase four; a phase modification from phase two to phase three; and a phase modification from phase four to phase four. Similarly, when up spreading or up slewing is being performed, the following phase modifications (e.g., a non-exhaustive list) should have both the phase value 315 and frequency divider value 313 modified: a phase modification from phase four to phase one; a phase modification from phase three to phase two; and a phase modification from phase four to phase four. FIG. 4, described below, provides waveforms to illustrate why both phase value 315 and the frequency divider value 313 are modified when passing phase change point 301.

[0056] In the entries 317 for reference 311, the phase values 317 are decreased by one each time, which means that the phase change on feedback signal 251 will initially have a change of one phase then will be maintained at a new phase change that is one phase from an initial phase. The phase change modifies the period of the feedback signal 251. Entry 317-1 starts with a frequency divider value 313 of 50 and a phase value 315 of one. As described above (and in reference to FIG. 4 below), when phase value 315 is modified from a phase value 315 of one to four in down spreading or down slewing, the frequency divider value 313 should also be modified in order to prevent a large phase change in the feedback signal 251. In entry 317-2 the frequency divider value 313 is modified from 50 to 49 (a relative modification, from a current M value, of minus one). Entry 317-2 therefore causes a phase change in the feedback signal 251, and the phase change modifies the period of the feedback signal 251. In entry 317-3, the phase value 315 is again decreased by one and the frequency divider value 313 is modified back to 50 (a relative modification, from a current M value, of zero). In entry 317-4, the phase value 315 is also decreased by one. The entries 317-3 and 317-4 maintain the period of the feedback signal 251.

[0057] In entries 317 for reference 321, the phase of the feedback signal 251 is decreased by two each time, which means that the phase change on feedback signal 251 will initially have a change of two phases relative to the initial phase (e.g., where the phase change is caused by entry 317-5) then will be maintained (e.g., by entries 317-6 through 317-8) at a new phase that is two phases from the initial phase. Thus, entry 317-5 modifies the period of the feedback signal 251 and entries 317-6 and 317-8 maintain the period. In entry 317-5, the frequency divider value 313 is modified from 50 to 49 because the phase value 315 is going from a phase of two to a phase of four (e.g., point 301 of FIG. 3C is being passed). In entry 317-6, the phase value 315 is again decreased by two and the frequency divider value 313 is modified back to 50. In entry 317-7, the frequency divider value 313 is modified from 50 to 49 because the phase value 315 is going from a phase of two to a phase of four (e.g., point 301 of FIG. 3C is being passed). In entry 317-8, the phase value 315 is again decreased by two and the frequency divider value 313 is modified back to 50.

[0058] In entries 317 for reference 331, the phase of the feedback signal 251 is decreased by three each time, which means that the phase change on feedback signal 251 will initially have a change of three phases relative to the initial phase (e.g., where the phase change is caused by entry 317-9) then will be maintained (e.g., by entries 317-10 through 317-12) at a new phase that is three phases from the initial phase. Thus, entry 317-9 modifies the period of the feedback signal 251 and entries 317-10 through 317-12 maintain the period. In entry 317-9, the frequency divider value 313 is modified from 50 to 49 because the phase value 315 is going from a phase of two to a phase of three (e.g., point 301 of FIG. 3C is being passed). In entry 317-10, the phase value 315 is again decreased by three and the frequency divider value 313 is modified back to 50. In entry 317-11, the frequency divider value 313 is kept at 50 and the phase 313 is decreased by three. In entry 317-12, the frequency divider value 313 is modified from 50 to 49 because the phase value 315 is going from a phase of one to a phase of two (e.g., point 301 of FIG. 3C is being passed).

[0059] In entries 317 for reference 341, the phase of the feedback signal 251 is decreased by four each time, which means that the phase change on feedback signal 251 will initially have a change of four phases relative to the initial phase (e.g., where the phase change is caused by entry 317-13) then will be maintained (e.g., by entries 317-14 through 317-15) at a new phase that is four phases from the initial phase. Thus, entry 317-3 modifies the period of the feedback signal 251 and entries 317-14 through 317-16 maintain the period. In this example, because the point 301 is being passed each time, the frequency divider value 313 for each of the entries in reference 341 is changed each cycle.

[0060] Thus, the entries 317 of FIG. 3A show how down spreading might be accomplished. The final down-spread clock frequency, Flow, (at point 350) is essentially a clock frequency that would occur at M=49. To create a lower clock frequency, the frequency divider value would be permanently changed by modifying the frequency divider value 241 and the value in current M value register 265 to 49.

[0061] It is possible to go back up memory table 300 in order to go up frequency curve 395. In other words, once entry 317-16 is reached, then entry 317-15 would be performed, entry 317-14 would be performed, and so on until entry 317-1 is reached. Typically, however, having an appropriate portion of memory 260 for spreading from F_low to F_nom is beneficial because then the curves 390 and 395 could be designed differently if desired. Additionally, although approximations 340 are shown as existing for the same amount of time as the other approximations 310, 320 and 330, the approximations 340 can exist for half the time as the other approximations, as this can make the “lobes” of a power spectral density curve at frequencies near F_low be smaller. An example of entries, suitable for down spreading and down slewing, in a memory 260 is included as an appendix.

[0062] It should be noted that down spreading from a frequency divider value of 50 to a frequency divider value of 49 can be too much down spreading for some applications. For example, at 500 MHz using a reference clock of 10 megahertz (MHz), a decrease in the frequency divider value from 50 to 49 would be two percent down spreading. Some applications might require a lower amount of spreading. This type of application could then use only the down spreading determined using references 360 and 361, for example, which use approximations 310 and 320 and an equivalent set of approximations to spread from f_low of 362 back to f_nom.

[0063] In down slewing, the fractional modulator 255 uses the memory table 300 and starts at location 317-1 (at M=50 and phase=1). Slewing then continues through location 317-16 to create part of slewing curve 385 (e.g., curve 390). After location 317-16, the frequency divider value 241 is permanently changed (e.g., by the fractional modulator 255) to M=49 and the value in current M value register 265 is decremented (from 50 to 49). Note that end memory location register 280 can be used to determine when the end of the memory table 300 has been reached. The fractional modulator 255 then continues at entry 317-1, which can be determined by using start memory location 275.

[0064] Once location 317-16 is reached again, the frequency divider value 241 is again permanently changed to M=48 and the value in current M value register 265 is decremented (from 49 to 48) by the fractional modulator 255. As described above, end memory location register 280 can be used to determine when the end of the memory table 300 has been reached. On the curve 385 shown in FIG. 3A, the circuit frequency will be at point 370. The fractional modulator 255 then continues at entry 317-1, which can be determined by using start memory location 275.

[0065] Once location 317-16 is reached again, the frequency divider value is permanently changed to M=48 and the value in current M value register 265 is decremented (from 48 to 47) by the fractional modulator 255. On the graph shown in FIG. 3A, the circuit frequency will be at point 380. The fractional modulator 255 compares the value in the current M value register 265 with the value in the final M value register 270, determines that the M values match, and then stops down slewing. The final clock frequency value, F_fin, has been reached in this example. Spreading may then be performed, if desired.

[0066] FIG. 3B also illustrates that relative frequency divider values can be stored instead of storing an entire frequency divider value. For instance, in entry 317-1, the relative frequency divider value 313 is zero and in entry 317-2, the relative frequency divider value 313 is negative one. These values can be used to modify the current frequency divider value (e.g., stored in current M value register 265) and a resultant frequency divider value output (e.g., through second control signal 257) to the feedback dividers 240. Alternatively, the relative frequency divider value could be output (e.g., through second control signal 257) to the feedback dividers 240, which could then modify a corresponding frequency divider value 241 in response to the relative frequency divider value.

[0067] The fractional modulator 255 could use a memory 200 or memory table 300 in order to perform up slewing. However, up slewing may also be performed by converting values in the memory 200 or memory table 300 to suitable values for up slewing. This is explained in more detail below.

[0068] FIG. 4 contains a number of graphs used to illustrate the benefit of changing both a frequency divider value and a phase (e.g., of the feedback signal 251) during transitions between certain phases. It should be noted that FIG. 4 is used for exposition purposes only and a true phase output diagram could be more complex than shown in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 3C, whenever transitioning past point 301, both the frequency divider value and the phase should be modified, and FIG. 4 provides another example of this. FIG. 4 shows waveforms for four phases PH1 through PH4 of the feedback signal 251. These are the phases suitable for selection at the divided phase outputs 245. As previously described, selecting one of the phases at the divided phase outputs 245 can change the phase of the feedback signal 251, and therefore modify the period of the feed back signal. Waveform 410 illustrates when only phase of the feedback signal 251 is changed, and waveform 420 illustrates when both the phase of the feedback signal 251 and the frequency divider value 241 are modified. It should be noted that FIG. 4 illustrates an up spreading or up slewing condition with four phases.

[0069] The period 430 is T_avg+VCO/4, where VCO is the current period of the VCO. Period 450 of waveform 410 is created when phase four is to transition to phase one, but the same frequency divider value is used. In this case, the period 450 is T_avg−VCO/3, which is a large phase difference from the period 430. Period 460 of waveform 420 is equivalent to period 430, which means that period 460 is T_avg+VCO/4. This is true because M is changed to M+1 and the phase was changed from phase four to phase one.

[0070] Waveform 420 also shows how a modification of the period of the feedback signal 251 occurs and how the period is maintained for a predetermined time. For instance, the selection of a corresponding to phase PH2 modifies the period of the feedback divider from T_avg to T_avg+VCO/4. Subsequent phase selections and frequency divider value selections, if needed, maintain the period of T_avg+VCO/4.

[0071] FIG. 5 is a flowchart of an exemplary method 500 for slewing. Method 500 is typically performed by fractional modulator 255. Method 500 begins in step 510, when the method 500 starts at an initial frequency divider value (corresponding to an initial clock frequency on the clock signal), phase (e.g., a phase output 230) of feedback signal 251 and a starting memory location (e.g., in start memory location register 275). In step 520, the period of the feedback signal 251 is modified. In an exemplary embodiment, step 520 is performed by retrieving from memory a new frequency divider value and phase value, and a memory reference (e.g., in current memory location register 290) is updated. The frequency divider value is coupled to the feedback divider 240, and the phase value is used to enable the MUX 250 to select one of the divided phase outputs 245 (e.g., or phase outputs 230). The frequency divider value stored in the memory can be a relative frequency value that is used to modify the current frequency divider value (e.g., stored in current M value register 265) and a resultant frequency divider value output to the frequency dividers. For instance, a current frequency divider value might be 50 and the relative frequency divider value could be zero, indicating that no change to the current frequency divider value is necessary.

[0072] In step 530, it is determined if a final period for the feedback divider 251 has been reached. In an exemplary embodiment, step 530 can be performed by determining if a final memory location has been reached (e.g., by comparing a current memory location in current memory location register 290 with end memory location register 280). If not (step 530=NO), the method 500 continues in step 520. If so (step 530=Yes), the method 500 continues in step 540. In step 540, the frequency divider value is permanently changed, and the current frequency divider value (e.g., in current M value register 265) is updated. In step 540, the frequency divider value is changed to effect a frequency change in the clock signal of the VCO. In step 550, it is determined if the final frequency divider value is reached. If not (step 550=NO), the method continues in step 520. If so (step 550=YES), the method 500 ends in step 560. Typically, spreading will begin once slewing ends.

[0073] It should be noted that a fractional frequency divider value can be considered to be created when phase of the feedback signal 251 is changed. For example, in FIG. 4, the phase was changed so that the period was T_avg+VCO/4. In that example, if M was 50, the “fractional M” equivalent could be considered to be 50.125, as the phase has been increased by one-fourth of an entire possible phase increase.

[0074] FIG. 6 is an exemplary table used for showing how “fractional” frequency divider values can be used to make small clock frequency changes in a clock signal. FIG. 6 is created using a clock generation circuit 200 where there are eight possible phases. Therefore, possible fractional frequency divider values can be multiples of 0.125. In portion 610 of FIG. 6, the fractional frequency divider value is M for three of the four periods and 49.875 (i.e., a down spread or down slew phase change of 0.125 phases, or one-eighth of an entire phase) for one time period, which in this example is four cycles. Each phase change modifies a period of the feedback signal. A phase change of 0.125 phases would yield a total fractional frequency divider value of 49.96875 for portion 620. Similarly, the total fractional frequency divider values for portions 620, 630 and 640 are 49.9375, 49.90625, and 49.875. Using this type of fractional frequency divider values can allow very fine clock signal frequency changes.

[0075] As described above, a memory 260 can contain both up slewing and down slewing information. For certain applications, such as systems where down spreading is being used, having a memory 260 contain additional information to support up slewing causes additional memory capacity to be necessary. Instead of this, the down slewing information in the memory 260 can be converted to be used with up slewing.

[0076] FIG. 7 is an illustration of modifications performed by a down-to-up profile converter 285 in order to convert entries in a memory 200 from down slewing to up slewing. The example of FIG. 7 uses a clock generation circuit 200 where there are eight possible phases from a VCO. Table 700 is a portion of memory 200, and table 710 is the portion 700 after the down-to-up profile converter 285 has converted the portion 700 for use in spreading up. In an exemplary embodiment, the down-to-up profile converter 285 ignores the frequency divider values in table 700. Instead, the down-to-up profile converter 285 maps the phases in table 700 to equivalent phases in table 710. For instance, phase 1 of table 700 is unchanged (see entry 717-1), phase eight is changed to phase two (see entry 717-2) and phase seven is changed to phase three (see entry 717-3). Entries 717-4 through 717-8 can be similarly determined. When the down-to-up profile converter 285 reaches phase eight (in entry 717-8), the down-to-up profile converter 285 is programmed so that the next phase in entry 717-9 is phase one, but the frequency divider value is temporarily modified by one (from M=50 to M=51) in order to maintain a period of the feedback signal 251. In entry 717-10, the down-to-up profile converter 285 modifies the frequency divider value back to 50 from 51 in order to maintain a period of the feedback signal 251.

[0077] Note that the current M value register 265, the final M value register 270, the start memory location register 275, the end memory location register 280, and the current memory location register 290 can be used by the fractional modulator 255 during up slewing.

[0078] FIG. 8 is an example of Verilog program code used to create an implementation of the down-to-up profile converter. As can be seen in FIG. 8, when the phase rolls over from phase seven to phase zero, the frequency divider value, called the M offset (MOFSET), will be increased to one, otherwise the frequency divider value will remain its current value. Typically, the frequency divider value in memory 200 is stored as an offset value from a current frequency divider value. This is shown in FIG. 9.

[0079] FIG. 9 is an example of a memory entry for an exemplary embodiment in a memory 200. Memory entry 900 has a single parity bit 910, three bits for a relative M value 920, and four bits for phase 930. The relative M value 920 in this example is stored using a format where the most significant bit indicates whether to add (e.g., the most significant bit is zero) or subtract (e.g., the most significant bit is one) the two least significant bits of the relative M value 920 from the current M value. For example, a value of 0×80 means that the phase 930 is phase zero (of eight, for example), the relative M value 920 is zero (e.g., the current M value in current M value register 265 is not changed), and the parity bit 910 is one for odd parity. A value of 0×57 means that the phase 930 is seven, the relative M value 920 of one is to be subtracted from the current M value, and the parity bit 910 is zero for odd parity. A value of 0×67 means that the phase 930 is seven, the relative M value 920 of two is to be subtracted from the current M value, and the parity bit 910 is zero for odd parity. As another example, 0×17 means that the phase 930 is seven, the relative M value 920 of one is to be added to the current M value, and the parity bit 910 is zero for odd parity.

[0080] FIG. 10 shows exemplary graphs for a slew signal and a slew profile illustrating down slewing in clock frequency. The slew signal (e.g., slew signal 291 of FIG. 2) is optionally produced during slewing by the fractional modulator 255. The slew profile shows spreading occurring, then down slewing from an initial frequency of 400 MHz to a final frequency of 275 MHz, and then spreading occurring at 275 MHz. FIG. 10 also illustrates a modulation rate, which is a rate at which spreading occurs. In FIG. 10, the distance between peaks is the modulation rate, which has been standardized to 30 kHz.

[0081] It should be noted that using a memory when slewing allows, for example, different slewing curves to be performed. For instance, certain frequency spectrum results might be desired during slewing and having a memory to store phase values and frequency divider values allows changes to be made to the frequency spectrum.

[0082] It is to be understood that the embodiments and variations shown and described herein are merely illustrative of the principles of this invention and that various modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

[0083] The following table lists exemplary memory locations and entries for a memory 260 of an exemplary clock generation circuit 200 using eight phases and down spreading. The first half of the table (e.g., memory locations 5190 in hexadecimal to 5320 in hexadecimal) decrease effective clock frequency through modification of the period of the feedback signal 251, and the rest of the memory locations increase effective clock frequency through modification of the period of the feedback signal 251. The down-to-up profile converter 285 will typically use memory locations 5190 in hexadecimal to 5320 in hexadecimal during up slewing. Each of the following entries has a memory location and a value for the memory entry, each of which is written in hexadecimal. Each memory entry in this example is written in the format explained in reference to FIG. 9.

[0084]

5190	0x80	5191	0x80	5192	0x80	5193	0x80	5194	0x80
5195	0x80	5196	0x80	5197	0x80	5198	0x80	5199	0x57
519a	0x07	519b	0x07	519c	0x07	519d	0x07	519e	0x07
519f	0x07	51a0	0x07	51a1	0x07	51a2	0x86	51a3	0x85
51a4	0x85	51a5	0x85	51a6	0x85	51a7	0x85	51a8	0x85
51a9	0x85	51aa	0x85	51ab	0x04	51ac	0x83	51ad	0x02
51ae	0x02	51af	0x02	51b0	0x02	51b1	0x02	51b2	0x02
51b3	0x02	51b4	0x01	51b5	0x80	51b6	0x57	51b7	0x86
51b8	0x86	51b9	0x86	51ba	0x86	51bb	0x86	51bc	0x86
51bd	0x85	51be	0x04	51bf	0x83	51c0	0x02	51c1	0x01
51c2	0x01	51c3	0x01	51c4	0x01	51c5	0x01	51c6	0x80
51c7	0x57	51c8	0x86	51c9	0x85	51ca	0x04	51cb	0x83
51cc	0x83	51cd	0x83	51ce	0x83	51cf	0x02	51d0	0x01
51d1	0x80	51d2	0x57	51d3	0x86	51d4	0x85	51d5	0x04
51d6	0x04	51d7	0x04	51d8	0x83	51d9	0x02	51da	0x01
51db	0x80	51dc	0x57	51dd	0x86	51de	0x85	51df	0x04
51e0	0x04	51e1	0x83	51e2	0x02	51e3	0x01	51e4	0x80
51e5	0x57	51e6	0x86	51e7	0x85	51e8	0x04	51e9	0x83
51ea	0x02	51eb	0x01	51ec	0x80	51ed	0x57	51ee	0x86
51ef	0x85	51f0	0x04	51f1	0x83	51f2	0x02	51f3	0x01
51f4	0x80	51f5	0x57	51f6	0x86	51f7	0x85	51f8	0x04
51f9	0x83	51fa	0x02	51fb	0x01	51fc	0x80	51fd	0xd6
51fe	0x85	51ff	0x04	5200	0x83	5201	0x02	5202	0x01
5203	0x80	5204	0x57	5205	0x86	5206	0x04	5207	0x02
5208	0x01	5209	0x80	520a	0x57	520b	0x86	520c	0x85
520d	0x04	520e	0x83	520f	0x01	5210	0x57	5211	0x85
5212	0x04	5213	0x83	5214	0x02	5215	0x01	5216	0x80
5217	0x57	5218	0x85	5219	0x83	521a	0x01	521b	0x57
521c	0x86	521d	0x85	521e	0x04	521f	0x83	5220	0x02
5221	0x80	5222	0xd6	5223	0x04	5224	0x02	5225	0x80
5226	0x57	5227	0x86	5228	0x85	5229	0x04	522a	0x02
522b	0x80	522c	0xd6	522d	0x04	522e	0x02	522f	0x80
5230	0x57	5231	0x86	5232	0x85	5233	0x83	5234	0x01
5235	0x57	5236	0x85	5237	0x83	5238	0x01	5239	0x57
523a	0x86	523b	0x85	523c	0x83	523d	0x01	523e	0x57
523f	0x85	5240	0x83	5241	0x01	5242	0x57	5243	0x85
5244	0x04	5245	0x02	5246	0x80	5247	0xd6	5248	0x04
5249	0x02	524a	0x80	524b	0xd6	524c	0x04	524d	0x02
524e	0x80	524f	0xd6	5250	0x04	5251	0x02	5252	0x80
5253	0xd6	5254	0x04	5255	0x02	5256	0x80	5257	0xd6
5258	0x04	5259	0x02	525a	0x80	525b	0xd6	525c	0x04
525d	0x02	525e	0x80	525f	0xd6	5260	0x04	5261	0x01
5262	0x57	5263	0x85	5264	0x83	5265	0x01	5266	0x57
5267	0x85	5268	0x83	5269	0x01	526a	0xd6	526b	0x83
526c	0x01	526d	0x57	526e	0x85	526f	0x83	5270	0x01
5271	0x57	5272	0x85	5273	0x02	5274	0x57	5275	0x04
5276	0x02	5277	0x80	5278	0xd6	5279	0x04	527a	0x02
527b	0x80	527c	0xd5	527d	0x02	527e	0x57	527f	0x04
5280	0x02	5281	0x80	5282	0xd6	5283	0x04	5284	0x02
5285	0x57	5286	0x04	5287	0x01	5288	0xd6	5289	0x83
528a	0x01	528b	0x57	528c	0x85	528d	0x83	528e	0x80
528f	0xd5	5290	0x02	5291	0x57	5292	0x04	5293	0x01
5294	0x57	5295	0x85	5296	0x83	5297	0x80	5298	0xd5
5299	0x02	529a	0x57	529b	0x04	529c	0x01	529d	0xd6
529e	0x04	529f	0x02	52a0	0x57	52a1	0x04	52a2	0x01
52a3	0xd6	52a4	0x83	52a5	0x80	52a6	0xd5	52a7	0x02
52a8	0x80	52a9	0xd5	52aa	0x02	52ab	0x57	52ac	0x04
52ad	0x01	52ae	0xd6	52af	0x83	52b0	0x80	52b1	0xd5
52b2	0x02	52b3	0x57	52b4	0x04	52b5	0x01	52b6	0xd6
52b7	0x83	52b8	0x80	52b9	0xd5	52ba	0x02	52bb	0x57
52bc	0x04	52bd	0x01	52be	0xd6	52bf	0x83	52c0	0x80
52c1	0xd5	52c2	0x02	52c3	0x57	52c4	0x04	52c5	0x80
52c6	0xd5	52c7	0x02	52c8	0x57	52c9	0x04	52ca	0x01
52cb	0xd6	52cc	0x83	52cd	0x80	52ce	0x54	52cf	0x80
52d0	0xd5	52d1	0x02	52d2	0x57	52d3	0x04	52d4	0x01
52d5	0xd6	52d6	0x83	52d7	0x57	52d8	0x83	52d9	0x57
52da	0x04	52db	0x01	52dc	0xd6	52dd	0x83	52de	0x80
52df	0xd5	52e0	0x01	52e1	0xd5	52e2	0x01	52e3	0xd5
52e4	0x02	52e5	0x57	52e6	0x04	52e7	0x01	52e8	0xd6
52e9	0x02	52ea	0xd6	52eb	0x02	52ec	0xd6	52ed	0x02
52ee	0x57	52ef	0x04	52f0	0x01	52f1	0xd6	52f2	0x02
52f3	0xd6	52f4	0x02	52f5	0xd6	52f6	0x02	52f7	0xd6
52f8	0x83	52f9	0x80	52fa	0xd5	52fb	0x01	52fc	0xd5
52fd	0x01	52fe	0xd5	52ff	0x01	5300	0xd5	5301	0x01
5302	0xd6	5303	0x83	5304	0x57	5305	0x83	5306	0x57
5307	0x83	5308	0x57	5309	0x83	530a	0x57	530b	0x83
530c	0x80	530d	0x54	530e	0x80	530f	0x54	5310	0x80
5311	0x54	5312	0x80	5313	0x54	5314	0x80	5315	0x54
5316	0x80	5317	0x54	5318	0x80	5319	0x54	531a	0x80
531b	0x54	531c	0x80	531d	0x54	531e	0x80	531f	0x54
5320	0x80	5321	0x54	5322	0x80	5323	0x54	5324	0x80
5325	0x54	5326	0x80	5327	0x54	5328	0x80	5329	0xd3
532a	0x57	532b	0x83	532c	0x57	532d	0x83	532e	0x57
532f	0x83	5330	0x57	5331	0x83	5332	0xd6	5333	0x01
5334	0xd5	5335	0x01	5336	0xd5	5337	0x01	5338	0xd5
5339	0x01	533a	0xd5	533b	0x80	533c	0xd3	533d	0xd6
533e	0x02	533f	0xd6	5340	0x02	5341	0xd6	5342	0x02
5343	0xd6	5344	0x01	5345	0x54	5346	0x57	5347	0x02
5348	0xd6	5349	0x02	534a	0xd6	534b	0x02	534c	0xd6
534d	0x01	534e	0x54	534f	0x57	5350	0x02	5351	0xd5
5352	0x01	5353	0xd5	5354	0x01	5355	0xd5	5356	0x80
5357	0xd3	5358	0xd6	5359	0x01	535a	0x54	535b	0x57
535c	0x83	535d	0x57	535e	0x83	535f	0xd6	5360	0x01
5361	0x54	5362	0x57	5363	0x02	5364	0xd5	5365	0x80
5366	0x54	5367	0x80	5368	0xd3	5369	0xd6	536a	0x01
536b	0x54	536c	0x57	536d	0x02	536e	0xd5	536f	0x80
5370	0x54	5371	0x57	5372	0x02	5373	0xd5	5374	0x80
5375	0xd3	5376	0xd6	5377	0x01	5378	0x54	5379	0x57
537a	0x02	537b	0xd5	537c	0x80	537d	0xd3	537e	0xd6
537f	0x01	5380	0x54	5381	0x57	5382	0x02	5383	0xd5
5384	0x80	5385	0xd3	5386	0xd6	5387	0x01	5388	0x54
5389	0x57	538a	0x02	538b	0xd5	538c	0x80	538d	0x52
538e	0xd5	538f	0x80	5390	0xd3	5391	0xd6	5392	0x01
5393	0x54	5394	0x57	5395	0x02	5396	0x54	5397	0xd6
5398	0x01	5399	0x54	539a	0x57	539b	0x02	539c	0xd5
539d	0x80	539e	0xd3	539f	0xd5	53a0	0x57	53a1	0x01
53a2	0x54	53a3	0x57	53a4	0x02	53a5	0xd5	53a6	0x80
53a7	0xd3	53a8	0xd5	53a9	0x57	53aa	0x01	53ab	0xd3
53ac	0xd6	53ad	0x01	53ae	0x54	53af	0x57	53b0	0x02
53b1	0x54	53b2	0xd6	53b3	0x80	53b4	0x52	53b5	0x54
53b6	0x57	53b7	0x02	53b8	0xd5	53b9	0x80	53ba	0x52
53bb	0x54	53bc	0xd6	53bd	0x80	53be	0x52	53bf	0x54
53c0	0x57	53c1	0x02	53c2	0xd5	53c3	0x57	53c4	0x01
53c5	0xd3	53c6	0xd5	53c7	0x57	53c8	0x01	53c9	0xd3
53ca	0xd6	53cb	0x01	53cc	0xd3	53cd	0xd5	53ce	0x57
53cf	0x01	53d0	0xd3	53d1	0xd5	53d2	0x57	53d3	0x01
53d4	0x54	53d5	0xd6	53d6	0x80	53d7	0x52	53d8	0x54
53d9	0xd6	53da	0x80	53db	0x52	53dc	0x54	53dd	0xd6
53de	0x80	53df	0x52	53e0	0x54	53e1	0xd6	53e2	0x80
53e3	0x52	53e4	0x54	53e5	0xd6	53e6	0x80	53e7	0x52
53e8	0x54	53e9	0xd6	53ea	0x80	53eb	0x52	53ec	0x54
53ed	0xd6	53ee	0x80	53ef	0x52	53f0	0x54	53f1	0xd5
53f2	0x57	53f3	0x01	53f4	0xd3	53f5	0xd5	53f6	0x57
53f7	0x01	53f8	0xd3	53f9	0xd5	53fa	0xd6	53fb	0x57
53fc	0x01	53fd	0xd3	53fe	0xd5	53ff	0x57	5400	0x01
5401	0xd3	5402	0xd5	5403	0xd6	5404	0x57	5405	0x80
5406	0x52	5407	0x54	5408	0xd6	5409	0x80	540a	0x52
540b	0x54	540c	0xd5	540d	0xd6	540e	0x57	540f	0x80
5410	0x52	5411	0x54	5412	0xd6	5413	0x80	5414	0x52
5415	0xd3	5416	0x54	5417	0xd5	5418	0xd6	5419	0x57
541a	0x01	541b	0xd3	541c	0xd5	541d	0x57	541e	0x80
541f	0x51	5420	0x52	5421	0xd3	5422	0x54	5423	0xd5
5424	0x57	5425	0x01	5426	0xd3	5427	0x54	5428	0xd5
5429	0xd6	542a	0x57	542b	0x80	542c	0x51	542d	0x52
542e	0x54	542f	0xd6	5430	0x57	5431	0x80	5432	0x51
5433	0x52	5434	0xd3	5435	0x54	5436	0xd5	5437	0xd6
5438	0x80	5439	0x51	543a	0x52	543b	0xd3	543c	0x54
543d	0xd5	543e	0xd6	543f	0x57	5440	0x80	5441	0x51
5442	0x52	5443	0xd3	5444	0x54	5445	0xd5	5446	0xd6
5447	0x57	5448	0x80	5449	0x51	544a	0x52	544b	0xd3
544c	0x54	544d	0xd5	544e	0xd6	544f	0x57	5450	0x80
5451	0x51	5452	0x52	5453	0xd3	5454	0x54	5455	0x54
5456	0xd5	5457	0xd6	5458	0x57	5459	0x80	545a	0x51
545b	0x52	545c	0xd3	545d	0x54	545e	0x54	545f	0x54
5460	0xd5	5461	0xd6	5462	0x57	5463	0x80	5464	0x51
5465	0x52	5466	0xd3	5467	0xd3	5468	0xd3	5469	0xd3
546a	0x54	546b	0xd5	546c	0xd6	546d	0x57	546e	0x80
546f	0x51	5470	0x51	5471	0x51	5472	0x51	5473	0x51
5474	0x52	5475	0xd3	5476	0x54	5477	0xd5	5478	0xd6
5479	0xd6	547a	0xd6	547b	0xd6	547c	0xd6	547d	0xd6
547e	0x57	547f	0x80	5480	0x51	5481	0x52	5482	0x52
5483	0x52	5484	0x52	5485	0x52	5486	0x52	5487	0x52
5488	0xd3	5489	0x54	548a	0xd5	548b	0xd5	548c	0xd5
548d	0xd5	548e	0xd5	548f	0xd5	5490	0xd5	5491	0xd5
5492	0xd6	5493	0x57	5494	0x57	5495	0x57	5496	0x57
5497	0x57	5498	0x57	5499	0x57	549a	0x57	549b	0x57
549c	0x80	549d	0xd0	549e	0xd0	549f	0xd0	54a0	0xd0
54a1	0xd0	54a2	0xd0	54a3	0xd0	54a4	0xd0	54a5	0xd0
54a6	0xd0	54a7	0xd0	54a8	0xd0	54a9	0xd0	54aa	0xd0
54ab	0xd0	54ac	0xd0	54ad	0xd0	54ae	0xd0	54af	0xd0