US 7,058,796 B2Grant

Method and system for actively defending a wireless LAN against attacks

Issue Date:2006-06-06

•23 Claims

•11 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

A wireless network security system including a system data store capable of storing network default and configuration data, a wireless transmitter and a system processor. The system processor performs a network security method. An active defense request signal is received, typically from an intrusion detection system. The received request signal includes an indicator of an access point within the wireless computer network that is potentially compromised. In response to the received an active defense of the wireless network is triggered. The triggered active defense may be on or more of transmitting a jamming signal, transmitting a signal to introduce CRC errors, transmitting a signal to increase the difficulty associated with breaking the network encryption (typically by including in the signal packet appearing legitimate but containing randomized payloads, or transmitting a channel change request to the potentially compromised access point.

Metadata

Assignee

AirDefense, Inc.

Inventors

Michael T. Lynn
Scott Hrastar

Application Information

Application Number:US 10/161,443

Filing Date:2002-06-03

Priority Date:2002-05-20

Art Unit:2132

Classifications

IPC:

G06F11/30

Patent Drawings (11 sheets)

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e), of applicant's provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/381,829, filed May 20, 2002, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NETWORK SECURITY”, which application is hereby incorporated by this reference in its entirety for all purposes.

[0002] This application is related to the following U.S. Patent Applications filed Jun. 3, 2002, each of which is hereby incorporated by this reference in its entirety for all purposes:

[0003]


Attorney			Serial
Docket No.	Inventors	Title	Number

19282.0001U2	Hrastar,	“SYSTEMS AND	TBA
	Lynn,	METHODS FOR NET-
	Sale,	WORK SECURITY”
	Hollingsworth
19282.0002U1	Hrastar	“SYSTEM AND METHOD	TBA
		FOR WIRELESS LAN
		DYNAMIC CHANNEL
		CHANGE WITH HONEY-
		POT TRAP”
19282.0005U1	Hrastar,	“METHODS AND	TBA
	Lynn	SYSTEMS FOR IDENTI-
		FYING NODES AND
		MAPPING THEIR LOCA-
		TIONS”
19282.0006U1	Hrastar	“METHOD AND SYSTEM	TBA
		FOR ENCRYPTED NET-
		WORK MANAGE-
		MENT AND INTRUSION
		DETECTION”

BACKGROUND

[0004] The present invention is directed to systems and methods for enhancing security associated with electronic communications. More specifically, without limitation, the present invention relates to computer-based systems and methods for assessing security risks and identifying and responding to threats in wireless network environments.

[0005] The Internet is a global network of connected computer networks. Over the last several years, the Internet has grown in significant measure. A large number of computers on the Internet provide information in various forms. Anyone with a computer connected to the Internet can potentially tap into this vast pool of information.

[0006] The information available via the Internet encompasses information available via a variety of types of application layer information servers such as SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol), GOPHER (RFC 1436), WAIS, HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol, RFC 2616) and FTP (file transfer protocol, RFC 1123).

[0007] One of the most wide spread method of providing information over the Internet is via the World Wide Web (the Web). The Web consists of a subset of the computers connected to the Internet; the computers in this subset run Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) servers (Web servers). Several extensions and modifications to HTTP have been proposed including, for example, an extension framework (RFC 2774) and authentication (RFC 2617). Information on the Internet can be accessed through the use of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI, RFC 2396). A URI uniquely specifies the location of a particular piece of information on the Internet. A URI will typically be composed of several components. The first component typically designates the protocol by which the address piece of information is accessed (e.g., HTTP, GOPHER, etc.). This first component is separated from the remainder of the URI by a colon (‘:’). The remainder of the URI will depend upon the protocol component. Typically, the remainder designates a computer on the Internet by name, or by IP number, as well as a more specific designation of the location of the resource on the designated computer. For instance, a typical URI for an HTTP resource might be:

[0008] http://www.server.com/dir1/dir2/resource.htm

[0009] where http is the protocol, www.server.com is the designated computer and /dir1/dir2/resouce.htm designates the location of the resource on the designated computer. The term URI includes Uniform Resource Names (URN's) including URN's as defined according to RFC 2141.

[0010] Web servers host information in the form of Web pages; collectively the server and the information hosted are referred to as a Web site. A significant number of Web pages are encoded using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) although other encodings using eXtensible Markup Language (XML) or XHTML. The published specifications for these languages are incorporated by reference herein; such specifications are available from the World Wide Web Consortium and its Web site (http://www.w3c.org). Web pages in these formatting languages may include links to other Web pages on the same Web site or another. As will be known to those skilled in the art, Web pages may be generated dynamically by a server by integrating a variety of elements into a formatted page prior to transmission to a Web client. Web servers, and information servers of other types, await requests for the information from Internet clients.

[0011] Client software has evolved that allows users of computers connected to the Internet to access this information. Advanced clients such as Netscape's Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer allow users to access software provided via a variety of information servers in a unified client environment. Typically, such client software is referred to as browser software.

[0012] Electronic mail (e-mail) is another wide spread application using the Internet. A variety of protocols are often used for e-mail transmission, delivery and processing including SMTP and POP3 as discussed above. These protocols refer, respectively, to standards for communicating e-mail messages between servers and for server-client communication related to e-mail messages. These protocols are defined respectively in particular RFC's (Request for Comments) promulgated by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). The SMTP protocol is defined in RFC 821, and the POP3 protocol is defined in RFC 1939.

[0013] Since the inception of these standards, various needs have evolved in the field of e-mail leading to the development of further standards including enhancements or additional protocols. For instance, various enhancements have evolved to the SMTP standards leading to the evolution of extended SMTP. Examples of extensions may be seen in (1) RFC 1869 that defines a framework for extending the SMTP service by defining a means whereby a server SMTP can inform a client SMTP as to the service extensions it supports and in (2) RFC 1891 that defines an extension to the SMTP service, which allows an SMTP client to specify (a) that delivery status notifications (DSNs) should be generated under certain conditions, (b) whether such notifications should return the contents of the message, and (c) additional information, to be returned with a DSN, that allows the sender to identify both the recipient(s) for which the DSN was issued, and the transaction in which the original message was sent.

[0014] In addition, the IMAP protocol has evolved as an alternative to POP3 that supports more advanced interactions between e-mail servers and clients. This protocol is described in RFC 2060.

[0015] The various standards discussed herein by reference to particular RFC's are hereby incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. These RFC's are available to the public through the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and can be retrieved from its Web site (http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html). The specified protocols are not intended to be limited to the specific RFC's quoted herein above but are intended to include extensions and revisions thereto. Such extensions and/or revisions may or may not be encompassed by current and/or future RFC's.

[0016] A host of e-mail server and client products have been developed in order to foster e-mail communication over the Internet. E-mail server software includes such products as sendmail-based servers, Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Notes Server, and Novell GroupWise; sendmail-based servers refer to a number of variations of servers originally based upon the sendmail program developed for the UNIX operating systems. A large number of e-mail clients have also been developed that allow a user to retrieve and view e-mail messages from a server; example products include Microsoft Outlook, Microsoft Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger, and Eudora. In addition, some e-mail servers, or e-mail servers in conjunction with a Web server, allow a Web browser to act as an e-mail client using the HTTP standard.

[0017] As the Internet has become more widely used, it has also created new risks for corporations. Breaches of computer security by hackers and intruders and the potential for compromising sensitive corporate information are a very real and serious threat.

[0018] Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) offer a quick and effective extension of a wired network or standard local area network (LAN). FIG. 1 depicts a typical LAN 190 including both wired and wireless components. The wired component depicted in FIG. 1 includes a variety of connected systems including local servers 120, local clients 130 and network accessible data storage components 110. By simply installing access points 180A, 180B to the wired network (e.g., Ethernet 150 and router 140), personal computers and laptops equipped with WLAN cards 170A, 170B can connect with the wired network at broadband speeds.

[0019] Over the last few years, most deployments of WLANs have conformed to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11b standard that operates over the unregulated 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum. The 802.11b standard offers connectivity of up to 11 Mbps—fast enough to handle large e-mail attachments and run bandwidth-intensive applications like video conferencing. While the 802.11 b standard now dominates the WLAN market, other variations of the 802.11 standard, such as 802.11 a, 802.11g, and 802.1X, are being developed to handle increased speeds. WLAN vendors have committed to supporting a variety of standards. The various 802.11 standards developed by the IEEE are available for download via URL: http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html; these various standards are hereby incorporated by this reference herein.

[0020] As businesses connected their LANs to the Internet 160, they installed firewalls 145 to protect their local networks and act as security gates to fend off unauthorized traffic coming from the Internet's information highway such as potential hacker 135. The mobility of air-bound, wireless networks creates security concerns where threats can come from any direction and are not limited to the wired infrastructure. Established security practices of guarding a few wired entry points to the network are no longer effective. A firewall 145 may effectively deter an attack from a wired hacker 135 via the Internet 160; however, wireless hackers 195A, 195B typically enter the LAN 190 through access points 180A, 180B that are already behind the firewall 145. Companies must constantly monitor their airwaves to survey wireless activity and guard against intruders.

[0021] Because wireless communication is broadcast over radio waves, eavesdroppers 195A, 195B who merely listen to the airwaves can easily pick up unencrypted messages. Additionally, messages encrypted with the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) security protocol can be decrypted with a little time and easily available hacking tools. These passive intruders put businesses at risk of exposing sensitive information to corporate espionage.

[0022] The theft of an authorized user's identity poses one the greatest threats. Service Set Identifiers (SSIDs) that act as crude passwords and Media Access Control (MAC) addresses that act as personal identification numbers are often used to verify that clients are authorized to connect with an access point. However, existing encryption standards are not foolproof and allow knowledgeable intruders to pick up approved SSIDs and MAC addresses to connect to a WLAN as an authorized user with the ability to steal bandwidth, corrupt or download files, and wreak havoc on the entire network.

[0023] Outsiders who cannot gain access to a WLAN can none-the-less pose security threats by jamming or flooding the airwaves with static noise that causes WLAN signals to collide and produce CRC errors. These Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks effectively shut down the wireless network in a similar way that DoS attacks affect wired networks.

[0024] Careless and deceitful actions by both loyal and disgruntled employees also present security risks and performance issues to wireless networks with unauthorized access points, improper security measures, and network abuses. Because a simple WLAN can be easily installed by attaching a $150 access point to a wired network and a $100 WLAN card to a laptop, employees are deploying unauthorized WLANs or peer-to-peer wireless connections 175 when IT departments are slow to adopt the new technology.

[0025] Incorrectly configured access points are an avoidable but significant hole in WLAN security. Many access points are initially configured to broadcast unencrypted SSIDs of authorized users. While SSIDs are intended to be passwords to verify authorized users, intruders can easily steal an unencrypted SSID to assume the identity of an authorized user.

[0026] Authorized users can also threaten the integrity of the network with abuses that drain connection speeds, consume bandwidth, and hinder a WLAN's overall performance. A few users who clog the network by trading large files such as MP3 audio or MPEG video files can affect the productivity of everyone on the wireless network.

[0027] The systems and methods according to the present invention provide solutions to these and other security and/or management issues associated with WLANs and/or encrypted computer networks.

SUMMARY

[0028] The present invention is directed to systems and methods for enhancing network security. One preferred embodiment according to the present invention includes a system data store (SDS), a system processor and one or more interfaces to one or more communications channels which may include one or more interfaces to wireless and/or encrypted communications network over which electronic communications are transmitted and received. The SDS stores data needed to provide the desired system functionality and may include, for example, received communications, data associated with such communications, information related to known security risks and predetermined responses to the identification of particular security risks and situations. The SDS may include multiple physical and/or logical data stores for storing the various types of information. Data storage and retrieval functionality may be provided by either the system processor or data storage processors associated with the data store.

[0029] The system processor is in communication with the SDS via any suitable communication channel(s); the system processor is in communication with the one or more interfaces via the same, or differing, communication channel(s). The system processor may include one or more processing elements that provide electronic communication reception, transmission, interrogation, analysis and/or other functionality.

[0030] Each interface to a wireless network includes at least one receiver adapted to receive wireless communications; each interface may also, or instead, include one or more transmitters adapted to transmit wireless communications. Each interface to a wired network, if any, include a receiver, a transmitter, both or a plurality of one and/or both; such receivers and/or transmitters are adapted to receive or transmit communication over the wired network to which the interface connects. In one preferred embodiment, the communication interface includes at least one wireless transmitter.

[0031] Accordingly, one preferred method of security enhancement includes a variety of steps that may, in certain embodiments, be executed by the environment summarized above and more fully described below or be stored as computer executable instructions in and/or on any suitable combination of computer-readable media. An active defense request signal is received. The active defense request signal includes an indicator corresponding to an access point within the wireless computer network that is potentially compromised by an intruder. In response to the received signal, one or more active defense are triggered. In some preferred embodiments, the active defenses include jamming, CRC error generation, random frame transmission, network lock-down and/or dynamic channel change.

[0032] In some embodiments supporting dynamic channel change, a honeypot trap variation can be included. In such embodiments, a honeypot trap may be activated culminating in a channel change request to the potentially compromised access point. Configuration data associated with an access point on a wireless computer network potentially compromised by an intruder is received. Information contained within and/or derived from the received configuration data is stored. Communication with the intruder is continued by emulating the identification characteristics of the potentially compromised access point. In some embodiments, communication may appear to come from an access point that appears less secure than the potentially compromised access point. A channel change request is transmitted to the potentially compromised access point to reroute communication between the potentially compromised access point and authorized stations may continue to a different channel.

[0033] In some embodiments, the active defense request signal is received from an intrusion detection system such as described in greater detail below. In such embodiments, the indicator of the potentially compromised access point can be included as part of a generated active defense request signal. In other instances, an alarm signal is received that triggers the generation and transmission of a request for information regarding the potentially compromised access point. Some embodiments involving an intrusion detection system may include the intrusion detection system while others just respond to input from such a system.

[0034] Some embodiments further include the mapping of the identification of the intruder's node and/or the mapping of the location of the intruder's node within the wireless network. In some instances, a notification of the triggering of the active defense can be sent to an administrator; some such notifications may include an identification and/or location of the node associated with the intruder in embodiments that include node identification and location mapping.

[0035] In some embodiments, the configuration data includes one or more risk criteria, network default data, network policy, performance and/or usage data. This configuration information may be received from one or more of a variety of sources including from a configuration file, an interactive data entry interface or a command line or from monitoring the wireless computer network.

[0036] Some embodiments may further include updating of various types of stored information; different embodiment may update all, none or any combination of the various types of stored information. For instance, some embodiments can update station information associated with the various stations in the wireless computer network based upon the received data. Further, some embodiments can update state information regarding the security of the wireless computer network based upon the received data. In addition, some embodiments can update statistics based upon the received data. Such updates can occur each time data is received, in response to reaching a fixed amount of such update data, in response to reaching a fixed time or the end of a predetermined duration, or some combination of these approaches.

[0037] Additional advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0039] FIG. 1 graphically depicts a typical LAN with both wired and wireless components.

[0040] FIGS. 2A–E graphically depicts LANs incorporating various preferred embodiments according to the present invention.

[0041] FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a multi-dimensional wireless intrusion detection process according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an example multiple input wireless intrusion detection process including multiple input correlation and long-term data fusion.

[0043] FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an exemplary dynamic channel change active defense process that includes a honeypot trap.

[0044] FIGS. 6A–B are flow charts of example station identification and location mapping processes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are now described in detail. Referring to the drawings, like numbers indicate like parts throughout the views. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Finally, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meanings of “and” and “or” include both the conjunctive and disjunctive and may be used interchangeably unless the context clearly dictates otherwise; the phrase “exclusive or” may be used to indicate situation where only the disjunctive meaning may apply.

[0046] Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

[0047] The term “Wi-Fi” is short for wireless fidelity and is another name for IEEE 802.11b. The foregoing discussion of exemplary embodiments may use terminology or make reference to the IEEE 802.11b standard, or other 802.11 variant; however, those skilled in the art will appreciate that systems and methods of the present invention may be applied to WLANs meeting these standards as well as WLANs developed according to competing WLAN standards. The phrase “frame” as used herein shall mean broadly any discretely defined communication transmitted via a computer network and shall not be limited to those specific frame types (control, management, data and error) defined according to 802.11X standards.

Architecture of a Typical Access Environment

[0048] FIGS. 2A–E depicts several LAN environments including several preferred embodiments according to the present invention. These figures depict a typical LAN environment as depicted in FIG. 1 having wired and wireless components. In contrast to FIG. 1, FIGS. 2A–E include one or more hardware components supporting preferred embodiments according to the present invention. The depicted hardware components include a system processor, an SDS and one or more interfaces to one or more wireless and/or encrypted communications network over which electronic communications are transmitted and received.

[0049] The hardware components depicted in these figures are outlined as follows:

[0050] In FIG. 2A, the hardware components include a single device 210A that includes the a local processor serving as the system processor and the one or more interfaces to the wireless network. The device 210A is preferably a mobile computer system such as a notebook computer. The local primary and/or secondary storage of device 210A may serve as the SDS; alternatively, portions of the SDS may be provided by other systems capable of communicating with the device 210A such as network addressable data storage 110, local servers 120 and/or wireless stations 170A, 170B. In some embodiments, the device's interfaces to the wireless network may be limited to one or more wireless receivers. In other embodiments, the interfaces may include one or more wireless transmitters as well as one or more transmitters. If wireless transmitters are included, the device 210 may communicate over LAN 190 using a wireless access point 180A, 180B. In addition, included wireless transmitters may be used to support one or more of the active defense measures described in greater detail below. In some embodiments, the device 210A may further include a wired connection (not shown) to Ethernet 150 allowing direct communication between it and systems connected to the wired portion of LAN 190.

[0051] In FIG. 2B, the hardware components include multiple devices 210A, 210B, 210C, 210D. Each device 210A–D includes a local processor and one or more interfaces to the wireless network and is preferably a mobile computer system such as a notebook computer. The individual local processors in the aggregate serve as the system processor. The SDS may include a combination of storage local to each of the devices and/or external storage accessible via the LAN 190. As described above with respect to FIG. 2A, each device includes at least a wireless receiver but may also include additional wireless receivers and/or wireless transmitters. Each device may also include a wired connection (not shown) to Ethernet 150. Finally, the devices 210A–D may further use existing interfaces and/or incorporate additional interfaces to allow peer-to-peer communication among themselves.

[0052] In FIG. 2C, the hardware components include multiple devices 210A, 210B, 210C, 210D, 220. Each device 210A–D may include the various components as described above with respect to FIG. 2B. Device 220 includes a local processor and one or more communication interfaces; this device may be referred to hereinafter as the host system. Device 220's communication interfaces may include only a wired communication interface and may receive data related to wireless communications as forwarded by devices 210A–D over the wire Ethernet 150. In addition to, or instead of, the wired communication interface, device 220 may include a one or more wireless communication interfaces each of which may include a wireless receiver, a wireless transmitter or both. In embodiment where devices 210A–D support peer-to-peer communication, device 220 may in some of such embodiments participate in the peer-to-peer communication and, in such instances, its communication interfaces would include the appropriate communication interface to support this participation. The system processor functionality in the depicted embodiment may be provided by the host system alone and/or by some combination of the devices 210A–D. The host system may in some embodiments provide the SDS for the environment; alternatively, the SDS may be supported by some combination of the local storage among the devices 210A–D, the local storage in the host system and external storage available through LAN 190.

- [0053] In FIG. 2D, the hardware components include multiple devices 210A, 210B, 210C, 210D, 220, 230A, 230B. Devices 210A–D, 220 support the same functionality and include the same range of components as provided above with respect to FIG. 2C. In addition, devices 230A, 230B are sensor devices that monitor wireless traffic over the wireless network. These sensor devices at least include a wireless receiver for monitoring the traffic and a communication interface wired (as depicted) or wireless (not shown) allowing communication with one or more of the devices 210A–D and/or the host system 220. In some embodiments, the sensor devices 230A, 230B may include a wireless transmitter for supporting communication with the other hardware components and/or for supporting various active wireless network defensive measures as discussed below. In some embodiments, the sensor device 230A, 230B may further include local processing capability and or local storage capability; in some such embodiments, the system processor and/or the SDS may incorporate these local capabilities of the sensor devices 230A, 230B.
- [0054] In FIG. 2E, the hardware components include multiple devices 220, 230A, 230B. In this embodiment, the host system 220 and sensor devices 230A, 230B include the same functionality and range of components as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 2D and 2E respectively. In such embodiments, the host system 220 will typically provide a significant portion of the system processor functionality and will only have limited capacity to directly receive wireless network communication. In some of these embodiments, the host system 220 may have no wireless communication interface.

[0055] The depicted hardware components include a system processor potentially including multiple processing elements, that may be distributed across the depicted hardware components, where each processing element may be supported via Intel-compatible processor platforms preferably using at least one PENTIUM III or CELERON (Intel Corp., Santa Clara, Calif.) class processor; alternative processors such as UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems, Palo Alto, Calif.) could be used in other embodiments. In some embodiments, security enhancement functionality, as further described below, may be distributed across multiple processing elements. The term processing element may refer to (1) a process running on a particular piece, or across particular pieces, of hardware, (2) a particular piece of hardware, or either (1) or (2) as the context allows. The sensor devices 230A, 230B depicted in FIGS. 2D–E may in some preferred embodiments include more limited optimized local processors such as a digital signal processor (DSP). Other embodiment can use application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) or a field programmable gate arrays (FPGA).

[0056] The depicted hardware components include an SDS that could include a variety of primary and secondary storage elements. In one preferred embodiment, the SDS would include RAM as part of the primary storage; the amount of RAM might range from 64 MB to 4 GB in each individual hardware device although these amounts could vary and represent overlapping use such as where the host system 220 supports additional functionality such as integrated with firewall system 145 for providing unified wired and wireless security. The primary storage may in some embodiments include other forms of memory such as cache memory, registers, non-volatile memory (e.g., FLASH, ROM, EPROM, etc.), etc. The sensor devices 230A, 230B depicted in FIGS. 2D–E may in some preferred embodiments include more limited amounts and kinds of primary storage. In one preferred embodiments, the primary storage in the sensor devices includes FLASH memory.

[0057] The SDS may also include secondary storage including single, multiple and/or varied servers and storage elements. For example, the SDS may use internal storage devices connected to the system processor. In embodiments where a single processing element supports all of the security analysis functionality, such as seen in FIGS. 2A and 2E, a local hard disk drive may serve as the secondary storage of the SDS, and a disk operating system executing on such a single processing element may act as a data server receiving and servicing data requests.

[0058] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the different information used in the security enhancement processes and systems according to the present invention may be logically or physically segregated within a single device serving as secondary storage for the SDS; multiple related data stores accessible through a unified management system, which together serve as the SDS; or multiple independent data stores individually accessible through disparate management systems, which may in some embodiments be collectively viewed as the SDS. The various storage elements that comprise the physical architecture of the SDS may be centrally located, or distributed across a variety of diverse locations.

[0059] The architecture of the secondary storage of the system data store may vary significantly in different embodiments. In several embodiments, database(s) are used to store and manipulate the data; in some such embodiments, one or more relational database management systems, such as DB2 (IBM, White Plains, N.Y.), SQL Server (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.), ACCESS (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.), ORACLE 8i (Oracle Corp., Redwood Shores, Calif.), Ingres (Computer Associates, Islandia, N.Y.), MySQL (MySQL AB, Sweden) or Adaptive Server Enterprise (Sybase Inc., Emeryville, Calif.), may be used in connection with a variety of storage devices/file servers that may include one or more standard magnetic and/or optical disk drives using any appropriate interface including, without limitation, IDE and SCSI. In some embodiments, a tape library such as Exabyte X80 (Exabyte Corporation, Boulder, Colo.), a storage attached network (SAN) solution such as available from (EMC, Inc., Hopkinton, Mass.), a network attached storage (NAS) solution such as a NetApp Filer 740 (Network Appliances, Sunnyvale, Calif.), or combinations thereof may be used. In other embodiments, the data store may use database systems with other architectures such as object-oriented, spatial, object-relational or hierarchical.

[0060] Instead of, or in addition to, those organization approaches discussed above, certain embodiments may use other storage implementations such as hash tables or flat files or combinations of such architectures. Such alternative approaches may use data servers other than database management systems such as a hash table look-up server, procedure and/or process and/or a flat file retrieval server, procedure and/or process. Further, the SDS may use a combination of any of such approaches in organizing its secondary storage architecture.

[0061] The hardware components may each have an appropriate operating system such as WINDOWS/NT, WINDOWS 2000 or WINDOWS/XP Server (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.), Solaris (Sun Microsystems, Palo Alto, Calif.), or LINUX (or other UNIX variant). In one preferred embodiment, the devices 210A–D and/or host system 220 include a LINUX (or other UNIX variant) operating system; although other embodiments may include a WINDOWS/XP (or other WINDOWS family) operating system.

[0062] Depending upon the hardware/operating system platform of the overall environment, appropriate server software may be included to support the desired access for the purpose of configuration, monitoring and/or reporting. Web server functionality may be provided via an Internet Information Server (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.), an Apache HTTP Server (Apache Software Foundation, Forest Hill, Md.), an iPlanet Web Server (iPlanet E-Commerce Solutions—A Sun—Netscape Alliance, Mountain View, Calif.) or other suitable Web server platform. The e-mail services may be supported via an Exchange Server (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.), sendmail or other suitable e-mail server. Some embodiments may include one or more automated voice response (AVR) systems that are in addition to, or instead of, the aforementioned access servers. Such an AVR system could support a purely voice/telephone driven interface to the environment with hard copy output delivered electronically to suitable hard copy output device (e.g., printer, facsimile, etc.), and forward as necessary through regular mail, courier, inter-office mail, facsimile or other suitable forwarding approach.

[0063] In one preferred embodiment, devices 210A–D and host system 220 can be configured locally or remotely, and configuration can occur through an interactive interface and/or through a command line interface. The interactive interface is accessible locally whereas the command line interface is accessible either locally or remotely. Remote access is preferably granted through the use of a secure shell (SSH) client communicating with an SSH server running on the device or host system.

[0064] In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, an interactive interface is provided for configuring the access point and various hardware components and supplying a variety of configuration data including thresholds values of various kinds. In one preferred embodiment, an administration program area provides such an interface and allows:

- [0065] definition and configuration of access point settings and policies;
- [0066] creation and/or designation of thresholds used to trigger intrusion/detection alarms for authorized access points;
- [0067] creation and/or designation of default thresholds used to trigger intrusion/detection alarms for non-authorized access points; and
- [0068] configuration of settings for the various hardware/software components.

[0069] The administration program area, in one preferred embodiment, offers standard windowing interface featuring tabbed pages for easy navigation between configuration functions. From within each of the tabbed pages, an Edit button allows modification of the values. After editing the data, Accept temporarily saves the changes. Commit permanently saves and applies edits (until edited again). Accepted changes persist until the system is restarted whereas committed changes persist until across restarts.

Access Point Configuration

[0070] One preferred embodiment automatically attempts to detect and record all the configured properties for all access points it observes. The settings constitute access point “policies”—when access point properties deviate from those recorded, one or more alarms can be generated. The values for an access point can be modified manually to alter the generation of specific alarms. Policies for off-line access points can also be created in some embodiments using an Add feature.

[0071] The table below provides a summary of several access point properties displayable and/or configurable in some preferred embodiments of the present invention.

[0072]


Values	Description

Access Point ID	The MAC address of the access point.
Access Point Name	The user-defined name of the access point.
Extended Service	The name of the Extended Service Set indicating
Set ID	the wireless network to which the access point
	belongs.
Access Point	The manufacturer of the access point. In some em-
Vendor	bodiments, this is detected by comparing the first
	three bytes of its MAC address with a database of
	OUI numbers.
Supported Rates	The data transfer rates the access point supports.
	In some embodiments, this value (or these values)
	can be edited to specify the supported rates.
Authentication	Whether the access point accepts non-authenticated
Modes	network connections and/or also accepts shared key
	authentication. (If connections are detected that
	deviate from either of these settings, an alarm can
	be generated.)
Configured to Run	Whether or not the access point is configured to re-
WEP	quire WEP encryption.
AP Mgmt From	Whether the access point is configured to allow
Wireless Network	users to directly administer its settings over the
	wireless network.
Authorized Access	Whether this access point is authorized to be present
Point	in the air space. Unauthorized access points, when
	detected, can generate alarms. (In some embodi-
	ment, a change in this value will not take effect
	until the system is restarted.)

[0073] For each access point, a station maintenance screen or menu may allow the specification of the stations that are authorized to use it. One preferred embodiment of such a screen or menu, automatically detects all stations within the footprint of the access point's Basic Service Set (BSS) and enters their MAC addresses in an Observed column. Such stations can be indicated as an authorized member of the BSS by selecting them in the Observed column and designating them as Valid. Designated stations are moved to a Valid column. (Stations can, in some embodiments, be designated as invalid by selecting and marking them in the Valid column.) Stations not auto-detected can be manually entered by specifying its MAC address in a Enter New Station input field and triggering an Add Station feature.

Access Point Threshold Configuration and Aggregate Station Thresholds

[0074] Systems and methods according to the present invention generate alerts if network traffic that exceeds thresholds is detected. In one preferred embodiment, all detected or manually configured off-line access points are listed in a Select AP pick list. Thresholds associated with each access point in the pick list can be edited by selecting the particular access point. Such threshold values can be either temporary (until the next restart) or persistent across restarts (until a further edit designated as persistent).

[0075]


Values	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any station in the BSS is
Threshold	lower than this value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Enter the maximum number of associations per minute
per Minute	to allow with all stations combined. (Preferably, this
	value is not higher than twice the number of stations
	in the BSS.)
# of Associated	Enter the maximum number of stations allowed to
Stations	associate at any one time with this access point. The
	number should reflect the actual number of stations.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.

[0076] The following table outlines a set of thresholds used in one preferred embodiment that refer to the network characteristics encompassing all stations and traffic in the BSS. In one preferred embodiment, special care must be taken when creating the “byte thresholds” that immediately follow. Several factors govern the values entered for each:

- [0077] The “transmission rate” of the access point—how much data it can transmit—is the first consideration. If the transmission rate is only 1 megabyte per second, the thresholds will be much lower than if the transmission rate is 11 megabytes per second.

[0078] All four “directions” of traffic (wired to wired, wired to wireless, wireless to wired, and wireless to wireless) must add up to less than 100% of available bandwidth. Many administrators will set the individual thresholds such that their combined value is less than 80% of available bandwidth.

[0079]


Value	Description

# Bytes into	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per minute
BSS from	allowed into the BSS from the wired portion of your
Wired Net	network. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# Bytes from	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per minute
BSS to Wired	allowed out of the BSS to a wired portion of your
Net	network. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per minute
between	allowed to be transmitted within the BSS from all sta-
Stations in	tions. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
BSS	generated.
# Bytes from	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per minute
Wired Net to	allowed to be transmitted from a wired portion of the
Wired Net	network to another wired portion of the network, using
	the access point as a bridge. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Data	Enter the maximum number of data frames per minute
Frames Seen	from all stations combined allowed to be transmitted. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Mgmt	Enter the maximum number of management frames per
Frames Seen	minute from all stations combined allowed to be trans-
	mitted. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
Total Ctrl	Enter the maximum number of control frames per minute
Frames Seen	from all stations combined allowed to be transmitted. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Ad hoc	Enter the maximum number of ad hoc frames per minute
Frames Seen	from all stations combined allowed to be transmitted. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be generated.

Individual Station Thresholds

[0080] The following table outlines a set of potential thresholds applied to any individual station in one preferred embodiment. If any single station reaches one of these thresholds, an alarm can be generated.

[0081]


Column	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any station in the BSS is
Threshold	lower than this value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Enter the maximum number of associations per min-
per Minute	ute any station is allowed to make with an access
	point. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can
	be generated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Transmitted	minute any station is allowed transmit. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Received	minute any station is allowed to receive. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Transmitted	ute any station is allowed to transmit. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Received	ute any station is allowed to receive. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Transmitted	per minute any station is allowed to transmit. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Received	per minute any station is allowed to receive. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Transmitted	minute any station is allowed to transmit. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Received	minute any station is allowed to receive. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Fragment	Enter the maximum number of fragment frames per
Frames Seen	minute from any station that are allowed. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Decrypt Error	Enter the maximum number of decrypt error frames
Frames Seen	per minute from any station that are allowed. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.

Access Point Station Thresholds

[0082] The following table outlines a set of thresholds, in one preferred embodiment, applied to the access point itself, and will typically be somewhat more than the Aggregate Station thresholds.

[0083]


Column	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any frame is lower than
Threshold	this value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Whereas stations must associate with an access
per Minute	point, access points do not associate with them-
	selves. Therefore, this value should be zero,
	indicating that it does not associate.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Transmitted	minute this access point is allowed to transmit. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Received	minute this access point is allowed to receive. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Transmitted	ute this access point is allowed to transmit. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Received	ute this access point is allowed to receive. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Transmitted	per minute this access point is allowed to transmit.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Received	per minute this access point is allowed to receive.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Transmitted	minute this access point is allowed to transmit. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Received	minute this access point is allowed to receive. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Fragment	Enter the maximum number of fragment frames per
Frames Seen	minute this access point can see before gener-
	ating an alarm.
# of Decrypt Error	Enter the maximum number of decrypt error frames
Frames Seen	per minute this access point can see before gener-
	ating an alarm.

Default Threshold Information

[0084] In one preferred embodiment, whenever a new access point is detected or manually entered, the specified default settings are applied until it is manually customized. It is assumed that new or unauthorized access points are potential hackers, so it is preferable to set the default thresholds fairly low.

Aggregate Station Thresholds

[0085] The table below outlines a set of thresholds that refer to the combined statistics for all stations in one preferred embodiment.

[0086]


Column	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any station in the BSS as-
Threshold	sociated with an unknown access point is lower than
	this value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Whereas stations must associate with an access point,
per Minute	access points do not associate with themselves. There-
	fore, this value should be zero, indicating that it does
	not associate.
# of Associated	Enter the maximum number of stations allowed to as-
Stations	sociate with unknown acccss points. The number
	should reflect your actual stations. If a greater number
	is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# Bytes into BSS	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per min-
from Wired Net	ute allowed into the BSS through unknown access
	points from the wired portion of your network. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# Bytes from	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per min-
BSS to Wired	ute allowed out of the BSS through unknown access
Net	points to a wired portion of your network. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# Bytes between	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per min-
Stations in BSS	ute allowed to be transmitted within the BSS from all
	stations through unknown access points. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# Bytes from	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per min-
Wired Net to	ute allowed to be transmitted through unknown access
Wired Net	points from a wired portion of the network to another
	wired portion of the network, using the access point
	as a bridge. If a greater number is detected, an alarm
	can be generated.
Total Data	Enter the maximum number of data frames per minute
Frames Seen	for all stations combined allowed to be transmitted
	through unknown access points. If a greater number is
	detected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Mgmt	Enter the maximum number of management frames per
Frames Seen	minute for all stations combined allowed to be trans-
	mitted through unknown access points. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per min-
Seen	ute for all stations combined allowed to be trans-
	mitted through unknown access points. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Ad hoc	Enter the maximum number of ad hoc frames per min-
Frames Seen	ute for all stations combined allowed to be trans-
	mitted through unknown access points. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.

Individual Station Thresholds

[0087] The set of thresholds outlined in the table below apply to any individual station in one preferred embodiment, and will typically be lower than the Aggregate Station thresholds.

[0088]


Column	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any station associated
Threshold	with an unknown access point is lower than this
	value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Enter the maximum number of associations per min-
per Minute	ute any station is allowed to make with an unknown
	access point. If a greater number is detected, an
	alarm can be generated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Transmitted	minute any station is allowed transmit through
	unknown access points. If a greater number is
	detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Received	minute any station is allowed to receive through
	unknown access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Transmitted	ute any station is allowed to transmit through un-
	known access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Received	ute any station is allowed to receive through un-
	known access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Transmitted	per minute any station is allowed to transmit
	through unknown access points. If a greater number
	is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Received	per minute any station is allowed to receive through
	unknown access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Transmitted	minute any station is allowed to transmit through
	unknown access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Received	minute any station is allowed to receive through
	unknown access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Fragment	Enter the maximum number of fragment frames per
Frames Seen	minute from any station that are allowed. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Decrypt Error	Enter the maximum number of decrypt error frames
Frames Seen	per minute from any station that are allowed. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.

Access Point Station Thresholds

[0089] The set of thresholds in the table below applies to all unauthorized access points in one preferred embodiment.

[0090]


Column	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any access point is lower
Threshold	than this value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Enter the maximum number of associations per min-
per Minute	ute between any access point and stations. (It is
	recommended that this value not be higher than
	twice the number of stations in your BSS.)
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Transmitted	minute allowed to be transmitted from any access
	point. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can
	be generated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Received	minute allowed to be received by any access point.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Transmitted	ute allowed to be transmitted by any Access point.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Received	ute allowed to be received by any access point. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Transmitted	per minute allowed to be transmitted by any access
	point. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can
	be generated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Received	per minute allowed to be received by any access
	point. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can
	be generated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Transmitted	minute allowed to be transmitted by any access
	point. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can
	be generated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Received	minute allowed to be received by any access point.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# of Fragment	Enter the maximum number of fragment frames per
Frames Seen	minute allowed for any access point. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Decrypt Error	Enter the maximum number of decrypt error frames
Frames Seen	per minute allowed for any access point. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.

[0091] Some embodiments may allow for self-configuration of some or all of the thresholds discussed above. Such self-configuration could occur through a learning mode in which the systems and methods according o the present invention monitor traffic on the wireless computer network for the first several hours or days after installation. In such a learning mode, alarm notifications can be disabled. It is expected that, in the beginning, the generation of alarms will be very high—hundreds or thousands per day depending on actual network traffic—until thresholds in accordance with the network's normal activity. Once an accurate picture of normal network traffic has been captured, and thresholds are reflective of normal activity, a switch to normal operations mode enables alarm notifications.

[0092] In one preferred embodiment, a command line interface is provided to configure settings that are not available within the graphical user interface. For example, the IP address of the a hardware component can be changed, its system clock reset or set to “sync” with a network time server. In other embodiments, the graphical user interface and/or the command line interface can allow significant overlap of configuration capability. Further, some embodiments have only one or the other interface type. Finally, some embodiments provide no interactive interface for configuration and are limited to reading configuration data from a file, deriving configuration data from past monitoring of the wireless computer network or otherwise receiving this data. The command line interface in one preferred embodiment can be accessed either on the hardware component such as through a command shell such as the Linux Gnome Terminal or over the network using an SSH (preferably, version 2) client.

[0093] In one preferred embodiment, a command shell automatically opens on the hardware component after booting. A terminal icon can appear on the task bar at the bottom of the display; clicking the icon opens additional terminal windows. At the command line prompt, a command is entered to launch the command line interface.

[0094] An SSH client is launched and connected to the hardware component's IP address. The identity of the user making the connection is verified. At the command line prompt, enter the following command to launch the command line interface:

Command Line Interface

[0095] In one preferred embodiment, the screen displays in the terminal window provide five “program areas”:

- [0096] Network—offering options to change IP address, DNS servers, hostname, domain name, mail server, ARP, and create “allow” and “deny” lists.
- [0097] Date—allowing time and date editing, time zone setting, and configuration of an NTP server.
- [0098] Service—providing tools to fine-tune the hardware component parameters, configure data management, and reboot and shut down the component.
- [0099] Users—allowing creation, editing, and deletion of user accounts allowed access to the graphical user interface.
- [0100] Help—tips on using the application, and detailed help topics.
  Network

[0101] Opening the network settings program area, the following commands are available in one preferred embodiment:

[0102]


Command	Description

IP	IP address config
	Allows modification of the IP address, Subnet mask, and de-
	fault gateway for the hardware component logged onto.
	The “IP configuration” screen opens, displaying the current
	network configuration and allows modification.
DNS	Define DNS servers
	Adding or deleting a DNS nameserver.
	The “Nameserver screen” opens, displaying your current DNS
	server's IP address and allows addition, deletion and modifi-
	cation.
	Note: Multiple DNS servers can in some embodiments
	have an “order” for processing DNS requests. The first server
	on the list (identified by the numeral 1) is the first to offer
	name resolution; the second server on the list (identified by
	the numeral 2) is the second to process the request if the first
	is unable to do so. In order to change the order preference of
	multiple servers, all must be deleted and re-entered in the de-
	sired order for them to process DNS requests.
HNAME	Set hostname
	Changing the name of the hardware component. The
	Hostname screen displays your current hostname and allows
	modification.
	Bear in mind that whenever the hostname is changed, its name
	must also be modified in all devices that refer to it (e.g., DNS
	servers).
DNAME	Set domain name
	Changing the domain to which the hardware component be-
	longs. The Domain name screen displays your current domain
	name and allows modification.
	Bear in mind that whenever the domain name is changed, it
	must also be modified in all devices that refer to it (e.g., DNS
	servers).
MRELAY	Config mail relay host
	Configuring a hardware component to send alarms by email.
	The Mail relay host screen appears and allows entry of quali-
	fied hostnames. In one embodiment, mail relay hosts may be
	referred to by IP address or fully qualified hostname (e.g.,
	myhostname.mydomainname.com) of a mail server to process
	email alarm messages.
	Note: the mail server must be configured to allow this appli-
	ance to relay email through it, or at least to direct its mail to
	another mail server that will relay it.
ARP	Config permanent ARP table
	Creating a permanent ARP table. The ARP table screen dis-
	plays your current ARP records and allows modification.
	In order to protect connections between this hardware com-
	ponent and remote administrators from being hijacked by
	man-in-the-middle ARP “blasts” (that redirect traffic for this
	IP address to an alternate MAC address), it is preferable to
	create permanent ARP records for gateways and other impor-
	tant machines.
HALLOW	Configure/etc/hosts.allow file
	Specifying which machines are allowed to connect to the
	hardware component. The Allow list screen displays your
	current list of allowed machines and allows modification.
	Machines allowed to connect to this hardware components can
	be specified. Only those whose IP address, subnet, fully
	qualified hostname, or domain name match an entry in this list
	are allowed to connect to this hardware component to run the
	available administrative programs and routines.
HDENY	Config/etc/host.deny file
	Identifying machines that may not connect to the hardware
	component. The Deny list screen displays your current list of
	denied machines and allows modification.
	Machines not allowed to connect to this hardware component
	can be specified. Anyone whose IP address, subnet, fully
	qualified hostname, or domain name matches an entry in this
	list are not allowed to connect to this hardware component
	Note: HALLOW, in one preferred embodiment, takes prec-
	edence over HDENY. For example, if 123.456.789.963 is on
	the allow list, yet the subnet 123.456.789. is on the deny list,
	the individual machine above is allowed to connect to the
	appliance.

Date

[0103] Opening the date settings program area, the following commands are available in one preferred embodiment:

[0104]


Command	Description

TIME	Time/Date config
	Allows configuration of the time/date for the hardware com-
	ponent.
TZ	Set time zone
	Allows configuration of the time zone for the hardware com-
	ponent.
NTP	Enable/disable NTP
	Allows configuration of the hardware component to use a
	network time server.

Note:
If you change the system time because, for example, you move the appliance's location from the east to west coast of the United States, you must also locate a new network time server in the same time zone.

Services

[0105] Opening the set appliance parameters, configure data management, and restart or shutdown the system area, the following commands are available in one preferred embodiment:

[0106]


Command	Description

TUNE	Tune appliance parameters
	Allows users to modify some of the core values related to the
	environment's functionality.
DMGT	Data management
	Allows users to modify how the environment stores its data.
REBOOT	Reboot system
	Allows graceful restart of the hardware component.
HALT	Halt system
	Allows graceful shutdown of the hardware component.

Users

[0107] Opening the Users program area, the following commands are available in one preferred embodiment:

[0108]


	Command	Description

	NEWU	Create user
	EDITU	Edit user
	DELU	Delete user

[0109] The functionality of these features can in one preferred embodiment match with like functionality provided in a standard LINUX user management facility.

[0110] Various methods and functions as exhibited in various embodiments according to the present invention are described above and below with respect to network security enhancement. In some embodiments, one or more processors within architectures of the environments as described above may execute the steps in such methods and provide such functionality. The functionality may spread across multiple processing elements. In other embodiments, any suitable computer readable storage device, media or combination of devices and/or media, including primary storage such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, etc. or secondary storage such as magnetic media including fixed and removable disks and tapes; optical media including fixed and removable disks whether read-only or read-write; paper media including punch cards and paper tape; or other secondary storage as would be known to those skilled in the art, may store instruction that upon execution by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to execute the steps in such methods and to provide such functionality.

Vulnerability Assessment and Threat Identification

[0111] Vulnerability assessment is accomplished by analyzing WLAN traffic, discovering access points and workstations. The system determines how many bytes of data stations are sending and receiving, the mean signal strength for an entire day or the hi/low signal strength for each minute. It can distinguish between network traffic internal to the wireless network and traffic originating from or destined to the physical, wired-network and which stations are the largest senders and receivers of data. The system produces broad summaries of data that report high, low, and mean values for a variety of traffic parameters, and detailed views that show minute-by-minute snapshots of your traffic. Traffic parameters include the breakdown of frame traffic (control, management, data, and error frames) and network routing information. The system determines if any traffic has not been encrypted, users are authenticated, and all hardware is properly configured. The system detects rogue deployments by identifying and locating unauthorized WLANs and ad hoc networks (peer-to-peer networks) that violate company policy and jeopardize security. The system identifies suspicious WLAN traffic across unauthorized channels and frequencies, which can be a common sign of intruders accessing your WLAN or employees abusing their network privileges.

[0112] The systems and methods according to one preferred embodiment use an audit of existing wireless hardware and perform a survey the air space surrounding the wireless network prior to activating intrusion detection. In this way, a baseline activity level can be determined.

Step 1: Hardware Audit

[0113] Identify every access point in the wireless computer network. Obtain or determine for each its MAC address, Extended Service Set name, manufacturer, supported transmission rates, authentication modes, and whether or not it is configured to run Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and wireless administrative management. In addition, identify every workstation equipped with a wireless network interface card, and record the MAC address of each device. Take note of any physical features in the environment (walls, competing electronic devices such as microwave ovens, cordless phones, etc.) that might interfere with wireless signals.

[0114] The hardware audit serve as the baseline against which the systems and methods according to the present invention can compare. That is, all access points and wireless stations should be detected by the various embodiments of the present invention. (If an access point or station is not detected, follow logical troubleshooting steps.) On the other hand, it is likely that more devices than expected will be detected. Some of these may be stations or access points not identified or of which no one was aware. Others may be “rogue” devices—surreptitious or unauthorized installations in the network—or harmless equipment belonging to nearby companies, and others may be actual hackers. Once the systems and methods according to the present invention are in intrusion detection mode, all detected access points and stations can be reported.

Step 2: Survey Perimeter

[0115] Preferably a mobile hardware component according to the present invention is walked around the perimeter of the wireless computer network in a powered up state (allowing it to collect data as it is moved), or placed in a central location for 12 to 24 hours to collect a larger amount of data. The benefit of a “walk-around” survey is that it generates a nearly immediate picture of the existing wireless “air space.” The benefit of a “stationary” survey is that over a longer period of time, is greater certainty of detecting devices that only operate intermittently or hackers attempting to penetrate the network off-hours. Repetition of the survey, whether walking or stationary, should occur on all 11 channels.

Stationary Data Collection

[0116] Depending on the size of the wireless network, a hardware component can be placed at the four corners or at intermediate points in the Extended Service Set footprint. At each location, the component should be allowed to passively monitor network traffic for 12–24 hours. Hard copy of network data should be preserved prior to each move.

Walk-Around Data Collection

[0117] Simply walk around the perimeter of the wireless network with the hardware component powered on and open to an overview screen. The various access points and stations within the wireless computer network can be detected. Compare this information with the hardware audit made prior to collecting this data. Repeat this walk-around survey for each of the eleven channels.

Step 3: Configure to “Recognize ” this Network

[0118] Each access point detected should be designated as authorized or unauthorized. Each observed station should be designated as valid or not.

Step 4: Place Hardware Components in Discrete Locations throughout the Wireless Network

[0119] Leave a component in each location from 1–3 days. Each day, print reports to preserve captured information. Based upon this information, specific access point and station related thresholds can be tuned to distinguish between normal and abnormal traffic patterns.

[0120] The intrusion detection system (IDS) engine listens to wireless network traffic. FIG. 3 depicts one preferred process the IDS follows in evaluating data associated with received traffic. In the depicted exemplary process, all packets pass through four detections systems: signature-based testing, protocol-based testing, anomaly-based testing, and policy deviation-based testing; other embodiments may use one or more of these tests, or other tests, in varying combinations.

[0121] Initially, configuration information is received in step 305, typically including network default data and risk criteria. This information can be retrieved from a file, derived or obtained from monitoring the network and/or entered interactively at the outset of the process. The, system reads or receives frames from the wireless network instep 310. The received frames are interrogated as follows.

[0122] The information within the frame is interrogated to determine if a known attack signature has been identified in step 325. Signatures encode datalink layer attack patters as combinations of packet sequences and state. For example, active probing emits a pattern or sequence of network requests. This sequence can be recognized by its packet sequence signature. If the attack signature is identified, the intrusion detection system signals an alarm manager to deliver an alert to the administrator in step 345.

[0123] If no attack signature is identified, the frame information is passed through a protocol violation engine to determine if the protocol used in the frame is authorized in step 330. Protocol analysis examines whether or not protocol usage is legitimate. For example, emitting a large number of association or disassociation requests in a short interval is not a legitimate use of the protocol. If the protocol used in the frame is outside of the authorized protocol set, the intrusion detection system signals an alarm manager to deliver an alert to the administrator in step 345.

[0124] If the protocol test passes, in step 335, the IDS checks the frame data for statistical anomalies against the SDS, or a statistics database maintained therein. Anomaly based detection computes such values as the mean, non-zero mean, standard deviation, autocorrelation and peak for each time slice throughout the day. This can be used to create a normalized statistics database for each time slice and user. Current activity is then monitored and compared with the recorded statistics vector. If the difference is larger than a configurable threshold, an alert is generated. Instead of, or in addition to, this approach, a Bayes test can be applied to deduce the probability that the current statistics vector is an attack as opposed to a legitimate sequence. If an anomaly exists, the intrusion detection system signals an alarm manager to deliver an alert to the administrator in step 345.

[0125] If no anomaly is detected, the system interrogates the frame to determine if a pre-defined policy has been violated in step 340. Policy testing compares the observed activity with a configurable set of activity rules stored in the SDS. For example, a rule can declare that only specific hosts with specific addresses and specific network cards can access the network. If a pre-defined policy has been violated, the intrusion detection system signals an alarm manager to deliver an alert to the administrator in step 345.

[0126] The tests outlined above and depicted in FIG. 3 are performed serially. In other embodiments, one or more of these tests may occur in parallel. Further, subsequent tests only occur if a prior test was passed. In a further preferred embodiment, all tests occur irrespective of the outcome of a prior test; consequently, a single read frame could potentially generate an alarm for every test performed on it.

[0127] Alerts can be in the any suitable form delivered to any suitable platform including, without limitation, a screen display to a monitor, a page to a pager, an outgoing voice call to telephone, a SMS message to a mobile telephone, an e-mail message to a valid address, posted to a Web page available via an appropriate Web server or WAP alert to a WAP enabled device. Various types of screen displays and reports may be used to provide information regarding generated alarms.

[0128] In one preferred embodiment referred to as AirDefense Mobile in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial Number TBA entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NEWTORK SECURITY” filed May 20, 2002 bearing Ser. No. 10/161,142, preferred interfaces for reviewing and reporting alarms are described in detail. The contents of this application are hereby incorporated by this reference herein for all purposes.

[0129] In some embodiment, the outputs of all IDS test are then compared and a confidence level computed in step 345. In one such embodiment, in the case where only a statistical anomaly is detected, it is flagged as a lower level performance alert. In the case where one or more other violations are detected, the alarm is elevated to an intrusion alarm.

[0130] Some embodiments may use a variety of data stores in implementing the above process to track data across multiple iterations of the process; such data stores can in one preferred embodiment be part of an SDS as described above. Some such embodiments can include a statistics database, a station database and/or a state data store. In such embodiments, some or all of the following steps depicted in FIG. 3 can occur.

[0131] In step 315, a station database is updated. This database contains, in one preferred embodiment, per station and per access point records with information describing device address, communications state, timestamps of first and last activity, counts of byte transmissions and local policy information describing whether device is authorized or not for usage in the monitored network.

[0132] In step 320 state information is updated. State refers to whether or not the device has been seen before and whether or not the station is unauthenticated and unassociated, authenticated, authenticated and associated or unknown state information associated with the wireless computer network.

[0133] In step 350, a determination is made as to whether a particular statistics interval has been complete. If so, statistics in an SDS are updated in step 355, and processing continues with the next frame in step 310. Otherwise, processing simply continues in step 310 with the next reading or receiving of a frame.

[0134] A modified and enhance version of the above approach is used where network traffic is monitored from multiple input devices such as with the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 2B–E. FIG. 4 depicts this enhanced process starting at step 405.

[0135] Step 410 is analogous to step 305 from the process of FIG. 3. In step 410, configuration information is received. As before, this is typically done through reading system configuration files, monitoring the network and/or interactive entry at the outset of the process. This information typically includes network default data and risk criteria such as access point configuration data (MAC Address of the access point, Access Point Name, etc.), station configuration data and various thresholds values.

[0136] In step 430, a wireless packet frame is received from each input device (e.g., hardware components 210A–D, host system 220 and/or sensors 230A, 230B). Frames are read so that the frame content can be interrogated.

[0137] Each read frame is interrogated by a multi-dimensional intrusion detection system (IDS) such as detailed above with respect to FIG. 3, and the outputs of all IDS tests are then compared and a confidence level computed in step 435. As with the process above, other tests in either alone, in combination with each other or in combination with one or more of those described above may be used in other embodiments.

[0138] In step 440, in the case where only a statistical anomaly is detected, it is flagged as a lower level performance alert. In the case where, in addition to the statistical anomaly, one of the other violations has been detected, the alarm is elevated to an intrusion alarm and an alarm manger is alerted in step 444. Other embodiments do not rely on aggregate test outcome but determine alarm status on single test outcomes. Further, some embodiments can use other test types and outcome combinations to determine type and severity of alarms generated.

[0139] If an alarm is not detected in step 440, a test to see if a predetermined interval for gathering statistics has been reached occurs in step 460. If the end of the pre-configured statistics gathering interval has occurred, the SDS is updated in step 470 to reflect the statistics gathered from the received frames over the interval. Statistics are gathered by monitoring traffic between network nodes, minute-by-minute statistics about BSS frame types and traffic volumes, summaries of transmission statistics for all stations associated with access points, current-minute transmission statistics for all Stations, and detailed minute-by-minute transmission statistics for any individual station in the wireless computer network.

[0140] Data fusion occurs on a batch basis by aggregating data from multiple databases. This process begins at step 414. The process integrates statistical data from multiple databases that is generated through frame monitoring and intrusion detection engines. This approach provides a methodology for managing data received from input devices such as hardware devices 210A–D and/or sensors 230A, 230B deployed at multiple sites and for aggregating enterprise data at a single central system such as host 220.

[0141] The Attack and Station Profile database is read at step 418 to begin a processing loop to integrate databases from separate sources. Correlation and pattern recognition is performed at step 420 to update the attack and station profiles in step 424. The processing loop then sleeps at step 428 until the next processing loop interval is to take place based on the pre-configured time interval or trigger.

[0142] After the alarm manager is signaled in step 444, the attack and station profile database is read in step 448; in this step, existing attacks are queried and existing station security state is queried. In step 450, this data is compared to the newly generated alarm. If it is sufficiently similar, no new external notification occurs in step 454. If it is not, a new notification message is generated in step 454 and console display and/or external messaging of the alarm occurs in step 458.

[0143] As described above, systems and methods according to the present invention can automatically generate alarms whenever certain events or conditions occur within your wireless network. In some embodiments, an alarm manager providing an interface for viewing can be provided; such an interface is described in greater detail in co-pending “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NEWTORK SECURITY” filed May 20, 2002 bearing Ser. No. 10/161,142. The following table identifies the alarms, alarm subtypes and severities available in one preferred embodiment referred to as AirDefense Mobile.

[0144]


		Alarm
Alarm Type	Alarm Subtype	Level

DoS Attack	De-authenticate	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when a hacker
	pretends to be an Access point and broad-
	casts a “de-authenticate” message. This
	forces all Stations to re-authenticate them-
	selves, generating excessive network traf-
	fic, and causing inconsistent connectivity, and
	data transfer.
	Disassociate	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when a hacker pre-
	tends to be an Access point and broadcasts a
	“disassociate” message. This forces all Stations
	to re-associate themselves with the Access
	Point, generating excessive network traffic, and
	causing inconsistent connectivity and data
	transfer.
Unauthorized	Not on allow list	Critical
Station	AirDefense Mobile detects a Station whose
	MAC address is not on its Valid list. (A Valid
	list is maintained by the system.)
Threshold	GLB CRC errors	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects if CRC errors ex-
	ceeded configured limits (CRC errors are
	generated when checksums fail on individ-
	ual frames.)
	BSS assoc count	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the number of
	associations within an entire BSS, in any given
	minute, exceed the number specified in con-
	figuration information
	BSS signal strength	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the signal
	strength in any access point falls below a
	specified threshold.
	BSS fragments	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the number of
	fragmented frames within any minute exceed a
	specified threshold.
	BSS decrypt errors	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the number of
	decrypt error frames within any minute ex-
	ceed a specified threshold.
	BSS assoc stations	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the total num-
	ber of associated Stations within an entire
	BSS, in any given minute, exceed a specified
	number.
	BSS tbw in	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the number of bytes of data entering
	the BSS from the wired portion of your net-
	work exceed a set threshold.
	BSS tbw out	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of bytes of data
	going from the BSS to a wired portion of your
	network exceed a set threshold.
	BSS tbw intra	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of bytes of data
	originating from and destined for the BSS
	exceed a specified threshold.
	BSS tbw thru	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of bytes of data
	originating from a wired portion of the net-
	work hop through the BSS to another wired
	portion of the network exceed a set threshold.
	BSS data	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of data frames in
	the BSS exceed a specified threshold.
	BSS mgt	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of management
	frames in the BSS exceed a specified threshold.
	BSS ctl	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of control frames in
	the BSS exceed a set threshold.
	BSS ad hoc	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of Ad Hoc frames in
	the BSS exceed a specified threshold.
	Note: Wireless network adaptor cards of lesser
	quality will randomly generate Ad Hoc frames.
	AirDefense Mobile's default threshold (1) may
	cause all of these spurious frames to gen-
	erate an alarm. After monitoring the network
	for a week or two, it may be advisable to set
	the threshold to a number at or a little higher
	than what the network normally generates.
	STA assoc count	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, during any minute,
	when any Station associates with an access
	point more times than provided by a specified
	threshold.
	STA signal strength	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects, during any minute,
	when any station's signal strength falls below a
	value specified.
	STA fragments	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects, during any minute,
	when any station generates more fragmented
	frames than a specified value.
	STA decrypt errors	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, during any minute,
	when any station generates more decrypt errors
	than a set threshold.
	STA tbw received	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station receives more bytes of data
	than a predetermined threshold.
	STA tbw transmitted	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station transmits more bytes of data
	than specified in a set threshold.
	STA data received	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station receives more data frames
	than a specified threshold.
	STA data transmitted	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station transmits more data frames
	than a specified threshold.
	STA mgt received	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station receives more management
	frames than a specified threshold.
	STA mgt transmitted	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station transmits more management
	frames than a set threshold.
	STA ctl receive	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station receives more control frames
	than a specified threshold.
	STA ctl transmit	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station transmits more control frames
	than a set threshold.
ID Theft	Out of sequence	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when frames are
	transmitted out of sequence. This suggests that
	someone has spoofed a Station and is sending
	data at the same time as the legitimate Station.
	Vendor out of character	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile compares every Station's
	transmissions against an internal database of
	known vendor “transmission profiles” or
	“signatures.” If the actual network traffic
	does not match the vendor-profile associated
	with the Station's Wireless NIC, AirDefense
	Mobile assumes that the traffic originates
	from an unauthorized station using a spoofed
	NIC.
	Anomalous signal strength	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile tracks the high, low, and
	mean signal strength of each station many
	times a minute throughout the day. Whenever it
	detects that the Station's signal strength
	deviates from the norm, it generates an alarm.
Access Point	WEP mode changed	Critical
Mode	AirDefense Mobile detects when the WEP
	value in an access point's beacon differs from
	the value it is supposed to be. (AirDefense
	Mobile auto-detected the WEP property, or it
	was manually entered.)
	Rate changed	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the supported
	transmission rate values in an access point's
	beacon differs from the value it is supposed to
	be. (AirDefense Mobile auto-detected the rate
	property, or it was manually entered.)
	Channel changed	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects whenever an access
	point changes channels. (The channel is iden-
	tified in configuration information.)
	Cf changed
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the Point
	Coordination value in an AP's beacon changes.
	A change in this field may indicate that the
	access point was reconfigured, though this is
	not necessarily a problem. (The Point Coordi-
	nation field refers to the access point's mode
	of collision avoidance.)
	Essid changed
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the access
	point's broadcast of its Extended BSS ID
	changes. The ESSID information is stored as
	configuration information.
Unauthorized	AirDefense Mobile detects when administration	Critical
AP Admin	sessions are being conducted directly with the
	access point.
Odd Mgt.	Sta tx ap mgt fr	Critical
Frame	AirDefense Mobile detects when a Station is
	transmitting a management frame reserved for
	access point's use.
	Ap tx illegal mgt fr	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when an access
	point transmits an illegal management frame.
	Out of spec frame	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when an access
	point transmits a frame that does not follow
	802.11b standards.
	Other bogus frame	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when an access
	point transmits any frame it does not under-
	stand.
Ad Hoc Net	AirDefense Mobile detects when Stations are	Critical
Detected	directly transmitting and receiving to and
	from each other without using an authorized
	access point.
	Note: Unlike all other alarms that are gener-
	ated every time the network event is detected
	within a minute, AirDefense Mobile will only
	generate an Ad Hoc Network alarm once in the
	current 24 hour period for each MAC address.
AP Beacon	AirDefense Mobile detects when an access	Critical
Rate	point's beacon rate changed.

Active Defense

[0145] In some embodiments of the present invention, one or more active defense mechanisms may be triggered in response to alarm in addition to, or instead of, the notification process described above. The system may provide active defense from attacks by broadcasting data into the wireless network as well as being able to trap and/or map an intruder's workstation by triangulating the position of the intruder's workstation relative to the wireless network access points.

[0146] By introducing CRC errors into the wireless stream, the system can actively defeat an attacker that is monitoring the stream for patterns to crack the encryption. CRC errors are introduced by transmitting at the same time as the detected intruder.

[0147] Due the shared medium nature of the wireless computer network, the cause the packet transmission to be corrupted, preventing the intruder from successfully communicating with the network.

[0148] By introducing chaf, the system can actively defeat the attacker by placing random frames into the stream so that the encryption pattern becomes undetectable. Chaf is a form of randomized packet transmission that is designed to reduce the probability that a statistical analysis of the packet sequence would result in breaking of the encryption key. This is done by emitting a low-rate background transmission of packets that are emitted using the same characteristics (e.g., address, initialization vector, etc.) of legitimately observed traffic but with a randomized payload.

[0149] The system can lock-down a wireless network by jamming, a technique to prevent any unauthorized access to the wireless access point by introducing enough noise into the wireless network that workstations cannot physically connect to the wireless network. Jamming is a physical layer transmission that is performed to disrupt all unwanted wireless communications. It is equivalent to introducing a noise signal on top of the unwanted signal transmission such that any receiver would not be able to successfully receive the transmission.

[0150] In a Physical Device approachOne embodiment would utilize a standalone sensor to implement any of the Active Defense mechanisms. Dynamic channel change can be used to reroute authorized traffic to a different communication channel to avoid an intruder detected on a particular channel. In this approach, a channel change request is transmitted to the access point believed to be compromised and authorized stations use the new channel to communicate with the access point. This approach can also be used to avoid interference causing problems in communication between an access point and its authorized stations.

[0151] Some embodiments including dynamic channel change may further use a honeypot trap that tricks the attacker into thinking the original channel is still valid and provides the necessary forensic information to identify the attacker. FIG. 5 depicts a flow chart of a process starting at step 510 used in some such embodiment incorporating the honeypot trap.

[0152] In step 520, configuration information is received. This step is much the same as previously described steps 305 and 410 in FIGS. 3 and 4 respectively. Step 530 represents a waiting loop that waits until an attack has been detected. Typically, an intrusion detection system generates a signal that triggers departure from this loop; in some preferred embodiments, the intrusion detection system contains the hardware and/or executes the process described above. The signal from the intrusion detection system typically includes an indicator of the access point believed to be under attack.

[0153] In the case that an attack has been detected in 530, processing is passed to step 540 to activate the honeypot trap. A trap thread is started in step 580; the thread initializes itself with the identity of the monitored access point believed to be attacked. This identity typically includes the MAC address, Service Set Identifier, encryption mode, network mode and transmission modes. Once initialized, the thread moves to step 590, the Trap Intruder process. This process is designed to logically fool the identifier attacker into believing communication is still occurring with the original access point. This is accomplished through complete emulation of the original access point's identity and behavior. By maintaining communication with the attacker, a trap is created such that the attacker's physical proximity is assured as long as communication continues. Optionally, a new identity may be assumed such that a weaker or more vulnerable appearing access point can be presented to the attacker. This is done by again emulating access point functionality, but in this case with an identity and set of characteristics that appear vulnerable. This vulnerability appearance may be created through the use of no or weak encryption modes or the appearance of default manufacturing modes with known passwords and user IDs.

[0154] In step 550 a control packet is sent to the original access point to change channels or suspend transmission while the trap is engaged. This packet encapsulates a message indicating the above request and may be sent in or out-of-band to the access point. In-band refers to over-the-air transmission to the access point's wireless network interface whereas out-of-band transmission refers to transmission to the wired side interface of the access point.

[0155] Processing in the main loop then returns to attack detection in 530.

[0156] Triangulation determines the location of an attacker by mapping her relative position within the deployed wireless access points. The mapping and location detection process according to one or more preferred embodiments of the present invention as depicted in FIGS. 6A–B are discussed in greater detail below.

[0157] The process of FIG. 6A is used to create an internal database of IP addresses and/or names mapped to corresponding MAC addresses. Every Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) transaction is detected in step 605. In step 610, the information in the detected transaction is used to update the internal database. Some embodiments can perform the identification and location processing such as depicted in FIG. 6B without reference to such an internal database. This database is created and maintained in one preferred embodiment to make the station identification and location process easier and more efficient.

[0158] FIG. 6B depicts a process for identifying and locating a station within the wireless network. In some embodiments, this process can be used to pinpoint the location of a potential attacker, in some such embodiments, activation of the process is triggered by an intrusion detection system. In a preferred embodiment, the process is triggered by one of the intrusion detections systems and methods described in detail above.

[0159] In step 620, a lookup occurs in the internal database, such as created via the process depicted in FIG. 6A, on the current MAC address to determine if an IP or name mapping is already available. If found, the internal database is updated in step 640 and execution proceeds to step 645 to query the wireless sensor array, to begin position or location resolution. As indicated above, the internal database is one approach to acquiring the desired information. Some embodiments may skip this step and use either the wired network sensor or the reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) approach discussed below.

[0160] Otherwise, an optional wired network sensor can be queried for the name mapping in step 625. This sensor is preferably deployed within the wired network at a location convenient to sniffing DHCP, LDAP, DNS or other service/name mapping protocols. If found, the internal database is updated in step 640 and execution proceeds to step 645 to query the wireless sensor array, to begin position or location resolution. Some embodiments may not include such a wired network sensor; in which case this step is skipped.

[0161] If name is still not found, execution proceeds to step 630 where a RARP request is issued. This request asks the receiver population for the IP address of the MAC address in question. If found, the internal database is updated in step 640 and execution proceeds to step 645 to query the wireless sensor array, to begin position or location resolution.

[0162] If not found, name/IP mapping is not available at current time for this MAC address. In some embodiments, name/IP mapping may not be desired but location or position information is in which case the process can begin in such embodiments at step 645.

[0163] Step 645 begins the position or location resolution with a query to the wireless sensor array. Each sensor is queried for tracking information on the current MAC address in question. This tracking information identifies whether the MAC is currently observable by a given sensor, the sensor ID, and the signal strength associated with the MAC in question. The sensor array may include not only sensor devices (e.g., 230A, 230B) but also other wireless nodes accessible from this process such as devices 210A–D and/or host system 220.

[0164] From the data received via the query, the position relative to grid of sensors is calculated in step 650 by computing the “signal strength” distance to each sensor. This distance is computed as the square root of the sum of squares of three sensor signal strength values. The position is then estimated to be within the proximity of the sensors determined to have the smallest signal strength distance to the MAC address in question per the above computation. Once the set of sensors is selected, the position is further refined by selected the position as within the proximity of the sensor within above set with the strongest signal strength. In some embodiments, the process ends at this point with the position information being returned.

[0165] In embodiments maintaining a position database, this database is updated in step 660 with the position of the MAC address in question. The process then ends at step 670.

Encrypted Network Analysis and Management

[0166] The techniques utilized to monitor WLANs can apply in general to monitoring and analyzing any network link using encryption of the payload or at the IP layer and above rather than just WLANs. In this case, Layer 1 and Layer 2 are observed and decisions made at these layers in terms of signature, protocol, policy and statistical anomaly analysis to assess network health and security. This technique is thus applicable to any network (wired or wireless) exhibiting the above encryption characteristics of the network traffic. In other words, the multi-dimensional IDS implemented per our framework is more broadly applicable to managing and securing any encrypted network. In this case, a WLAN running WEP is one particular instance of an encrypted network.

[0167] Throughout this application, various publications may have been referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

[0168] The embodiments described above are given as illustrative examples only. It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that many deviations may be made from the specific embodiments disclosed in this specification without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be determined by the claims below rather than being limited to the specifically described embodiments above.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A network security system, the system comprising:

a) a system data store capable of storing network default and configuration data;

b) a wireless transmitter capable of transmitting communications over a wireless computer network;

c) a system processor comprising one or more processing elements, wherein the system processor is in communication with the system data store and the wireless transmitter and wherein the system processor is programmed or adapted to perform the steps comprising of:

i) receiving an active defense request signal, wherein the request signal comprises an indicator corresponding to a potentially compromised access point in the wireless computer network; and

ii) responsive to the received request signal, triggering one or more of the following defensive actions:

1) transmitting a signal via the wireless transmitter to jam communications targeted at the potentially compromised access point;

2) transmitting a signal via the wireless transmitter to corrupt communications targeted at the potentially compromised access point by introducing CRC errors;

3) transmitting a signal via the wireless transmitter to increase difficulty associated with breaking of encryption associated with the wireless computer network and the potentially compromised access point, wherein the signal includes packets emulating legitimate traffic but with randomized payloads; or

4) transmitting a channel change request communication via the wireless transmitter to the potentially compromised access point.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the steps comprising of receiving configuration information and storing the received configuration information in the system data store.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the configuration information is received by the system processor from a configuration file, from an interactive data entry interface or from a command line.

4. The system of claim 2, wherein the received configuration information comprises network default data.

5. The system of claim 2, further comprising a wireless receiver capable of receiving communications transmitted over the wireless computer network and wherein the system processor is programmed or adapted to monitor the wireless computer network using the wireless receiver as part of its programming or adaptation to receive configuration information.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the step comprising of notifying an administrator of the received request signal.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the step comprising of mapping station identity.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the step comprising of mapping station location.

9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a mounting card comprising a standard computer interface allowing communication between components mounted thereon and a computer system and wherein at least one of the processing elements of the system data store and the wireless transmitter are mounted on mounting card.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the standard computer interface is an ISA bus connection, an EISA bus connection, a PCMCIA connection, a USB connection, a SCSI connection, a serial port connection or a parallel port connection.

11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a wireless receiver capable of receiving communications transmitted over the wireless computer network.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the one or more triggered defensive actions comprises transmitting a channel change request communication and wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the steps comprising of assuming characteristics associated with the potentially compromised access point and emulating the potentially compromised access point in communicating with a potential intruder.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the steps comprising of identifying a node associated with the potential intruder and locating the identified node.

14. The system of claim 11, wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the step comprising of monitoring the wireless computer network using the wireless receiver.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the step comprising of communicating information derived from monitoring the wireless computer network to an intrusion detections system.

16. The system of claim 15, further comprising a wired communication interface via which the system processor communicates with the intrusion detection system.

17. The system of claim 15, further comprising the intrusion detection system and wherein the system processor is programmed or adapted to receive the active defense request signal from the intrusion detection system.

18. The system of claim 1, wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the step of selecting one or more defensive actions to be triggered.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the received active defense request signal further comprises a security indicator indicating a type of risk to the wireless computer network and wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the step of selecting one or more defensive actions based upon the security indicator in the received active defense request signal.

20. The system of claim 18, wherein the received active defense request signal further comprises a defense indicator corresponding to one or more defensive actions to be triggered and wherein the system processor is further programmed or adapted to perform the step of selecting one or more defensive actions based upon the defense indicator in the received active defense request signal.

21. A network security method, the method comprising the steps of:

a) receiving configuration information comprising network configuration and default data from a configuration file, an interactive data entry interface or a command line interface or from monitoring a wireless computer network;

b) receiving an active defense request signal from an intrusion detection system, wherein the received request signal comprises an access point indicator corresponding to a potentially compromised access point in the wireless computer network and a risk indicator;

c) responsive to the received request signal, selecting one or more defensive actions based upon the received request signal from the group consisting of:

i) transmitting a signal to jam communications targeted at the potentially compromised access point;

ii) transmitting a signal to corrupt communications targeted at the potentially compromised access point by introducing CRC errors;

iii) transmitting a signal to increase difficulty associated with breaking of encryption associated with the wireless computer network and the potentially compromised access point, wherein the signal comprises packets emulating legitimate traffic but with randomized payloads; and

iv) transmitting a channel change request communication to the potentially compromised access point; and

d) triggering the selected one or more defensive actions; and

e) identifying a node or location associated with a potential intruder interacting with the potentially compromised access point.

22. Computer readable storage media storing instructions that upon execution by a system processor cause the system processor to perform the method of claim 21.

23. A network security system, the system comprising:

a) storing means for receiving and storing configuration information comprising network configuration and default data;

b) wireless receiving means for receiving communications transmitted over the wireless communication network;

c) wireless transmitting means for transmitting communications over the wireless communication network;

d) defense request receiving means for receiving an active defense request signal from an intrusion detection system, wherein the received request signal comprises an access point indicator corresponding to a potentially compromised access point in the wireless computer network and a risk indicator;

e) active defense means for selecting one or more defensive actions based upon a received request signal received by the defense request receiving means from the group consisting of:

i) transmitting a signal via the wireless transmitting means intended to jam communications targeted at the potentially compromised access point;

ii) transmitting a signal via the wireless transmitting means to corrupt communications targeted at the potentially compromised access point by introducing CRC errors;

iii) transmitting a signal via the wireless transmitting means to increase difficulty associated with breaking of encryption associated with the wireless computer network and the potentially compromised access point, wherein the signal includes packets emulating legitimate traffic but with randomized payloads; and

iv) transmitting a channel change request communication to the potentially compromised access point via the wireless transmitting means; and

for triggering the selected one or more defensive actions; and

f) mapping means for identifying a node or location associated with a potential intruder interacting with the potentially compromised access point.

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US 7,058,796 B2Grant

Method and system for actively defending a wireless LAN against attacks

Issue Date:2006-06-06

•23 Claims

•11 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

Metadata

Assignee

AirDefense, Inc.

Inventors

Michael T. Lynn
Scott Hrastar

Application Information

Application Number:US 10/161,443

Filing Date:2002-06-03

Priority Date:2002-05-20

Art Unit:2132

Classifications

IPC:

G06F11/30

Patent Drawings (11 sheets)

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application is related to the following U.S. Patent Applications filed Jun. 3, 2002, each of which is hereby incorporated by this reference in its entirety for all purposes:

[0003]


Attorney			Serial
Docket No.	Inventors	Title	Number

19282.0001U2	Hrastar,	“SYSTEMS AND	TBA
	Lynn,	METHODS FOR NET-
	Sale,	WORK SECURITY”
	Hollingsworth
19282.0002U1	Hrastar	“SYSTEM AND METHOD	TBA
		FOR WIRELESS LAN
		DYNAMIC CHANNEL
		CHANGE WITH HONEY-
		POT TRAP”
19282.0005U1	Hrastar,	“METHODS AND	TBA
	Lynn	SYSTEMS FOR IDENTI-
		FYING NODES AND
		MAPPING THEIR LOCA-
		TIONS”
19282.0006U1	Hrastar	“METHOD AND SYSTEM	TBA
		FOR ENCRYPTED NET-
		WORK MANAGE-
		MENT AND INTRUSION
		DETECTION”

BACKGROUND

[0008] http://www.server.com/dir1/dir2/resource.htm

[0014] In addition, the IMAP protocol has evolved as an alternative to POP3 that supports more advanced interactions between e-mail servers and clients. This protocol is described in RFC 2060.

[0027] The systems and methods according to the present invention provide solutions to these and other security and/or management issues associated with WLANs and/or encrypted computer networks.

SUMMARY

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] FIG. 1 graphically depicts a typical LAN with both wired and wireless components.

[0040] FIGS. 2A–E graphically depicts LANs incorporating various preferred embodiments according to the present invention.

[0041] FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a multi-dimensional wireless intrusion detection process according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an example multiple input wireless intrusion detection process including multiple input correlation and long-term data fusion.

[0043] FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an exemplary dynamic channel change active defense process that includes a honeypot trap.

[0044] FIGS. 6A–B are flow charts of example station identification and location mapping processes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Architecture of a Typical Access Environment

[0049] The hardware components depicted in these figures are outlined as follows:

- [0053] In FIG. 2D, the hardware components include multiple devices 210A, 210B, 210C, 210D, 220, 230A, 230B. Devices 210A–D, 220 support the same functionality and include the same range of components as provided above with respect to FIG. 2C. In addition, devices 230A, 230B are sensor devices that monitor wireless traffic over the wireless network. These sensor devices at least include a wireless receiver for monitoring the traffic and a communication interface wired (as depicted) or wireless (not shown) allowing communication with one or more of the devices 210A–D and/or the host system 220. In some embodiments, the sensor devices 230A, 230B may include a wireless transmitter for supporting communication with the other hardware components and/or for supporting various active wireless network defensive measures as discussed below. In some embodiments, the sensor device 230A, 230B may further include local processing capability and or local storage capability; in some such embodiments, the system processor and/or the SDS may incorporate these local capabilities of the sensor devices 230A, 230B.
- [0054] In FIG. 2E, the hardware components include multiple devices 220, 230A, 230B. In this embodiment, the host system 220 and sensor devices 230A, 230B include the same functionality and range of components as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 2D and 2E respectively. In such embodiments, the host system 220 will typically provide a significant portion of the system processor functionality and will only have limited capacity to directly receive wireless network communication. In some of these embodiments, the host system 220 may have no wireless communication interface.

- [0065] definition and configuration of access point settings and policies;
- [0066] creation and/or designation of thresholds used to trigger intrusion/detection alarms for authorized access points;
- [0067] creation and/or designation of default thresholds used to trigger intrusion/detection alarms for non-authorized access points; and
- [0068] configuration of settings for the various hardware/software components.

Access Point Configuration

[0071] The table below provides a summary of several access point properties displayable and/or configurable in some preferred embodiments of the present invention.

[0072]


Values	Description

Access Point ID	The MAC address of the access point.
Access Point Name	The user-defined name of the access point.
Extended Service	The name of the Extended Service Set indicating
Set ID	the wireless network to which the access point
	belongs.
Access Point	The manufacturer of the access point. In some em-
Vendor	bodiments, this is detected by comparing the first
	three bytes of its MAC address with a database of
	OUI numbers.
Supported Rates	The data transfer rates the access point supports.
	In some embodiments, this value (or these values)
	can be edited to specify the supported rates.
Authentication	Whether the access point accepts non-authenticated
Modes	network connections and/or also accepts shared key
	authentication. (If connections are detected that
	deviate from either of these settings, an alarm can
	be generated.)
Configured to Run	Whether or not the access point is configured to re-
WEP	quire WEP encryption.
AP Mgmt From	Whether the access point is configured to allow
Wireless Network	users to directly administer its settings over the
	wireless network.
Authorized Access	Whether this access point is authorized to be present
Point	in the air space. Unauthorized access points, when
	detected, can generate alarms. (In some embodi-
	ment, a change in this value will not take effect
	until the system is restarted.)

Access Point Threshold Configuration and Aggregate Station Thresholds

[0075]


Values	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any station in the BSS is
Threshold	lower than this value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Enter the maximum number of associations per minute
per Minute	to allow with all stations combined. (Preferably, this
	value is not higher than twice the number of stations
	in the BSS.)
# of Associated	Enter the maximum number of stations allowed to
Stations	associate at any one time with this access point. The
	number should reflect the actual number of stations.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.

- [0077] The “transmission rate” of the access point—how much data it can transmit—is the first consideration. If the transmission rate is only 1 megabyte per second, the thresholds will be much lower than if the transmission rate is 11 megabytes per second.

[0079]


Value	Description

# Bytes into	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per minute
BSS from	allowed into the BSS from the wired portion of your
Wired Net	network. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# Bytes from	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per minute
BSS to Wired	allowed out of the BSS to a wired portion of your
Net	network. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per minute
between	allowed to be transmitted within the BSS from all sta-
Stations in	tions. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
BSS	generated.
# Bytes from	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per minute
Wired Net to	allowed to be transmitted from a wired portion of the
Wired Net	network to another wired portion of the network, using
	the access point as a bridge. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Data	Enter the maximum number of data frames per minute
Frames Seen	from all stations combined allowed to be transmitted. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Mgmt	Enter the maximum number of management frames per
Frames Seen	minute from all stations combined allowed to be trans-
	mitted. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
Total Ctrl	Enter the maximum number of control frames per minute
Frames Seen	from all stations combined allowed to be transmitted. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Ad hoc	Enter the maximum number of ad hoc frames per minute
Frames Seen	from all stations combined allowed to be transmitted. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be generated.

Individual Station Thresholds

[0081]


Column	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any station in the BSS is
Threshold	lower than this value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Enter the maximum number of associations per min-
per Minute	ute any station is allowed to make with an access
	point. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can
	be generated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Transmitted	minute any station is allowed transmit. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Received	minute any station is allowed to receive. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Transmitted	ute any station is allowed to transmit. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Received	ute any station is allowed to receive. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Transmitted	per minute any station is allowed to transmit. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Received	per minute any station is allowed to receive. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Transmitted	minute any station is allowed to transmit. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Received	minute any station is allowed to receive. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Fragment	Enter the maximum number of fragment frames per
Frames Seen	minute from any station that are allowed. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Decrypt Error	Enter the maximum number of decrypt error frames
Frames Seen	per minute from any station that are allowed. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.

Access Point Station Thresholds

[0082] The following table outlines a set of thresholds, in one preferred embodiment, applied to the access point itself, and will typically be somewhat more than the Aggregate Station thresholds.

[0083]


Column	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any frame is lower than
Threshold	this value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Whereas stations must associate with an access
per Minute	point, access points do not associate with them-
	selves. Therefore, this value should be zero,
	indicating that it does not associate.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Transmitted	minute this access point is allowed to transmit. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Received	minute this access point is allowed to receive. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Transmitted	ute this access point is allowed to transmit. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Received	ute this access point is allowed to receive. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Transmitted	per minute this access point is allowed to transmit.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Received	per minute this access point is allowed to receive.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Transmitted	minute this access point is allowed to transmit. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Received	minute this access point is allowed to receive. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Fragment	Enter the maximum number of fragment frames per
Frames Seen	minute this access point can see before gener-
	ating an alarm.
# of Decrypt Error	Enter the maximum number of decrypt error frames
Frames Seen	per minute this access point can see before gener-
	ating an alarm.

Default Threshold Information

Aggregate Station Thresholds

[0085] The table below outlines a set of thresholds that refer to the combined statistics for all stations in one preferred embodiment.

[0086]


Column	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any station in the BSS as-
Threshold	sociated with an unknown access point is lower than
	this value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Whereas stations must associate with an access point,
per Minute	access points do not associate with themselves. There-
	fore, this value should be zero, indicating that it does
	not associate.
# of Associated	Enter the maximum number of stations allowed to as-
Stations	sociate with unknown acccss points. The number
	should reflect your actual stations. If a greater number
	is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# Bytes into BSS	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per min-
from Wired Net	ute allowed into the BSS through unknown access
	points from the wired portion of your network. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# Bytes from	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per min-
BSS to Wired	ute allowed out of the BSS through unknown access
Net	points to a wired portion of your network. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# Bytes between	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per min-
Stations in BSS	ute allowed to be transmitted within the BSS from all
	stations through unknown access points. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# Bytes from	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per min-
Wired Net to	ute allowed to be transmitted through unknown access
Wired Net	points from a wired portion of the network to another
	wired portion of the network, using the access point
	as a bridge. If a greater number is detected, an alarm
	can be generated.
Total Data	Enter the maximum number of data frames per minute
Frames Seen	for all stations combined allowed to be transmitted
	through unknown access points. If a greater number is
	detected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Mgmt	Enter the maximum number of management frames per
Frames Seen	minute for all stations combined allowed to be trans-
	mitted through unknown access points. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per min-
Seen	ute for all stations combined allowed to be trans-
	mitted through unknown access points. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
Total Ad hoc	Enter the maximum number of ad hoc frames per min-
Frames Seen	ute for all stations combined allowed to be trans-
	mitted through unknown access points. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.

Individual Station Thresholds

[0087] The set of thresholds outlined in the table below apply to any individual station in one preferred embodiment, and will typically be lower than the Aggregate Station thresholds.

[0088]


Column	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any station associated
Threshold	with an unknown access point is lower than this
	value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Enter the maximum number of associations per min-
per Minute	ute any station is allowed to make with an unknown
	access point. If a greater number is detected, an
	alarm can be generated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Transmitted	minute any station is allowed transmit through
	unknown access points. If a greater number is
	detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Received	minute any station is allowed to receive through
	unknown access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Transmitted	ute any station is allowed to transmit through un-
	known access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Received	ute any station is allowed to receive through un-
	known access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Transmitted	per minute any station is allowed to transmit
	through unknown access points. If a greater number
	is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Received	per minute any station is allowed to receive through
	unknown access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Transmitted	minute any station is allowed to transmit through
	unknown access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Received	minute any station is allowed to receive through
	unknown access points. If a greater number is de-
	tected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Fragment	Enter the maximum number of fragment frames per
Frames Seen	minute from any station that are allowed. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Decrypt Error	Enter the maximum number of decrypt error frames
Frames Seen	per minute from any station that are allowed. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.

Access Point Station Thresholds

[0089] The set of thresholds in the table below applies to all unauthorized access points in one preferred embodiment.

[0090]


Column	Description

Signal Strength	If the signal strength for any access point is lower
Threshold	than this value, an alarm can be generated.
# of Associations	Enter the maximum number of associations per min-
per Minute	ute between any access point and stations. (It is
	recommended that this value not be higher than
	twice the number of stations in your BSS.)
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Transmitted	minute allowed to be transmitted from any access
	point. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can
	be generated.
# of Bytes	Enter the maximum number of bytes of data per
Received	minute allowed to be received by any access point.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Transmitted	ute allowed to be transmitted by any Access point.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# of Data Frames	Enter the maximum number of data frames per min-
Received	ute allowed to be received by any access point. If a
	greater number is detected, an alarm can be gener-
	ated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Transmitted	per minute allowed to be transmitted by any access
	point. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can
	be generated.
# of Mgmt Frames	Enter the maximum number of management frames
Received	per minute allowed to be received by any access
	point. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can
	be generated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Transmitted	minute allowed to be transmitted by any access
	point. If a greater number is detected, an alarm can
	be generated.
# of Ctrl Frames	Enter the maximum number of control frames per
Received	minute allowed to be received by any access point.
	If a greater number is detected, an alarm can be
	generated.
# of Fragment	Enter the maximum number of fragment frames per
Frames Seen	minute allowed for any access point. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.
# of Decrypt Error	Enter the maximum number of decrypt error frames
Frames Seen	per minute allowed for any access point. If a greater
	number is detected, an alarm can be generated.

Command Line Interface

[0095] In one preferred embodiment, the screen displays in the terminal window provide five “program areas”:

- [0096] Network—offering options to change IP address, DNS servers, hostname, domain name, mail server, ARP, and create “allow” and “deny” lists.
- [0097] Date—allowing time and date editing, time zone setting, and configuration of an NTP server.
- [0098] Service—providing tools to fine-tune the hardware component parameters, configure data management, and reboot and shut down the component.
- [0099] Users—allowing creation, editing, and deletion of user accounts allowed access to the graphical user interface.
- [0100] Help—tips on using the application, and detailed help topics.
  Network

[0101] Opening the network settings program area, the following commands are available in one preferred embodiment:

[0102]


Command	Description

IP	IP address config
	Allows modification of the IP address, Subnet mask, and de-
	fault gateway for the hardware component logged onto.
	The “IP configuration” screen opens, displaying the current
	network configuration and allows modification.
DNS	Define DNS servers
	Adding or deleting a DNS nameserver.
	The “Nameserver screen” opens, displaying your current DNS
	server's IP address and allows addition, deletion and modifi-
	cation.
	Note: Multiple DNS servers can in some embodiments
	have an “order” for processing DNS requests. The first server
	on the list (identified by the numeral 1) is the first to offer
	name resolution; the second server on the list (identified by
	the numeral 2) is the second to process the request if the first
	is unable to do so. In order to change the order preference of
	multiple servers, all must be deleted and re-entered in the de-
	sired order for them to process DNS requests.
HNAME	Set hostname
	Changing the name of the hardware component. The
	Hostname screen displays your current hostname and allows
	modification.
	Bear in mind that whenever the hostname is changed, its name
	must also be modified in all devices that refer to it (e.g., DNS
	servers).
DNAME	Set domain name
	Changing the domain to which the hardware component be-
	longs. The Domain name screen displays your current domain
	name and allows modification.
	Bear in mind that whenever the domain name is changed, it
	must also be modified in all devices that refer to it (e.g., DNS
	servers).
MRELAY	Config mail relay host
	Configuring a hardware component to send alarms by email.
	The Mail relay host screen appears and allows entry of quali-
	fied hostnames. In one embodiment, mail relay hosts may be
	referred to by IP address or fully qualified hostname (e.g.,
	myhostname.mydomainname.com) of a mail server to process
	email alarm messages.
	Note: the mail server must be configured to allow this appli-
	ance to relay email through it, or at least to direct its mail to
	another mail server that will relay it.
ARP	Config permanent ARP table
	Creating a permanent ARP table. The ARP table screen dis-
	plays your current ARP records and allows modification.
	In order to protect connections between this hardware com-
	ponent and remote administrators from being hijacked by
	man-in-the-middle ARP “blasts” (that redirect traffic for this
	IP address to an alternate MAC address), it is preferable to
	create permanent ARP records for gateways and other impor-
	tant machines.
HALLOW	Configure/etc/hosts.allow file
	Specifying which machines are allowed to connect to the
	hardware component. The Allow list screen displays your
	current list of allowed machines and allows modification.
	Machines allowed to connect to this hardware components can
	be specified. Only those whose IP address, subnet, fully
	qualified hostname, or domain name match an entry in this list
	are allowed to connect to this hardware component to run the
	available administrative programs and routines.
HDENY	Config/etc/host.deny file
	Identifying machines that may not connect to the hardware
	component. The Deny list screen displays your current list of
	denied machines and allows modification.
	Machines not allowed to connect to this hardware component
	can be specified. Anyone whose IP address, subnet, fully
	qualified hostname, or domain name matches an entry in this
	list are not allowed to connect to this hardware component
	Note: HALLOW, in one preferred embodiment, takes prec-
	edence over HDENY. For example, if 123.456.789.963 is on
	the allow list, yet the subnet 123.456.789. is on the deny list,
	the individual machine above is allowed to connect to the
	appliance.

Date

[0103] Opening the date settings program area, the following commands are available in one preferred embodiment:

[0104]


Command	Description

TIME	Time/Date config
	Allows configuration of the time/date for the hardware com-
	ponent.
TZ	Set time zone
	Allows configuration of the time zone for the hardware com-
	ponent.
NTP	Enable/disable NTP
	Allows configuration of the hardware component to use a
	network time server.

Note:
If you change the system time because, for example, you move the appliance's location from the east to west coast of the United States, you must also locate a new network time server in the same time zone.

Services

[0105] Opening the set appliance parameters, configure data management, and restart or shutdown the system area, the following commands are available in one preferred embodiment:

[0106]


Command	Description

TUNE	Tune appliance parameters
	Allows users to modify some of the core values related to the
	environment's functionality.
DMGT	Data management
	Allows users to modify how the environment stores its data.
REBOOT	Reboot system
	Allows graceful restart of the hardware component.
HALT	Halt system
	Allows graceful shutdown of the hardware component.

Users

[0107] Opening the Users program area, the following commands are available in one preferred embodiment:

[0108]


	Command	Description

	NEWU	Create user
	EDITU	Edit user
	DELU	Delete user

[0109] The functionality of these features can in one preferred embodiment match with like functionality provided in a standard LINUX user management facility.

Vulnerability Assessment and Threat Identification

Step 1: Hardware Audit

Step 2: Survey Perimeter

Stationary Data Collection

Walk-Around Data Collection

Step 3: Configure to “Recognize ” this Network

[0118] Each access point detected should be designated as authorized or unauthorized. Each observed station should be designated as valid or not.

Step 4: Place Hardware Components in Discrete Locations throughout the Wireless Network

[0144]


		Alarm
Alarm Type	Alarm Subtype	Level

DoS Attack	De-authenticate	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when a hacker
	pretends to be an Access point and broad-
	casts a “de-authenticate” message. This
	forces all Stations to re-authenticate them-
	selves, generating excessive network traf-
	fic, and causing inconsistent connectivity, and
	data transfer.
	Disassociate	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when a hacker pre-
	tends to be an Access point and broadcasts a
	“disassociate” message. This forces all Stations
	to re-associate themselves with the Access
	Point, generating excessive network traffic, and
	causing inconsistent connectivity and data
	transfer.
Unauthorized	Not on allow list	Critical
Station	AirDefense Mobile detects a Station whose
	MAC address is not on its Valid list. (A Valid
	list is maintained by the system.)
Threshold	GLB CRC errors	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects if CRC errors ex-
	ceeded configured limits (CRC errors are
	generated when checksums fail on individ-
	ual frames.)
	BSS assoc count	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the number of
	associations within an entire BSS, in any given
	minute, exceed the number specified in con-
	figuration information
	BSS signal strength	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the signal
	strength in any access point falls below a
	specified threshold.
	BSS fragments	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the number of
	fragmented frames within any minute exceed a
	specified threshold.
	BSS decrypt errors	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the number of
	decrypt error frames within any minute ex-
	ceed a specified threshold.
	BSS assoc stations	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the total num-
	ber of associated Stations within an entire
	BSS, in any given minute, exceed a specified
	number.
	BSS tbw in	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the number of bytes of data entering
	the BSS from the wired portion of your net-
	work exceed a set threshold.
	BSS tbw out	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of bytes of data
	going from the BSS to a wired portion of your
	network exceed a set threshold.
	BSS tbw intra	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of bytes of data
	originating from and destined for the BSS
	exceed a specified threshold.
	BSS tbw thru	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of bytes of data
	originating from a wired portion of the net-
	work hop through the BSS to another wired
	portion of the network exceed a set threshold.
	BSS data	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of data frames in
	the BSS exceed a specified threshold.
	BSS mgt	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of management
	frames in the BSS exceed a specified threshold.
	BSS ctl	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of control frames in
	the BSS exceed a set threshold.
	BSS ad hoc	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when, during any
	minute, the total number of Ad Hoc frames in
	the BSS exceed a specified threshold.
	Note: Wireless network adaptor cards of lesser
	quality will randomly generate Ad Hoc frames.
	AirDefense Mobile's default threshold (1) may
	cause all of these spurious frames to gen-
	erate an alarm. After monitoring the network
	for a week or two, it may be advisable to set
	the threshold to a number at or a little higher
	than what the network normally generates.
	STA assoc count	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, during any minute,
	when any Station associates with an access
	point more times than provided by a specified
	threshold.
	STA signal strength	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects, during any minute,
	when any station's signal strength falls below a
	value specified.
	STA fragments	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects, during any minute,
	when any station generates more fragmented
	frames than a specified value.
	STA decrypt errors	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, during any minute,
	when any station generates more decrypt errors
	than a set threshold.
	STA tbw received	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station receives more bytes of data
	than a predetermined threshold.
	STA tbw transmitted	Minor
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station transmits more bytes of data
	than specified in a set threshold.
	STA data received	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station receives more data frames
	than a specified threshold.
	STA data transmitted	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station transmits more data frames
	than a specified threshold.
	STA mgt received	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station receives more management
	frames than a specified threshold.
	STA mgt transmitted	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station transmits more management
	frames than a set threshold.
	STA ctl receive	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station receives more control frames
	than a specified threshold.
	STA ctl transmit	Major
	AirDefense Mobile detects, within any minute,
	when any station transmits more control frames
	than a set threshold.
ID Theft	Out of sequence	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when frames are
	transmitted out of sequence. This suggests that
	someone has spoofed a Station and is sending
	data at the same time as the legitimate Station.
	Vendor out of character	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile compares every Station's
	transmissions against an internal database of
	known vendor “transmission profiles” or
	“signatures.” If the actual network traffic
	does not match the vendor-profile associated
	with the Station's Wireless NIC, AirDefense
	Mobile assumes that the traffic originates
	from an unauthorized station using a spoofed
	NIC.
	Anomalous signal strength	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile tracks the high, low, and
	mean signal strength of each station many
	times a minute throughout the day. Whenever it
	detects that the Station's signal strength
	deviates from the norm, it generates an alarm.
Access Point	WEP mode changed	Critical
Mode	AirDefense Mobile detects when the WEP
	value in an access point's beacon differs from
	the value it is supposed to be. (AirDefense
	Mobile auto-detected the WEP property, or it
	was manually entered.)
	Rate changed	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the supported
	transmission rate values in an access point's
	beacon differs from the value it is supposed to
	be. (AirDefense Mobile auto-detected the rate
	property, or it was manually entered.)
	Channel changed	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects whenever an access
	point changes channels. (The channel is iden-
	tified in configuration information.)
	Cf changed
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the Point
	Coordination value in an AP's beacon changes.
	A change in this field may indicate that the
	access point was reconfigured, though this is
	not necessarily a problem. (The Point Coordi-
	nation field refers to the access point's mode
	of collision avoidance.)
	Essid changed
	AirDefense Mobile detects when the access
	point's broadcast of its Extended BSS ID
	changes. The ESSID information is stored as
	configuration information.
Unauthorized	AirDefense Mobile detects when administration	Critical
AP Admin	sessions are being conducted directly with the
	access point.
Odd Mgt.	Sta tx ap mgt fr	Critical
Frame	AirDefense Mobile detects when a Station is
	transmitting a management frame reserved for
	access point's use.
	Ap tx illegal mgt fr	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when an access
	point transmits an illegal management frame.
	Out of spec frame	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when an access
	point transmits a frame that does not follow
	802.11b standards.
	Other bogus frame	Critical
	AirDefense Mobile detects when an access
	point transmits any frame it does not under-
	stand.
Ad Hoc Net	AirDefense Mobile detects when Stations are	Critical
Detected	directly transmitting and receiving to and
	from each other without using an authorized
	access point.
	Note: Unlike all other alarms that are gener-
	ated every time the network event is detected
	within a minute, AirDefense Mobile will only
	generate an Ad Hoc Network alarm once in the
	current 24 hour period for each MAC address.
AP Beacon	AirDefense Mobile detects when an access	Critical
Rate	point's beacon rate changed.