US 7,056,321 B2Grant

Method of securing vertebrae

Issue Date:2006-06-06

•64 Claims

•47 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

A method of fixing first and second vertebrae of a patient together at a surgical site includes inserting a first cannula into the body of the patient. A fusion device is moved through the cannula and inserted between the first and second vertebrae. A first fastener is moved through the cannula and secured to the first vertebra. A second fastener is moved through the cannula and secured to the second vertebra. A first fixation element is moved through the cannula. The first fixation element is fixed to the first and second fasteners. The fusion device has first and second ends, upper and lower surfaces for engaging the first and second vertebrae, and first and second side surfaces extending between the upper and lower surfaces. Each of the first and second side surfaces extend along an arc from the first end of the fusion device to the second end. The upper and lower surfaces have teeth that extend between the first and second side surfaces along secant lines of circles partially defined by the first and second side surfaces.

Metadata

Assignee

Endius, Incorporated

Inventors

James J. Pagliuca
John D. Unger
Thomas W. Davison

Application Information

Application Number:US 10/280,489

Filing Date:2002-10-25

Priority Date:2000-08-01

Art Unit:3733

Classifications

IPC:

A61B17/70

Patent Drawings (47 sheets)

Description

Related Application

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/630,077, filed Aug. 1, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,530,926.

Technical Field

[0002] The present invention relates to a method of fixing vertebrae of a patient together at a surgical site.

Background of the Invention

[0003] Percutaneous surgery is a procedure in which surgical instruments and an endoscope are inserted through a cannula into the body of a patient. A viewing element, typically a small video camera, is part of the endoscope and is connected to a monitor so that the surgeon may view the surgical site.

[0004] The cannula is a hollow tube that is inserted through an incision into the body of a patient so that a distal end of the cannula lies adjacent the surgical site. The instruments, usually one at a time, and the endoscope are inserted through the cannula. The cannula also allows the instruments and endoscope to be removed from the body and/or adjusted in the body during the surgery without trauma to the body.

[0005] A conventional apparatus for supporting the cannula and the endoscope allows a surgeon to manipulate the surgical instruments without also moving the endoscope. Also, a known support apparatus allows adjustment of the endoscope relative to the cannula for viewing different areas of the surgical site in the body.

[0006] While the above described apparatus enables many types of surgeries at small surgical sites, the fixing of vertebrae together has heretofore been conducted by a much more invasive open surgical method.

Summary of the Invention

[0007] In accordance with the present invention, a method of fixing first and second vertebrae of a patient together at a surgical site includes the following steps: inserting a first cannula into the body of the patient; moving a fusion device through the cannula and inserting the fusion device between the first and second vertebrae; moving a first fastener through the cannula and securing the first fastener to the first vertebra; moving a second fastener through the cannula and securing the second fastener to the second vertebra; moving a first fixation element through the cannula; and fixing the first fixation element to the first and second fasteners.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0008] The foregoing and other features of the present invention will become more apparent to one skilled in the art upon consideration of the following description of the invention and the accompanying drawings in which:

[0009] FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a surgical cannula constructed for use with the present invention, the cannula being shown in an expanded condition;

[0010] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the cannula of FIG. 1 with parts removed for clarity, the cannula being shown in a contracted condition;

[0011] FIG. 3 is a schematic end view showing the cannula of FIG. 1 in the expanded condition;

[0012] FIG. 4 is a rollout view of a part of the cannula of FIG. 1;

[0013] FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional view of the cannula of FIG. 1 during a surgical procedure.

[0014] FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a support apparatus constructed for use with the present invention;

[0015] FIG. 7 is a schematic view taken along line 7—7 in FIG. 6;

[0016] FIG. 8 is a schematic view taken along line 8—8 in FIG. 6 showing part of the support of FIG. 6;

[0017] FIG. 9 is a schematic view taken along line 9—9 in FIG. 6 showing part of the support apparatus of FIG. 6;

[0018] FIG. 10 is a schematic view taken along line 10—10 in FIG. 6 with parts removed;

[0019] FIG. 11 is a schematic view taken along line 11—11 in FIG. 6;

[0020] FIG. 12 is a schematic view taken along line 12—12 in FIG. 6 showing part of the support apparatus of FIG. 6;

[0021] FIG. 13 is a schematic view taken along line 13—13 in FIG. 6 showing part of the support apparatus of FIG. 6;

[0022] FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the support apparatus of FIG. 6;

[0023] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the support apparatus of FIG. 6 looking at the support apparatus from an angle different than FIG. 13;

[0024] FIG. 16 is a perspective view of the support apparatus of FIG. 6 looking at the support apparatus from an angle different than FIGS. 14 and 15;

[0025] FIG. 17 is a sectional view taken approximately along line 17—17 of FIG. 9;

[0026] FIG. 18 is an enlarged view of a part of FIG. 17;

[0027] FIG. 19 is a schematic view taken along line 19—19 in FIG. 10 with parts removed;

[0028] FIG. 20 is a view further illustrating parts shown in FIG. 10;

[0029] FIG. 21 is a view taken approximately along line 21—21 of FIG. 20;

[0030] FIG. 22 is a schematic view showing the support apparatus with an associated known mechanical arm;

[0031] FIG. 23 is a schematic view of another feature of part of the support apparatus of FIG. 6;

[0032] FIG. 24 is a schematic view of a fixation assembly attached to vertebrae of a patient;

[0033] FIG. 25 is a schematic view taken along line 25—25 of FIG. 24;

[0034] FIG. 26 is an exploded schematic view of part of the assembly of FIG. 24;

[0035] FIG. 27 is a schematic view of another fixation assembly attached to vertebrae of a patient;

[0036] FIG. 28 is a schematic view taken along line 28—28 of FIG. 27;

[0037] FIG. 29 is an exploded schematic view of part of the assembly of FIG. 27;

[0038] FIG. 30 is an exploded view of part of a cutting tool used with the claimed method;

[0039] FIG. 31 is an assembled view of part of the cutting tool of FIG. 30;

[0040] FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a surgical system and procedure in accordance with the present invention;

[0041] FIG. 33 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a cannula or expandable conduit in a reduced profile configuration in accordance with the present invention;

[0042] FIG. 34 is a perspective view of the expandable conduit of FIG. 33 in a first enlarged configuration in accordance with the present invention;

[0043] FIG. 35 is a perspective view of the expandable conduit of FIG. 33 in a second enlarged configuration in accordance with the present invention;

[0044] FIG. 36 is a view of a cannula skirt in accordance with the present invention;

[0045] FIG. 37 is a view of another embodiment of a cannula skirt in accordance with the present invention;

[0046] FIG. 38 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the cannula or expandable conduit in an enlarged configuration in accordance with the present invention.

[0047] FIG. 39 is an enlarged sectional view of the expandable conduit of FIG. 38 taken along lines 39—39 of FIG. 38 in accordance with the present invention;

[0048] FIG. 40 is a sectional view of the expandable conduit of FIG. 38 taken along lines 40—40 of FIG. 38 in accordance with the present invention;

[0049] FIG. 41 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the cannula or expandable conduit in an enlarged configuration in accordance with the present invention;

[0050] FIG. 42 is an enlarged sectional view of the expandable conduit of FIG. 41 taken along lines 42—42 of FIG. 41 in accordance with the present invention;

[0051] FIG. 43 is a sectional view of the expandable conduit of FIG. 41 taken along lines 43—43 of FIG. 41 in accordance with the present invention;

[0052] FIG. 44 is a view of a portion of a further embodiment of the cannula or expandable conduit in accordance with the present invention;

[0053] FIG. 45 is a view of a portion of a still further embodiment of the cannula or expandable conduit in accordance with the present invention;

[0054] FIG. 46 is a sectional view illustrating an early stage of a procedure in accordance with the present invention;

[0055] FIG. 47 is a side view of another apparatus in a reduced profile configuration in accordance with the present invention;

[0056] FIG. 48 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 47 in an expanded configuration in accordance with the present invention;

[0057] FIG. 49 is a sectional view of the apparatus of FIGS. 47–48 inserted into the expandable conduit of FIG. 33 in accordance with the present invention;

[0058] FIG. 50 is a sectional view of the apparatus of FIGS. 47–48 inserted into the expandable conduit of FIG. 33 in accordance with the present invention;

[0059] FIG. 51 is a perspective view with parts separated of further apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

[0060] FIG. 52 is a top view of the apparatus of FIG. 51 illustrated with other apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

[0061] FIG. 53 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 51 illustrated with other apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

[0062] FIG. 54 is an enlarged perspective view of a component of the apparatus of FIG. 51 in accordance with the present invention;

[0063] FIG. 55 is a perspective view of further apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

[0064] FIG. 56 is a view in partial section of a later stage in the procedure in accordance with the present invention;

[0065] FIG. 57 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a spinal implant or fusion device constructed in accordance with the present invention showing a first side surface of the spinal implant;

[0066] FIG. 58 is a perspective view of the spinal implant of FIG. 57 showing a second side surface of the spinal implant;

[0067] FIG. 59 is a plan view of the spinal implant of FIG. 57 showing an upper surface of the spinal implant;

[0068] FIG. 60 is a side view of the spinal implant of FIG. 57 showing the first side surface;

[0069] FIG. 61 is a cross-sectional view of the spinal implant taken along the line 61—61 in FIG. 60;

[0070] FIG. 62 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a spinal implant constructed in accordance with the present invention showing a first side surface of the spinal implant;

[0071] FIG. 63 is a perspective view of the spinal implant of FIG. 62 showing a second side surface of the spinal implant;

[0072] FIG. 64 is a plan view of the spinal implant of FIG. 62 showing an upper surface of the spinal implant;

[0073] FIG. 65 is a side view of the spinal implant of FIG. 62 showing the first side surface;

[0074] FIG. 66 is a cross-sectional view of the spinal implant taken along the line 66—66 in FIG. 65;

[0075] FIG. 67 is a view showing a pair of the spinal implants of FIG. 57 in first relative positions between adjacent vertebrae;

[0076] FIG. 68 is a view showing a pair of the spinal implants of FIG. 57 in second relative positions between adjacent vertebrae;

[0077] FIG. 69 is a view showing the spinal implant of FIG. 62 between adjacent vertebrae; and

[0078] FIG. 70 is a view showing a spinal implant being inserted between the adjacent vertebrae in accordance with the present invention;

[0079] FIG. 71 is a side view of another apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

[0080] FIG. 72 is a front view of the apparatus of FIG. 71 in accordance with the present invention;

[0081] FIG. 73 is a top view of the apparatus of FIG. 71 in accordance with the present invention;

[0082] FIG. 74 is a back view of the apparatus of FIG. 71 in accordance with the present invention;

[0083] FIG. 75 is a bottom view of the apparatus of FIG. 71 in accordance with the present invention;

[0084] FIG. 76 is a sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 71, used in conjunction with additional structure in a patient, in accordance with the present invention;

[0085] FIG. 77 is a longitudinal sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 76 taken from line 77—77 of FIG. 76 in accordance with the present invention;

[0086] FIG. 78 is a transverse sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 77 taken from line 78—78 of FIG. 77 in accordance with the present invention;

[0087] FIG. 79 is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 76, illustrating an alternative position of the apparatus of FIG. 71 in accordance with the present invention;

[0088] FIG. 80 is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 76, illustrating another alternative position of the apparatus of FIG. 71 in accordance with the present invention;

[0089] FIG. 80a is a transverse sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 80, taken along lines 80a—80a of FIG. 80, in accordance with the present invention;

[0090] FIG. 81 is a side view, similar to FIG. 71, of another apparatus, in accordance with the present invention;

[0091] FIG. 82 is a front view, similar to FIG. 74, of the embodiment of FIG. 81, in accordance with the present invention;

[0092] FIG. 83 is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 76, of the apparatus of FIGS. 81–82, used in conjunction with additional structure in a patient, in accordance with the present invention;

[0093] FIG. 84 is a transverse sectional view of the apparatus of FIGS. 81–82, taken along lines 84—84 of FIG. 83, in accordance with the present invention;

[0094] FIG. 85 is a perspective view of further apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

[0095] FIG. 86 is a perspective view with parts separated of the apparatus of FIG. 85 in accordance with the present invention;

[0096] FIG. 86a is an enlarged side view of a component illustrated in FIG. 86, in accordance with the invention;

[0097] FIG. 87 is a perspective view of a further surgical instrument in accordance with the present invention;

[0098] FIG. 88 is an enlarged sectional view of the apparatus of FIGS. 85–87, illustrating a further stage of the procedure in accordance with the present invention;

[0099] FIG. 89 is side view of another surgical instrument in accordance with the present invention;

[0100] FIG. 90 is a view in partial section of a further stage in the procedure in accordance with the invention;

[0101] FIG. 91 is a side view of a further instrument in accordance with the present invention;

[0102] FIG. 92 is a perspective view similar to FIG. 90 illustrating the apparatus of FIGS. 85 and 91, in a further stage of the procedure in accordance with the present invention;

[0103] FIG. 93 is an enlarged sectional view of the apparatus of FIGS. 85 and 91, illustrating a still further stage in accordance with the present invention;

[0104] FIG. 94 is an enlarged sectional view similar to FIG. 93, illustrating a subsequent stage of the procedure in accordance with the present invention;

[0105] FIG. 95 is an enlarged view in partial section illustrating another stage in the procedure in accordance with the present invention; and

[0106] FIG. 96 is a reduced scale view in partial section illustrating yet another stage in the procedure in accordance with the present invention.

Description of a Preferred Embodiment

[0107] The present invention is directed to a method for fixing the vertebrae of a patient at a surgical site. The method involves the use of a cannula or expandable conduit, an adjustable support for the cannula, and the inserting of surgical instruments, a viewing device, a spinal implant or fusion device, and a vertebral fixation assembly through the cannula to the surgical site.

[0108] FIGS. 1–5 illustrate one suitable cannula or expandable conduit 10 constructed for use in a method in accordance with the present invention. The cannula 10 is a tubular structure 12 centered on an axis 14. The tubular structure 12 defines a passage 16 through the cannula 10. Surgical instruments are inserted into the body during surgery through the passage 16.

[0109] The tubular structure 12 comprises a first tubular portion 20 and a second tubular portion 40 attached to the first tubular portion. The first tubular portion 20 is preferably made of a length of stainless steel tubing, but could alternatively be made of another suitable material. The first tubular portion 20 has a proximal end 22 and a distal end 24. Parallel cylindrical inner and outer surfaces 26 and 28, respectively, extend between the ends 22, 24 of the first tubular portion 20. The inner surface 26 defines a first passage portion 30 of the passage 16 through the cannula 10. The first passage portion 30 has a diameter D1 that is preferably in the range from 10 mm to 30 mm.

[0110] The second tubular portion 40 of the tubular structure 12 is attached to the distal end 24 of the first tubular portion 20. The second tubular portion 40 is preferably made from stainless steel, but could alternatively be made from another suitable material.

[0111] As best seen in the rollout view of FIG. 4, the second tubular portion 40 comprises an arcuate segment 42 of sheet stock. The arcuate segment 42 includes first and second arcuate edges 44 and 46, respectively, and first and second planar edges 48 and 50, respectively. The first and second planar edges 48 and 50 are rolled in an overlapping manner to form the tubular configuration of the second tubular portion 40.

[0112] When the second tubular portion 40 has been rolled into its tubular configuration, the first and second arcuate edges 44 and 46 define oppositely disposed first and second ends 60 and 62 (FIGS. 1 and 2), respectively, of the second tubular portion. The first and second ends 60 and 62 are connected by a central portion 64. The first end 60 of the second tubular portion 40 is attached to the distal end 24 of the first tubular portion 20 by a single fastener, such as a rivet 66. The rivet 66 extends through two aligned apertures 68 (FIG. 4) at the first end 60 of the second tubular portion 40. The first end 60 of the second tubular portion 40 is pivotable about the rivet 66.

[0113] The second tubular portion 40 includes parallel inner and outer surfaces 70 and 72 (FIGS. 1 and 2), respectively, extending between the first and second ends 60 and 62. The inner surface 70 defines a second passage portion 74 of the passage 16 through the cannula 10 that extends as a continuation of the first passage portion 30 in the first tubular portion 20.

[0114] An arcuate slot 80 is formed in the second tubular portion 40 and extends between the inner and outer surfaces 70 and 72 of the second tubular portion. The arcuate slot 80 extends along a curvilinear path in the central portion 64 of the second tubular portion 40 toward the second end 60 of the second tubular portion. The arcuate slot 80 has a first terminal end 82 located in the central portion 64 of the second tubular portion 40. A second terminal end 84 of the arcuate slot 80 is located adjacent the intersection of the second arcuate edge 46 and the first planar edge 48 of the arcuate segment 42.

[0115] A guide pin 90 is attached to the inner surface 70 of the second tubular portion 40 adjacent the intersection of the second arcuate edge 46 and the second planar edge 50. In the tubular configuration of the second tubular portion 40, the guide pin 90 is located in the arcuate slot 80 and is movable along the curvilinear path of the arcuate slot. A washer 92 is secured to an inner end of the guide pin 90 to retain the guide pin in the arcuate slot 80.

[0116] The second tubular portion 40 of the tubular structure 12 is expandable from a contracted condition shown in FIG. 2 to an expanded condition shown in FIG. 1. In the contracted condition, the guide pin 90 is located in the first terminal end 82 of the arcuate slot 80 in the second tubular portion 40 and the second passage portion 74 defined by the second tubular portion is cylindrical in shape. The second passage 74 has a generally constant diameter D2 (FIGS. 2 and 3) that is approximately equal to the diameter D1 of the first tubular portion 20. Thus, the cross-sectional area of the second passage portion 74 at the second end 62 of the second tubular portion 40, which is function of the diameter D2, is approximately the same as the cross-sectional area at the first end 60 of the second tubular portion and is approximately the same as the cross-sectional area of the first passage portion 30 in the first tubular portion 20.

[0117] In the expanded condition, the guide pin 90 is located in the second terminal end 84 of the arcuate slot 80 in the second tubular portion 40 and the second tubular portion has a conical configuration. At the second end 62 of the second tubular portion 40, the second passage portion 74 has a diameter D3 (FIG. 3) that is larger than the diameter D2 of the second passage portion at the first end 60. Preferably, the diameter D3 of the second passage portion 74 at the second end 62 of the second tubular portion is 40% to 80% greater than the diameter D1 of the second passage portion at the first end 60. Thus, in the expanded condition, the cross-sectional area of the second passage portion 74 at the second end 62 of the second tubular portion 40, which is function of the diameter D3, is 16% to 64% greater than the cross-sectional area of the second passage portion at the first end 60 of the second tubular portion. In the expanded condition, the cross-sectional area of the second passage portion 74 at the second end 62 of the second tubular portion 40 is large enough to overlie a major portion of at least two adjacent vertebrae.

[0118] The cannula 10 includes an outer layer 100 (FIG. 1) for maintaining the second tubular portion 40 of the cannula in the contracted condition. It is contemplated that other suitable means for maintaining the second tubular portion 40 in the contracted condition could be employed. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the outer layer 100 comprises a section of plastic tubing 102 which is heat shrunk over both the first and second tubular portions 20 and 40 to hold the second tubular portion in the contracted condition.

[0119] In addition, a loop of polyester string 104 for tearing the heat shrunk tubing 102 is wrapped around the heat shrunk tubing so that it extends both underneath and on top of the tubing. An outer end 106 of the string 104 extends beyond the tubing 102.

[0120] FIG. 1 shows an actuatable device 111 for expanding the second tubular portion 40 from the contracted condition to the expanded condition. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the actuatable device 111 comprises a manually operated expansion tool 112. The expansion tool 112 resembles a common pair of scissors and has a pair of legs 114 pivotally connected to one another. The expansion tool 112 includes a frustoconical end section 116 formed by a pair of frustoconical halves 118. Each of the frustoconical halves 118 extends from a respective one of the legs 114 of the expansion tool 112. It is contemplated that other suitable means for expanding the second tubular portion 40 toward the expanded condition could be employed, such as an inflatable balloon (not shown).

[0121] During an endoscopic surgical procedure, the cannula 10 is inserted into the body of a patient in the contracted condition. The outer end 106 of the string 104 is then manually pulled on by the surgeon. Pulling on the string 104 tears the heat shrunk tubing 102 most of the way along the heat shrunk tubing, which frees the second tubular portion 40 for expansion. The heat shrunk tubing 102, in its torn condition, remains attached or secured to the first tubular portion 20.

[0122] Next, the expansion tool 112 is inserted into the passage 16 in the cannula 10 until the frustoconical end section 114 is located at the second end 62 of the second tubular portion 40. The legs 114 of the expansion tool 112 are manually separated, causing the frustoconical halves 118 to separate also. As the halves 118 separate, a radially outward directed force is exerted on the inner surface 70 of the second tubular portion 40 by the halves 118, causing the second tubular portion to expand toward the expanded condition. Under the force of the expanding expansion tool 112, the guide pin 90 slides from the first terminal end 82 of the arcuate slot 80 to the second terminal end 84 of the arcuate slot to permit the expansion of the second tubular portion 40. The expansion tool 112 can be rotated about the axis 14 to ensure that the second tubular portion 40 of the cannula 10 is completely expanded to the expanded condition. The expansion tool 112 is then collapsed and removed so that one or more surgical instruments (indicated schematically at 21 in FIG. 5) and a viewing element can be received through the cannula 10 and inserted into a patient's body 130. The expandable second tubular portion 40 of the cannula 10 provides a significantly larger working area for the surgeon inside the body 130 within the confines of the cannula.

[0123] The expanded tubular portion 40 can dilate and locally retract and separate spinalis muscle and soft tissues from the vertebrae thereby creating an endoscopic operating field at the surgical site. This endoscopic operating field within the spinal muscles differs from arthroscopic, laparoscopic, or cystoscopic working spaces in that there is no physiologic space or defined tissue plane that can be insufflated with air or distended with fluid.

[0124] FIGS. 6–23 illustrate one suitable support apparatus for use in a method in accordance with the present invention. The support apparatus 110 includes a first support 120, a second support 140, a first adjustment mechanism 160, a second adjustment mechanism 180, and a third adjustment mechanism 900.

[0125] As viewed in FIGS. 2 and 17, the first support 120 is associated with the cannula 10 and has a circular perimeter 121. The perimeter 121 has a center 122 located on the axis 14. The first support 120 comprises a circular platform, or disk 124, which has a circular opening 126 in the central area of the disk 124 for receiving the proximal end 22 of the cannula 10. The circular opening 126 has a center located on the axis 14. The proximal end 22 of the cannula 10 can be easily inserted into and removed from the opening 126. The disk 124 has a projection portion 120a, which is located adjacent the perimeter 121 of the disk 124. The disk 124 has an upper circular surface area 124a, which surrounds the opening 126.

[0126] As viewed in FIG. 10, the second support 140 supports a viewing device 200 including a camera head 201 and an endoscope 202 with a rod and lens assembly 203, herein referred to as a viewing element, extending down through the passage 16 of the cannula 10. The second support 140 includes a body 142 having an opening 144 through which the viewing device 200 extends and a clamp 146 for clamping the viewing device 200 to the body 142 in the opening 144. The clamp 146 includes a threaded set screw 148 for securing the viewing device 200 to the body 142. The set screw 148 has a manually rotatable knob 148a and a stem threaded into the body 142. When rotated, the screw 148 moves axially relative to the body 142 to clamp or release the viewing device 200 depending on the direction of rotation of the screw 148.

[0127] The body 142 of the second support 140 further includes two extension arms 151, 152 (FIG. 8) for supporting the endoscope 202. Each extension arm 151, 152 includes a threaded bore for receiving a resilient detent member, or ball plunger 400.

[0128] As viewed in FIGS. 17 and 18, a ball plunger 400 is illustrated at another location in the support apparatus 110. Each ball plunger 400, including those in the extension arms 151, 152, has an externally threaded tubular body 402 with a cylindrical cavity 404 located therein. The cavity 404 houses a projection 406 and a coiled spring 408. The projections 406 of the two ball plungers 400 of the extension arms 151, 152 are spherical detent members 420 in the form of balls (not shown). The spring 408 urges each projection 406 against a lip portion 409 of the body 402. The lip portion 409 is located at one end of the cavity 404. As shown in FIG. 18, the other ball plungers 400 of the apparatus 10 have projections 406 with hemispherical extensions 420 and shoulder portions 422.

[0129] As viewed in FIG. 15, the endoscope 202 has corresponding hemispherical recesses (not shown) for receiving the spherical detent members (balls) of the ball plungers 400 which are located in extension arms 151, 152. The springs 408 will compress in each ball plunger 400 in each extension arm 151, 152 and the spherical detent members will move inward of each cavity 404 and then spring back into the hemispherical recesses in the endoscope 202, as the endoscope 202 is inserted between the extension arms 151, 152. The entire viewing device 200 will thus be secured between the extension arms 151, 152, but may be removed by overcoming the force of the spherical detent members of each ball plunger 400 in the extension arms 151, 152.

[0130] The ball plunger 400 further includes a head portion 430 with a slot 432 for engaging a tool, such as a screwdriver. The ball plunger 400 may be threadedly adjusted within the threaded bore of either extension arm 151, 152 to alter the distance that the spherical detent member 420 projects away from the extension arms 151, 152 (toward each other). This distance, along with the stiffness of each spring 408, will determine the holding force by which the endoscope 202 is secured between the extension arms 151, 152.

[0131] The first adjustment mechanism 160 provides for relative axial adjustment of the cannula 10 and the first support 120 along the axis 14. The first adjustment mechanism 160 includes a first toothed rack member 162, a cannula gripper mechanism 164 fixedly connected to the first rack member 162, a first manually adjustable, rotatable knob 166 rotatably carried by the projection portion 120a of the first support 120, and a first gear member 165 (FIG. 12) rotatable by the first knob 166 and in meshing engagement with the teeth 163 of the first rack member 162. The first support 120 and, in particular, the projection portion 120a, rotatably carries the first gear member 165 (FIG. 12).

[0132] The first rack member 162 is secured to slide axially within the first support 120 and the projection portion 120a by two ball plungers 400 (FIG. 12). One ball plunger 400 is tangentially threaded into a tapered, threaded bore (FIG. 7) in the perimeter 121 of the first support 120 and the other is tangentially threaded into a threaded bore in the projection portion 120a. The hemispherical extensions 420 thus frictionally engage a smooth portion (without teeth 163) of the first rack member 162 and bias the first rack member 162 against the first support 120 and the projection portion 120a. This biasing also maintains the engagement of the first rack member 162 and the first gear member 165 (FIG. 12).

[0133] As viewed in FIGS. 10 and 19, the cannula gripper mechanism 164 includes two gripper arms 172, 174 for clamping against the outer surface of the cannula 10, and a gripper actuating lever 176 for moving the arms 172, 174 into engagement with the outer surface of the cannula 10 and for releasing the arms 172, 174 from engagement with the cannula 10.

[0134] As viewed in FIG. 19, the cannula gripper mechanism 164 further includes a support pin 177, a coiled spring 188, a washer 189 with a bore (not shown), and a lock pin 190. The support pin 177 has a head 179, a shaft 180, and an oblong, or flat, end 181 that can mate with the bore in the washer 189. Other suitable structures could be used.

[0135] During assembly, the coiled spring 188 is interposed between the arms 172, 174. The flat end 181 of the support pin 177 is inserted through a circular bore in the first clamp arm 172, through the coil of the spring 188, through a circular bore in the second arm 174, and through the bore in the washer 189. The flat end 181 of the support pin 177 is then inserted into a slot 176a in the lever 176. The lock pin 190 is inserted through a bore in the lever 176 and through a bore in the flat end 181 of the support pin 177 thereby securing the mechanism 164 together and allowing the lever 176 to rotate about the lock pin 190. A camming surface 178 on the lever 176 adjacent the washer 189 forces the arms 172, 174 together to grip the cannula 10 as the lever 176 is rotated clockwise (as viewed in FIG. 10). Counterclockwise rotation of the lever 176 allows the spring 188 to force the arms 172, 174 apart and releases the cannula 10 from the gripper mechanism 164.

[0136] When the gripper mechanism 164 is either gripping the cannula 10 or released from the cannula 10 and the knob 166 is rotated, the disk 124 and parts attached to the disk 124 will move along the axis 14 of the cannula 10 relative to the cannula 10. After the support apparatus 110 is initially lined up with the cannula 10, the viewing device 200 may be positioned on the support apparatus 110 and adjusted along the axis 14 by rotation of knob 166.

[0137] The second adjustment mechanism 180 provides axial adjustment of the first and second supports 120, 140 relative to each other along the axis 14. The second adjustment mechanism 180 includes a second toothed rack member 182 connected to the first support 120, a second manually adjustable, rotatable knob 186 rotatably carried by the body 142 of the second support 140, and a second toothed gear member 185 (FIG. 13) rotatable by the second knob 186 and in meshing engagement with the teeth 183 of the second rack member 182. The second support 140, and in particular, the body 142, rotatably carries the second gear member 185 (FIG. 13).

[0138] The body 142 of the second support 140 may have a notch 149 which can fit around part 902a of the third adjustment mechanism 900 and allow the lower surface of the body 142 to completely abut the disk 124 as the body 142 is brought into an axial position adjacent the disk 124.

[0139] The second rack member 182 is secured to slide axially within the second support 140 by a ball plunger 400 (FIG. 13). The ball plunger 400 is tangentially threaded into a threaded bore in the side of the notch 149 of the second support 140. The hemispherical extension 420 thus frictionally engages a smooth portion (without teeth 183) of the second rack member 182 and biases the second rack member 182 against the second support 140. The biasing also maintains the engagement of the second rack member 182 and the second gear member 185. Both sides of the notch 149 have tapered portions 149a, 149b for facilitating insertion of the ball plunger 400 into the threaded bore of the notch 149 of the second support 140. Rotation of the knob 186 causes the body 142 and the viewing device 200 attached thereto to move relative to the cannula 10 and disk 124 along the axis 14.

[0140] The third adjustment mechanism 900 provides arcuate, circumferential adjustment of the second support 140 about the axis 14 relative to the first support 120. The third adjustment mechanism 900 includes a wedge-shaped support member 902 (FIG. 9) fixedly connecting the second rack member 182 to a ring member 904 that is rotatably supported by the first support 120 and rotatable about the axis 14 relative to the first support 120 (FIG. 17).

[0141] The third adjustment mechanism 900 further includes a third manually adjustable, rotatable knob 906 that is part of a set screw. The set screw is rotatably threaded into a projection portion 902a of the support member 902 and is engageable with the circular perimeter 121 of the disk 124 of the first support 120 to lock the support member 902 in an arcuate position relative to the first support 120 and the axis 14.

[0142] As viewed in FIGS. 17 and 18, the ring member 904 is supported within a cylindrical, open ended recess 905 of the first support 120. The recess 905 is concentric about the axis 14. The perimeter 904a of the ring member 904 has a groove 904b for engaging a plurality of ball plungers 400 (preferably four equally spaced apart) in the first support 120. Each of these ball plungers 400 is similar in construction. Each ball plunger 400 is threaded radially into the perimeter 121 of the first support 120 to provide a hemispherical extension 420 extending into the recess 905 of the first support 120.

[0143] The ring member 904 thus is biasingly supported within the recess 905 of the first support 120 and can rotatably slide within the recess 905 about the axis 14. The ball plungers 400 operatively support the ring member 904 in the recess 905 of the first support 120. The ring member 904, along with the second support 140 and the second and third adjustment mechanisms 180, 900, can be easily removed from the recess 905 for cleaning, maintenance, etc. of the parts by overcoming the force applied by the ball plungers 400 to the ring member 904. When the knob 906 is rotated to disengage the perimeter 121 of disk 124, the body 142 and parts connected thereto can be manually rotated about the axis 14. This causes the viewing device 200 to rotate about the axis 14 of the cannula 10 and enables the surgeon to view different parts of the surgical sight as desired.

[0144] As viewed in FIG. 16, the fixed connections of the first rack member 162 to a support arm 300, the second rack member 182 to the wedge-shaped support member 902, and the support member 902 to the ring member 904 may be made by one or more suitable metal fasteners 290, such as rivets or bolts. The entire support apparatus 110 can be constructed from metal or any other suitable material having sufficient mechanical strength and durability. Certain parts may be made from materials permitting X-rays and other techniques for viewing the surgical sight (i.e., radiolucent parts). Other parts may also be made from non-magnetic materials to reduce electromagnetic interference (i.e., electromagnetic insulating parts).

[0145] As viewed in FIGS. 20–22, the gripper's arms 172, 174 are a part of the support arm 300 for attaching the support apparatus 110 to a mechanical robotic arm 301. The support arm 300 includes an arm portion 302 that is formed integrally with the arms 172, 174. The arms 172, 174 are integrally constructed with the arm portion 302.

[0146] The support arm 300 also includes an arm portion 303. The arm portion 303 has an attaching structure 304, including a groove 305, which snaps into a socket in the mechanical arm 301. Detents of any suitable type and designated 306 in the mechanical arm 301, hold the arm portion 303 in position in the socket in the mechanical arm 301. The detents 306 may be controlled by external actuation levers (not shown) on the mechanical arm 301 for manually releasing the arm portion 303 from the mechanical arm 301.

[0147] The arm portions 302 and 303 are pivotally connected to each other by a fastener 310. The fastener 310 extends through an opening 311 in the arm portion 302 and threads into a threaded opening 312 in the arm portion 303. When the fastener 310 is released, the arm portions 302, 303 may pivot relative to each other about a pivot axis 314. The pivot axis 314 is centered on the axis of the fastener 310 and the axis of the threaded opening 312. When the fastener 310 is tightly screwed into the threaded opening 312, the arm portions 302, 303 are secured together against pivoting movement. When the fastener is released, the arm portions 303, 302 may pivot relative to each other about the axis 314.

[0148] The end of the arm portion 302, which is adjacent to the arm portion 303, has a convex surface 350, which is curved about the axis 314. The arm portion 303 has a concave surface 351, which is also curved about the axis 314. The surfaces 350, 351 move concentrically relative to each other when the arm portions 303 and 302 pivot relatively about the axis 314.

[0149] The arm portion 303 has a set of teeth 320 which encircle the axis 314 and which project axially toward a set of teeth 321 on the arm portion 302. The teeth 321 project axially toward the teeth 320. The teeth 320 and the teeth 321 mesh with each other and provide a locking action so that the arm portions 302, 303 are positively locked against relative movement about axis 314 when the fastener 310 is tightly screwed into the opening 312. The teeth 320, 321 comprise a lock which blocks relative rotation of the arm portions 302, 303 about the axis 314. When the fastener 310 is loosened, the arm portions 302, 303 may be rotated relative to each other about the axis 314, and thus, the arm portions 302, 303 may pivot relative to each other to adjust the position of the support apparatus 110.

[0150] A cylindrical projection 325 is welded to the arm portion 303. Thus, the projection 325 and arm portion 303 are fixedly connected together. The projection 325 is centered on the axis 314 and contains a chamber 328.

[0151] As viewed in FIG. 22, the chamber 328 communicates with a fluid passage 329 in a male fluid connector 331. The male connector 331 attaches to a male connector 333 on the mechanical arm 301 by means of a flexible hose 392 so that the fluid passage 329 communicates with a fluid passage in the mechanical arm 301.

[0152] As viewed in FIG. 20, the chamber 328 is closed at its upper end by a cap 335. The cap 335 has an opening 336 centered on the axis 314. The opening 336 communicates with the chamber 328. A manually movable internal valve member 340 normally closes the opening and blocks the chamber 328 from communicating with the ambient air surrounding the support arm 300. The valve member 340 is connected to a stem 341, which is also centered on the axis 314. The stem 341 has a knob or button 343 on its end that may be manually depressed to move the stem 341 and valve member 340 downward into the chamber 328. When the stem 341 and valve member 340 are so moved, the chamber 328 is in communication with the ambient air surrounding the device due to the unblocking of the opening 336.

[0153] The mechanical arm 301 is a known device and is of the type generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,133. The mechanical arm 301 is sold by Leonard Medical, Inc. 1464 Holcomb Road, Huntington Valley, Pa., 19006. The mechanical arm 301 includes relatively movable parts, which permit movement and adjustment of the support apparatus 110 in a variety in planes, directions, and orientations. The mechanical arm 301 permits easy movement when a vacuum is not applied to the arm 301. When a vacuum is applied to the arm 301, relative movement of the parts of the arm 301 is resisted, and therefore adjustment of the support apparatus 110 is difficult.

[0154] When the button 343 is depressed, the chamber 328 loses its vacuum and the pressure in the chamber 328 increases toward ambient pressure. The passage 329 communicates this pressure increase to the mechanical arm 301, and thus the parts of the mechanical arm 301 are free to move and allow for adjustment of the position of the support apparatus 110 by the surgeon.

[0155] Accordingly, when the surgeon uses the support apparatus 110, the support arm 300 is snapped into the socket of the mechanical arm 301 where it is held by the detent 306. The surgeon may then depress the button 343 and relatively move parts of the mechanical arm 301, as well as the support apparatus 110 into the position where the surgeon desires the support apparatus 110 to be. This position may be where the opening 126 in the disk 124 is aligned with the proximal end 16 of the cannula 10 that has been positioned in the patient's body with the distal end 24 of the cannula 10 being located in an incision in the body of the patient. The viewing device 200 may be mounted on the support apparatus 110, and the surgeon may make adjustments prior to and during the surgical procedure as desired, as described above.

[0156] As viewed in FIG. 23, the support apparatus 110 may include a second support with a fourth adjustment mechanism 500 for rotating the viewing device 200 about an axis 501 (FIG. 15) defined by the ball plungers 400 of the extension arms 151, 152 when set screw 148 is not clamping the viewing device 200 to the body 142. The axis 501 is offset from the axis 14 of the cannula 10 and perpendicular to the axis 14 of the cannula 10. Rotation of the viewing device 200 about axis 501 causes the endoscope 200 and the rod and lens assembly 203 to move perpendicular to the axis 14 of the cannula 10. This rotation will result in radial adjustment of the position of the rod and lens assembly 203 in a radial direction transverse to the axis 14.

[0157] The spring-loaded connections of the spherical detent members 420 of the ball plungers 400 and the hemispherical recesses of the endoscope 202 allow rotation about the axis 501 when the set screw 148 is released from clamping engagement of the viewing device 200.

[0158] The mechanism 500 includes a threaded bore 510 in the second support 140 and an adjustable member 520 for moving (vertically as viewed in the Figs.) a part of the viewing device 200 about the axis 501. The adjustable member 520 has a rounded first end portion 522, a threaded middle portion 524, and a knurled second end portion 526, or knob. The bore 510 extends at an angle as shown in FIG. 23 from a lower portion of the second support 140 up to the opening 144 in the clamp 146 of the second support 140.

[0159] The adjustable member 520 is rotated and threaded into the bore 510 and may be rotated until the first end portion 522 protrudes into the opening 144 of the second support 140. Accordingly, when the surgeon wishes to adjust the rod and lens assembly 203 (within the surgical sight) about the axis 501 and radially relative to the axis 14 of the cannula 10, the surgeon may loosen the connection of the set screw 148 with the viewing device 200 and rotate the adjustable member 520 by manually rotating knob 526 so that the first end portion 522 vertically extends farther or less into the opening 144. This adjustment will adjust the part of the viewing device 200 engaged by the clamp 146 along the axis 14, rotate the viewing device 200 about the axis 501, and cause the lens 203 at the surgical site to move transverse to the axis 14 of the cannula 10. This will expand the area of the surgical site that the surgeon may view. When the adjustment is complete, the surgeon may tighten the set screw 148 and re-secure the viewing device 200 to the second support 140 of the support apparatus 110.

[0160] The method of securing two vertebrae 601, 602 together in accordance with the present invention may include the insertion of a vertebral fixation assembly 620 through the cannula 10 and attachment of the vertebral fixation assembly 620 to two vertebrae (such as the L4 and L5 vertebrae), as viewed in FIGS. 24–29. The fixation assembly 620 may be of any suitable construction and is shown in FIG. 26 as including four identical attachment devices 622. Each attachment device 622 includes a threaded fastener 624 or pedicle screw, placed in a vertebra 601 or 602, as viewed in FIGS. 25 & 28. The fastener 624, has a first threaded portion 626 with a first threaded diameter that threads into the vertebrae 601, 602 by screwing the fastener 624 into the vertebrae. The fastener 624 further includes a second threaded portion 628 with a second threaded diameter that may be less than the first threaded diameter. The second threaded portion 628 extends away from the vertebrae 601, 602.

[0161] A first hexagonal engagement surface 630, intermediate the first and second threaded portions 626, 628, allows gripping of the fastener 624 when the fastener is screwed into the vertebrae 601, 602. A first convex engagement surface 632, adjacent the first hexagonal engagement surface 630 and the second threaded portion 628, projects away from the vertebrae 601, 602. A second hexagonal engagement surface 634 projects away from the second threaded portion 628 and allows further gripping of the fastener 624.

[0162] Each attachment device 622 further includes a first fixation washer 640 (FIGS. 26 & 29) that engages the first convex engagement surface 632. The first fixation washer 640 includes a first concave engagement surface 642 for abutting and slidingly engaging the first convex engagement surface 632 of the fastener 624.

[0163] The first fixation washer 640 further includes spikes 644, typically three, extending away from the vertebrae 601, 602. The spikes 644 of the first fixation washer 640 engage a lower knurled surface 652 of a vertebral fixation element 650 that in FIGS. 24–26 is a spine plate.

[0164] An upper knurled surface 654 of the fixation element 650 engages the spikes 664 of a second fixation washer 660 that is identical to the first fixation washer 640, but inverted, as viewed in FIGS. 26 & 29. A second convex engagement surface 672 of a threaded locking nut 670 abuts and slidingly engages the second concave engagement surface 662 of the second fixation washer 660 when the locking nut 670 is loosely threaded onto the second threaded portion 628 of the fastener 624.

[0165] The convex and concave engagement surfaces 632, 642, 662, 672 allow angular adjustment of the fixation elements 650, before the locking nut 670 is fully tightened, when the fasteners 624 are not threaded into the vertebrae 601, 602 exactly parallel to each other, as shown exaggerated in FIG. 25. These surfaces may typically allow for up to a 12-degree offset of the axes of the two fasteners 624.

[0166] One of two types of fixation elements 650 may typically be used to secure the vertebrae 601, 602 together. The first type may be a spinal plate 651 (FIG. 26) with two slots 653, 655 extending along the longitudinal axis 657 of the spinal plate. The second threaded portion 628 of one fastener 624, screwed into one vertebra 601, extends through one slot 653 and the second threaded portion 628 of another fastener 624, screwed into another vertebra 602, extends through the other larger slot 655. Two of the spinal plates 651, one on each side of the vertebrae 601, 602, are used to secure the two vertebrae together, as viewed in FIG. 24. The slots 653, 655 allow further transverse adjustment so that the same spinal plate 651 may be used for different size patients.

[0167] A second type of fixation element 650 may be two universal side blocks 651a (FIG. 29), each with one slot 653a extending along the longitudinal axis 657a of each side block and a securement opening 655a extending substantially perpendicularly to each slot 653a, as viewed in FIG. 29. The second threaded portion 628 of a fastener 624, screwed into one vertebra 601, extends through one slot 653a and the second threaded portion 628 of another fastener 624, screwed into another vertebrae 602, extends through a slot 653a in an identical side block 651a. The side blocks 651a further include lower and upper knurled surfaces 652a, 654a similar to the knurled surfaces 652, 654 of the spinal plate 651.

[0168] This second type of fixation element 650 further includes a rod 658a extending from the opening 655a in one side block 651a to the opening 655a in the other side block 651a. Set screws 659a secure the rod 658a in each opening 655a when the rod 658a is positioned properly to secure the vertebrae 601, 602 together, as viewed in FIG. 27.

[0169] Four of the side blocks 651a, one on each side of each vertebra 601, 602, and two rods 658a are used to secure the two vertebrae together. The slots 653a allow further transverse adjustment so that the same side block 651a may be used for different size patients. The rods 658a may also be cut to fit different sized patients.

[0170] The cannula 10, support apparatus 110, and vertebral fixation assembly 620 described above may be used to perform an operation which secures two vertebrae 601, 602 together, such as the posterolateral fusion and screw placement described above. This type of operation traditionally results in much blood loss because of the open access to the spine required for its performance. Utilizing the cannula 10 and support apparatus 110 for placement of the fixation assembly 620 at the surgical site and attachment of the fixation assembly 620 to the vertebrae 601, 602 in a manner to be described results in a much less invasive procedure and significantly less blood loss.

[0171] In accordance with the present invention, a method of fixing the vertebrae 601, 602 of a patient together at two surgical sites includes two main procedures. The first procedure includes the following steps: inserting a first cannula 10 into the body 130 of the patient adjacent one side of the spinal column; inserting a second cannula 10 into the body 130 of the patient adjacent the other side of the spinal column; expanding the second tubular portions 40 of both cannulae as described above thereby creating a substantially complete view of both sides of the two adjacent vertebrae 601, 602 utilizing two endoscopes 200 and one or more monitors.

[0172] Alternatively, instead of using two cannulae and two endoscopes simultaneously so that both sides of adjacent vertebrae may be worked on by the surgeon at the same time, only one side of the adjacent vertebrae may be worked on and then the other side of the adjacent vertebrae may be worked on. In this case, only one endoscope, one endoscope support 110, and one monitor is required. Two cannulae would most probably be used, one for each side of the vertebrae.

[0173] The second procedure includes accessing the vertebrae 601, 602 through the cannulae 10; drilling four insertion openings, one in each side of each vertebra 601, 602 utilizing suitable instruments extending through the cannula 10; inserting fasteners 624 through each cannulae and screwing one fastener into each insertion opening thereby securing each fastener 624 to a vertebra; checking the position of the vertebrae to ensure that the vertebrae have maintained the proper position and, if necessary, repositioning the vertebrae; moving eight fixation washers 640, 660, four locking nuts 670, and two fixation elements 650 through the cannulae; placing four fixation washers 640 and the fixation elements on the fasteners, each fastener extending through one fixation washer and one slot in each fixation element; placing the additional fixation washers 660 on the fasteners; and threading the locking nuts onto each fastener thereby fixing the fixation elements to the vertebrae and securing the vertebrae together in a natural and permanent position within the body. Also, bone graft may be moved through the cannula 10 and placed in and around the fixation element 650 and fasteners 624 to permit a posterior fusion across the bony elements of the vertebrae 601, 602.

[0174] If necessary, the disc between the vertebrae 601, 602 may be removed through the cannula; the area between the vertebrae cleaned and the vertebrae prepared for receiving a fusion cage or cages and/or disc replacement material. This would be done before inserting the fasteners 624 or attaching the fixation elements 650. The method may also include inserting, through the cannulae 10, one or more appropriately sized fusion cages and positioning the fusion cage(s) appropriately relative to the vertebrae 601, 602; and inserting bone graft tissue through the cannulae 10 and positioning the tissue in and around the fusion cage(s).

[0175] The fusion cage may be of any known construction. One typical fusion cage is a hollow rectangular cage that is inserted into grooves that are formed in facing bone surfaces of the vertebrae. Another type of fusion cage is a hollow cylindrical threaded cage which screws into position between the vertebrae. Any suitable fusion cage may be used.

[0176] The cannulae 10 and the shrink wrap 102 are then removed from the body and the incisions are suitably closed. After a time, vertebrae 601, 602 and bone graft will grow together across the fusion cage(s) and in and around the fixation elements 650. The vertebrae 601, 602 will then no longer require the fixation assembly to maintain their position. The fixation elements 650 and fasteners 624 may then be removed. The removal procedure may utilize the same type of apparatus as was used in the first and second procedures (i.e., cannula, support apparatus, etc.).

[0177] The first and second cannulae 10 may be shifted slightly in the incisions in the body 130 to desired locations within the incisions at any time during the first and second procedures or the removal procedure. This is accomplished by changing the position of the support apparatus 110 by manipulating the arm 301.

[0178] The method described above may, and most probably does, involve removal of tissue from the surgical site through the cannula 10. Muscle, fat, and bone may be removed through the cannula 10 to provide a proper view of the vertebrae 601, 602 at the location to receive the fixation assembly 620. Different tools may be used in the process of removing tissue. These tools may include a burr and/or tissue cutting blades that are inserted through the cannula 10.

[0179] A preferred tissue cutting blade device 710 is shown in FIGS. 30–31. The device 710 has an axis 712 and includes inner and outer cutting tubes 740, 750. Each of the inner and outer tubes 740, 750 has openings 741, 751 into their interiors. Cutting teeth 745, 755 are located on opposite sides of each opening 741, 751.

[0180] The inner tube 740 rotates about the axis 712 relative to the outer tube 750 within the outer tube. The inner tube 740 rotates in opposite directions a predetermined amount equal to one or more revolutions about the axis 712, then rotates in the opposite direction the same predetermined amount. Thus, the inner tube 740 oscillates about the axis 712. As the inner tube 740 oscillates/rotates about the axis 712, the cutting teeth 745, 755 on the inner and outer tubes 740, 750 cut tissue. Alternatively, the inner tube 740 may rotate in one direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) within the outer tube.

[0181] During the cutting of tissue, a saline solution or the like may be forced through the annular space 770 between the inner tube 740 and the outer tube 750 to the surgical site. Suction may be applied in the opening 741 of the inner tube 740 to remove the cut tissue and the saline solution from the surgical site.

[0182] A tubular sheath 760 receives the inner and outer cutting tubes 740, 750. The sheath 760 extends along the length of the cutting tubes 740, 750 and adjacent a distal end of the cutting tubes where the cutting teeth 745, 755 are located. The sheath 760 is a stainless steel tube that is electrically insulated along its length from the patient's body and from the outer tube 750. An electrical insulator 763, such as a suitable polymer coating, is provided over the outside and inside surfaces of the sheath 760. However, a selected area 762 of the outside surface of the sheath 760 adjacent the distal end of the cutting tubes 740, 750 is not coated with the insulator 763. A portion 765 of the distal end of the sheath 760 is cut away so that the cutting teeth 745, 755 on the cutting tubes 740, 750 are not blocked by the sheath 760 from cutting tissue.

[0183] An electric current from a current source 766 is applied to the sheath 760. The electric current flows through the sheath 760 and to the selected uncoated area 762 of the sheath. The current then flows through tissue and blood into the distal end of the outer cutting tube 750 and back to the current source through the outer cutting tube to form a completed circuit.

[0184] The current flow through the electrically energized sheath 760 and outer cutting tube 750 serves to electrocoagulate blood in the cutting area at the surgical site. Electrocoagulation of blood is known and any other suitable electrocoagulation device may alternatively be used.

[0185] It is contemplated that viewing of the surgical site may be performed without using an endoscope. A microscope or glasses that magnify the site may be used. In fact, any suitable viewing device may be used. Also, the procedure discussed above mentions drilling the vertebrae. Any suitable alternative to drilling may be used such as using an awl or other instrument to form an opening to receive a fastener.

[0186] An exemplary arrangement for performing a procedure in accordance with the invention is illustrated in FIG. 32. The patient P is typically placed in the prone position on operating table T, taking care that the abdomen is not compressed and physiological lordosis is preserved, as is known in the art. The physician D is able to access the surgical site and perform the surgical procedure with the components of a system 1010, which will be described in greater detail herein. The system 1010 may be supported, in part, by a mechanical support arm A, such as the type generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,133, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The mechanical arm of this type is manufactured by Leonard Medical, Inc., 1464 Holcomb Road, Huntington Valley, Pa., 19006. The physician D is able to view the procedure by reference to a monitor M, which displays the images captured by an endoscope and camera which will be described in greater detail herein. Alternatively, the physician D may view the surgical site though an eyepiece of the endoscope, or she may directly view the surgical site with loupes, microscope, or with the unaided eye.

[0187] The procedure described below is a two level posterolateral fixation of the spine involving the L4, L5 and S1 vertebrae. (In the drawings, the vertebrae will generally be denoted by reference letter V.) The usefulness of the inventive procedure is neither restricted to the posterolateral approach nor to the L4, L5 and S1 vertebrae, but it may be used in other anatomical approaches and other vertebrae within the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. The inventive procedure may be directed toward surgery involving one or more vertebral levels. It is also useful for anterior and lateral procedures. Moreover, it is believed that the invention is also particularly useful where any body structures must be accessed beneath the skin and muscle tissue of the patient, and where it desirable to provide sufficient space and visibility in order to manipulate surgical instrumentation and treat the underlying body structures. For example, certain features or instrumentation described herein are particularly useful for a minimally invasive, e.g., arthroscopic procedures, in which the expandable distal portion of the expandable conduit prevents the instrument from dislodging or popping out of the operative site.

[0188] The system 1010 includes another cannula or expandable conduit which provides an internal passage for surgical instrumentation to be inserted through the skin and muscle tissue of the patient P to the surgical site. The expandable conduit has a wall portion defining reduced profile configuration for initial percutaneous insertion into the patient. This wall portion may have a generally tubular configuration that may be passed over a dilator that has been inserted into the patient to atraumatically enlarge an opening sufficiently large to receive the expandable conduit therein.

[0189] The wall portion of the expandable conduit is subsequently expanded to an enlarged configuration, by moving against the surrounding muscle tissue to at least partially define an enlarged surgical space in which the surgical procedures will be performed. In a sense, it acts as its own dilator. Typically, but not by way of limitation, the distal portion expands to a greater extent than the proximal portion, since the surgical procedures are to be performed at the surgical site adjacent the distal portion thereof.

[0190] While in the reduced profile configuration, the expandable conduit defines a first unexpanded configuration. Thereafter, the expandable conduit enlarges the surgical space defined thereby by engaging the tissue surrounding the conduit and displacing the tissue radially outwardly as the conduit expands. The expandable conduit may be sufficiently rigid to displace such tissue during the expansion thereof. The expandable conduit may be resiliently biased to expand from the reduced profile configuration to the enlarged configuration. In addition, the conduit may also be manually expanded with surgical instrumentation inserted therein, as will be described below. The surgical site is at least partially defined by the expanded conduit itself. During expansion, the conduit moves from the first overlapping configuration to a second overlapping configuration.

[0191] In addition to enlargement, the distal end portion of the expandable conduit may be configured for relative movement with respect to the proximal end portion in order to allow the physician to precisely position the distal portion at the desired location. This relative movement also provides the advantage that the proximal portion of the expandable conduit nearest the physician D may remain substantially stable during such distal movement. In an exemplary embodiment, the distal portion is a separate component which is pivotably or movably attached relative to the proximal portion. Alternatively, the distal portion is flexible or resilient in order to permit such relative movement.

[0192] Another embodiment of the cannula or expandable conduit for use in a method in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 33–37 and is designated by reference number 1020. The expandable conduit 1020 includes a proximal wall portion 1022, which has a tubular configuration, and a distal wall portion, which is an expandable skirt portion 1024. The skirt portion 1024 is expandable from a reduced profile configuration having an initial dimension 1026 and corresponding cross-sectional area (illustrated in FIG. 33), to an enlarged configuration having a dimension 1028 and corresponding cross-sectional area (illustrated in FIG. 35). The skirt portion 1024 may be attached to the proximal cylindrical tube portion 1022 with a rivet 1030, pin, or similar connecting device to permit movement of the skirt portion 1024 relative to the proximal cylindrical tube portion 1022.

[0193] The skirt portion 1024 is manufactured from a resilient material, such as stainless steel. The skirt 1024 is manufactured so that it normally assumes an expanded configuration illustrated in FIG. 35. As illustrated in FIG. 34, the skirt portion 1024 may assume an intermediate dimension 1034 and corresponding cross-sectional area, which is greater than dimension 1026 of the reduced profile configuration of FIG. 33, and smaller than dimension 1028 of FIG. 35. Skirt portion 1024 may assume the configuration of FIG. 34 when deployed in the patient in response to the force of the tissue acting on the skirt portion. The actual dimension 1034 will depend upon several factors, including the rigidity of the skirt portion 1024, the surrounding tissue, and whether such surrounding tissue has relaxed or tightened during the course of the procedure. An outer plastic sleeve 1032 (illustrated in dashed line in FIG. 33) may be provided which surrounds the expandable conduit 1020 and maintains the skirt 1024 in the reduced profile configuration. The plastic sleeve 1032 may have a braided polyester suture embedded within it (not shown), aligned substantially along the longitudinal axis thereof; such that when the suture is withdrawn, the sleeve 1032 is torn, which allows the expandable conduit 1020 to resiliently expand from the reduced profile configuration of FIG. 32 to the expanded configurations of FIGS. 34–35. While in the reduced profile configuration of FIG. 33, the skirt portion 1024 defines a first overlapping configuration 1033, as illustrated by the dashed line. As the skirt portion 1024 resiliently expands, the skirt portion assumes the second configuration 1035, as illustrated in FIGS. 34–35.

[0194] The skirt portion 1024 is sufficiently rigid that it is capable of displacing the tissue surrounding the skirt portion as it expands. Depending upon the resistance exerted by surrounding tissue, the skirt portion 1024 is sufficiently rigid to provide some resistance against the tissue to remain in the configurations of FIGS. 34–35. Moreover, the expanded configuration of the skirt portion 1024 is at least partially supported by the body tissue of the patient. The rigidity of the skirt portion 1024 and the greater expansion at the distal portion creates a stable configuration that is at least temporarily stationary in the patient, which frees the physician from the need to actively support the conduit 1020 until the endoscope mount platform 1300 and support arm 1400 are subsequently added (see FIGS. 52–53).

[0195] The skirt portion 1024 of expandable conduit 1020 is illustrated in an initial flattened configuration in FIG. 36. The skirt portion 1024 may be manufactured from a sheet of stainless steel having a thickness of about 0.007 inches for skirt portions having a fully expanded dimension 1028 of about 65 mm in its unrestricted circular shape. The skirt portion 1024 may also take on an oval shape having a longer dimension of about 85 mm. An increased thickness, e.g., about 0.010 inches, may be used in connection with skirt portions having a larger diameter, such as about 65 mm. Other materials, such as Nitinol or plastics having similar properties, may also be useful.

[0196] As discussed above, the skirt portion 1024 is attached to the proximal cylindrical portion 1022 with a pivotable connection, such as rivet 1030. A pair of rivet holes 1036 are provided in the skirt portion 1024 to receive the rivet 1030. The two free ends 1038 and 1040 of the skirt portion 1024 are secured by a slidable connection, such as second rivet 1044 (not shown in FIG. 36, illustrated in FIGS. 33–35). A pair of complementary slots 1046 and 1048 are defined in the skirt portion 1024 adjacent the end portions 1038 and 1040. The rivet 1044 is permitted to move freely within the slots 1046 and 1048. This slot and rivet configuration allows the skirt portion 1024 to move between the reduced profile configuration of FIG. 33 and the expanded configuration of FIGS. 34–35. The use of a pair of slots 1046 and 1048 reduces the risk of the “button-holing” of the rivet, i.e., a situation in which the opening of the slot becomes distorted and enlarged such that the rivet may slide out of the slot, and cause failure of the device. However, the likelihood of such occurrence is reduced in skirt portion 1024 since each of the slots 1046 and 1048 in the double slot configuration has a relatively shorter length than a single slot configuration, which thereby limits the ability of the respective slots 1046 and 1048 to be distorted to the extent in which a rivet may slide out of position. In addition, the configuration of rivet 1044 and slots 1046 and 1048 permits a smooth operation of enlarging and reducing the skirt portion 1024, and allows the skirt 1024 to expand to span as many as three vertebrae, e.g., L4, L5, and S1, to perform a multi-level fixation.

[0197] An additional feature of the skirt 1024 is the provision of a shallow concave profile 1050 defined along the distal edge of the skirt 1024, which allows for improved placement of the skirt 1024 with respect to the body structures and the surgical instruments defined herein. Small scalloped or notched portions 1056 and 1058, are provided, as illustrated in FIG. 36. When the skirt 1024 is assembled, the cut out portions 1056 and 1058 are oriented in the ceph-caudad direction (indicated by arrow 1060) in FIG. 35 and permit instrumentation, such as an elongated member or fixation element 4650 used in a fixation procedure to secure vertebrae (described in detail below), to extend beyond the area enclosed by the skirt portion 1024 without moving or raising the skirt portion 1024 from its location to allow the elongated member 4650 to pass under the skirt portion 1024. (In another embodiment of the cannula or expandable conduit 1054 illustrated in FIG. 37, cut out portions 1056 and 1058 are eliminated from the contour where the physician deems such cut out portions 1056 and 1058 to be unnecessary in view of the spacing of the fasteners 4600 or the length of the elongated member 4650.)

[0198] As illustrated in FIG. 35, the skirt 1024 may be expanded to a substantially conical configuration having a substantially circular or elliptical profile. Alternatively, features may be provided on the skirt which facilitate the bending of the skirt at several locations to provide a pre-formed enlarged configuration. For example, in another embodiment of the cannula or expandable conduit 1070, illustrated in FIGS. 38–40, skirt portion 1074 may have four sections 1076a, 1076b, 1076c, 1076d having a reduced thickness. For a skirt portion 1074 having a thickness 1078 of about 0.007 inches thick, reduced thickness sections 1076a, 1076b, 1076c, 1076d may have a thickness 1080 of about 0.002–0.004 inches (FIG. 39). The width of the reduced thickness sections 1076a, 1076b, 1076c, 1076d may be about 1–5 mm. The thickness 1078 of the skirt portion 1074 may be reduced by milling or grinding, as is known in the art. Thus when the skirt 1074 is opened, it moves toward a substantially rectangular configuration, subject to the resisting forces of the body tissue (FIG. 40). Alternatively, another embodiment of the skirt (not shown) may be provided with two reduced thickness sections (rather than the four reduced thickness sections of skirt 1074) which would produce a substantially “football”-shaped access area.

[0199] In another embodiment of the cannula or expandable conduit 1080, the skirt portion 1084 is provided with a plurality of perforations 1086, in order to increase flexibility at the desired locations (FIGS. 41–43). The size and number of perforations 1086 may vary depending upon the desired flexibility and durability. Alternatively, the skirt may be scored or otherwise provided with a groove or rib in order to facilitate the bending of the skirt at the desired location.

[0200] According to still further embodiments, the cannula or expandable conduit may be provided with one slot. As illustrated in FIG. 44, skirt portion 1094 is provided with slot 1096 and aperture 1098. A rivet (not shown) is stationary with respect to aperture 1098 and slides within slot 1096. Similarly, skirt 1104 is provided with an aperture 1108 which receives a rivet (not shown) which slides within elongated slot 1106 (FIG. 45).

[0201] An early stage in the process is to determine the access point in the skin of the patient to insert the access conduit. In the exemplary embodiment, the access point corresponds to the posterior-lateral aspects of the spine. Manual palpation and Anterior-Posterior (AP) fluoroscopy may be used to determine the optimal incision locations. For the exemplary procedure, placement of the cannula or expandable conduit 1020 is preferably midway (in the ceph-caud direction) between the L4 through S1 vertebrae, centrally about 4–7 cm from the midline.

[0202] An incision is made at the above-determined location. A guide wire (not shown) is introduced under fluoroscopic guidance through the skin, fascia, and muscle to the approximate surgical site. A series of dilators is used to sequentially expand the incision to the desired width, about 23 mm for the exemplary procedure, without damaging the structure of surrounding tissue and muscles. A first dilator is placed over the guide wire, which expands the opening. The guide wire is then subsequently removed. A second dilator that is slightly larger than the first dilator is placed over the first dilator, which expands the opening further. Once the second dilator is in place, the first dilator is subsequently removed.

[0203] This process of (1) introducing a next-larger-sized dilator coaxially over the previous dilator and (2) subsequently removing the previous dilator when the next-larger-sized dilator is in place continues until an opening of the desired size is created in the skin, muscle, and subcutaneous tissue. In the exemplary method, this dimension is about 23 mm. (Other dimensions of the opening, e.g., about 20 mm, 27 mm, 30 mm, etc., are also useful with this apparatus in connection with spinal surgery, and still other dimensions are contemplated.)

[0204] As illustrated in FIG. 46, following placement of the largest dilator 1120, the expandable conduit 1020, in its reduced profile configuration, is introduced and positioned in a surrounding relationship over the dilator 1120. Dilator 1120 is subsequently removed from the patient, and the expandable conduit 1020 is allowed to remain in position.

[0205] Once the expandable conduit 1020 is positioned in the patient, it may be enlarged to provide a passage for the insertion of various surgical instrumentation and an enlarged space for performing the procedures described herein. As described above, the expandable conduit may accommodate the enlargement in several ways. In one embodiment, a distal portion of the cannula may be enlarged, and a proximal portion may maintain a constant diameter. The relative lengths of the proximal portion 1022 and the skirt portion 1024 may be adjusted to vary the overall expansion of the conduit 1020. Alternatively, such expansion may extend along the entire length of the expandable conduit. In the exemplary procedure, the expandable conduit 1020 may be expanded by removing suture 1035 and tearing sleeve 1032 surrounding the expandable conduit 1020, and subsequently allowing the skirt portion 1024 to resiliently expand towards its fully expanded configuration as (illustrated in FIG. 35) to create an enlarged surgical space from the L4 to the S1 vertebrae. The resisting force exerted on the skirt portion may result in the skirt portion 1024 assuming the intermediate configuration illustrated in FIG. 34. Under many circumstances, the space created by the skirt portion 1024 in the intermediate configuration is a sufficiently large working space to perform the procedure described herein. Once the skirt portion 1024 has expanded, the rigidity and resilient characteristics of the skirt portion 1024 allow the conduit 1020 to resist closing to the reduced profile configuration of FIG. 33 and to at least temporarily resist being expelled from the incision. These characteristics create a stable configuration for the conduit 1020 to remain in position in the body, supported by the surrounding tissue. It is understood that additional support may be needed, especially when an endoscope 1500 is added.

[0206] According to the exemplary embodiment, the expandable conduit 1020 may be further enlarged at its distal end portion using an expander apparatus to create a surgical access space. An expander apparatus useful for enlarging the expandable conduit has a reduced profile configuration and an enlarged configuration. The expander apparatus is inserted into the expandable conduit in the reduced profile configuration, and subsequently expanded to the enlarged configuration. The expansion of the expander apparatus also causes the expandable conduit to be expanded to the enlarged configuration. In some embodiments, the expander apparatus may increase the diameter of the expandable conduit along substantially its entire length in a conical configuration. In other embodiments, the expander apparatus expands only a distal portion of the expandable conduit, allowing a proximal portion to maintain a constant diameter.

[0207] In addition to expanding the expandable conduit, the expander apparatus may also be used to position the distal portion of the expandable conduit at the desired location for the surgical procedure. The expander engages the interior wall of the expandable conduit, and moves the cannula to the proper location. For the embodiments in which the distal portion of the expandable conduit is relatively movable with respect to the proximal portion, the expander apparatus is useful to position the distal portion without substantially disturbing the proximal portion.

[0208] In the exemplary embodiment, an expander apparatus may be used to further expand the skirt portion 1024 towards the fully expanded configuration (illustrated in FIG. 35). The expander apparatus is inserted into the expandable conduit, and typically has two or more members which are movable to engage the interior wall of the skirt portion 1024 and apply a force sufficient to further expand the skirt portion. An exemplary expander apparatus, expander apparatus 1200, is illustrated in FIGS. 47 and 48, and is constructed of two components 1202 and 1204 defining a tongs-like configuration, and which are pivotable about a pin 1206. The components 1202 and 1204 are typically constructed of steel having a thickness of about 9.7 mm. Each of the components 1202 and 1204 has a proximal handle portion 1208 and a distal expander portion 1210. Each proximal handle portion 1208 has a finger grip 1212 that may extend transversely from the longitudinal axis 1214 of the apparatus 1200. The proximal handle portion 1208 may further include a stop element, such as flange 1216, that extends transversely from the longitudinal axis 1214, and which is dimensioned to provide a visual and tactile indication of the proper depth for inserting the expander apparatus 1200 by engaging the proximal portion 1025 of the expandable conduit 1020 when the apparatus 1200 is inserted a predetermined depth. In the exemplary embodiment, the dimension 1218 from the flange 1216 to the distal tip 1220 is about 106 mm. The dimension 1218 is determined by the typical depth of the body structures beneath the skin surface at which the surgical procedure is being performed. The distal portions 1210 are each provided with a frusto-conical outer surface 1222 for engaging the inside wall of the skirt portion 1024. As illustrated in FIG. 47, the unexpanded distal width 1224 of the apparatus 1200 at the distal tip 1220 is about 18.5 mm.

[0209] In use, the finger grips 1212 are approximated towards one another (arrow A), which causes the distal portions 1210 to move to the enlarged configuration (arrows B), illustrated in FIG. 48. The components 1202 and 1204 are also provided with a cooperating tab 1226 and shoulder portion 1228 which are configured for mutual engagement when the distal portions 1210 are in the expanded configuration. In the exemplary embodiment, the expanded distal width 1230 of the distal portions 1210 is about 65 mm to about as large as 83 mm. The tab 1226 and shoulder configuration 1228 limits the expansion of the apparatus 1200 in order to prevent expanding the skirt portion 1024 of the expandable conduit 1020 beyond its designed dimension, and to minimize trauma to the underlying tissue. Further details of the expander apparatus are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/906,463 filed Jul. 16, 2001, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

[0210] When the expandable conduit 1020 is inserted into the patient and sleeve 1032 is removed, the skirt portion 1024 expands to a point where the outward resilient expansion of the skirt portion is balanced by the force of the surrounding tissue. The surgical space defined by the conduit may be sufficient to perform the surgical procedures. However, if it is desired to expand the expandable conduit 1020 further, the expander apparatus 1200 may be inserted into the expandable conduit 1020 in the reduced profile configuration until the shoulder portions 1216 are in approximation with the proximal lip 1025 of the cylindrical portion 1024 of the expandable conduit 1020 (FIG. 49).

[0211] As illustrated in FIG. 49, the expander apparatus 1200 is inserted in the access conduit 1020 in the reduced profiled configuration. Expansion of apparatus 1200 is achieved by approximating the handle portions 1212 (not shown in FIG. 50), which causes the distal portions 1210 of the expander apparatus 1200 to move to a spaced apart configuration. As the distal portions 1210 move apart and contact the inner wall of the skirt portion 1024, it is expanded by allowing the floating rivet 1044 to slide within the two slots 1046 and 1048 of the skirt portion 1024. When the distal portions 1210 reach the maximum expansion of the skirt portion 1024 (illustrated by a dashed line), the shoulder 1228 and tab portion 1226 of the expander apparatus 1200 come into engagement to prevent further expansion of the tong portions (as illustrated in FIG. 48). The conduit 1020 may be alternatively further expanded with a balloon or similar device.

[0212] A subsequent, optional step in the procedure is to adjust the location of the distal portion of the expandable conduit relative to the body structures to be operated on. For example, the expander apparatus 1200 may also be used to engage the inner wall of the skirt portion 1024 of the expandable conduit 1020 in order to move the skirt portion 1024 of the expandable conduit 1020 to the desired location. For an embodiment in which the skirt portion 1024 of the expandable conduit 1020 is relatively movable relative to the proximal portion, e.g. by use of the rivet 1030, the expander apparatus 1200 is useful to position the skirt portion 1024 without substantially disturbing the proximal portion 1022 or the tissues closer to the skin surface of the patient. As will be described below, the ability to move the distal end portion, e.g., the skirt portion, without disturbing the proximal portion is especially beneficial when additional apparatus, as described below, is mounted relative to the proximal portion of the expandable conduit.

[0213] An endoscope mount platform 1300 and indexing arm 1400 provide securement of an endoscope 1500 on the proximal portion 1025 of access conduit 1020 for remotely viewing the surgical procedure, as illustrated in FIGS. 51–54. The endoscope mount platform 1300 also provides several functions during the surgical procedure. The endoscope mount platform 1300 includes a base 1302 that extends laterally from a central opening 1304 in a general ring-shaped configuration. For the physician who is primarily viewing the procedure by observing a monitor, the base 1302 provides an aid for the physician when inserting surgical instruments into the central opening 1304. For example, the size of the base 1302 provides visual assistance (as it may be observable in the physician's peripheral vision) as well as provides tactile feedback as the instruments are lowered towards the central opening 1304 and into the expandable conduit 1020.

[0214] The endoscope mount platform 1300 further provides a guide portion 1306, which extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 1308 away from the central opening 1304. The base 1302 is typically molded as one piece with the guide portion 1306. The base 1302 and guide portion 1306 may be constructed as a suitable polymer such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK).

[0215] The guide portion 1306 includes a first upright member 1310 extending upward from the base 1302, and a second upright member 1312 extending upward from the base 1302. The upright members 1310 and 1312 each have a respective vertical grooves 1314 and 1315 for slidably receiving an endoscopic mount assembly 1318.

[0216] The endoscope 1500 (not shown in FIG. 51) is movably mounted to the endoscope mount platform 1300 by the endoscope mount assembly 1318 including endoscope mount 1320 and a saddle unit 1322. The saddle unit 1322 is slidably mounted within the grooves 1314 and 1315 in the upright members 1310 and 1312. The endoscope mount 1320 receives the endoscope 1500 through a bore 1326 which passes through the endoscope mount 1320. Part of the endoscope 1500 may extend through the expandable conduit 1020 substantially parallel to central axis 1308 into the patient's body 1130.

[0217] The endoscope mount 1320 is removably positioned in a recess 1328 defined in the substantially “U”-shaped saddle unit 1322, which is selectively movable in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis 1308 in order to position the endoscope 1500 at the desired height within the expandable conduit 1020 to provide a zoom feature to physician's view of the surgical procedure.

[0218] A screw mechanism 1340 is positioned on the base 1302 and between the upright members 1310 and 1312, and is used to selectively move the saddle unit 1322 with the endoscope mount 1320 and the endoscope 1500. The screw mechanism 1340 comprises a thumb wheel 1342 and a spindle 1344. The thumb wheel 1342 is rotatably mounted in a bore in the base 1302. The thumbwheel has an external thread 1346 received in a cooperating thread in the base 1302. The spindle 1344 is mounted for movement substantially parallel to the central axis 1308. The spindle 1344 has a first end received in a rectangular opening in the saddle unit 1322, which inhibits rotational movement of the spindle unit 1344. The second end of the spindle 1344 has an external thread which cooperates with an internal thread formed in a bore within the thumbwheel 1342. Rotation of the thumb wheel 1342 relative to the spindle 1344, causes relative axial movement of the spindle unit 1344 along with the saddle unit 1322. Further details of the endoscope mount platform are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/491,808, filed Jan. 28, 2000, application Ser. No. 09/821,297, filed Mar. 29, 2001, and application Ser. No. 09/940,402, filed Aug. 27, 2001, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

[0219] As illustrated in FIGS. 52–54, the endoscope mount platform 1300 is mounted to the support arm 1400. The support arm 1400, in turn, is mounted to mechanical support, such as mechanical support arm A, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The support arm 1400 rests on the proximal portion 1025 of the expandable conduit 1020. The support arm 1400 includes an indexing collar 1420, which is received in the central opening 1304 of the base 1302 of endoscope mount platform 1300. The indexing collar 1420 is substantially torroidal in section and has an outer peripheral wall 1422 and inner wall 1424 and a wall thickness 1426. The indexing collar further includes a flange 1428, which supports the indexing collar 1420 on the support arm 1400.

[0220] In order to support cannula or conduits 1020 of different dimensions, a plurality of indexing collars 1420 may be provided to accommodate each respective conduit size while using a single endoscope mount platform 1300. The central opening 1304 of the endoscope mount platform 1300 has constant dimension, e.g., a diameter of about 32.6 mm. An appropriate indexing collar 1420 is selected to support the respective conduit 1020. Thus the outer wall 1422 and the outer diameter 1430 are unchanged between different indexing collars 1420, although the inner wall 1424 and the inner diameter 1432 vary to accommodate differently sized conduits 1020.

[0221] The indexing collar 1420 is mounted to the proximal portion of the expandable conduit 1020 and allows angular movement of the endoscope mount platform 1300 with respect thereto about the central axis 1308 (as indicated by arrow C in FIG. 52). The outer wall 1422 of the index collar 1420 includes a plurality of hemispherical recesses 1450 for receiving one or more ball plungers 1350 on the endoscope mount platform 1300 (indicated in dashed line.) This mount configuration permits the endoscope mount platform 1300, along with the endoscope 1500 to be fixed in a plurality of discrete angular positions. Further details of the support arm and indexing collar are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/491,808, filed Jan. 28, 2000, application Ser. No. 09/821,297, filed Mar. 29, 2001, and application Ser. No. 09/940,402, filed Aug. 27, 2001.

[0222] The endoscope, such as endoscope 1500 (FIG. 55), has an elongated configuration that extends into the expandable conduit 1020 in order to view the surgical site. In particular, endoscope 1500 has an elongated rod portion 1502 and a body portion 1504 which is substantially perpendicular thereto. In the exemplary embodiment, rod portion 1502 of endoscope 1500 has a diameter of about 4 mm and a length of about 106 mm. Body portion 1504 may define a tubular portion 1506 which is configured to be slidably received in the bore 1326 of endoscope mount 1320 as indicated by arrow D. The slidable mount of the endoscope 1500 on the endoscope mount 1300 permits the endoscope 1500 to adjust to configurations that incorporate different conduit diameters. Additional mobility of the endoscope 1500 in viewing the surgical site may be provided by rotating the endoscope mount platform 1300 about the central axis 1308 (as indicated by arrow C in FIG. 52).

[0223] The rod portion 1502 supports an optical portion (not shown) at a distal end 1508 thereof, which may define a field of view of about 105 degrees and a direction of view 1511 of about 25–30 degrees. An eyepiece 1512 is positioned at an end portion of the body portion 1504. The camera (not shown) is attached to the endoscope 1500 adjacent the eyepiece 1512 with a standard coupler unit. A light post 1510 supplies illumination to the surgical site at the distal end portion 1508. A preferred camera for use in the system and procedures described herein is a three chip unit that provides greater resolution to the viewed image than a single chip device.

[0224] A subsequent stage in the procedure is the placement of the support arm 1400 and the endoscope mount platform 1300 on the proximal portion 1025 of the expandable conduit 1020 (FIG. 53), and mounting of the endoscope 1500 on the endoscope mount platform 1300. A next step is insertion of surgical instrumentation into the expandable conduit to perform the surgical procedure on the body structures at least partially within the operative space defined by the expanded portion of the expandable conduit. In the exemplary method, skirt portion 1024 of expandable conduit 1020 at least partially defines operative space 1090 in which the surgical procedures described herein may be performed (FIG. 56). Depending upon the overlap of the skirt portion, the skirt portion may define a surface which is continuous about the circumference or which is discontinuous having one or more gaps where the material of the skirt portion does not overlap. For illustrative purposes, the surgical instrumentation described herein is useful to perform a two-level spinal fixation. Surgical instrumentation inserted into the expandable conduit is used for debridement and decortication. In particular, the soft tissue, such as fat and muscle, covering the vertebrae are removed in order to allow the physician to visually identify the various “landmarks,” or vertebral structures, which enable the physician to locate the location for attaching the fasteners 4600 or other procedures, as will be described herein. Allowing visual identification of the vertebral structures enables the physician to perform the procedure while viewing the surgical area through the endoscope, microscope, loupes, etc., or in a conventional, open manner.

[0225] Tissue debridement and decortication of bone are completed using one or more debrider blades, bipolar sheath, high speed burr, and additional conventional manual instruments. The debrider blades are used to excise, remove and aspirate the soft tissue. The bipolar sheath is used to achieve hemostasis through spot and bulk tissue coagulation. The debrider blades and bipolar sheath are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,715, assigned to Medical Scientific, Inc., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The high speed burr and conventional manual instruments are also used to continue to expose the structure of the vertebrae.

[0226] FIGS. 57–61 illustrate an embodiment of a fusion device or spinal implant 2010 that is inserted between the adjacent vertebrae. The spinal implant 2010 is placed between adjacent vertebrae to provide sufficient support to allow fusion of the adjacent vertebrae, as shown in FIGS. 67 and 78. The spinal implants 2010 are preferably made from an allograft material.

[0227] The spinal implant 2010 (FIGS. 57–61) has a first end 2020 for insertion between the adjacent vertebrae V. The first end 2020 has a tapered surface 2022 to facilitate insertion of the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V. The surface 2022 defines an angle X of approximately 45° as shown in FIG. 60.

[0228] The spinal implant 2010 (FIGS. 57 and 58) has a second end 2030 that is engageable with a tool 2032 (FIG. 70) for inserting the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V. The tool 2032 has a pair of projections 2034, one of which is shown in FIG. 70, that extend into recesses 2036 and 2038 in the end 2030 of the implant 2010. The recesses 2036 and 2038 (FIGS. 57 and 58) extend from the second end 2030 toward the first end 2020. The recess 2036 (FIG. 60) is,defined by an upper surface 2040 and a lower surface 2042 extending generally parallel to the upper surface 2040. The recess 2038 (FIG. 58) has a lower surface 2046 and an upper surface 2048 extending generally parallel to the lower surface 2046.

[0229] The recesses 2036 and 2038 define a gripping portion 2052. The projections 2034 on the tool 2032 extend into the recesses 2036 and 2038 and grip the gripping portion 2052. The projections 2034 engage the upper and lower surfaces 2040 and 2042 of the recess 2036 and the upper and lower surfaces 2046 and 2048 of the recess 2038. Accordingly, the tool 2032 grips the implant 2010 for inserting the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V.

[0230] The implant 2010 (FIGS. 57–60) has an upper surface 2060, as viewed in FIGS. 57–60, for engaging the upper vertebra V. The implant 2010 has a lower surface 2062, as viewed in FIGS. 57–60, for engaging the lower vertebra V. The upper and lower surfaces 2060 and 2062 extend from the first end 2020 to the second end 2030 of the implant 2010 and parallel to the upper and lower surfaces 2040, 2042, 2046, and 2048 of the recesses 2036 and 2038. The upper surface 2060 has teeth 2064 for engaging the upper vertebra V. The lower surface 2062 has teeth 2066 for engaging the lower vertebra V. Although FIGS. 57 and 58 show four teeth 2064 and four teeth 2066, it is contemplated that any number of teeth could be used.

[0231] A first side surface 2070 and a second side surface 2072 extend between the upper and lower surfaces 2060 and 2062. The first side surface 2070 extends along a first arc from the first end 2022 of the implant 2010 to the second end 2030. The second side surface 2072 extends along a second arc from the first end 2022 to the second end 2030. The first and second side surfaces 2070 and 2072 are concentric and define portions of concentric circles. The teeth 2064 and 2066 parallel to each other and extend between the side surfaces 2070 and 2072 and along secant lines of the concentric circles defined by the side surfaces.

[0232] The implant 2010 is formed by harvesting allograft material from a femur, as known in the art. The femur is axially cut to form cylindrical pieces of allograft material. The cylindrical pieces are then cut in half to form semi-cylindrical pieces of allograft material. The semi-cylindrical pieces of allograft material are machined into the spinal implants 2010.

[0233] A pair of spinal implants 2010 may be placed bilaterally between the adjacent vertebrae V. The cannula or expandable conduit 1020 is inserted into the patient's body adjacent the vertebrae V. The skirt portion 1024 of the cannula 1020 is radially expanded to provide a working space adjacent the vertebrae V. Disc material between the vertebrae V is removed using instruments such as kerrisons, rongeurs, or curettes. A microdebrider may also be utilized to remove the disc material. An osteotome, curettes, and scrapers are used to prepare end plates of the vertebrae V for fusion. Preferably, an annulus of the disc is left between the vertebrae V.

[0234] Distracters are used to sequentially distract the disc space until the desired distance between the vertebrae V is achieved. The fusion device or implant 2010 is placed between the vertebrae V using the tool 2032. The first end 2020 of the implant 2010 is inserted first between the vertebrae V. The implant 2010 is pushed between the vertebrae V until the end 2030 of the implant is between the vertebrae. A second spinal implant 2010 is inserted on the ipsilateral side using the same procedure.

[0235] A shield apparatus 3100 with an elongated portion 3102 may be used to facilitate insertion of the implants 2010 between the vertebrae V. A distal portion 3110 of the apparatus 3100 may be placed in an annulotomy. The implant 2010 is inserted with the side surface 2170 facing the elongated portion 3102 so that the apparatus 3100 can act as a “shoe horn” to facilitate or guide insertion of the implants 2010 between the vertebrae.

[0236] The implants 2010 may be inserted between the vertebrae V with the first ends 2020 located adjacent each other and the second ends 2030 spaced apart from each other, as shown in FIG. 67. The implants 2010 may also be inserted between the vertebrae V with the first ends 2020 of the implants 2010 spaced apart approximately the same distance that the second ends 2030 are spaced apart. It is contemplated that the implants 2010 may be inserted in any desired position between the vertebrae V. It is also contemplated that only one implant 2010 may be inserted between the vertebrae V. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the implants 2010 may be inserted between vertebrae using an open procedure.

[0237] Another embodiment of a fusion device or spinal implant 2110 is illustrated in FIGS. 62–66. The spinal implant 2110 is substantially similar to the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 57–61. The implant 2110 is placed between the adjacent vertebrae V to provide sufficient support to allow fusion of the adjacent vertebrae, as shown in FIG. 69. The spinal implant 2110 is preferably made from an allograft material.

[0238] The spinal implant 2110 (FIGS. 62–66) has a first end 2120 for insertion between the adjacent vertebrae V. The first end 2120 has a tapered surface 2122 to facilitate insertion of the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V. The surface 2122 defines an angle Y of approximately 45° as shown in FIG. 66.

[0239] The spinal implant 2110 (FIGS. 62 and 63) has a second end 2130 that is engageable with the projections 2034 on the tool 2032 for inserting the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V. The projections 2034 extend into recesses 2136 and 2138 in the end 2130 of the implant 2110. The recesses 2136 and 2138 extend from the second end 2130 toward the first end 2120. The recess 2136 (FIGS. 62 and 65) is defined by an upper surface 2140 and a lower surface 2142 extending generally parallel to the upper surface 2140. The recess 2138 (FIG. 63) has a lower surface 2146 and an upper surface 2148 extending generally parallel to the lower surface 2146.

[0240] The recesses 2136 and 2138 define a gripping portion 2152. The projections 2034 on the tool 2032 extend into the recesses 2136 and 2138 and grip the gripping portion 2152. The projections 2034 engage the upper and lower surfaces 2140 and 2142 of the recess 2136 and the upper and lower surfaces 2146 and 2148 of the recess 2138. Accordingly, the tool 2032 grips the implant 2110 for inserting the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V.

[0241] The implant 2110 (FIGS. 62–65) has an upper surface 2160, as viewed in FIGS. 62–65, for engaging the upper vertebra V. The implant 2110 has a lower surface 2162, as viewed in FIGS. 62–65, for engaging the lower vertebra V. The upper and lower surfaces 2160 and 2162 extend from the first end 2120 to the second end 2130 of the implant 2110 and parallel to the upper and lower surfaces 2140, 2142, 2146, and 2148 of the recesses 2136 and 2138. The upper surface 2160 has teeth 2164 for engaging the upper vertebra V. The lower surface 2162 has teeth 2166 for engaging the lower vertebra V. Although FIG. 63 shows four teeth 2164 and four teeth 2166, it is contemplated that any number of teeth could be used.

[0242] A first side surface 2170 and a second side surface 2172 extend between the upper and lower surfaces 2160 and 2162. The first side surface 2170 extends along a first arc from the first end 2122 of the implant 2110 to the second end 2130. The second side surface 2172 extends along a second arc from the first end 2120 to the second end 2130. The first and second side surfaces 2170 and 2172 are concentric and define portions of concentric circles. The teeth 2164 and 2166 extend parallel to each other and between the side surfaces 2170 and 2172 along secant lines of the concentric circles defined by the side surfaces.

[0243] The implant 2110 is formed by harvesting allograft material from a femur, as is known in the art. The femur is axially cut to form cylindrical pieces of allograft material. The cylindrical pieces are then cut in half to form semi-cylindrical pieces of allograft material. The semi-cylindrical pieces of allograft material are machined into the spinal implants 2110.

[0244] A spinal implant 2110 is placed unilaterally between the adjacent vertebrae V. The cannula 1020 is inserted into the patient's body adjacent the vertebrae V. The skirt portion 1024 of the cannula 1020 is radially expanded to provide a working space adjacent the vertebrae V. Disc material between the vertebrae V is removed using instruments such as kerrisons, rongeurs, or curettes. A microdebrider may also be utilized to remove the disc material. An osteotome, curettes, and scrapers are used to prepare end plates of the vertebrae V for fusion. Preferably, an annulus of the disc is left between the vertebrae V.

[0245] Distracters are used to sequentially distract the disc space until the desired distance between the vertebrae V is achieved. The implant 2110 is placed between the vertebrae V using the tool 2032. It is contemplated that the apparatus 3100 could be used also. The first end 2120 of the implant 2110 is inserted first between the vertebrae V. The implant 2110 is pushed between the vertebrae V until the end 2130 of the implant is between the vertebrae. It is contemplated that the implant 2110 may be inserted in any desired position between the vertebrae V. It is also contemplated that more than one implant 2110 may be inserted between the vertebrae.

[0246] The apparatus or shield 3100 for use in placing the fusion devices or spinal implants between the vertebrae is illustrated in FIGS. 71–75. The apparatus 3100 includes an elongated body portion 3102, which protects the nerve root or dura, and a mounting portion 3104, which allows for the surgeon to releasably mount the apparatus 3100 to the cannula 1020. Consequently, the surgeon is able to perform the surgical procedures without requiring the surgeon or an assistant to continue to support the apparatus 3100 throughout the procedure, and without reducing the field of view.

[0247] The apparatus 3100 may be manufactured from a biocompatible material such as, but not limited to, stainless steel. In the exemplary embodiment, apparatus 3100 is manufactured from stainless steel having a thickness of about 0.02 inches to about 0.036 inches. The elongated body portion 3102 has dimensions which correspond to the depth in the body in which the procedure is being performed, and to the size of the body structure which is to be shielded by elongated body portion 3102. In the exemplary embodiment, the elongated body portion 3102 has a width 3106 of about 0.346 inches and a length of about 5.06 inches (FIG. 72), although other dimensions would be appropriate for spinal surgical procedures performed at different locations, or for surgical procedures involving different body structures. The distal tip portion 3110 of the apparatus 3100 may have a slightly curved “bell mouth” configuration which allows for atraumatic contact with a body structure, such as a nerve. It is contemplated that the elongated body portion may have any desired shape.

[0248] The mounting portion 3104 allows the apparatus 3100 to be secured to a support structure in any number of ways. In the exemplary embodiment, mounting portion 3104 may include a ring portion. As seen in FIGS. 72, 73 and 75, ring portion 3120 has a substantially ring-shaped configuration with an opening 3124, which defines an angle 3126 of about 90 degrees of the total circumference of the ring portion 3120. As will be described in greater detail below, the angle 3126 is a nominal value, because the ring portion 3104 is resilient, which permits the opening 3124 to change size during the mounting process.

[0249] In the exemplary embodiment, the mounting portion 3104 has a substantially cylindrical configuration in order to be mounted within the interior lumen of the cannula 1020, as will be described below. The ring portion 3104 has an exterior dimension 3130 of about 0.79 inches, and an interior dimension 3132 of about 0.76 inches. It is understood that the dimensions of the ring portion 3104 would be different if the expandable conduit 1020 has a different interior dimension. Moreover, the cylindrical shape of the ring portion 3104 would change if the apparatus 3100 is used with a support member having a differently shaped internal lumen.

[0250] Finger grip portions 3122 extend from the mounting portion 3104 and allow the surgeon to apply an inwardly directed force (as indicated by arrows A) to the ring portion 3120. The resilient characteristics of the ring portion 3120 allow the material to deflect thereby reducing the exterior dimension 3130 and reducing the spacing 3124. Releasing the finger grip portions 3122 allows the ring portion to move towards its undeflected condition, thereby engaging the interior wall of the expandable conduit 1020.

[0251] The elongated body portion 3102 and the mounting portion 3104 may be manufactured from a single component, such as a sheet of stainless steel, and then the mounting portion 3104 may be subsequently formed into a substantially cylindrical shape. In another embodiment, the mounting portion 3104 may be manufactured as a separate component and attached to the elongated body portion, by techniques such as, but not limited to welding and securement by fasteners, such as rivets.

[0252] The expandable conduit 1020 serves as a stable mounting structure for apparatus 3100. In particular, mounting portion 3104 is releasably mounted to the interior wall of proximal wall portion 1022 of expandable conduit 1020. Elongated body portion 3102 extends distally into the operative site to protect the desired body structure, such as the nerve, as will be described below.

[0253] To install the apparatus 3100 within the interior passage of the proximal wall portion 1022, the surgeon may apply an inwardly directed force on the ring portion 3120, thereby causing the ring portion to resiliently deform, as illustrated by dashed line and arrows B in FIGS. 77–78. The surgeon subsequently inserts the apparatus 3100 into the interior lumen of the proximal wall portion 1022 (as indicated by arrow C) to the position of ring portion 3104 illustrated in solid line in FIGS. 77–78. When the surgeon releases the finger grip portions 3122, the ring portion 3120 resiliently moves towards its undeflected configuration, thereby engaging the interior lumen of the proximal wall portion 1022. The mounting portion 3104 described herein has the advantage that it is easily removed and/or moved with respect to the conduit 1020 without disturbing the position of the conduit 1020 or any other instrumentation.

[0254] As illustrated in FIGS. 76 and 78, the configuration of the mounting portion 3104 and the elongated body portion 3102 allow the elongated body portion to occupy a small space along the periphery of the proximal wall portion 3122. This allows the apparatus to protect the desired body structure without blocking access for the insertion of other surgical instrumentation, and without blocking visibility by the surgeon during the procedure.

[0255] The mounting portion 3104 is one exemplary configuration for mounting the apparatus 3100 to the support structure. It is contemplated that the apparatus 3100 may be mounted within the cannula in another manner.

[0256] When in position, the distal end portion 3110 covers the exiting nerve root R, while exposing the disc annulus A (See FIG. 76). As discussed above, the debridement and decortication of tissue covering the vertebrae, as well as a facetecomy and/or laminectomy if indicated, are performed prior to the insertion of apparatus 3100 into the surgical space. Thus, there is no need to displace or retract tissue, and apparatus 3100 merely covers the nerve root and does not substantially displace the nerve root or any other body tissue. It is understood that term “cover” as used herein refers to apparatus 3100 being a small distance adjacent to the body structure, or in contact with the body structure without applying significant tension or displacement force to the body structure.

[0257] Additional surgical instrumentation S may be inserted into the expandable conduit to perform procedures on the surrounding tissue. For example, an annulotomy may be performed using a long handled knife and kerrisons. A discectomy may be completed by using curettes and rongeurs. Removal of osteophytes which may have accumulated between the vertebrae may be performed using osteotomes and chisels.

[0258] As illustrated in FIG. 79, the elongated body portion 3102 is rotated to protect the spinal cord, or dura D, during the above procedures. The surgeon may change the position of the apparatus 3100 by approximating the finger grips 3122 to release the ring portion from engagement with the inner wall of the proximal wall portion 1020, and then re-position the apparatus 3100 without disturbing the expandable conduit 1020 (as shown in FIG. 77).

[0259] During certain surgical procedures, it may be useful to introduce crushed bone fragments or the fusion devices 2010 or 2110 to promote bone fusion. As illustrated in FIGS. 80–80a, apparatus 3100 is useful to direct the implants into the space I between adjacent vertebrae V. As shown in the figures, the distal portion 3110 of the elongated body portion 3102 is partially inserted into the space I. The distal end portion 3110, is positioned between adjacent vertebrae V, and creates a partially enclosed space for receiving the implants or other material therein.

[0260] Another embodiment of the apparatus or shield is illustrated in FIGS. 81–82, and designated apparatus 3200. Apparatus 3200 is substantially identical to apparatus 3100, described above, with the following differences noted herein. In particular, distal end portion 3210 includes a pair of surfaces 3240 and 3242. Surface 3240 is an extension of elongated shield portion 3202, and surface 3242 extends at an angle with respect to surface 3240. In the exemplary embodiment, surfaces 3240 and 3242 defined an angle of about 90 degrees between them. Alternatively another angle between surfaces 3240 and 3242 may be defined as indicated by the body structures to be protected.

[0261] As illustrated in FIGS. 83–84, distal end portion 3210 allows the apparatus to provide simultaneous shielding of both the dura D and the nerve root R. In FIGS. 83–84, surface 3242 shields the dura D, and surface 3240 shields the nerve root R. It is understood that surfaces 3240 and 3242 may be interchanged with respect to which tissue they protect during the surgical procedure.

[0262] After the spinal implants 2010 or 2110 are inserted between the vertebrae V, the fasteners 4600 are attached to the vertebrae. Prior to attachment of the fasteners, the location of the fastener attachment is confirmed. In the exemplary embodiment, the pedicle entry point of the L5 vertebra is located using visual landmarks as well as lateral and A/P fluoroscopy, as is known in the art. With reference to FIG. 56, the entry point 4092 is prepared with an awl 4550. The pedicle hole 4092 is completed using instruments known in the art such as a straight bone probe, a tap, and a sounder. The sounder, as is known in the art, determines whether the hole that is made is surrounded by bone on all sides, and that there has been no perforation of the pedicle wall.

[0263] After hole 4092 in the pedicle is provided (or at any point during the procedure), an optional step is to adjust the location of the distal portion 1024 of the expandable conduit 1020. This may be performed by inserting the expander apparatus 1200 into the expandable conduit 1020, expanding the distal portions 1210, and contacting the inner wall of the skirt portion 1024 to move the skirt portion 1024 to the desired location. This step may be performed while the endoscope 1500 is positioned within the expandable conduit 1020, and without substantially disturbing the location of the proximal portion of the expandable conduit 1020 to which the endoscope mount platform 1300 may be attached.

[0264] A particularly useful fastener for use in the exemplary procedure is the fastener 4600, illustrated in FIGS. 85–86, and described in greater detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/075,668, filed Feb. 13, 2002 and application Ser. No. 10/087,489, filed Mar. 1, 2002, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein. Fastener 4600 includes a screw portion 4602, a housing 4604, a spacer member 4606, a biasing member 4608, and a clamping member, such as cap screw 4610. The screw portion 4602 has a distal threaded portion 4612 and a proximal, substantially spherical joint portion 4614. The threaded portion 4612 is inserted into the hole 4092 in the vertebrae, as will be described below. The substantially spherical joint portion 4614 is received in a substantially annular, part spherical recess 4616 in the housing 4604 in a ball and socket joint relationship (see also FIG. 88).

[0265] As illustrated in FIG. 86, the fastener is assembled by inserting the screw portion 4602 into a bore in a passage 4618 in the housing 4604, until the joint portion 4614 engages the annular recess 4616. The screw portion 4602 is retained in the housing 4604 by the spacer member 4606 and biasing member 4608. The biasing member 4608 provides a biasing force to drive the spacer member 4606 in frictional engagement with the joint portion 4614 of the screw member 4602 and the annular recess 4616 of the housing 4604. The biasing provided by the biasing member 4608 frictionally maintains the relative positioning of the housing 4604 with respect to the screw portion 4602. The biasing member 4608 is selected such that biasing force prevents unrestricted movement of the housing 4604 relative to the screw portion 4602. However, the biasing force is insufficient to resist the application of force by a physician to move the housing 4604 relative to the screw portion 4602. In other words, this biasing force is strong enough to maintain the housing 4604 stationary relative to the screw portion 4602, but this force may be overcome by the physician to reorient the housing 4604 with respect to the screw member 4602, as will be described below.

[0266] In the exemplary embodiment, the biasing member 4608 is a resilient ring having a gap 4620, which permits the biasing member 4608 to radially contract and expand. The biasing member 4608 has an arched shape, when viewed end-on (FIG. 86a). The arch shape of the spring member 4608 provides the biasing force, as will be described below. The spacer member 4606 and the biasing member 4608 are inserted into the housing 4604 by radially compressing the biasing member into an annular groove 4622 in the spacer member 4606. The spacer member 4606 and the biasing member 4608 are slid into the passage 4618 until the distal surface of the spacer member 4606 engages the joint portion 4614 of the screw portion 4602, and the biasing member 4608 expands radially into the annular groove 4620 in the housing 4604. The annular groove 4620 in the housing 4604 has a dimension 4623 which is smaller than the uncompressed height of the arched shape of the biasing member 4608. When the biasing member 4608 is inserted in the annular groove 4620, the biasing member 4608 is flattened against its normal bias, thereby exerting the biasing force to the spacer member 4606. It is understood that similar biasing members, such as coiled springs, belleville washers, or the like may be used to supply the biasing force described herein.

[0267] The spacer member 4606 is provided with a longitudinal bore 4626, which provides access to a hexagonal recess 4628 in the proximal end of the joint portion 4614 of the screw member 4602. The proximal portion of the housing 4604 includes a pair of upright members 4630 and 4631 that are separated by substantially “U”-shaped grooves 4632. A recess for receiving elongated member 4650 is defined by the pair of grooves 4632 between upright members 4630 and 4631. Elongated member 4650 is to be placed distally into the housing 4604 in an orientation substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis of the housing 4604, as will be described below. The inner walls of the upright members 4630 and 4631 are provided with threads 4634 for attachment of the cap screw 4610 by threads 4613 therein.

[0268] The fastener 4600 is inserted into the expandable conduit 1020 and guided to the prepared hole 4092 in the vertebrae as a further stage of the procedure. The fastener 4600 must be simultaneously supported and rotated in order to be secured in hole 4092. In the exemplary embodiment, the fastener 4600 is supported and attached to the bone by an endoscopic screwdriver apparatus 4660, illustrated in FIGS. 87–88. Screwdriver 4660 includes a proximal handle portion 4662 (illustrated in dashed line), an elongated body portion 4664, and a distal tool portion 4666.

[0269] The distal tool portion 4666, as illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 88 includes a substantially hexagonal outer periphery which is received in the substantially hexagonal recess 4628 in the joint portion 4614 of the screw member 4602. A spring member at the distal tool portion 4666 releasably engages the hexagonal recess 4628 of the screw member 4602 to support the fastener 4600 during insertion and tightening. In the exemplary embodiment, a spring member 4672 is configured to engage the side wall of the recess 4628. More particularly, a channel/groove is provided in the tip portion 4666 for receiving the spring member 4672. The channel/groove includes a medial longitudinal notch portion 4676, a proximal, angled channel portion 4678, and a distal substantially transverse channel portion 4680. The spring member 4672 is preferably manufactured from stainless steel and has a medial portion 4682 which is partially received in the longitudinal notch portion 4676, an angled proximal portion 4684 which is fixedly received in the angled channel portion 4678, and a transverse distal portion 4686 which is slidably received in the transverse channel 4680. The medial portion 4682 of the spring member 4672 is partially exposed from the distal tip portion 4666 and normally biased in a transverse outward direction with respect to the longitudinal axis (indicated by arrow E), in order to supply bearing force against the wall of the recess 4628. Alternatively, the distal tip portion of the screw driver may be magnetized in order to hold the screw portion 4602. Similarly, the distal tip portion may include a ball bearing or similar member which is normally biased in a radially outward direction to engage the interior wall of the recess 4628 to secure the fastener 4600 to the screwdriver distal tip 4666.

[0270] The insertion of the fastener 4600 into the prepared hole 4092 may be achieved by insertion of screwdriver 4660 into conduit 1020 (indicated by arrow G). This procedure may be visualized by the use of the endoscope 1500 in conjunction with fluoroscopy. The screw portion 4602 is threaded into the prepared hole 4092 by the endoscopic screwdriver 4660 (indicated by arrow H). The endoscopic screwdriver 4660 is subsequently separated from the screw, by applying a force in the proximal direction, and thereby releasing the distal tip portion 4666 from the hexagonal recess 4628 (e.g., causing the transverse distal portion 4686 of the spring member 4672 to slide within the transverse recess 4680 against the bias, indicated by arrow F), and removing the screwdriver 4660 from the expandable conduit 1020. An alternative method may use a guide wire, which is fixed in the hole 4092, and a cannulated screw which has an internal lumen (as is known in the art) and is guided over the guide wire into the hole 4092. The screwdriver would be cannulated as well to fit over the guide wire.

[0271] For a two-level fixation, it may be necessary to prepare several holes and attach several fasteners 4600. Typically, the expandable conduit will be sized in order to provide simultaneous access to all vertebrae in which the surgical procedure is being performed. In some cases, however, additional enlargement or repositioning of the distal portion of the expandable conduit may be required in order to have sufficient access to the outer vertebrae, e.g., the L4 and S1 vertebrae. In the exemplary embodiment, the expander apparatus 1200 may be repeatedly inserted into the expandable conduit 1020 and expanded in order to further open or position the skirt portion 1024. In the exemplary procedure, additional fasteners are inserted in the L4 and S1 vertebrae in a similar fashion as the fastener 4600 inserted in to the L5 vertebra as described above. (When discussed individually or collectively, a fastener and/or its individual components will be referred to by the reference number, e.g., fastener 4600, housing 4604, and all fasteners 4600. However, when several fasteners and/or their components are discussed in relation to one another, an alphabetic subscript will be used, e.g., fastener 4600a is moved towards fastener 4600b.)

[0272] In a further stage of the procedure, the housing portions 4604 of the fasteners 4600 are substantially aligned such that their upright portions 4630 and 4631 face upward, and the notches 4632 are substantially aligned to receive the fixation element or elongated member 4650 therein. The frictional mounting of the housing 4604 to the screw member 4602, described above, allows the housing 4604 to be temporarily positioned until a subsequent tightening step, described below. Positioning of the housing portions 4604 may be performed by the use of an elongated surgical instrument capable of contacting and moving the housing portion to the desired orientation. An exemplary instrument for positioning the housings 4604 is a grasper apparatus 4700, illustrated in FIG. 89. The grasper apparatus 4700 includes a proximal handle portion 4702, an elongated body portion 4704, and distal nose portion 4706. The distal nose portion 4706 includes a pair of grasping jaws 4708a and 4708b, which are pivotable about pin 4710 by actuation of the proximal handle portion 4702. The grasping jaws 4708a and 4708b are illustrated in the closed position in FIG. 89. As is known in the art, pivoting the movable handle 4714 towards stationary handle 4712 causes longitudinal movement of actuator 4716, which in turn pivots the jaw 4708b towards an open position (illustrated in dashed line). The biasing members 4718 and 4720 are provided to return the handles 4712 and 4714 to the open position and bias the jaws 4708a and 4708b to the closed position.

[0273] A subsequent stage in the process is the insertion of the fixation element or elongated member 4650 into the expandable conduit 1020. The elongated member is manufactured from a biocompatible material and must be sufficiently strong to maintain the positioning of the vertebrae, or other body structures. In the exemplary embodiment, the elongated members 4650 are manufactured from Titanium 6/4 or titanium alloy. Alternatively, the elongated member may be manufactured from stainless steel or other suitable material. The radii and length of the elongated members 4650 are selected by the physician to provide the best fit for the positioning of the screw heads. Such selection may be performed by placing the elongated member 4650 on the skin of the patient overlying the location of the fasteners and viewed fluoroscopically. For example, a 70 mm preformed rod having a 3.5″ bend radius may be selected for the spinal fixation.

[0274] The elongated member 4650 is subsequently fixed to each of the fasteners 4600, and more particularly, to the housings 4604 of each fastener. The grasper apparatus 4700, described above, is also particularly useful for inserting the elongated member 4650 into the expandable conduit 1020 and positioning it with respect to each housing 4604. As illustrated in FIG. 89, the jaws 4708a and 4708b of the grasper apparatus 4700 each has a curved contact portion 4722a and 4722b for contacting and holding the outer surface of the elongated member 4650.

[0275] As illustrated in FIG. 90, the grasper apparatus 4700 may be used to insert the elongated member 4650 into the operative space 1090 defined at least partially by the skirt portion 1024 of the expandable conduit 1020. The cut-out portions 1056 and 1058 provided in the skirt portion 1024 assist in the process of installing the elongated member 4650 with respect to the housings 4604. The cut-out portions 1056 and 1058 allow an end portion 4652 of the elongated member 4650 to extend beyond the operative space without raising or repositioning the skirt portion 1024. The elongated member 4650 is positioned within the recesses in each housing 4604 defined by grooves 4632 disposed between upright members 4630 and 4631. The elongated member 4650 is positioned in an orientation substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis of each housing 4604.

[0276] Further positioning of the elongated member 4650 may be performed by guide apparatus 4800, illustrated in FIG. 91. Guide apparatus 4800 is useful in cooperation with an endoscopic screwdriver, such as endoscopic screwdriver 4660 (illustrated in FIG. 87), in order to position the elongated member 4650, and to introduce and tighten the cap screw 4610, described above and illustrated in FIG. 86. Tightening of the cap screw 4610 with respect to the housing 4604 fixes the orientation of the housing 4604 with respect to the screw portion 4602 and fixes the position of the elongated member 4650 with respect to the housing 4604.

[0277] In the exemplary embodiment, the guide apparatus 4800 has a proximal handle portion 4802, an elongated body portion 4804, and a distal tool portion 4806. The elongated body portion 4804 defines a central bore 4808 (illustrated in dashed line) along its longitudinal axis 4810. The central bore 4808 is sized and configured to receive the endoscopic screwdriver 4660 and cap screw 4610 therethrough. In the exemplary embodiment, the diameter of the central bore 4808 of the elongated body portion 4804 is about 0.384–0.388 inches in diameter, and the external diameter of the endoscopic screwdriver 4660 (FIG. 87) is about 0.25 inches. The proximal handle portion 4802 extends transverse to the longitudinal axis 4810, which allows the physician to adjust the guide apparatus 4800 without interfering with the operation of the screwdriver 4660.

[0278] The distal portion 4806 of the apparatus includes several semicircular cut out portions 4814 which assist in positioning the elongated member 4650. As illustrated in FIG. 92, the cut out portions 4814 are sized and configured to engage the surface of elongated member 4650 and move the elongated member 4650 from an initial location (illustrated in dashed line) to a desired location.

[0279] As illustrated in FIG. 93, the guide apparatus 4800 is used in cooperation with the endoscopic screwdriver 4660 to attach the cap screw 4610. The distal end of the body portion 4804 includes a pair of elongated openings 4816, which permit the physician to endoscopically view the cap screw 4610 retained at the distal tip 4666 of the endoscopic screw driver 4660.

[0280] The guide apparatus 4800 and the endoscopic screwdriver 4660 may cooperate as follows: The guide apparatus 4800 is configured to be positioned in a surrounding configuration with the screwdriver 4600. In the exemplary embodiment, the body portion 4804 is configured for coaxial placement about the screwdriver 4660 in order to distribute the contact force of the guide apparatus 4800 on the elongated member 4650. The distal portion 4806 of the guide apparatus 4800 may bear down on the elongated member 4650 to seat the elongated member 4650 in the notches 4632 in the housing 4604. The “distributed” force of the guide apparatus 4800 may contact the elongated member 4650 on at least one or more locations. In addition, the diameter of central bore 4808 is selected to be marginally larger than the exterior diameter of cap screw 4610, such that the cap screw 4610 may freely slide down the central bore 4808, while maintaining the orientation shown in FIG. 93. This configuration allows the physician to have effective control of the placement of the cap screw 4610 into the housing 4604. The cap screw 4610 is releasably attached to the endoscopic screwdriver 4660 by means of spring member 4672 engaged to the interior wall of hexagonal recess 4611 as it is inserted within the bore 4808 of the body portion 4804 of guide apparatus 4800. The cap screw 4610 is attached to the housing 4604 by engaging the threads 4615 of the cap screw 4610 with the threads 4634 of the housing.

[0281] As illustrated in FIG. 94, tightening of the cap screw 4610 fixes the assembly of the housing 4604 with respect to the elongated member 4650. In particular, the distal surface of the cap screw 4610 provides a distal force against the elongated member 4650, which in turn drives the spacer member 4606 against the joint portion 4614 of the screw portion 4602, which is consequently fixed with respect to the housing 4604.

[0282] If locations of the vertebrae are considered acceptable by the physician, then the fixation procedure is substantially complete once the cap screws 4610 have been attached to the respective housings 4604, and tightened to provide a fixed structure as between the elongated member 4650 and the various fasteners 4600. However, if compression or distraction of the vertebrae with respect to one another is required additional apparatus would be used to shift the vertebrae prior to final tightening of all the cap screws 4610.

[0283] In the exemplary embodiment, this step is performed with a surgical instrument, such as compressor-distracter instrument 4900, illustrated in FIG. 95, which is useful to relatively position bone structures in the ceph-caud direction and to fix their position with respect to one another. Thus, the compressor-distracter instrument 4900 has the capability to engage two fasteners 4600 and to space them apart while simultaneously tightening one of the fasteners to fix the spacing between the two vertebrae, or other bone structures. Moreover, the compressor-distracter instrument 4900 may also be used to move two fasteners 4600, and the vertebrae attached thereto into closer approximation and fix the spacing there between.

[0284] The distal tool portion 4902 of the compressor-distracter instrument 4900 is illustrated in FIG. 95. (Further details of the compressor-distracter apparatus is described in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/178,875, filed Jun. 24, 2002, entitled “Surgical Instrument for Moving Vertebrae,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.) The distal tool portion 4902 includes a driver portion 4904 and a spacing member 4906. The driver portion 4904 has a distal end portion 4908 with a plurality of wrenching flats configured to engage the recess 4611 in the proximal face of the cap screw 4610, and to apply torque to the cap screw. The driver portion 4904 is rotatable about the longitudinal axis (indicated by arrow M) to rotate the cap screw 4610 relative to the fastener 4600. Accordingly, the driver portion 4904 can be rotated to loosen the cap screw 4610 on the fastener 4600 and permit movement of the elongated member 4650 connected with one of the vertebrae relative to the fastener 4600 connected with another of the vertebrae. The cap screw 4610 can also be rotated in order to tighten the cap screw 4610 and clamp the elongated member 4650 to the fastener 4600.

[0285] The distal tool portion 4902 may also include a spacing member, such as spacing member 4906, which engages an adjacent fastener 4600b while driver member 4904 is engaged with housing 4600a to move the fastener 4600b with respect to fastener 4600a. In the exemplary embodiment, spacing member 4906 is a jaw portion which is pivotably mounted to move between a first position adjacent the driver portion and a second position spaced from the driver portion, as shown in FIG. 95. The distal tip 4910 of the spacing member 4906 is movable relative to the driver portion 4904 in a direction extending transverse to the longitudinal axis.

[0286] As illustrated in FIG. 95, the spacer member 4906 can be opened with respect to the driver portion 4904 to space the vertebrae further apart (as indicated by arrow N). The distal portion 4910 of the spacer member 4906 engages the housing 4604b of fastener 4600b and moves fastener 4600b further apart from fastener 4600a to distract the vertebrae. Where the vertebrae are to be moved closer together, e.g. compressed, the spacer member 4906 is closed with respect to the driver portion 4904 (arrow P), as illustrated in FIG. 96. The distal portion 4610 of spacer member 4606 engages housing 4604b of fastener 4600b and moves fastener 4600b towards fastener 4600a. When the spacing of the vertebrae is acceptable to the physician, the cap screw 4610a is tightened by the driver member 4904, thereby fixing the relationship of the housing 4604a with respect to elongated member 4650, and thereby fixing the position of the vertebrae, or other bone structures, with respect to one another.

[0287] Once the elongated member or fixing element 4650 is fixed with respect to the fasteners 4600, the procedure is substantially complete. The surgical instrumentation, such as the endoscope 1500 is withdrawn from the surgical site. The expandable conduit 1020 is also withdrawn from the site. The muscle and fascia typically close as the expandable conduit 1020 is withdrawn through the dilated tissues in the reduced profile configuration. The fascia and skin incisions are closed in the typical manner, with sutures, etc. The procedure described above may be repeated for the other lateral side of the same vertebrae, if indicated.

[0288] Accordingly, the method of fixing three vertebrae V of a patient together at the surgical site includes inserting a first cannula 1020 into the body of the patient. The skirt portion 1024 of the cannula 1020 is expanded using the expander apparatus 1200. A first fusion device 2010 or 2110 is moved through the cannula 1020 and inserted between the first and second vertebrae V. A first fastener 4600 is moved through the cannula 1020 and secured to the first vertebra V. A second fastener 4600 is moved through the cannula 1020 and secured to a second vertebra V. A second fusion device 2010 or 2110 is moved through the cannula 1020 and inserted between the second and third vertebrae V. A third fastener 4600 is moved through the cannula 1020 and secured to the third vertebra V. A first fixation element 4650 is moved through the cannula 1020. The first fixation element 4650 is fixed to the first, second, and third fasteners 4600.

[0289] A second cannula 1020 is inserted into the body of the patient laterally from where the first cannula was inserted. The skirt portion 1024 of the second cannula 1020 is expanded using the expander apparatus 1200. A third fusion device 2010 or 2110 is moved through the cannula 1020 and inserted between the first and second vertebrae V. A fourth fastener 4600 is moved through the second cannula 1020 and secured to the first vertebra V. A fifth fastener 4600 is moved through the cannula 1020 and secured to the second vertebra V. A fourth fusion device 2010 or 2110 is moved through the second cannula 1020 and inserted between the second and third vertebrae V. A sixth fastener 4600 is moved through the second cannula 1020 and secured to the third vertebra V. A second fixation element 4650 is moved through the second cannula 1020. The second fixation element 4650 is fixed to the fourth, fifth, and sixth fasteners.

[0290] Although the method of securing the three vertebrae together is described as including the insertion of fusion devices between the second and third vertebrae, it is contemplated that fusion devices may only be inserted between the first and second vertebrae. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the skirt portion 1024 of the cannula 1020 could include a stop that retains the skirt portion in an expanded configuration as shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/855,358, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

[0291] From the above description of the invention, those skilled in the art will perceive improvements, changes and modifications. Such improvements, changes and modifications within the skill of the art are intended to be covered by the appended claims.

Claims

Certificate of Correction present

The claims shown below may not include correction changes. Use the corrected PDF for authoritative text.

Having describe the invention, the following is claimed:

1. A method of fixing first and second vertebrae of a patient together at a surgical site comprising the steps of:

inserting a first cannula into the body of the patient;

moving a fusion device through the cannula and inserting the fusion device between the first and second vertebrae;

moving a first fastener through the cannula and securing the first fastener to the first vertebra;

moving a second fastener through the cannula and securing the second fastener to a second vertebra;

moving a first fixation element through the cannula; and

fixing the first fixation element to the first and second fasteners after at least one of the fasteners has been secured to the first or second vertebra.

2. The method as defined in claim 1 further including the steps of:

moving a third fastener through the cannula and securing the third fastener to a third vertebra; and

fixing the first fixation element to the third fastener.

3. A method as defined in claim 2 further including the step of moving a second fusion device through the cannula and inserting the second fusion device between the second vertebra and the third vertebra.

4. A method as defined in claim 1 further including the step of inserting a shield apparatus into the cannula and shielding tissue at the surgical site.

5. A method as defined in claim 4 further including the step of inserting a distal portion of the shield apparatus between the first and second vertebrae to facilitate insertion of the fusion device between the first and second vertebrae.

6. A method as defined in claim 5 wherein said step of inserting the distal portion of the shield apparatus between the first and second vertebrae includes inserting the distal portion into an annulotomy in an annulus between the first and second vertebrae.

7. A method as defined in claim 1 further including the steps of:

inserting a second cannula into the body of the patient;

moving a second fusion device through the second cannula and inserting the second fusion device between the first and second vertebrae;

moving a third fastener through the second cannula and securing the third fastener to the first vertebra;

moving a fourth fastener through the second cannula and securing the fourth fastener to the second vertebra;

moving a second fixation element through the second cannula; and

fixing the second fixation element to the third and fourth fasteners.

8. A method as defined in claim 7 further including the steps of:

moving a fifth fastener through the first cannula and securing the fifth fastener to a third vertebra;

fixing the fifth fastener to the first fixation element;

moving a sixth fastener through the second cannula and securing the sixth fastener to the third vertebra; and

fixing the sixth fastener to the second fixation element.

9. A method as defined in claim 8 further including the steps of:

moving a third fusion device through the first cannula and inserting the third fusion device between the second vertebra and the third vertebra; and

moving a fourth fusion device through the second cannula and inserting the fourth fusion device between the second and third vertebrae.

10. A method as defined in claim 1 further including the steps of providing the fusion device with a first end tapered for insertion between the first and second vertebrae, a second end engageable with a tool for inserting the spinal implant between the first and second vertebrae, upper and lower surfaces for engaging the first and second vertebrae extending from the first end to the second end, and first and second side surfaces extending between the upper and lower surfaces along first and second arcs from the first end to the second end.

11. A method as defined in claim 10 further including the step of providing the second end of the fusion device with first and second recesses extending from the second end toward the first end for receiving projections on the tool.

12. A method as defined in claim 10 further including the step of providing the upper and lower surfaces of the fusion device with teeth for engaging the first and second vertebrae extending between the first and second side surfaces and along secant lines of circles partially defined by the first and second side surfaces.

13. A method as defined in claim 10 further including the step of providing the fusion device with first and second side surfaces that extend along concentric portions of circles.

14. A method as defined in claim 1 further including the step of making the fusion device of an allograft material.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion device, first fastener, second fastener and first fixation element are moved through the cannula without removing the cannula from the patient.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cannula is inserted into a back of the patient.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the elongate body is inserted into a back of the patient.

18. A method of treating the spine of a patient comprising:

inserting a first elongate body defining a passage into the body of the patient;

moving a fusion device through the passage of the elongate body and inserting the fusion device between a first vertebra and a second vertebrae;

moving a first fastener through the passage of the elongate body and securing the first fastener to the first vertebra;

moving a second fastener through the passage of the elongate body and securing the second fastener to a second vertebra;

moving a member through the passage of the elongate body; and

fixing the member to the first and second fasteners after at least one of the fasteners has been secured to the first or second vertebra.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the member is a fixation element.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the member is a rigid member configured to substantially prevent movement between the first vertebra and the second vertebra.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the fusion device, first fastener, second fastener and member are moved through the elongate body without removing the elongate body from the patient.

22. A method for providing treatment at or near the spine of patient, the method comprising:

providing an elongate body having a proximal end, a distal end, an outer surface and an inner surface, said inner surface defining a passage extending through the elongate body and through which surgical instruments can be inserted to a surgical location proximate the spine;

inserting said distal end of said elongate body into the patient such that the distal end resides proximate the surgical location, the proximal end remaining outside the patient;

inserting a first implant through the elongate body to the surgical location;

coupling the first implant with a first vertebra;

inserting a second implant through the elongate body to the surgical location;

coupling the second implant with a second vertebra;

inserting a spanning member into the elongate body; and

coupling the spanning member with the first and second implants after at least one of the implants has been coupled to the first or second vertebra.

23. The method of claim 22, further comprising expanding the elongate body after the distal end of the elongate body is proximate the surgical location.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the passage is defined by a continuous surface prior to the expanding step.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the passage is defined by a continuous surface after the expanding step.

26. The method of claim 22, wherein the first implant comprises a first fastener and the second implant comprises a second fastener and wherein the step of coupling the first fastener to the first vertebrae includes the step of screwing the first fastener into the first vertebrae and said step of coupling the second fastener to the second vertebrae includes the step of screwing the second fastener into the second vertebrae.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the first and second implants comprise pedicle screws.

28. The method of claim 22, wherein motion between the first and second vertebrae is substantially eliminated after the step of coupling the spanning member with the first and second implants.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the spanning member comprises a fixation element.

30. The method of claim 28, wherein the spanning member comprises a rod and the step of coupling the spanning member with the first and second implants includes positioning the rod to extend adjacent said first and second implant and between said first and second vertebrae.

31. The method of claim 28, wherein the spanning member comprises a plate and the coupling the spanning member to the first and second implants includes the step of positioning the plate with the first and second implants extending through openings in the plate and moving first and second nuts through the elongate body and threading the nuts onto the first and second implant.

32. The method of claim 22, further comprising configuring said elongate body so that the cross-sectional area of said passage at a first location is greater than the cross-sectional area of said passage at a second location, wherein the first location is distal to the second location.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein configuring further comprises expanding the elongate body after the distal end of the elongate body is proximate the surgical location.

34. The method of claim 22, further comprising inserting a first surgical instrument into the passage to the surgical location.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the step of inserting a first surgical instrument further comprises inserting an endoscopic surgical instrument.

36. The method of claim 34, wherein the first surgical instrument comprises a cutting tool.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the cutting tool has two cutting tubes.

38. The method of claim 37, further comprising providing a blood coagulation sheath to receive the two cutting tubes.

39. The method of claim 34, further comprising performing a treatment with said first surgical instrument.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein performing a treatment comprises removing tissue between the first and second vertebrae.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein performing a treatment comprises removing substantially all of the tissue between the first and second vertebrae.

42. The method of claim 39, wherein performing a treatment comprises:

removing a disk between the interbody space between the first and second vertebrae;

preparing the interbody space to receive at least one interbody implant;

inserting the at least one interbody implant through the elongate body to the surgical location; and

positioning the at least one interbody implant in the interbody space between the first and second vertebrae.

43. The method of claim 42, further comprising:

inserting bone graft tissue through the elongate body to the surgical location; and

positioning bone graft tissue in and around the at least one interbody implant.

44. The method of claim 42, wherein the at least one interbody implant comprises a fusion cage.

45. The method of claim 39, further comprising inserting a second surgical instrument, and performing a second treatment with said second surgical instrument.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the second surgical instrument is inserted before the first surgical instrument is completely removed.

47. The method of claim 34, further comprising:

removing a disk between the interbody space between the first and second vertebrae;

preparing the interbody space to receive at least one interbody implant;

inserting the at least one interbody implant through the elongate body to the surgical location; and

positioning the at least one interbody implant in the interbody space between the first and second vertebrae.

48. The method of claim 47, further comprising:

inserting bone graft tissue through the elongate body to the surgical location; and

positioning bone graft tissue in and around the at least one interbody implant.

49. The method of claim 47, wherein the at least one interbody implant comprises a fusion cage.

50. The method of claim 22, wherein the first implant, the second implant and the spanning member are inserted through the elongate body without removing the elongate body from the patient.

51. The method of claim 22, wherein the elongate body is inserted into a back of the patient.

52. A method for providing treatment at or near the spine of patient, the method comprising:

providing an elongate body having a distal end, a proximal end, an outer surface and an inner surface, said inner surface defining a passage extending through the elongate body and through which surgical instruments can be inserted to a surgical location proximate the spine;

inserting the distal end of said elongate body through an incision in the skin of a back of the patient to the surgical location, the proximal end remaining outside the patient;

configuring said elongate body so that the major axis at the first location is greater than the major axis at the second location, wherein the first location is distal to the second location;

inserting a first implant through the elongate body to the surgical location;

coupling the first implant with a first vertebra;

inserting a second implant through the elongate body to the surgical location; and

coupling the second implant with a second vertebra.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein inserting said first implant comprises inserting an interbody implant.

54. The method of claim 52, wherein inserting said first implant comprises inserting a fastener.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein inserting said second implant comprises inserting an interbody implant.

56. The method of claim 55, further comprising:

inserting a spanning member into the elongate body; and

coupling the spanning member with the first implant.

57. The method of claim 52, further comprising:

inserting a spanning member into the elongate body; and

coupling the spanning member with the first and second implants.

58. The method of claim 52, wherein the first implant and the second implant are inserted through the proximal end of the elongate body.

59. A method of providing treatment at or near the spine of patient, the method comprising:

providing an elongate body having a distal end, a proximal end, an outer surface and an inner surface defining a passage extending through the elongate body, the inner surface defining a major axis being the largest distance across said passage;

inserting the distal end of said elongate body through an incision in the skin of the patient to a surgical location at or near the spine of the patient, the proximal end remaining outside the patient;

expanding said elongate body so that the cross-sectional area of said passage at a first location is greater than the cross-sectional area of said passage at a second location, wherein the first location is distal to the second location;

inserting an implant through the proximal end of the elongate body to the surgical location;

coupling the first implant with a first vertebra.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein inserting said first implant comprises inserting an interbody implant.

61. The method of claim 59, wherein inserting said first implant comprises inserting a fastener.

62. The method of claim 59, wherein the passage is defined by a continuous surface prior to the expanding step.

63. The method of claim 62, wherein the passage is defined by a continuous surface after the expanding step.

64. The method of claim 59, wherein the distal end of the elongate body is inserted through an incision in a back of the patient.

Patent Citations (352)

Patent	Date	Inventor	Cited By
US465161(A)	1891-12-01	Chase	Applicant
US2235979(A)	1941-03-01	Brown	Applicant
US2255657(A)	1941-09-01	Freedman	Applicant
US2482116(A)	1949-09-01	Lanahan	Applicant
US2575253(A)	1951-11-01	Bicek	Applicant
US2594086(A)	1952-04-01	Smith et al.	Applicant
US2666428(A)	1954-01-01	Glenner	Applicant
US2756742(A)	1956-07-01	Barton	Applicant
US2829649(A)	1958-04-01	Glenner	Applicant
US2886004(A)	1959-05-01	Morrison	Applicant
US3044461(A)	1962-07-01	Murdock	Applicant
US3486505(A)	1969-12-01	Morrison	Applicant
US3570498(A)	1971-03-01	Weighton	Applicant
US3592199(A)	1971-07-01	Ostensen	Applicant
US3626471(A)	1971-12-01	Florin	Applicant
US3651800(A)	1972-03-01	Wilbanks	Applicant
US3788318(A)	1974-01-01	Kim et al.	Applicant
US3789852(A)	1974-02-01	Kim et al.	Applicant
US3875595(A)	1975-04-01	Froning	Applicant
US3941127(A)	1976-03-01	Froning	Applicant
US3964480(A)	1976-06-01	Froning	Applicant
US4013078(A)	1977-03-01	Feild	Applicant
US4049000(A)	1977-09-01	Williams	Applicant
US4232660(A)	1980-11-01	Coles	Applicant
US4254763(A)	1981-03-01	McCready et al.	Applicant
US4344419(A)	1982-08-01	Burgin	Applicant
US4350151(A)	1982-09-01	Scott	Applicant
US4421108(A)	1983-12-01	Cabrera et al.	Applicant
US4449532(A)	1984-05-01	Storz	Applicant
US4451256(A)	1984-05-01	Weikl et al.	Applicant
US4461281(A)	1984-07-01	Carson	Applicant
US4498902(A)	1985-02-01	Ash et al.	Applicant
US4513754(A)	1985-04-01	Lee	Applicant
US4538594(A)	1985-09-01	Boebel et al.	Applicant
US4545374(A)	1985-10-01	Jacobson	Applicant
US4562832(A)	1986-01-01	Wilder et al.	Applicant
US4573448(A)	1986-03-01	Kambin	Applicant
US4573454(A)	1986-03-01	Hoffman	Applicant
US4586491(A)	1986-05-01	Carpenter	Applicant
US4601713(A)	1986-07-01	Fuqua	Applicant
US4617929(A)	1986-10-01	Gill	Applicant
US4638799(A)	1987-01-01	Moore	Applicant
US4655216(A)	1987-04-01	Tischer	Applicant
US4674501(A)	1987-06-01	Greenberg	Applicant
US4678459(A)	1987-07-01	Onik et al.	Applicant
US4696544(A)	1987-09-01	Costella	Applicant
US4700694(A)	1987-10-01	Shishido	Applicant
US4716901(A)	1988-01-01	Jackson et al.	Applicant
US4736738(A)	1988-04-01	Lipovsek et al.	Applicant
US4750475(A)	1988-06-01	Yoshihashi	Applicant
US4750487(A)	1988-06-01	Zanetti	Applicant
US4762120(A)	1988-08-01	Hussein	Applicant
US4819620(A)	1989-04-01	Okutsu	Applicant
US4834757(A)	1989-05-01	Brantigan	Applicant
US4850342(A)	1989-07-01	Hashiguchi et al.	Applicant
US4862891(A)	1989-09-01	Smith et al.	Applicant
US4863133(A)	1989-09-01	Bonnell	Applicant
US4875897(A)	1989-10-01	Lee	Applicant
US4878915(A)	1989-11-01	Brantigan	Applicant
US4899729(A)	1990-02-01	Gill et al.	Applicant
US4904261(A)	1990-02-01	Dove et al.	Applicant
US4905082(A)	1990-02-01	Nishigaki et al.	Applicant
US4921478(A)	1990-05-01	Solano et al.	Applicant
US4947896(A)	1990-08-01	Bartlett	Applicant
US4972827(A)	1990-11-01	Kishi et al.	Applicant
US4984564(A)	1991-01-01	Yuen	Applicant
US5004457(A)	1991-04-01	Wyatt et al.	Applicant
US5015247(A)	1991-05-01	Michelson	Applicant
US5020514(A)	1991-06-01	Heckele	Applicant
US5025778(A)	1991-06-01	Silverstein et al.	Applicant
US5071410(A)	1991-12-01	Pazekk	Applicant
US5108420(A)	1992-04-01	Marks	Applicant
US5112354(A)	1992-05-01	Sires	Applicant
US5125396(A)	1992-06-01	Ray	Applicant
US5131382(A)	1992-07-01	Meyer	Applicant
US5133717(A)	1992-07-01	Chopin	Applicant
US5139487(A)	1992-08-01	Barber	Applicant
US5139499(A)	1992-08-01	Small et al.	Applicant
US5139511(A)	1992-08-01	Gill et al.	Applicant
US5158543(A)	1992-10-01	Lazarus	Applicant
US5163949(A)	1992-11-01	Bonutti	Applicant
US5171279(A)	1992-12-01	Mathews	Applicant
US5190561(A)	1993-03-01	Graber et al.	Applicant
US5195507(A)	1993-03-01	Bilweis	Applicant
US5195541(A)	1993-03-01	Obenchain	Applicant
US5197971(A)	1993-03-01	Bonutti	Applicant
US5201729(A)	1993-04-01	Hertzmann et al.	Applicant
US5224680(A)	1993-07-01	Greenstein et al.	Applicant
US5225001(A)	1993-07-01	Manni et al.	Applicant
US5242444(A)	1993-09-01	MacMillan	Applicant
US5279564(A)	1994-01-01	Taylor et al.	Applicant
US5287845(A)	1994-02-01	Faul et al.	Applicant
US5295994(A)	1994-03-01	Bonutti	Applicant
US5312417(A)	1994-05-01	Wilk	Applicant
US5313962(A)	1994-05-01	Obenchain	Applicant
US5330473(A)	1994-07-01	Howland	Applicant
US5334150(A)	1994-08-01	Kaali	Applicant
US5339802(A)	1994-08-01	Cook	Applicant
US5339803(A)	1994-08-01	Mayzels et al.	Applicant
US5353784(A)	1994-10-01	Nady-Mohamed	Applicant
US5354302(A)	1994-10-01	Ko	Applicant
US5357983(A)	1994-10-01	Mathews	Applicant
US5359995(A)	1994-11-01	Sewell, Jr.	Applicant
US5360431(A)	1994-11-01	Puno et al.	Applicant
US5364395(A)	1994-11-01	West, Jr.	Applicant
US5370647(A)	1994-12-01	Graber et al.	Applicant
US5376076(A)	1994-12-01	Kaali	Applicant
US5380291(A)	1995-01-01	Kaali	Applicant
US5385583(A)	1995-01-01	Cotrel	Applicant
US5392766(A)	1995-02-01	Masterson et al.	Applicant
US5395317(A)	1995-03-01	Kambin	Applicant
US5396880(A)	1995-03-01	Kagan et al.	Applicant
US5437637(A)	1995-08-01	Lieber et al.	Applicant
US5437671(A)	1995-08-01	Lozier et al.	Applicant
US5437672(A)	1995-08-01	Alleyne	Applicant
US5439449(A)	1995-08-01	Mapes et al.	Applicant
US5439464(A)	1995-08-01	Shapiro	Applicant
US5441041(A)	1995-08-01	Sauer et al.	Applicant
US5441042(A)	1995-08-01	Putman	Applicant
US5443058(A)	1995-08-01	Ough	Applicant
US5443467(A)	1995-08-01	Biedermann et al.	Applicant
US5443514(A)	1995-08-01	Steffee	Applicant
US5445142(A)	1995-08-01	Hassler, Jr.	Applicant
US5454365(A)	1995-10-01	Bonutti	Applicant
US5470333(A)	1995-11-01	Ray	Applicant
US5472426(A)	1995-12-01	Bonati et al.	Applicant
US5480440(A)	1996-01-01	Kambin	Applicant
US5484437(A)	1996-01-01	Michelson	Applicant
US5487744(A)	1996-01-01	Howland	Applicant
US5489307(A)	1996-02-01	Kuslich et al.	Applicant
US5503617(A)	1996-04-01	Jako	Applicant
US5512034(A)	1996-04-01	Finn et al.	Applicant
US5520607(A)	1996-05-01	Frassica et al.	Applicant
US5534009(A)	1996-07-01	Lander	Applicant
US5549595(A)	1996-08-01	Freitas	Applicant
US5549608(A)	1996-08-01	Errico et al.	Applicant
US5551947(A)	1996-09-01	Kaali	Applicant
US5554157(A)	1996-09-01	Errico et al.	Applicant
US5556371(A)	1996-09-01	Schulken et al.	Applicant
US5562696(A)	1996-10-01	Nobles et al.	Applicant
US5562736(A)	1996-10-01	Ray et al.	Applicant
US5569205(A)	1996-10-01	Hart et al.	Applicant
US5569248(A)	1996-10-01	Mathews	Applicant
US5571072(A)	1996-11-01	Kronner	Applicant
US5573517(A)	1996-11-01	Bonutti et al.	Applicant
US5575754(A)	1996-11-01	Konomura	Applicant
US5586984(A)	1996-12-01	Errico et al.	Applicant
US5588949(A)	1996-12-01	Taylor et al.	Applicant
US5601554(A)	1997-02-01	Howland et al.	Applicant
US5601590(A)	1997-02-01	Bonutti et al.	Applicant
US5601690(A)	1997-02-01	Gauld et al.	Applicant
US5603688(A)	1997-02-01	Upsher	Applicant
US5613937(A)	1997-03-01	Garrison et al.	Applicant
US5613968(A)	1997-03-01	Lin	Applicant
US5624442(A)	1997-04-01	Mellinger et al.	Applicant
US5643282(A)	1997-07-01	Kieturakis	Applicant
US5667472(A)	1997-09-01	Finn et al.	Applicant
US5667473(A)	1997-09-01	Finn et al.	Applicant
US5667478(A)	1997-09-01	McFarlin et al.	Applicant
US5667520(A)	1997-09-01	Bonutti	Applicant
US5672176(A)	1997-09-01	Biedermann et al.	Applicant
US5674295(A)	1997-10-01	Ray et al.	Applicant
US5681319(A)	1997-10-01	Biedermann et al.	Applicant
US5695448(A)	1997-12-01	Kimura et al.	Applicant
US5702454(A)	1997-12-01	Baumgartner	Applicant
US5707359(A)	1998-01-01	Bufalini	Applicant
US5716356(A)	1998-02-01	Biedermann et al.	Applicant
US5725588(A)	1998-03-01	Errico et al.	Applicant
US5728046(A)	1998-03-01	Mayer et al.	Applicant
US5730754(A)	1998-03-01	Obenchain	Applicant
US5735792(A)	1998-04-01	Vanden Hoek et al.	Applicant
US5762629(A)	1998-06-01	Kambin	Applicant
US5772661(A)	1998-06-01	Michelson	Applicant
US5782833(A)	1998-07-01	Haider	Applicant
US5782919(A)	1998-07-01	Zdeblick et al.	Applicant
US5792044(A)	1998-08-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US5795289(A)	1998-08-01	Wyttenbach	Applicant
US5797911(A)	1998-08-01	Sherman et al.	Applicant
US5810809(A)	1998-09-01	Rydell	Applicant
US5810818(A)	1998-09-01	Errico et al.	Applicant
US5813978(A)	1998-09-01	Jako	Applicant
US5814084(A)	1998-09-01	Grivas et al.	Applicant
US5823947(A)	1998-10-01	Yoon et al.	Applicant
US5824093(A)	1998-10-01	Ray et al.	Applicant
US5827319(A)	1998-10-01	Carlson et al.	Applicant
US5857999(A)	1999-01-01	Quick et al.	Applicant
US5863293(A)	1999-01-01	Richelsoph	Applicant
US5865728(A)	1999-02-01	Moll et al.	Applicant
US5865802(A)	1999-02-01	Yoon et al.	Applicant
US5868745(A)	1999-02-01	Alleyne	Applicant
US5873878(A)	1999-02-01	Harms et al.	Applicant
US5876402(A)	1999-03-01	Errico et al.	Applicant
US5879389(A)	1999-03-01	Koshino	Applicant
US5882350(A)	1999-03-01	Ralph et al.	Applicant
US5885286(A)	1999-03-01	Sherman et al.	Applicant
US5888190(A)	1999-03-01	Meyer et al.	Applicant
US5902231(A)	1999-05-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US5910142(A)	1999-06-01	Tatar	Applicant
US5921917(A)	1999-07-01	Barthel et al.	Applicant
US5928137(A)	1999-07-01	Green	Applicant
US5928232(A)	1999-07-01	Howland et al.	Applicant
US5928233(A)	1999-07-01	Apfelbaum et al.	Applicant
US5954635(A)	1999-09-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US5954725(A)	1999-09-01	Sherman et al.	Applicant
US5961499(A)	1999-10-01	Bonutti et al.	Applicant
US5961517(A)	1999-10-01	Biedermann et al.	Applicant
US5964760(A)	1999-10-01	Richelsoph	Applicant
US5984928(A)	1999-11-01	Hermann	Applicant
US5997471(A)	1999-12-01	Gumb et al.	Applicant
US5997508(A)	1999-12-01	Lunn et al.	Applicant
US6004320(A)	1999-12-01	Casscells et al.	Applicant
US6007487(A)	1999-12-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US6007533(A)	1999-12-01	Casscells et al.	Applicant
US6010503(A)	2000-01-01	Richelsoph et al.	Applicant
US6022376(A)	2000-02-01	Assell et al.	Applicant
US6050997(A)	2000-04-01	Mullane	Applicant
US6053917(A)	2000-04-01	Sherman et al.	Applicant
US6063090(A)	2000-05-01	Schläpfer	Applicant
US6074380(A)	2000-06-01	Byrne et al.	Applicant
US6074391(A)	2000-06-01	Metz-Stavenhagen et al.	Applicant
US6077262(A)	2000-06-01	Schläpfer et al.	Applicant
US6086588(A)	2000-07-01	Ameil et al.	Applicant
US6090111(A)	2000-07-01	Nichols	Applicant
US6096081(A)	2000-08-01	Grivas et al.	Applicant
US6110173(A)	2000-08-01	Thomas, Jr.	Applicant
US6110210(A)	2000-08-01	Norton et al.	Applicant
US6113601(A)	2000-09-01	Tatar	Applicant
US6120434(A)	2000-09-01	Kimura et al.	Applicant
US6120437(A)	2000-09-01	Yoon et al.	Applicant
US6132432(A)	2000-10-01	Richelsoph	Applicant
US6132465(A)	2000-10-01	Ray et al.	Applicant
US6139550(A)	2000-10-01	Michelson	Applicant
US6142931(A)	2000-11-01	Kaji	Applicant
US6152871(A)	2000-11-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US6162170(A)	2000-12-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US6162236(A)	2000-12-01	Osada	Applicant
US6171299(B1)	2001-01-01	Bonutti	Applicant
US6175758(B1)	2001-01-01	Kambin	Applicant
US6176823(B1)	2001-01-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US6183473(B1)	2001-02-01	Ashman	Applicant
US6187000(B1)	2001-02-01	Davison et al.	Applicant
US6206822(B1)	2001-03-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US6214001(B1)	2001-04-01	Casscells et al.	Applicant
US6217509(B1)	2001-04-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US6221082(B1)	2001-04-01	Marino et al.	Applicant
US6248105(B1)	2001-06-01	Schläpfer et al.	Applicant
US6258024(B1)	2001-07-01	van Der Weegen	Applicant
US6261586(B1)	2001-07-01	McKay	Applicant
US6267765(B1)	2001-07-01	Taylor et al.	Applicant
US6270498(B1)	2001-08-01	Michelson	Applicant
US6280442(B1)	2001-08-01	Barker et al.	Applicant
US6296642(B1)	2001-10-01	Morrison et al.	Applicant
US6306137(B1)	2001-10-01	Troxell	Applicant
US6306170(B1)	2001-10-01	Ray	Applicant
US6309391(B1)	2001-10-01	Crandall et al.	Applicant
US6312443(B1)	2001-11-01	Stone	Applicant
US6325812(B1)	2001-12-01	Dubrul et al.	Applicant
US6338730(B1)	2002-01-01	Bonutti et al.	Applicant
US6355038(B1)	2002-03-01	Pisharodi	Applicant
US6355040(B1)	2002-03-01	Richelsoph et al.	Applicant
US6358266(B1)	2002-03-01	Bonutti	Applicant
US6361488(B1)	2002-03-01	Davison et al.	Applicant
US6368321(B1)	2002-04-01	Jackson	Applicant
US6371968(B1)	2002-04-01	Kogasaka et al.	Applicant
US6383195(B1)	2002-05-01	Richard	Applicant
US6387130(B1)	2002-05-01	Stone et al.	Applicant
US6425859(B1)	2002-07-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US6440133(B1)	2002-08-01	Beale et al.	Applicant
US6440137(B1)	2002-08-01	Horvath et al.	Applicant
US6471703(B1)	2002-10-01	Ashman	Applicant
US6478797(B1)	2002-11-01	Paul	Applicant
US6482207(B1)	2002-11-01	Errico	Applicant
US6485491(B1)	2002-11-01	Farris et al.	Applicant
US6485494(B1)	2002-11-01	Haider	Applicant
US6485518(B1)	2002-11-01	Cornwall et al.	Applicant
US6494893(B1)	2002-12-01	Dubrul et al.	Applicant
US6497654(B1)	2002-12-01	Leonard et al.	Applicant
US6503249(B1)	2003-01-01	Krause	Applicant
US6508839(B1)	2003-01-01	Lambrecht et al.	Applicant
US6520907(B1)	2003-02-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US6524320(B1)	2003-02-01	DiPoto	Applicant
US6530880(B1)	2003-03-01	Pagliuca	Applicant
US6530926(B1)	2003-03-01	Davison	Examiner
US6530929(B1)	2003-03-01	Justis et al.	Applicant
US6530930(B1)	2003-03-01	Marino et al.	Applicant
US6540748(B1)	2003-04-01	Lombardo	Applicant
US6564078(B1)	2003-05-01	Marino et al.	Applicant
US6575899(B1)	2003-06-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US6602291(B1)	2003-08-01	Ray et al.	Applicant
US6610094(B1)	2003-08-01	Husson	Applicant
US6648888(B1)	2003-11-01	Shluzas	Applicant
US6652553(B1)	2003-11-01	Davison et al.	Applicant
US6679833(B1)	2004-01-01	Smith et al.	Applicant
US6793656(B1)	2004-09-01	Mathews	Applicant
US6800084(B1)	2004-10-01	Davison et al.	Applicant
US6821243(B1)	2004-11-01	Pagliuca et al.	Applicant
US2002/0065560(A1)	2002-05-01	Varga et al.	Applicant
US2002/0165612(A1)	2002-11-01	Gerber et al.	Applicant
US2003/0014068(A1)	2003-01-01	Bonutti et al.	Applicant
US2003/0040656(A1)	2003-02-01	Pagliuca et al.	Applicant
US2003/0073998(A1)	2003-04-01	Pagliuca et al.	Applicant
US2003/0139648(A1)	2003-07-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US2003/0153911(A1)	2003-08-01	Shluzas	Applicant
US2003/0153927(A1)	2003-08-01	DiPoto et al.	Applicant
US2003/0167058(A1)	2003-09-01	Shluzas	Applicant
US2003/0191371(A1)	2003-10-01	Smith et al.	Applicant
US2003/0195405(A1)	2003-10-01	Marino et al.	Applicant
US2003/0195493(A1)	2003-10-01	Davison et al.	Applicant
US2003/0195549(A1)	2003-10-01	Davison et al.	Applicant
US2003/0195550(A1)	2003-10-01	Davison et al.	Applicant
US2003/0195551(A1)	2003-10-01	Davison et al.	Applicant
US2003/0199871(A1)	2003-10-01	Foley et al.	Applicant
US2003/0199885(A1)	2003-10-01	Davison et al.	Applicant
US2003/0208203(A1)	2003-11-01	Lim et al.	Applicant
US2003/0236529(A1)	2003-12-01	Shluzas et al.	Applicant
US2004/0059339(A1)	2004-03-01	Roehm, III et al.	Applicant
AU13672/95	1995-09-01		Applicant
DE1566116	1970-01-01		Applicant
DE2222979	1973-11-01		Applicant
DE3108766	1982-09-01		Applicant
DE3936811	1990-09-01		Applicant
EP303824	1989-02-01		Applicant
EP528562	1992-07-01		Applicant
EP528562(A2)	1993-02-01		Applicant
EP682918(A1)	1995-11-01		Applicant
EP807415(A2)	1998-08-01		Applicant
EP980677(A1)	2000-02-01		Applicant
EP1090595(A2)	2001-04-01		Applicant
EP1251767(A2)	2002-10-01		Applicant
EP1305077(A1)	2003-05-01		Applicant
FR2701379	1994-08-01		Applicant
FR2714285	1995-06-01		Applicant
GB2234906	1991-02-01		Applicant
JP2000-83960(A2)	2000-03-01		Applicant
JP2001-149376(A2)	2001-06-01		Applicant
WO91/06266	1991-05-01		Applicant
WO92/19146	1992-11-01		Applicant
WO92/21292(A2)	1993-02-01		Applicant
WO93/14801(A1)	1993-08-01		Applicant
WO93/15647	1993-08-01		Applicant
WO94/03114(A1)	1994-02-01		Applicant
WO95/10218(A1)	1995-04-01		Applicant
WO95/22285	1995-08-01		Applicant
WO95/32663(A1)	1995-12-01		Applicant
WO98/27884(A1)	1998-07-01		Applicant
WO98/33462(A1)	1998-08-01		Applicant
WO/18306	2000-04-01		Applicant
WO1/54560(A2)	2001-08-01		Applicant
WO1/54560(A3)	2001-08-01		Applicant
WO2/09801(A1)	2002-02-01		Applicant
WO2/22030(A2)	2002-03-01		Applicant
WO2/078767(A2)	2002-10-01		Applicant

Non-Patent Literature (33)

Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation presentation materials (2 pgs.) entitled The MTF EndoDowel™, dated Jun. 1996.Applicant
MED™ presentation materials (33 pgs.) entitled MicroEndoscopic Discectomy System, dated 1997.Applicant
Endius™ presentation materials (2 pgs.) entitled Spine Endoscopy System with FlexPosure™, dated 1999.Applicant
Jose M. Otero Vich, M.D.: Anterior cervical interbody fusion with threaded cylindrical bone. J. Neurosurg, 63:750-753. 1985.Applicant
An excerpt from Bone Graft Surgery in Disease, Injury and Deformity; Author: Fred H. Albee, 1940; Preface (xi-x).Applicant
Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation presentation materials (1-16), dated Apr. 1996.Applicant
Sofamor Danek presentation materials (17 pgs.) entitled Laparoscopic Bone Dowel Surgical Technique, dated 1995.Applicant
Destandau, Jean, “A special device for endoscopic surgery of lumbar disc herniation”, Neurological Research, Jan. 1999, vol. 21, pp. 39-42.Applicant
Ditsworth, David A., M.D., The American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Apr. 1995, “Comprehensive Percutaneous Endoscopic Spinal Surgery”, Abstract.Applicant
Ditsworth, David A., M.D., The Joint Section on Spine and Peripheral Nerves, Feb. 1995, “A New and Superior Technique for Removal of Herniated Lumbar Disc: Endoscope and Nucleotome Combination”, Abstract.Applicant
Ditsworth, David A., M.D., “Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Discectomy and Reconfiguration: A Posterolateral Approach into the Spinal Canal”, Surg Neurol, 1998; 49-588-98.Applicant
Foley, Kevin T., M.D., et al., “Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation of the Lumbar Spine”, Neurosurg Focus, 10:1-8, Apr. 2001Applicant
Guiot, Bernard H., M.S., et al., “A Minimally Invasive Technique for Decompression of the Lumbar Spine”, SPINE, 27, 4:432-438, 2002.Applicant
Kambin, Parviz, “Arthroscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion”, Publisher Unknown, Chapter 77:1055-1066, undated.Applicant
Kambin, Parviz, “Posterolateral Percutaneous Lumbar Interbody Fusion”, Publisher Unknown, Chapter 9:117-121, date unknown.Applicant
Kambin, Parviz, Advances in Operative Orthopaedics, 3:147-171, 1995, “The Role of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery”.Applicant
Kambin, Parviz, Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, 7(1):65-76, 1996 “Diagnostic and Therapeutic Spinal Arthroscopy”.Applicant
Kambin, Parviz, “Arthroscopic Techniques for Spinal Surgery”, Chapter 89, Operative Arthroscopy, Second Edition, pp. 1215-1225, 1996.Applicant
Kambin, Parviz, “Arthroscopic Microdicectomy”, The Adult Spine, Principles and Practice, Chapter 94, pp. 2023-2036, 1997.Applicant
Kambin, Parviz, “Arthroscopic Lumbar Intervertebral Fusion”, The Adult Spine: Ptinciples and Practice, Chapter 95, pp. 2037-2046, 1997.Applicant
Kambin, Parviz M.D., Endoscopic Laminotomy Procedures, on sale and in public use in the United States more than one year prior to Aug. 1, 2000.Applicant
Leonard Medical, Inc., Brochure entitled “Instruments for Less Invasive Surgery,” undated, published more than one year prior to Aug. 1, 2000.Applicant
Mathews, Hallet H., M.D., “Spinal Endoscopy Evolution, Applications, and Foundations,” pp. 1-44.Applicant
Medtronic Sofamor Danek Metrx Micro Discectomy System Brochure, 2000.Applicant
Medtronic Sofamor Danek, An Evolution in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, METRx MicroEndoscopic Discectomy, 1999.Applicant
Medtronic Sofamor Danek, METRx Microdiscectomy Surgical Technique, 2001 as described by Donald L. Hilton, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S. and Sylvain Palmer, M.D., F.A.C.S.Applicant
Sofamor Danek, Micro Endo Systems Brochure, 1994.Applicant
Sofamor Danek, Laparoscopic Bone Dowell Instruments Brochure, 1995.Applicant
Sofamor Danek, Laparoscopic Bone Dowel Surgical Technique, (17 PGS.) 1995.Applicant
Stauber, Martin H., M.D. et al., “Pedicle Screw Placement with Intraosseous Endoscopy”, SPINE, 19, 1:57-61, 1994.Applicant
U.S. Appl. No. 07/328,952, Material cancelled from Meyer Application. Mailed Mar. 27, 1989, publicly available at least on Jul. 21, 1992.Applicant
U.S. Appl. No. 10/734,161, filed Dec. 15, 2003, titled Methods for Percutaneous Surgery, Kevin T. Foley et al.Applicant
Request for Declaration of Interference filed in U.S. Appl. No. 10/734,161, filed Jan. 29, 2004.Applicant

Abstract