Intelligent vehicle apparatus and method for using the apparatus

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/684,283 filed Oct. 11, 2003 and entitled Apparatus And Method For Automatic Vision Enhancement In A Traffic Complex, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/379,185 filed Mar. 3, 2003 and entitled Apparatus and Method for Vehicle Counting, Tracking and Tagging, now abandoned, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/038,434 filed Jan. 3, 2002 and entitled Emergency Flashing Light Mechanism (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,556,148, issued Apr. 29, 2003) which was a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/426,739 filed Oct. 26, 1999 and entitled Portable Safety Mechanism With Voice Input and Voice Output (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,356,210 issued Mar. 12, 2002), which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/936,640 filed Sep. 24, 1997 and entitled Intelligent Walking Stick (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,973,618 issued Oct. 26, 1999), which in turn claimed the benefit under Title 35, United States Code § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/026,919 filed Sep. 25, 1996 and entitled Collision Avoidance, Traffic Control, Safety, And Information Systems, Apparatus And Method.

[0002] The present invention relates generally to collision avoidance, traffic control, incident detection & management, interactive voice response communications, automated vision enhancement systems, safety, and information systems, apparatus, and methods. More particularly, the present invention relates to an intelligent vehicle apparatus and method for using the apparatus.

[0003] An object of the present invention includes equipping infrastructure-to-vehicle and infrastructure to pedestrian systems with radio transmitters, receivers, processors, sensors, scanners, displays, integrated interactive voice response communications, automated vision enhancement systems, and warning devices, all of which interact, and are integrated.

[0004] Another object of the present invention includes equipping infrastructure-to-vehicle and infrastructure to pedestrian systems with collision avoidance, traffic control, incident detection and management, automated and superimposed and/or fused vision enhancement, safety, and information systems.

[0005] Another object of the present invention includes equipping infrastructure-to-vehicle and infrastructure to pedestrian systems with and feeding voice, video, and data transmissions from monitoring sensors into computer-based decision support algorithms which will analyze the fused transmissions from all sources and advise and/or initiate appropriate predetermined response plans.

[0006] Another object of the present invention includes vision enhancement implemented through in-vehicle and on-person sensors capable of sensing the outside scene, dynamically overlaying the sensed and imaged scene on the front windshield, and providing information through interactive voice response communications.

[0007] Another object of the present invention is to provide unique portable safety mechanisms for being carried by pedestrians. A portable safety mechanism includes a transmitter, receiver, outside image sensor, warning device, silent alarm, microphone, and position locator. The portable safety mechanism may be embedded or attached to a cane or other walking stick, or may be belted or strapped to pedestrians such as those who are blind or hearing impaired.

[0008] Another object of the present invention is to provide unique methods for relating the portable safety mechanism to other features of the traffic complex such as the vehicles, infrastructure control mechanisms, emergency flashing light mechanisms, traffic control lights, and to certain video/audio surveillance equipment, and to alarms.

[0009] Another object of the present invention is to provide unique passive electronic tags embedded in stationary or moving objects of the traffic complex to provide information, readable such as by approaching vehicles, on the respective object.

[0010] Another object of the present invention is to provide unique methods for relating the electronic tags to features of the traffic complex such as approaching vehicles.

[0011] Another object of the present invention is to transmit electromagnetic energy into the surroundings and detect energy reflected by objects so as to convert invisible images into visible images.

[0012] Other objects of the present invention with respect to the intelligent walking stick or portable safety mechanism include the following:

• • [0013] to transmit electromagnetic energy into the surroundings and detect energy reflected by objects;
  • [0014] to convert invisible images into visible images;
  • [0015] to provide coordinates of the immediate scene and permit the precise mathematical correlation of the surrounding scene and earth science data;
  • [0016] to locate the position of a threatening vehicle(s);
  • [0017] to provide directions to desired destinations, with data continuously updated via wireless modems;
  • [0018] to produce an overlaid dynamic map of the intermediate area;
  • [0019] to determine if vehicle control-intervention will be activated to avoid an accident;
  • [0020] to activate vehicle control-intervention;
  • [0021] to determine if antiskid system on vehicle will be activated;
  • [0022] to dispense antiskid chemicals and particles over and around tires as needed;
  • [0023] to employ forward-looking radar to determine road conditions ahead of vehicle;
  • [0024] to receive transmitted signals from advancing and threatening vehicles and trains;
  • [0025] to transmit an electronic notification of the intent to cross a roadway;
  • [0026] to employ energy absorbed, reflected, and emitted to warn of danger and to instruct;
  • [0027] to employ in-vehicle displays, local variable message signs, emergency flashing lights, broadcasting, interactive voice response, and video monitors to warn of danger and instruct;
  • [0028] to convert sensed and imaged scenes into dynamic audible displays, providing information and “sight;”
  • [0029] to enhance dynamic vision of imaged and scanned scene, when warning signals are received, focusing on the area of danger;
  • [0030] to employ regular charge-coupled device cameras for vision enhancement when an external light source is employed;
  • [0031] to employ energy absorbed, emitted and reflected for vision enhancement;
  • [0032] to produce dynamic images that overlay on glasses, goggles, and shields;
  • [0033] to sense and communicate when it is safe to cross a street and when it is not;
  • [0034] to employ video and digital image processing to recognize traffic signals;
  • [0035] to receive warnings and instructions from active and passive electronic tags and infrastructure-based components located around obstructions and hazards; and
  • [0036] to convert sensed and imaged foods into audible displays and images that overlay on glasses, goggles, and shields, to provide information, sight, and location to assist the sight impaired while eating.

[0037] These and further objects and advantages of the present invention will become clearer in light of the following detailed description of the illustrative embodiments of this invention described in connection with the drawings.

[0083] All Figures are drawn for ease of explanation of the basic teachings of the present invention only; the extensions of the Figures with respect to number, position, relationship, and dimensions of the parts to form the preferred embodiment will be explained or will be within the skill of the art after the following description has been read and understood. Further, the exact dimensions and dimensional proportions to conform to specific force, weight, strength, and similar requirements will likewise be within the skill of the art after the following description has been read and understood.

[0084] A. The Traffic Complex 10 and FIGS. 1 and 2

[0085] FIG. 1 is a map illustrating a traffic complex 10 of a portion of the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area. The traffic complex 10 includes major thorough ways 12 such as Interstate 35E which is a divided multi-lane interstate highway, and more minor thorough ways 14. Entrance ramps 16, shown enlarged in one location in FIG. 1, feed vehicles from the minor thorough ways onto the major thorough ways. Intersections 18 between the relatively minor thorough ways 14 may include control light mechanism 20 and/or emergency light flashing mechanisms 22. Further, the traffic complex 10 may include tracks 24 such as train tracks for trains 25, creating track and vehicle thorough way intersections 26. Such an intersection 26 may also include control light mechanisms 20 and/or emergency light flashing mechanisms 22. Further, the entrance ramps 16 may include control light mechanisms 20 and/or emergency light flashing mechanisms 22. The traffic complex 10 may further include vehicles 28, infrastructure control mechanisms 30, electronic tags 32 engaged to hazards or obstructions, video and/or audio surveillance equipment 34 which include alarms, portable safety mechanisms 36 carried by pedestrians, bicyclists, handicapped and impaired persons, and emission sensor mechanisms 38.

[0086] As indicated by the schematic of FIG. 2, each of the main components of the traffic complex 10 may communicate with each of the other main components. In other words, each of the vehicles 28, each of the infrastructure control mechanisms 30, each of the control lights 20, each of the emergency flashing light mechanisms 22, each of the electronic tags 32, each of the video/audio surveillance and alarm equipment 34, each of the portable safety mechanisms or intelligent walking sticks 36, and each of the emission sensor mechanisms 38 may communicate with another mechanism within its own group and/or communicate with a mechanism outside its own group. Such communication may take place via the transmitters and receivers of the components or through electrical lines or optical cables connecting the stationary components such as the emergency light flashing mechanisms 22, control lights 20, electrical tags 32, video/audio surveillance and alarm equipment 34, infrastructure control mechanisms 30, and emission sensor mechanisms 38. Further such communication can take place via the transmitters, receivers, sensors, scanners, displays, interactive voice response systems, and warning devices, and through electrical lines and optical cables connecting some of the stationary components.

[0087] It should be noted that the control light mechanism 20 may be referred to as infrastructure safety and information mechanism or system 20. It should further be noted that the infrastructure control mechanism 30 may be an emergency light flashing mechanism 22 or an infrastructure safety and information mechanism 20. In other words, “infrastructure control mechanism” is a relatively broad name for an emergency light flashing mechanism 22, a control light mechanism 20, an electrical tag mechanism 32, a video/audio surveillance and alarm equipment mechanism 34, an emission sensor mechanism 38, or some other mechanism which includes a processor, transmitter, receiver, and performs some output so as to affect some portion of the traffic complex.

[0088] All vehicles (non-emergency vehicles, right-of-way vehicles, and trains) are equipped with: 1) mobile radio transmitters, receivers, processors, sensors, scanners, in-vehicle displays, integrated interactive voice response systems, and warning devices, all of which interact, and are integrated; and 2) collision avoidance, traffic control, incident detection and management, safety, and information systems. Such equipment feeds voice, video, and data transmissions from monitoring sensors into computer-based decision support algorithms which analyze the fused transmissions from all sources and advise and/or initiate appropriate predetermined response plans.

[0089] B. The Vehicle 28 and FIGS. 3A, 3B and 4

[0090] FIGS. 3A and 3B show the interrelationship between features of a vehicle 28 traveling on the traffic complex 10. Preferably, each of the vehicles 28 in the traffic complex 10 includes the features of vehicle 28. FIG. 4 shows a sample location for each of the features in vehicle 28.

[0091] B.1. The Vehicle Processor

[0092] Vehicle 28 includes a processor or computer 40. As to the vehicle processor or computer 40, such may be a common personal computer.

[0093] The computer or processor 40 includes information on the owner of the vehicle, the make and model of the vehicle including vehicle weight. The computer 40 further includes a unique identification signal which permits an identification of the vehicle by the computer 40 of another vehicle or by another computer such as one in an infrastructure control mechanism 30. Such an identification signal carries with it a priority such that an emergency flashing light mechanism 22 may determine which emergency vehicle is awarded the right-of-way when two or more emergency vehicles approach an intersection at about the same time.

[0094] The computer 40 further includes information on the speed, location and direction of its vehicle. Information on the speed of the vehicle may be taken in digital form from the speedometer, or taken in analog form and converted to digital form. Information on location of the vehicle may received via the receiver 42, which receives such information in digital form from electronic tags 32, which are engaged at a plurality of locations in the traffic complex 10. Information on direction is gathered by the computer 40 by comparing and processing information gathered from two or more electronic tags 32. Or information on the speed, location, and direction of the vehicle 28 may be gathered from the global positioning system 84.

[0095] The computer 40 further includes information on normal steering actions by one or more drivers of the vehicle. Such information may be gathered in analog and/or digital form by a sensor 44 engaged to the steering column 46 of the steering wheel 48. Such sensor 44 may sense the number and rate of rotation of the steering shaft in the steering column 46 as well as the direction of rotation. The computer 40 may continuously gather information from the sensor 44, process such information in relation to the driver, and develop a baseline for normal steering actions. The computer 40 may further compare such a baseline with present driving actions and transmit information via the transmitter 50 to police authorities should the present driving actions vary beyond the baseline. As to such a rotation sensor 44, U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,048 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0096] The computer 40 further includes information on normal brake and accelerator action. Such information may be gathered in analog and/or digital form by a throttle sensor 78.1 and a brake sensor 77. The throttle sensor 78.1 may be engaged to the conventional accelerator foot pedal and the brake sensor 77 may be engaged to the conventional brake foot pedal of a car. As with the steering mechanism sensor 44, the computer 40 may continuously gather information from the sensors 77 and 78.1, process such information in relation to the driver, and develop a baseline for normal throttle and brake actions. The computer 40 may further compare such a baseline with present driving actions and transmit information via the transmitter 50 to the police authorities should the present driving actions vary beyond the baseline. As to such sensors 77 and 78.1, respective U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,649,340 and 5,637,997 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0097] The computer 40 further includes information on normal seat shifting actions. Such information may be gathered in analog and/or digital form by one or more seat sensors 54 placed in one or more of a driver seat 56, a front passenger seat 58, and a rear passenger seat 60. Such sensors 54 may be placed in a seat portion 62 and/or a back support portion 64 of the seats 56, 58, 60. Such sensors 54 may be weight sensors, triggered by the weight of a passenger or object on the seat. As with the other sensors, the computer 40 may continuously gather information from the sensors 54, process such information in relation to the driver, and develop a baseline for normal seat shifting actions. The computer 40 may further compare such a baseline with present driving actions and transmit information via the transmitter 50 to the police authorities should the present driving actions vary beyond the baseline. As to such seat sensors, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,653,462 and 4,634,179 are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0098] The computers 40 of emergency or law enforcement vehicles may further include encryption software for encrypting their identification signals so as to minimize tampering with the emergency flashing light mechanisms 22. Such emergency flashing light mechanisms 22 include de-encryption software to decode the identification signals from the emergency vehicles.

[0099] The computer 40 further includes information on a threshold variation of the rotational speed of each of the wheels of the vehicle 28. This threshold variation may be determined by the make and model of the vehicle. This threshold variation is compared to the actual rotational speed of each of the wheels, which may be measured by an accelerometer or rotational sensor 66 engaged adjacent to each of the wheels or axles therefor. As to the rotational sensor 66, U.S. Pat. No. 5,544,962 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As with the other sensors, sensor 66 is electrically engaged and communicates with the computer 40 and sends such information on the rate of rotation of each of the wheels. The computer 40 remotely takes control of the throttling and braking of the vehicle when actual variation in the rotational speed of any of the wheels exceeds the threshold variation in the rotational speed of the wheel.

[0100] The processor is found in systems such as collision avoidance, traffic control, incident detection and management, emergency flashing lights, safety readiness, emissions detection and mitigation, and enroute information, and include functions such as vision enhancement, vehicle control intervention, and the pre-emption of traffic signals. The processor interacts with and manages equipment and systems such as transmitters, receivers, sensors, scanners, warning devices, in-vehicle displays, and interactive voice response systems. Voice, video, and data transmissions from monitoring sensors feed into computer-based decision support algorithms which analyze the fused transmissions from all sources and advise and/or initiate appropriate pre-determined response plans.

[0101] The processors or computers of the present invention are designed and programmed to receive real-time data (analog or digital) from transducers, sensors, and other data sources that monitor a physical process. The processor can also generate signals to elements that control the process. For example, a processor might receive data from a gauge, compare the data with a predetermined standard, and then produce a signal that operates a valve.

[0102] B.2. The Vehicle Receiver and Transmitter

[0103] Vehicle 28 includes the receiver 42 and transmitter 50 for communicating with other features of the traffic complex 10, as shown in FIG. 4. These features include the infrastructure control mechanisms 30, the control lights 20, the emergency flashing light mechanisms 22, the electronic tags 32, the video/audio surveillance and alarm equipment 34, portable safety mechanisms 36, and emission sensor mechanisms 38. The receiver 42 and transmitter 50 include signal modulation and control elements.

[0104] The transmitter 50 may be a radio transmitter such as a conventional low-range mobile radio RF transmitter or any other suitable signal transmitter (such as an AM, FM, digital, or microwave transmitter), configured to broadcast a limited range warning signal at a selected frequency. Similar radio transmitters are placed on each of the vehicles 28. The selected carrier frequency can be broadcast at a dedicated emergency frequency or can be broadcast across a shared frequency. The warning signal can include information concerning the vehicle, such as speed, direction, route and present location. Additionally, the warning signal can be coded or encrypted to prevent false alarms or unauthorized uses. The transmitters can include signal modulation and control elements, such as attenuators, hybrids, circulators and isolators, so that the range of the signal can be increased or decreased and the broadcast pattern (signal detection) can be changed depending on factors such as the speed of the vehicle transmitting the warning signal and the traffic or weather conditions.

[0105] The transmitter 50 may be connected to the starting mechanism or vehicle ignition 67 of vehicle 28, so the transmitter 50 is turned on whenever vehicle 28 is in operation. Therefore, the transmitter 50 continuously broadcasts the warning signal whenever vehicle 28 is in operation. Or the transmitter 50 may be connected to existing warning systems, such as a warning strobe, so the transmitter 50 is active only when its vehicle 28 is in a right-of-way mode, such as when responding to an emergency situation.

[0106] Receiver 42 may be a conventional mobile radio receiver, such as a superheterodyne receiver. The receiver 42 may utilize existing elements of vehicle 20, such as a car radio, citizens band radio, or car phone. The receiver 42 may be connected to the starting mechanism 67 of vehicle 28 such that the receiver 42 is turned on (active) whenever the vehicle 28 is in operation.

[0107] A warning device 68 is electrically connected to each radio receiver 42. The warning device 68 may include lights, speakers, display screens, or video monitors.

[0108] Computer or processor 40 can be an integrated circuit or any other similar data analyzing or comparing device.

[0109] Signal input is received by the receiver 42, which is adjusted to monitor the selected frequency. Whenever a warning signal is received, the warning device is alerted and an alert indication is displayed or sounded. To prevent false alert indications, the received signal can be compared with the expected warning signal from the transmitter 50. If the received signal does not match the expected warning signal or a predetermined “signature”, that is, a prearranged code or other identifying trait, the receiver 42 returns to its input mode. Only when the received signal is identified as the warning signal is an alert indication produced. The alert indication can include warning sounds or voices, warning lights, images, instructions, messages, displays or any other form of warning.

[0110] Further, once the warning signal is received, the warning signal may be analyzed by the processor 40, which may perform functions such as decoding encoded signals, analyzing signal strength or sorting information transmitted by the signal, and determine the appropriate alert indication to be produced by the warning device 68.

[0111] A receiver 42 of a respective vehicle 28 can be calibrated to ignore the warning signal produced by the accompanying transmitter in the same vehicle.

[0112] The receiver 42, transmitter 50, processor 40, and warning device 68 offer drivers ample warning of a variety of situations. For example, with an approaching right-of-way vehicle, drivers of the other vehicles can pull to the side of the road and stay clear of the right-of-way vehicle. The warning signal can be received at greater distances than the traditional light and siren systems and over visual or acoustic obstructions. The warning signal of the present invention can include information on the speed and location of the right-of-way vehicle. The alert indication produced by the warning display can be fashioned to be noticeable, even to a distracted driver. A more opportune and more complete warning translates to increased reaction time and increased safety for occupants of both right-of-way and normal vehicles. Additionally, advanced warning helps ensure an unobstructed path for the emergency vehicle, thereby allowing faster emergency response times.

[0113] B.3. Driver Warning Device

[0114] The driver warning device, given the general reference number 68 in FIG. 3A, may be as mentioned above a warning light such as a warning light 70 mounted substantially directly in front of the driver's seat on the dashboard in the vehicle, a speaker such as speaker 72 mounted adjacent the driver's seat, a display screen mounted on the dashboard, or a video monitor such as video monitor 74 mounted adjacent the driver's seat and on which warning messages may be displayed. The warning device 68 communicates with receiver 42 via the processor 40.

[0115] One or more of the warning devices 68 may be activated by one or more of a number of incidents or situations. Such situations include a likely collision with another vehicle, an unusually fast approach to a red or yellow control light 20, a speed faster than the speed limit of the thorough way upon which the vehicle is traveling, the activation of emergency flashing light mechanisms, the approach of an emergency vehicle, a likely collision with a hazard or obstruction, an approach—normal or otherwise—leading to a portable safety mechanism 36 such as may be carried by a pedestrian, bicyclist or an impaired person.

[0116] A warning device is connected to a receiver and a processor and produces an alert indication when the receiver receives a warning signal. The processor analyzes the warning signal and determines the appropriate alert indication or instruction to be provided. The warning device can produce visual, sound, or any other suitable alert indication. The alert indications can include warning sounds, warning lights, images, instructions, and/or displays. The received warning signal can be coded or encrypted to prevent false alarms or unauthorized uses.

[0117] For example, when a receiver detects an approaching emergency vehicle signal, the processor analyzes the warning signal and determines the appropriate alert indication or instruction to be produced; the warning device produces an alert advising the operator of the vehicle of the approaching emergency vehicle.

[0118] Another example relates to vision enhancement where a walking stick and/or on-person sensors and scanners are capable of imaging and sensing the surrounding scene, and video and digital image processing recognize traffic signals and advise when it is safe for an impaired person (child, senior, anyone who carries or wears on-person sensors and scanners) to proceed. When the individual(s) begins to cross a street, surrounding vehicles are warned (advised) of his/her presence and/or controlled to avoid hitting the individual(s).

[0119] Further, infrastructure emissions sensors, sensing, identifying and classifying types and levels of emissions from each vehicle (having data relating to undesirable emissions levels, and having data relating the number of vehicles to such undesirable emissions levels) manage emissions levels by automatically rerouting traffic, using in-vehicle displays and in-vehicle interactive voice response to issue instructions and warning so as not to exceed emissions standards.

[0120] B.4. The Visual Text Indicator or Video Monitor

[0121] As indicated above the visual text indicator or video monitor 74 is connected to and communicates with the processor 40. Monitor 74 is mounted adjacent to the driver's seat. Monitor 74 may act as a warning device, or may display information about a number of features of the traffic complex 10 or vehicle 28. A keyboard 76 may also be placed adjacent to the driver's seat for permitting the driver to interact with the computer 40. Visual text indicator means may be a display showing in rather large lettering—perhaps the size of an average adult hand, text on the dashboard so that it may be easily read by peripheral vision by the driver without the driver taking his or her eyes off the road and so that it captures the attention of the driver relatively easily.

[0122] Signal input is received by a receiver which is adjusted to monitor a selected frequency. Processors perform functions such as determining an appropriate alert indication to be produced by the warning device. Whenever a signal is received, an alert indication is displayed. The alert indication produced by an in-vehicle display can be fashioned to be noticeable, even to the distracted driver.

[0123] In-vehicle displays are employed for such purposes as warning of an approaching emergency vehicle, the pre-emption of traffic signals, and to facilitate collision avoidance, traffic control, incident management, vision enhancement, enroute information, emissions mitigation, and navigation.

[0124] B.5. The Speaker

[0125] The speaker 72 is mounted adjacent to the driver's seat and is one of the warning devices in vehicle 28. The speaker 72 is connected to and communicates with the processor 40. The processor 40 may generate warnings or other messages to be announced by the speaker 72. The processor 40 may include an interactive voice response system 72a.

[0126] B.6. Remote Control Mechanism

[0127] A remote control mechanism 78 may take control of vehicle 28 upon direction by the driver, the processor 40, or some infrastructure control mechanism 30 through the processor 40. The remote control mechanism 78 may operate steering, braking, and throttling, and such is indicated schematically in FIG. 3A. As shown in FIG. 3A, the remote control mechanism 78 is connected to and communicates with the processor 40. As to the remote control mechanism 78, U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,531 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The remote control mechanism 78 may further operate the transmission 79 of the vehicle 28.

[0128] B.7. Outside Image Sensor or Scanner

[0129] As shown in FIG. 4, outside image sensors or scanners 80 are fixed to front, rear, and side portions of vehicle 28. As indicated in FIG. 3A, outside image sensor or scanner 80 is connected to and communicates with processor 40. As to outside image sensor or scanner 80, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,563,602 and 5,264,859 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0130] The scanner 80 may sense an image exterior to vehicle 28 and produce a visual display of the image on the monitor 74 or an audible message of the image by the speaker 72. The image may be sensed by forming the image with a passive far infrared mechanism based on identifying differences in thermal energy intensity emanating from different objects. As to passive far infrared scanners, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,319,350 and 5,249,128 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Or the image may be constructed with a passive millimeter-wave mechanism based on an object's natural emissions at millimeter-wave frequencies, independent of light conditions. As to the passive millimeter-wave mechanism, U.S. Pat. No. 5,555,036 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Or an image may be obtained, or the construction of the image may be enhanced by infrared, thermal imagers detecting infrared energy radiated by a warm object and transforming such infrared energy into a visual display. As to thermal imagers, U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,646 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Or the image may be obtained by an active detection mechanism based on an object's reflection. As to the active detection mechanism, U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,799 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. One or more of the mechanisms may be located at one or more of the front, rear, and side locations of vehicle 28. It should be noted that the images obtained by one or more of the mechanisms may be enhanced with a charge-coupled camera mechanism whose visibility band is extended with external light. As to a charge coupled camera mechanism, U.S. Pat. No. 5,325,412 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0131] The active detection mechanism may include active radar or laser radar or optical pulse radar. As to optical pulse radar, U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,456 is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0132] Scanner 80 may scan in both the azimuth (horizontal) and elevation (vertical) directions. As to scanning in the azimuth and elevation directions, U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,141 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0133] A sensor is a device that converts measurable elements of a physical process into data meaningful to a computer. A sensor-based system is an organization of components including a computer whose primary source of input can be used to control the related physical process.

[0134] Sensor technologies for use in automated traffic control, collision avoidance, safety, and information systems work in combination and include the following: microwave radar, millimeter-wave radar, laser radar (also known as LIDAR or light detection and ranging), ultrasound, video image processing; infrared imaging, infrared illumination, ultraviolet illumination, and global positioning systems. Radar systems utilize pulse, pulse Doppler, frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FM-CS), binary phase modulation, and frequency modulation transmission modes.

[0135] Sensor technologies include FM communication techniques that use existing infrastructures, spread spectrum two-way radio, microwave and infrared beacon, cellular radio, and transponder-based vehicle-to-roadside systems.

[0136] In collision avoidance, traffic control, incident detection and management, safety, and information systems, sensors feed into computer-based decision support algorithms, gathering and relating information such as speed, mass, and direction.

[0137] Some sensor systems have no transmitter at all and are equipped to measure, for radar-like purposes, signals from the targets themselves. Such systems are often called passive radars, but the terms radiometers or signal intercept systems are generally more appropriate. Some genuine radars may occasionally be operated in passive modes.

[0138] Sensors warn against impending collisions, vehicle and infrastructure defects, and emission levels. Sensors alert local drivers of approaching emergency vehicles, activate emergency flashing lights, and activate the pre-emption of traffic signals.

[0139] Sensing is to the front, sides, and rear of a vehicle and information is gathered regarding the distance to and relative velocity of adjacent vehicles and other potential collision hazards such as objects, pedestrians, and animals.

[0140] Sensed and imaged information and data feed into computer-based decision support algorithms and determine if vehicle control-intervention will be activated to avoid an imminent collision, and if it would be of sufficient force to require deployment of a pre-collision safety restraint system.

[0141] Sensors monitor a driver's psychophysiological condition as compared with the driver's baseline performance, feeding into computer-based decision support algorithms which initiate vehicle-shutdown as safety dictates.

[0142] Vision enhancement is implemented through in-vehicle and on-person sensors capable of imaging and sensing the outside scene, dynamically overlaying the sensed and imaged scene on the front windshield, and providing information through interactive voice response.

[0143] Sensors warn against impending collisions, vehicle and infrastructure defects, and emissions levels. Sensors alert local drivers of approaching emergency vehicles and activate the pre-emption of traffic signals.

[0144] B.8. The Seat Sensors

[0145] As mentioned above, the seat sensors 54 are connected to and communicate with the processor 40. The seat sensors 54 may be weight-activated sensors and embedded in the driver seat 56, the front passenger seat 58, and rear passenger seat 60. Further as indicated above, the processor 40 collects information over time on seat shifting by the driver to develop a baseline. The baseline data is then compared to actual seat shifting and, if substantial variation exists, the processor 40 may warn the driver or actually take control of vehicle 28 via the remote control mechanism 78. It is noted that abnormal seat shifting or the lack of a shift may indicate an agitated driver, a drunk driver, or a sleeping driver.

[0146] B.9. Passive Electronic Tag

[0147] Vehicle 28 includes a passive electronic tag 82. The passive electronic tag 82 may or may not be connected to and in communication with the processor 40. The passive electronic tag 82 is readable by the transmitter 50 of the other vehicles 28 even when its respective vehicle 28 and its processor 40 are turned off. The passive electronic tag 82 may emit signals at relatively low power and have its own power source, such as a battery or solar powered power source. The information included and transmitted by the electronic tag 82 may include the identification signal of the vehicle 28. Such an identification signal may include the mass of the vehicle, which may be important to a vehicle 28 about to rear-end a parked vehicle. For example, the computer processor of the vehicle about to rear-end the parked vehicle, may choose to direct the remote control mechanism 78 to turn the vehicle to another parked vehicle having a lesser mass.

[0148] Further, it should be noted that information from a vehicle (whether or not such vehicle may be a crash partner) may be retrieved from the passive electronic tag 82 whether such vehicle is being driven or has been parked.

[0149] As to the passive electronic tag, U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,468 is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0150] B.10. Global Navigation System

[0151] Vehicle 28 includes a global positioning satellite navigation system 84. As to the global navigation system, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,610,815, 5,483,455, 5,390,125, and 5,598,339 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. The global navigation system 84, as well as the electronic tags 32 positioned in and around the traffic complex 10, may determine the position of a vehicle 28 in the traffic complex 10 and the position of a vehicle 28 relative to an intersection.

[0152] B.11. Turn Signal Mechanism

[0153] Vehicle 28 includes a unique turn signal mechanism 86. The traffic complex 10 includes thorough ways which in turn include lanes, such as lanes 88, 90 as shown in FIG. 29. When a driver intends to change lanes, the driver moves an arm 92, which in turn activates a turn signal light 94 for the vehicles and which also sends a signal to the transmitter 50 to transmit to other vehicles an intent to change lanes. Optionally, when the remote control mechanism 78 has control of the vehicle, the remote control mechanism 78 may turn on the turn signal mechanism 86.

[0154] B.12. Engine Sensors

[0155] Vehicle 28 further includes engine sensors connected to and in communication with processor 40. Such sensors include an oil pressure sensor 96, oil level sensor 98, engine temperature sensor 100, and an alternator output level sensor 102.

[0156] B.13. Wheel Sensors

[0157] Vehicle 28 further includes wheel and tire sensors connected to and in communication with processor 40. Such sensors include the rotational sensor 66, a brake pad thickness sensor 104, a brake temperature sensor 106, and a tire pressure sensor 108. As to the brake pad thickness or wear sensor, U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,265 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As to the brake temperature sensor, U.S. Pat. No. 4,569,600 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As to the tire pressure sensor, U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,092 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0158] B.14 Vehicle Ignition Mechanism

[0159] Each of the vehicles 28 further includes the vehicle ignition 67, which may be tied into the vehicle processor 40, vehicle transmitter 50, and vehicle receiver 42 such that tampering with at least one of the vehicle processor 40, vehicle transmitter 50, and vehicle receiver 42 disables the vehicle ignition mechanism 67.

[0160] In law enforcement vehicles, the vehicle transmitter 50 may be turned off without disabling the vehicle ignition mechanism 67 whereby law enforcement vehicles may choose not to provide advance warnings of its own approach if such is detrimental to law enforcement.

[0161] C. Infrastructure Control Mechanisms and FIGS. 5A and 5B

[0162] As shown in FIG. 5B, the infrastructure control mechanism 30 is preferably a stationary structure located at one or more locations in the traffic complex 10. As shown in FIG. 5A, the infrastructure control mechanism 30 includes a processor 110, transmitter 112, and receiver 114, which may be identical or similar to the processor 40, transmitter 50, and receiver 42 of vehicle 28. The infrastructure control mechanism 30 may further include a visual text indicator 116 and a public address mechanism or speaker 118. The visual text indicator 116 and public address mechanism or speaker 118 may be located in the traffic complex 10 adjacent to or afar from its respective infrastructure control mechanism 30 and adjacent to a through way for providing visual or audible messages to drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, or the impaired.

[0163] The infrastructure control mechanism 30 may further include a global navigation mechanism 120 identical or similar to global navigation system 84. The purpose of the global navigation system 120 in the stationary infrastructure control mechanism 30 is such that its location may be transmitted to vehicles in the vicinity as such vehicle may be without a global navigation system. A vehicle 28 without a global navigation system 84 may tap into and communicate with a nearby infrastructure control mechanism 30 for information, such as to determine the position of the vehicle 28 in the traffic complex 10.

[0164] Processor 110 of the infrastructure control mechanism 30 exchanges information with one or more of the vehicles 28. Since each of the vehicles 28 includes a unique identification number or signal, the processor 110 may differentiate among the vehicles, and count and track the vehicles. The traffic complex 10 includes a plurality of control lights 20, and the infrastructure processor 110 may turn on and off the control lights 20 so as to manage traffic flow in response to information received as to its tracking of the vehicles 28, including information it gathered by processing information on vehicle speed, location, and direction of travel.

[0165] As indicated above, the traffic complex 10 may include entrances 16 to a thorough way or freeway and control lights 20 adjacent to the thorough way for regulating vehicle flow onto the freeway. The infrastructure processor 110 may manage vehicle flow from the entrances 16 to the freeway by turning on and off the control lights 20 adjacent to the entrances 16.

[0166] The infrastructure control mechanism 30 may include information or data relating to undesirable emission levels, and may further include information or data relating the number of vehicles which are likely to produce such undesirable emission levels. In response to the number of vehicles and/or undesirable emission levels, the infrastructure control mechanism 30 may manage the control lights 20 in relation to the data on undesirable emission levels. For example, one or more infrastructure control mechanisms 30 may direct vehicles away from or around an area having an excessive number of vehicles and/or undesirable emission levels.

[0167] The traffic complex 10 may include a plurality of visual text indicators 10 controlled by one or more infrastructure control mechanisms 30. One or more of the infrastructure control mechanisms 30 may display messages on one or more visual text indicators in response to tracking of the vehicles. For example, if vehicle flow is heavy in one portion of the traffic complex 10, messages may be displayed outside or on the perimeter of such a portion to warn drivers, pedestrians, and bicyclists to perhaps avoid such a portion of the traffic complex.

[0168] The infrastructure control mechanism 30 may further display a message on the visual text indicator 74 of a vehicle 28 in response to tracking of the vehicles. For example, the mechanism 30 may warn the driver of such vehicle to stay away from heavy traffic flow.

[0169] As indicated above, traffic complex 10 includes a plurality of public address mechanisms 118 controlled by one or more infrastructure control mechanisms 30. The infrastructure control mechanism 30 may broadcast a message on at least one of the public address mechanisms in response to tracking of the vehicles. For example, the infrastructure control mechanism 30 may warn pedestrians and bicyclists to stay away from heavy traffic flow.

[0170] Further, since each of the vehicles 28 preferably includes a speaker 72 connected to the processor 40 of its vehicle 28, the infrastructure control mechanism 30 may send a message for broadcast on the speaker 72 in response to its tracking of the vehicles 28. For example, the infrastructure control mechanism 30 may announce heavy traffic flow is present in the direction the vehicle is headed.

[0171] The processor 110 of the infrastructure control mechanism 30 may locate the position of a vehicle in response to an input of the identification number of the vehicle therein.

[0172] The processor 110 of the infrastructure control mechanism 30, which is transmitting, receiving and processing information from the vehicles on vehicle speed location and direction, may activate one or more of the remote control mechanisms 78 of certain vehicles upon determining that a collision is likely between such vehicles.

[0173] It should be noted that each of the vehicles 28 includes one or more in-vehicle sensors in communication with the vehicle processor 40 and thereby in communication with the infrastructure control mechanism 30. Such is advantageous. For example, with the in-vehicle sensor sensing via the seat sensors 54 the location of passengers in the vehicle, the infrastructure control mechanism 30 may take into account the number and location of the passengers when activating the remote control mechanisms 78 of such vehicles, and remotely drive such vehicles in a direction to minimize injury to passengers.

[0174] The processor 110 of the infrastructure control mechanism 30 may determine the likelihood of a collision, based on receiving, comparing, and processing information on at least a pair of vehicles. The processor 110 may then activate the warning devices 68 of vehicles determined to likely collide.

[0175] Further, the processor 110 of the infrastructure control mechanism 30 may include information on road position and width, and provide such information to a vehicle on the position and width of the road.

[0176] D. Emergency Flashing Light Mechanism and FIGS. 6A and 6B

[0177] In addition to control lights 20 mounted at one or more intersection, emergency light flashing mechanisms 22 may be mounted at one or more intersections. Preferably, there are two sets of lights at each of the intersections requiring light regulation, with one set of lights being the control lights 20 and with the other set of lights being the emergency flashing light mechanisms 22. Or, if desired, the emergency flashing light mechanism 22 may be a mechanism in each of the control lights 20 which controls such lights 20 so as to, for example, flash the lights 20.

[0178] A preferred structure for the emergency flashing light mechanism is shown in FIG. 6B. As shown in FIG. 6A, each of the emergency flashing light mechanisms 22 includes one or more emergency flashing lights 122, a processor 124 identical or similar to vehicle processor 40, a transmitter 126 identical or similar to vehicle transmitter 50, and a receiver 128 identical or similar to vehicle receiver 42. The emergency light flashing mechanisms 22 may exchange information with the vehicles 28 via their respective transmitters and receivers, and the emergency flashing light mechanisms 22 may process such information.

[0179] The traffic complex may include emergency vehicles, which may control the emergency light mechanisms 22 whereby vehicles such as ambulances may move smoothly through the traffic complex 10.

[0180] The traffic complex 10 may further include right-of-way vehicles such as trains 25 running on tracks 26. Such right-of-way vehicles may control the emergency lights 122 of the emergency light mechanisms 22 so that vehicles such as trains 25 may move smoothly through the traffic complex.

[0181] The traffic complex 10 includes the control lights or local traffic signals 20, which may be connected to and in communication with the emergency flashing light mechanisms 22 such that the local traffic signals 20 may be controlled by the emergency flashing light mechanisms 22.

[0182] Each of the processors 110 of the emergency light flashing mechanisms 22 includes a predetermined protocol, and each of the vehicles includes an identification number with a priority such that the emergency light flashing mechanisms 22 may be operated in response to the predetermined protocol and such that the protocol gives a go-ahead through an intersection to the vehicle with the highest priority when more than one vehicle approaches an intersection.

[0183] Further, the processor 124 of the emergency light flashing mechanism 22 may include decoding software or encryption software to decode identification signals from emergency vehicles so as to minimize unauthorized control of the emergency light flashing mechanisms.

[0184] Infrastructure safety and information systems include and control emergency flashing lights (much like the flashing lights on an emergency vehicle) which are activated by a broadcasted signal from an approaching emergency vehicle and/or train. The activating signal can also be transmitted from the infrastructure and other sources.

[0185] Local traffic signals, controlled by the infrastructure safety and information systems, are preempted, depending on the kind of emergency vehicle(s) and/or train(s), its priority(s), and the alert messages.

[0186] The emergency flashing lights system includes a predetermined protocol, with each of the right-of-way vehicles having a priority code, and with the emergency flashing lights systems operating in response to predetermined protocol such that the protocol gives a go-ahead through an intersection to the right-of-way vehicles in the order of highest priority first when more than one right-of-way vehicle is approaching an intersection.

[0187] E. Control Light Mechanism and FIGS. 7A and 7B

[0188] As shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, the control light mechanism 20 may include a processor 172 identical or similar to vehicle processor 40, a transmitter 174 identical or similar to vehicle transmitter 50, a receiver 176 identical or similar to vehicle receiver 42. The control light mechanism 20 further includes lights 178 such as green, yellow, and red lights. The control light mechanism 20 may further continuously transmit information such as the color of the light being shown and the time interval for such.

[0189] F. Video/Audio Surveillance and Alarm Equipment and FIGS. 8A and 8B

[0190] As shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the video/audio surveillance and alarm equipment 34 includes a processor 182 identical or similar to the vehicle processor 40, a transmitter 184 identical or similar to the vehicle transmitter 50, and a receiver 186 identical or similar to vehicle receiver 42, articulable camera or video mechanism 188, a loudspeaker or public address mechanism 190, a microphone 192, and an alarm 194. The transmitter 184, receiver 186, video mechanism 188, loudspeaker 190, microphone 192 and alarm 194 are connected to and in communication with the processor 182.

[0191] G. Emission Sensor Mechanism and FIGS. 9A and 9B

[0192] The traffic complex 10 further includes one or more emission sensor mechanisms 38. The physical structure of such a mechanism is shown in FIG. 9B. As shown in FIG. 9A, each of the emission sensor mechanisms 38 includes a processor 130 identical or similar to vehicle processor 40, a transmitter 132 identical or similar to vehicle transmitter 50, and a receiver 134 identical or similar to vehicle receiver 42. Each of the emission sensor mechanisms 38 further includes an emission sensor 136. As to the emission sensor 136, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,371,367 and 5,319,199 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0193] The emission sensor mechanism 136 may sense the type and level of emissions, and may even associate such with a particular vehicle. With the emission sensor mechanism 38 including processor 130, transmitter 132, and receiver 134, the mechanism 38 may exchange information with each of the vehicles, each of which is assigned and transmits an identification number such that the type of vehicle is identified to the processor 130 of the emission sensor mechanism 38. Since the processor 130 of the emission sensor mechanism 38 may include data or information on emission standards of vehicles, the processor 130 may compare the emission sensed from a passing vehicle with its data on emission standards and generate a report therefrom or in response thereto send a message to appropriate authorities.

[0194] It should be noted that the local traffic or control lights 20 may be controlled or preempted by the emission sensor mechanisms, with the processor of the emission sensor mechanism 38 which may include data on acceptable emission levels. The processor 130 of the emission sensor mechanism 38 may initiate the step of preempting when it senses emissions above an acceptable emissions level.

[0195] H. Electronic Tag Mechanism and FIGS. 10A and 10B

[0196] As shown in FIG. 10, the electronic tag 32 may include a transmitter 180 for communicating information on the object to which it is engaged. For example, the traffic complex 10 may include a plurality of stationary objects. Preferably, each or a vast majority of the stationary objects adjacent to a thorough fare includes the electronic tag 32 having information about such stationary object. The information is then transmitted to approaching vehicles 28 by the transmitter 180. As to such an electronic tag 32, U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,468 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As to the transmitter 180, such may be identical or similar to vehicle transmitter 50. If desired, the electronic tag 32 may include a processor or integrated circuit for storing the information about the stationary object. The electronic tag 32 further includes a power source such as a battery or a solar powered power source.

[0197] Further it should be noted that it is preferred that each object, such as each vehicle, moving through the traffic complex 10 have its own electronic tag.

[0198] I. Portable Safety Mechanism and FIGS. 11A, 11B, 12A–C, 13, 14A, 14B, 15A, 15B, 16A and 16B

[0199] The traffic complex 10 includes the portable safety mechanism 36, shown generally in FIGS. 11A and 11B. The portable safety mechanism 36 may be housed in a cane 138 as shown in FIG. 16A, a walking stick 140 as shown in FIGS. 12A–C and FIG. 16B, or a belt-carried housing 142 as shown in FIG. 11B. In each of such embodiments, the portable safety mechanism 36 includes a processor 144 identical or similar to vehicle processor 40, a transmitter 146 identical or similar to vehicle transmitter 50, a receiver 148 identical or similar to vehicle receiver 42, and an outside image sensor or scanner 150 similar or identical to one of the embodiments of vehicle scanner 80, a warning device 152 similar or identical to one of the vehicle warning devices 68 (preferably the audible warning device 72 or warning light 70). The scanner 150 may, for example, sense the shape of a traffic signal or the color of a traffic signal.

[0200] As shown in FIG. 11A, the portable safety mechanism or intelligent walking stick 144 may have a power source PS, such as a battery, electrically connected to the processor 144 and thus also electrically connected to other components of the mechanism or stick 144. The lines connecting the various components of FIG. 11A may be representative of lines of communication, such as electrical lead lines.

[0201] The portable safety mechanism 144 may further include a microphone 154 connected to and in communication with the processor 144 and transmitter 146 and a silent alarm 156 connected to and in communication with the processor 144 and transmitter 146. The silent alarm 156 may include a button 158 which, when pushed, sends a 911 emergency call for help via the transmitter 146.

[0202] The portable safety mechanism 144 may further include a position locator 160 which may be a compact global navigation system or simply software in the processor 144 which communicates via the transmitter 146 with one or more electronic tags 32 so as to determine the position of the person carrying the portable safety mechanism 36.

[0203] The portable safety mechanism 36 further includes, where the portable safety mechanism 36 is the cane 138 or the walking stick 140, a means 160 for propelling such in each of the azimuth directions, with the propelling means 160 being in communication with the processor 144. The propelling means 160 may include a pair of positively driven wheels 162 on a first axle 164. The axle 164 is pivotable about shaft 166 driven by a small motor 168. Or the propelling means may be a positively driven ball and socket mechanism 169 driven by a motor 169a. However, preferably, at its distal end, the cane 138 and walking sticks 140 and 300 simply have a roller, such as a wheel or a roller ball.

[0204] The processor 144 of the portable safety mechanism 36 may include information on characteristics of the pedestrian or person carrying the portable safety mechanism.

[0205] It should be noted that the traffic complex 10 includes a plurality of control light mechanisms 20 and that each of the control light mechanisms 20 includes a processor and a transmitter and receiver in communication with the processor, as discussed below, such that the portable safety mechanism 36 may communicate with at least one of the control lights mechanisms 20. Further, the portable safety mechanism 36 may communicate with one or more of the vehicles 28.

[0206] Since the portable safety mechanism 36 includes a transmitter 146, a silent alarm 156 triggerable by the pedestrian and in communication with the transmitter 146, and a microphone 154 in communication with the transmitter 146, a pedestrian may be warned of dangers and be monitored remotely.

[0207] As noted above, the portable safety device 36 includes a position locator 160 in communication with the transmitter 146. The position locator may be a global positioning system. Further, the processor 144 of the portable safety mechanism 36 includes an identification signal for being transmitted for identifying the pedestrian. For further safety, the traffic complex 10 includes video and audio surveillance equipment 34, described below, which may be in communication with the transmitter 146 of the portable safety mechanism 36.

[0208] It should further be noted that the traffic complex 10 includes a plurality of alarms as part of the video and audio surveillance equipment 34. The alarms may be in communication with the portable safety mechanism 36 and one or more of the alarms may be activated by the portable safety mechanism 36 such as depressing a button 170 on one of the cane 138, walking stick 140, or portable safety mechanism 142.

[0209] Intelligent walking sticks and on-person sensors and scanners, including video and digital image processing enhance the safety of the visually and hearing impaired and increase safety and security for the general public. Sensed/scanned images produce a visual display (or audible sound) of the image through a display that overlays the image on the glasses, goggles, shield or other device worn or carried by the impaired person.

[0210] For example, a walking stick and/or on-person sensors capable of imaging and/or sensing the surrounding scene, and further passive electronic tags or infrastructure-based components around obstructions and hazards warn the impaired person by transmitting warnings and instructions. Algorithms initiate or advise appropriate actions depending on the characteristics of the impaired.

[0211] For example, an intelligent walking stick and/or on-person sensors capable of imaging and/or sensing the surrounding scene, and further video and digital image processing systems recognize traffic signals and advise when it is safe for the impaired person (child, senior, anyone who carries or wears on-person sensors) to proceed, and when he/she begins to cross a street, surrounding vehicles are warned (advised) of his/her presence and/or controlled to avoid hitting the individual(s).

[0212] With more particularity as to the embodiment of the portable safety mechanism shown in FIG. 12B, the intelligent walking stick 300 includes a handle at a proximal end 302 and a ball and socket mechanism 304 at the distal end of the stick 300. The ball and socket mechanism 304 is positively driven by such as by mechanism 169a so as to steer the impaired person a desired direction.

[0213] The stick 300 includes at least three main sections, a proximal section 306, a middle section 308, and a distal section 310. Proximal and middle sections 306 and 308 are preferably hollow such that middle section 308 is telescopically receivable in proximal section 306 and such that distal section 310 is telescopically receivable in middle section 308. Accordingly, in each of the proximal and middle sections 306 and 308, the components are fixed on or in the cylindrical housing of the proximal and middle sections 306 and 308.

[0214] Proximal cylindrical housing section 306 includes, the handle 302, a battery or power source 312, a microphone 314, an oscillator 316, a modulator 318, a transmitter 320, and an antenna 322.

[0215] Middle cylindrical housing section 308 includes a duplexer 324, a receiver 326, a processor 328, a warning device 330 such as a speaker or light, and a global positioning system 332. Such components of middle section 308 may be electrically connected via electrical wires to any of the components of proximal section 306.

[0216] Distal cylindrical housing section 310 includes a portion 334 having circuitry for automated vehicle control intervention such as taking control of a car or taking control of a processor. Distal section 310 further includes a portion 336 for mounting any of the sensors or scanners referred to above with respect to the vehicle. Portion 338 includes circuitry and other equipment such as video lens or video camera for video and digital image processing. Portion 340 includes an antenna. Portion 342 includes circuitry and other equipment necessary for interactive voice response.

[0217] The oscillator 316, modulator 318, transmitter 320, antenna 322, duplexer 324, receiver 326 and processor 328 form a sensor for the intelligent walking stick 300 such as a radar sensor.

[0218] FIG. 12A indicates that the video and image processing may overlay an image onto the lens of glasses. The image overlaid may be that of the proximity of the person carrying the walking stick. Such an image may be captured by a lens in portion 338 and such image is then transmitted by the transmitter to a receiver in the glasses. Or such an image could be transmitted by optical wires running from the stick 300, up the arm and shoulder of the person and to his or her neck where such wire or wires is connected to the glasses and the lens of the glasses where such image is overlaid on the glasses.

[0219] The person shown in FIG. 12A may further have a microphone so that the person can interact with the circuitry mounted in the interactive voice response portion 342 without speaking into the end of the walking stick 300. The person may question “How far away is the closest moving car?” If the interactive voice response is programmed for such question, it will voice a response after gathering information from other portions of the walking stick 300 such as a sensor. It should be noted that the walking stick 300 may also have a silent alarm, such as mounted in section 323.

[0220] FIG. 13 shows that any of the portable safety mechanisms or intelligent walking stick may communicate with and control the emergency flashing lights 22, may sense the surroundings via a sensor mechanism 80 such as radar, may have and/or consult a global positioning system 332, may communicate with and control one or more vehicles 28, may issue warnings, alerts, and instructions to the person carrying the walking stick 300 or to a driver of one or more vehicles 28, and/or may communicate with and/or control other infrastructure control mechanisms 30. FIG. 13 also shows via communication lines that each of such components may communicate directly with each of the other components.

[0221] FIGS. 14A and 14B show that the in-vehicle display 74 may produce an image of a person carrying the walking stick and that warning lights 70 may flash when the vehicle 28 and person carrying the walking stick 300 are in relative close proximity.

[0222] FIG. 15A shows that the scanner or outside image sensor 80 may pick up the image of a person, such as a person carrying the walking stick 300, and display such an image on the in-vehicle display.

[0223] FIG. 15B shows that the scanner or sensor 336 of the walking stick 300 may sense the approach of a vehicle 28. Hence it can be appreciated that such scanner is located preferably on the distal end 310 of the stick 300 so as to direct the scanner in the direction of an object in question.

[0224] J. FIGS. 17A and 17B

[0225] FIG. 17A shows a flow chart for an antiskid mechanism 414, where such antiskid mechanism may be activated in response to a decision made by a control intervention system 410. FIG. 17B shows that an antiskid mechanism 414 may throw down dirt or sand S or some other particulate in front of each of the tires of the vehicle 28.

[0226] K. FIGS. 18, 19A, 19B, 20A, 20B, 20C, 21A and 21B

[0227] FIGS. 18, 19A, 19B, 20A, 20B, 20C, 21A and 21B show various features of interactive voice response systems.

[0228] L. FIG. 22

[0229] FIG. 22 is a flow chart of functions performed by intelligent seeing, hearing, and safety systems. Included is a walking stick and/or on-person sensors & scanners capable of imaging and sensing the surrounding scene. Further included are active and passive electronic tags, and infrastructure-based components around obstructions and hazards that warn the impaired person by transmitting warnings and instructions. Algorithms initiate or advise appropriate actions depending on the characteristics of the impaired person. Further, video and digital image processing systems recognize traffic signals and advise when it is safe for the impaired person (child, senior, anyone who carries or wears on-person sensors and/or scanners) to proceed. Further, when the impaired person begins to cross a street, surrounding vehicles are warned (advised) of his/her presence and/or controlled to avoid hitting the individual(s). Further, sensors and scanners feed into computerized decision support algorithms and determine if automatic control of a vehicle(s) will be activated. Further, the exact position of a threatening vehicle(s) is located using navigational and communication technologies. Further, a processor activates a vehicle's control-intervention system to avoid hitting the impaired person (child, senior, anyone wearing or carrying presence indicators and/or processors, including sensors and processors built into footwear and clothing, or other sensors and scanners) when an accident is imminent. Further, impaired persons and others carry or wear on-person silent alarms (transmitters) and connected microphones for their personal safety, and are monitored by police and/or central dispatch as requested or necessary.

[0230] M. Intelligent Vehicle Apparatus and Method for Using the Apparatus

[0231] One intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes sensors monitoring activity in the traffic complex, wherein the sensors feed voice, video and data transmissions into computer-based decision support algorithms designed for programming a computer to advise and initiate appropriate predetermined response plans.

[0232] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes a transmitter configured to broadcast a limited range warning signal at a selected frequency, wherein the selected frequence is one of a dedicated emergency frequency and a shared frequency, wherein the transmitter comprises signal modulation and control elements such that the range of the signal can be increased or decreased and such that a broadcast pattern can be changed depending on factors, whereby one factor may be a speed of a vehicle transmitting the warning signal and whereby other factors may be traffic and weather conditions.

[0233] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes a receiver engaged to a starting mechanism of a vehicle such that the receiver is turned on whenever the vehicle is in operation.

[0234] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes a built in sound system in the vehicle; a warning system in the vehicle engaged to the built in sound system; an interactive voice response communication system in the vehicle engaged to the built in sound system and warning system such that warnings can be advised by the interactive voice response communication system; wherein each of the warning system and interactive voice response communication system overrides the built in sound system; wherein warnings originate from a transmitter on at least one of an individual, infrastructure-based component, and in-vehicle component; and wherein warnings of impending collisions are displayed, sounded, illuminated and advised by interactive voice response communications.

[0235] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes an automatic anti-skid system that dispenses upon need anti-skid chemicals and particles around and over tires of the vehicle and around and under the vehicle.

[0236] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes collision avoidance systems, global positioning systems, computer telephony, safety readiness systems, and a processor, and wherein the processor triggers vehicle-control intervention as safety dictates.

[0237] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes a processor employing computer algorithms with artificial intelligence capabilities for recommending response plans based upon input incident characteristics, wherein said processor learns over time which actions work best, with the processor further having computer simulation modeling to predict potential incidents and incident response impacts ahead of time.

[0238] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes a continuous, dynamic in-vehicle display of the local speed limit and, optionally, a control to govern to the local speed limit a maximum speed of the vehicle.

[0239] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes navigation technologies comprising satellite, terrestrial, and dead reckoning technologies.

[0240] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes communication technologies having voice and data links to geo-synchronous orbit (GEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) satellite, mobile and fixed terrestrial voice and data systems in the 220, 800, and 900 MHz band, and citizens band (CB) radio.

[0241] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes radar and sensor-based systems that feed into computer-based decision support algorithms, wherein the radar and sensor-based systems have components that gather and relate information on speed, mass, direction of a first vehicle, direction of a second vehicle, number, location, and physical characteristics of occupants of at least one of the vehicles; wherein, in response to information gathered and related by the radar and sensor-based systems, the computer-based decision support algorithms activate vision enhancement systems, determine if pre-collision safety restraints systems will be deployed, determine if vehicle anti-skid systems will be activated, and determine if vehicle-control intervention will be activated to avoid an imminent collision or its severity; and wherein said information gathered and related by the radar and sensor-based systems can be supplemented by at least one of infrastructure-based components, components on involved vehicles, and components on pedestrians.

[0242] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes an automatic vehicle-control intervention system capable of taking temporary, full, and partial control of throttling, braking, and steering of the vehicle, assisting in appropriate maneuvers, disallowing dangerous moves, and shutting down the vehicle; and radar and sensor-based systems, global positioning systems, navigation and communications technologies, automatic vision enhancement, on-line speed limit displays and speed limit controls, computer telephony, safety readiness systems, and warning systems.

[0243] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes an automatic vision enhancement system capable of imaging and sensing an outside scene, dynamically overlaying said scene on a front windshield, on in-vehicle displays, on glasses worn by a person; and an interactive voice response communication system; wherein the automatic vision enhancement system includes active and passive technologies including global positioning systems and regular charged-couple-device cameras that are employed for visual enhancement when an external light source is available to extend a visibility band of said cameras.

[0244] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes a computer telephony system comprising interactive voice response communications, messages on local variable signs, in-vehicle displays, a telephone, voice mail, audible e-mail, visible e-mail, audible fax, visible fax, data/voice integration, and personal computer based call-processing; and a pattern-matching rules engine to which database messages are subject, wherein the pattern-matching rules engine assigns messages to categories and to proper expertise groups and attaches suggested responses whereby a response or crafted response is produced.

[0245] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes radar and sensor-based systems having microwave radar, millimeter-wave radar, laser radar (LIDAR or light detection and ranging), ultrasound, video image processing, infrared imaging, infrared illumination, and ultraviolet illumination.

[0246] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes radar systems utilizing pulse, pulse doppler, frequency-modulated continuous-wave, binary phase modulation, and frequency modulation transmission modes.

[0247] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes radar and sensor-based systems including means for processing real-time data received from transducers, sensors and other data sources that monitor a physical process in a traffic complex, with the radar and sensor-based systems further including means for generating signals, via a processor, to elements in the traffic complex that can have an impact upon the physical process.

[0248] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes radar sensors built into integrated circuit chips.

[0249] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes radar and sensor-based systems; and an interactive voice response communication systems; whereby sensed and imaged scenes, including images invisible to the naked eye, are converted into dynamic, visible and audible displays for providing information and sight.

[0250] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for utilizing algorithms for initiating and advising of appropriate, predetermined actions in response to sensed obstructions and hazards.

[0251] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes an automated vision enhancement system that is activated when communications are received from active and passive electronic tags and infrastructure-based components that are placed around obstructions and hazards, and wherein said automated vision enhancement system optionally provides additional lighting.

[0252] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for transmitting electromagnetic energy into vehicle surroundings and detecting energy reflected by objects so as to convert images that are invisible to the naked eye into visible images.

[0253] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes a tracking system that, upon receiving a designated signal, emits a radio signal that is used for detecting, identifying, and locating at least one of a person and vehicle.

[0254] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes an interactive voice response communications system; in-vehicle emergency flashing lights; and messages and other warnings; whereby a driver attempting to pass another vehicle is warned when sensed and imaged data is fed into the computer-based decision support algorithms that determine that the risk of a head-on collision is too great or imminent and that automatically invoke vehicle-control intervention to prohibit said intelligent vehicle from passing.

[0255] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes a transmitter and means for issuing an electronic notification from the transmitter to other vehicles when a lane change is being initiated.

[0256] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for receiving signals from advancing and threatening vehicles; a global positioning system to locate a position of the advancing and threatening vehicle; and optionally, means for vehicle-control intervention such that vehicle-control intervention is automatically invoked by either vehicle.

[0257] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes an automatic vision enhancement system; and means for sensing electronic tags engaged with features of the traffic complex, whereby glare from sunlight or on-coming headlights that adversely affect a driver's vision can be overcome.

[0258] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for sensing an intersection with no traffic controls; means for initiating electronic notification to another vehicle at or approaching the intersection with no traffic controls; and protocol means for determining which vehicle shall proceed first; and protocol control means with vehicle-control intervention means to assure protocols are observed.

[0259] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for detecting and following an electronic path that guides vehicles and keeps them in their respective lanes; means for assisting in appropriate maneuvers; means for intervening in vehicle control; means for disallowing dangerous moves; means for employing a global positioning system, a global positioning steering system; means for automatically shutting down the vehicle, decelerating, braking; means for automated vision enhancement; and means for overriding said global positioning steering system.

[0260] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for employing a computer representation generated by a global positioning system to enhance the visibility of features of the traffic complex whereby vision is enhanced of pavement edges, pavement markings and pedestrians among other features of the traffic complex.

[0261] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes forward-looking radar sensors and means in the forward-looking radar sensors for sensing slippery conditions; at least one of audible and visible display means to warn of the slippery conditions to a driver of the vehicle; means for automatically decelerating and braking; and optionally, dispensing anti-skid particles.

[0262] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes a meteorology sensor including means for predicting weather conditions and further including means for automatically and dynamically changing on-line posted speed limits in the vehicle as weather, visibility, and road conditions warrant.

[0263] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for receiving information on automatic vehicle counts; and means for at least one of visibly and audibly displaying the information and advisories on local variable message signs and on in-vehicle displays to facilitate traffic control, incident management, and route guidance.

[0264] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for transmitting and receiving electronic signals to and from other vehicles including means for warning when another vehicle is too close, relative to respective speeds, as warranted, and means for automatically decelerating and braking a trailing vehicle such that a trailing vehicle that is advancing unsafely close automatically decelerates and brakes until a safe distance, relative to said respective speeds, is achieved; and optionally, means for at low speeds activating and deactivating said means for automatically decelerating and braking.

[0265] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for sensing to the front, sides and rear of the intelligent vehicle including means for gathering information on the distance to and relative velocity of features of the traffic complex.

[0266] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for sensing dangerous characteristics of the intelligent vehicle including means for shutting down and rendering inoperable the intelligent vehicle; and means for sensing said dangerous characteristics in advance including means for communicating advance warnings of said dangerous characteristics to a driver of the intelligent vehicle.

[0267] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes law enforcement vehicles, with means for automatically shutting down and rendering temporarily inoperable vehicles being pursued, thus eliminating need for high speed chases, with said means including encryption software, and means for non-law enforcement vehicles to decode transmitted vehicle shutdown signals having tamper-proof de-encryption software.

[0268] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes continuous-wave radar including means for illuminating and detecting vehicles by techniques employing semiconductor tracer-diode surveillance utilizing at least one carrier frequency and looking for reflections of the third harmonic.

[0269] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for enhancing dynamic vision of an imaged and scanned scene when warning signals are received, with said means including means for automatically zooming in on an area of danger.

[0270] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for employing global positioning satellites to provide coordinates of an immediate scene, with said means including means for permitting precise mathematical correlation of a surrounding scene and earth science data, and automated vision enhancement.

[0271] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for receiving transmissions from a feature of the traffic complex; and a safety system including means for determining when an accident is imminent with said feature of the traffic complex and further including means for permitting control of a vehicle to be taken over by vehicle-control intervention when an accident is imminent.

[0272] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes first means for sensing a malfunction of the intelligent vehicle; second means for sensing when the intelligent vehicle is in need of service; third means for activating an in-vehicle display, with the third means being in communication with the first and second means; and fourth means for activating an audible display, with the fourth means being in communication with the first and second means.

[0273] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for producing images to audible displays employing interactive voice response communications.

[0274] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for producing an over-laid dynamic map of an immediate area using global positioning satellites and land information systems.

[0275] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for employing global positioning satellites to provide directions to desired destinations, with data continuously updated via wireless modems.

[0276] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes first means for communicating with a traffic signal of the traffic complex including second means for determining when the traffic signal will turn red and whether a vehicle can clear an intersection controlled by the traffic signal and further including third means for automatic vehicle control to take control of the vehicle if the vehicle cannot clear the intersection; and wherein the third means having fourth means for communicating with the traffic signal when the third means has taken control of the vehicle, with the four means having a signal for authorizing said traffic signal to turn all traffic signals at said intersection red such that all traffic stops.

[0277] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes diagnostic means for detecting dangerous emissions inside of the vehicle including means for logging, identifying and classifying emissions detected inside of the vehicle; and at least one of a visual or audible alarm in communication with the diagnostic means and being activated when said dangerous emissions are sensed.

[0278] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes sensor means for warning against impending collisions, vehicle defects, infrastructure defects, and emission levels.

[0279] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes first means for activating in-vehicle emergency flashing lights for warning and instructing when an emergency vehicle is approaching, with the first means being activated by at least one of an infrastructure feature and the emergency vehicle.

[0280] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes identification address means unique to the vehicle for counting, tracking, warning, controlling, making predictions, and communicating with the vehicle, and with said identification address means having information on speed and direction of the vehicle.

[0281] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes first means for detecting a railroad crossing; second means for vehicle control intervention; third means for sensing an attempt to cross the railroad crossing against warning signals and for sending a signal to the second means; and fourth means for sensing an imminent collision between the vehicle and a train and for sending a signal to the second means.

[0282] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes safety readiness warning systems comprising means for monitoring vehicle malfunctions affecting safety, means for monitoring a psychological condition of a driver, means for advising a driver of abnormal driving performance of said driver where said abnormal driving performance is compared to a baseline performance of said driver, means for enhancing perceptions of a driving environment, means for providing information about potential safety hazards, means for warning of impending collisions, means for assisting in making appropriate vehicle maneuvers, and means for intervening with automatic controls and vehicle shutdowns such that nearby vehicles, pedestrians, and law enforcement are warned, emergency flashing lights at intersections and in-vehicle emergency flashing lights are activated, and nearby traffic signals are changed to a stop signal until said vehicle at issue is brought under control.

[0283] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes sensors for monitoring a psycho-physiological condition of a driver, wherein said sensors include a heart and respiratory rate sensor, an electrodermal activity sensor, a blink rate sensor, a head nodding sensor, a lane change sensor, a sensor for sensing changes in the use of accelerator and brake pedals; means for comparing results from said sensors with baseline performance; means for feeding results from said sensors into computer-based decision support algorithms which initiate vehicle-shutdown whereby a vehicle is shutdown and becomes temporarily inoperable when a driver falls asleep, is intoxicated, is taken ill, or when safety dictates.

[0284] Another intelligent vehicle for interacting with a traffic complex includes means for receiving and carrying out instructions from a component on a pedestrian where said component can communicate with traffic signals of said traffic complex, and wherein said means for receiving and carrying out instructions includes means for vehicle-control intervention.

[0285] Voice, video, and data transmissions from monitoring sensors are fed into computer-based decision support algorithms which will analyze the received transmissions from all sources and advise or initiate appropriate predetermined response plans.

[0286] A transmitter can be a radio transmitter configured to broadcast a limited range warning signal at a selected frequency. The selected carrier frequency can be broadcast at a dedicated emergency frequency or can be broadcast across a shared frequency. The transmitters can include signal modulation and control elements, such as attenuators, hybrids, circulators and isolators, so that the range of the signal can be increased or decreased and the broadcast pattern (signal detection) can be changed depending on factors such as the speed of the vehicle transmitting the warning signal and the traffic and weather conditions.

[0287] A receiver can be connected to the starting mechanism of a vehicle such that the receiver is turned on (active) whenever the vehicle is in operation.

[0288] Warnings originate from a transmitter worn or carried by an individual, infrastructure-based components and in-vehicle components. Warnings of impending collisions are displayed, sounded, illuminated, and advised by interactive voice response communications. Any built in sound system in operation within a vehicle will automatically become inaudible when an in-vehicle broadcast is sounded. Interactive voice response communications can utilize the same sound system.

[0289] Automatic vehicle anti-skid system is the dispensing and broadcasting of anti-skid chemicals and particles around and over the tires and around and under the vehicle, as needed.

[0290] A processor interacts with and manages collision avoidance systems, GPS, computer telephony, and safety readiness, and triggers vehicle-control intervention as safety dictates.

[0291] Computer algorithms employing artificial intelligence capabilities will be used to recommend response plans based on input incident characteristics and, in many cases, will “learn” over time which action works best. Computer simulation modeling can also be used to predict potential incidents and incident response impacts ahead of time.

[0292] On-line speed limit is the continuous, dynamic in-vehicle display of the local speed limit. Optionally, the vehicle's maximum speed is governed to the local on-line speed limit.

[0293] Radar and sensor-based systems feed into computer-based decision support algorithms, gathering and relating information such as speed, mass, direction of the vehicle in danger of being hit and the threatening vehicle, and the number, location, and major physical characteristics of the vehicle occupants and, further, activate vision enhancement, determine if pre-collision safety restraint systems will be deployed, determine if vehicle anti-skid system will be activated, and determine if vehicle-control intervention will be activated to avoid an imminent collision or its severity.

[0294] The determination and the activation of each of the above can be initiated by the infrastructure, involved vehicles, and the intelligent walking stick.

[0295] Automatic vehicle-control intervention includes temporary, full or partial, control of a vehicle's throttling, braking, and steering, assistance in appropriate maneuvers, and the disallowing of dangerous moves, including vehicle shutdown. Automatic vehicle-control intervention systems work in combination and include radar and sensor based systems, global positioning systems, navigation and communication technologies, automatic vision enhancement, on-line speed limit displays and speed limit controls, computer telephony, safety readiness, and warning systems.

[0296] Automatic vision enhancement is implemented thru in-vehicle and on-person sensors capable of imaging and sensing the outside scene, dynamically overlaying the sensed and imaged scene on the front windshield, on in-vehicle displays, on the glasses of the visually impaired, and providing information through interactive voice response communications. Vision is enhanced both night and day and under all weather conditions. Both active and passive technologies can be applied to improve the perceptual abilities of drivers and the visually impaired. GPS-based computer representations enhance a driver's visibility even when snow and fog obscure the actual view. Regular charged-couple-device cameras are employed for visual enhancement when an external light source is used to extend their visibility band.

[0297] Computer telephony provides interactive voice response communications, messages on local variable signs and on in-vehicle displays, as well as telephone, voicemail, audible/visible e-mail, audible/visible fax, data/voice integration, and PC-based call-processing. Database messages are subject to a pattern-matching rules engine that assigns messages to categories and to the proper expertise groups, attaching the suggested responses. A response is then produced (or perhaps a collaborative response is crafted.)

[0298] Safety readiness warning systems monitor vehicle malfunctions affecting safety, a driver's psycho-physiological condition, advise a driver who is not safety-ready of his abnormal driving performance (as compared to driver's baseline performance), enhance perceptions of the driving environment, provide additional information about potential safety hazards, warn of impending collisions, assist in making appropriate vehicle maneuvers, and intervene with automatic controls and vehicle shutdown. Nearby vehicles, pedestrians, and law enforcement are warned, emergency flashing lights at intersections and in-vehicle emergency flashing lights are activated, and nearby traffic signals are all changed to “red” (stop) until vehicle is brought under control.

[0299] Sensors monitor a driver's psycho-physiological condition, including heart and respiratory rates, electrodermal activities, blink rates, head nodding, lane changes, changes in the use of accelerator and brake pedals, and other abnormal behavior, as compared with the driver's baseline performance, feeding into computer-based decision support algorithms which initiate vehicle-shutdown when a driver falls asleep, is intoxicated, taken ill, or safety dictates. Vehicle becomes temporarily inoperable.

[0300] Through interactive voice response communications, in-vehicle emergency flashing lights, messages and other warnings, a driver attempting to pass another vehicle on a two-lane highway, for example, is warned when sensed and imaged information and data feed into computer-based decision support algorithms and determine the risk of a head-on collision is too great or imminent. Vehicle-control intervention is automatically invoked.

[0301] The transmitter on a vehicle indicates when a lane change is being initiated, issuing an electronic notification of the intent to adjacent vehicles.

[0302] Transmitted signals are received from advancing and threatening vehicles and trains. Global positioning satellite navigation systems are used to locate the position of a threatening vehicle. If necessary, vehicle-control intervention is automatically invoked by either vehicle.

[0303] Automatic vision enhancement and electronic tags can make parked cars, obstacles, pedestrians, etc., visible when glare from sunlight or on-coming headlights adversely affect a driver's vision.

[0304] Electronic notification is initiated between vehicles approaching an intersection which has no traffic signals or other traffic controls. Optionally, protocols determine which vehicle shall proceed first, and vehicle controls will activate to assure protocols are observed, if necessary.

[0305] Infrastructure provides an electronic path that guides vehicles to keep them in their respective lanes. Assistance in appropriate maneuvers and vehicle-control intervention improve safety and disallow dangerous moves, employing GPS, GPS steering, vehicle shutdown, deceleration, braking, and automated vision enhancement. Drivers can override GPS steering.

[0306] The GPS-based computer representation enhances the visibility of pavement edges, pavement markings, pedestrians, etc.

[0307] Vehicles slow down, as necessary, when forward-looking radar senses and displays slippery conditions ahead on in-vehicle displays or audibly and on local variable message signs by automatically decelerating and braking. Brake lights come on. Optionally, vehicles automatically dispense anti-skid particles and chemicals as necessary.

[0308] Meteorological sensors predict weather conditions and automatically, dynamically, change “on-line” posted speed limits (shown on in-vehicle displays), as weather, visibility, and road conditions warrant.

[0309] Automatic vehicle counts, continuously updated, produce appropriate information and advisories on local variable message signs and on in-vehicle displays (or audibly) that facilitate traffic control, incident management, and route guidance.

[0310] Electronic signals between vehicles warn when a vehicle is dangerously close to another vehicle, relative to their respective speeds. As warranted, the trailing vehicle that is advancing unsafely fast or close automatically decelerates and brakes (brake lights come on) (automatic vehicle-control intervention) until a safe distance, relative to the speed of the vehicles is achieved. Optionally, the “safe distance” system can be activated and deactivated at a specified low speed.

[0311] Sensing is to the front, sides, and rear of a vehicle and information is gathered regarding the distance to and relative velocity of adjacent vehicles and other potential collision hazards such as objects, pedestrians, and animals.

[0312] A vehicle which is or becomes too dangerous to drive is automatically shutdown and rendered temporarily inoperable. Advance warnings, when possible, are displayed on the in-vehicle display, in-vehicle emergency flashing lights, and audibly.

[0313] A sensor is a device that converts measurable elements of a physical process into data meaningful to a computer. A sensor-based system is an organization of components including a computer whose primary source of input can be used to control the related physical process.

[0314] Decision support algorithms are a finite set of well-defined rules for the solution of a problem in a finite number of steps.

[0315] The present invention enhances dynamic vision of imaged and scanned scene, when warning signals are received, by automatically zooming in on the area of danger.

[0316] The present invention employs global positioning satellites to provide coordinates of the immediate scene and permit the precise mathematical correlation of the surrounding scene and earth science data and automated vision enhancement.

[0317] In-vehicle displays can be built into a visor, dashboard, windshield, etc., or installed monitor.

[0318] Warnings originate from a transmitter worn or carried by an impaired or disabled person and by infrastructure-based components and in-vehicle components. A processor, in turn, triggers a safety system to take control of the threatening vehicle when an accident is imminent.

[0319] The present invention employs in-vehicle displays, local variable message signs, emergency flashing lights, broadcasting, interactive voice response communications, and video monitors to warn of danger and to instruct.

[0320] In-vehicle display messages are received (also audibly) when a vehicle is malfunctioning and in need of service.

[0321] Thus since the invention disclosed herein may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or general characteristics thereof, some of which forms have been indicated, the embodiments described herein are to be considered in all respects illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is to be indicated by the appended claims, rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalents of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.