Apparatus and method for downhole well equipment and process management, identification, and actuation

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/536,953, filed Mar. 28, 2000.

[0002] This invention relates to the equipment and methods used in the drilling and completion of wells, such as oil and gas wells, and in the production of fluids from such wells.

[0003] Hydrocarbon fluids such as oil and natural gas are obtained from a subterranean geologic formation (i.e., a “reservoir”) by drilling a well that penetrates the hydrocarbon-bearing formation. Once a wellbore has been drilled, the well must be “completed” before hydrocarbons can be produced from the well. A completion involves the design, selection, and installation of tubulars, tools, and other equipment that are located in the wellbore for the purpose of conveying, pumping, or controlling the production or injection of fluids. After the well has been completed, production of oil and gas can begin.

[0004] Each of these phases (drilling, completion, and production) make use of a complex variety of equipment, including tubular members such as casing, production tubing, landing nipples, and gas lift mandrels; flow control devices such as gas lift valves, subsurface safety valves, and packers; and other equipment, such as perforation guns. In many situations it is necessary to lower one piece of equipment into the well so that it can be installed into a particular location in the wellbore (e.g., installing a gas lift valve in a particular gas lift mandrel when there may be several gas lift mandrels at different depths in the wellbore), or alternatively can perform a desired action at a desired location (e.g., a perforating gun that uses shaped charges to create holes in well casing at a particular depth in the well).

[0005] In the past, rather complex means have been used to determine when a given piece of downhole equipment is in the desired location in the wellbore. These methods have often been imprecise, complex, and expensive. For example, a wireline retrievable subsurface safety valve can be lowered into a wellbore on a wireline to be installed in a particular landing nipple. If multiple landing nipples are located in the wellbore, generally the uppermost one must have the largest inner diameter, and each succeeding lower nipple must have a smaller inner diameter, so that the valve may be placed at the desired depth in the well. This requires the use of multiple sizes (i.e., inner diameters) of landing nipples, as well as corresponding sizes of safety valves. Thus, while this technique for installing and/or activating downhole tools in a wellbore works, it can be complex and cumbersome in certain instances.

[0006] There is a long-standing need for more intelligent and adaptable methods of drilling and completing wells and of producing fluids therefrom.

[0007] The present invention relates to a method for actuating, installing, or inventorying downhole equipment in a wellbore. This method comprises providing a first downhole structure that comprises a non-acoustic identification transmitter unit that stores an identification code and transmits a non-acoustic signal (e.g., a frequency signal, such as a radio frequency signal) corresponding to the identification code. Also provided is a second downhole structure that comprises a non-acoustic receiver unit that can receive the non-acoustic signal transmitted by the non-acoustic identification transmitter unit, decode the non-acoustic signal to determine the identification code corresponding thereto, and compare the identification code to a target identification code. One of the first downhole structure and the second downhole structure is secured at a given location in a subterranean wellbore, and the other is moveable in the wellbore. The second downhole structure is placed in close enough proximity to the first downhole structure so that the receiver unit can receive the signal transmitted by the identification transmitter unit. It then compares the identification code determined by the receiver unit to the target identification code. If the determined identification code matches the target identification code, then one of the first downhole structure or second downhole structure is actuated, managed, classified, identified, controlled, maintained, actuated, activated, deactivated, located, communicated, reset, or installed. For example, the second downhole structure can be installed inside the first downhole structure.

[0008] The present invention also relates to apparatus that can be used in the above-described method. Such apparatus is described in more detail below.

[0009] Another aspect of the invention is a method of inventorying downhole equipment, and storing and retrieving identification codes for the inventoried equipment, as well as an inventory of services performed on the well. This method allows an operator to create a database of the identification codes of the pieces of equipment in the well and the location and/or orientation of each such piece of equipment, and/or the equipment in which it is installed, and/or the services performed on the well. With such a database, an operator could determine the equipment profile of a well and plan out the downhole tasks before arriving on-site.

[0010] One embodiment of this method comprises the steps of: (a) providing in a wellbore a plurality of first downhole structures having non-acoustic identification transmitter units therein; (b) passing at least one second downhole structure through at least a part of the wellbore in proximity to a plurality of the non-acoustic identification transmitter units, wherein the second downhole structure comprises a non-acoustic receiver unit that receives the non-acoustic signal transmitted by the identification transmitter units, decodes the signals to determine the identification codes corresponding thereto, and stores the identification codes in memory.

[0011] This method can further comprise the step of creating a database for the well, the database comprising the stored identification codes. The method can also comprise reading from the database the identification codes for the well (e.g., the codes for equipment located in the well and/or the codes for services performed on the well). The identification codes read from the database can be used to perform at least one operation selected from the group consisting of managing, classifying, controlling, maintaining, actuating, activating, deactivating, locating, and communicating with at least one downhole structure in the well.

[0012] The present invention has several benefits over prior art apparatus and methods. It provides a way of selectively installing, actuating, or inventorying downhole equipment at a desired time and/or at a desired location, at lower cost and with greater flexibility than in prior art techniques.

[0013] Another benefit of the present invention lies in the reduction of downhole tool manipulation time. In some cases, considerable downhole manipulation is done to ensure that a tool is at the right point on the downhole jewelry or that the right action is performed. This time and effort can be eliminated or at least reduced by the present invention's ability to actuate or manipulate only when at the right point. A tool of the present invention can sense this based on the presence of the non-acoustic serial number information.

[0034] The present invention makes use of non-acoustic transmission, such as radio frequency transmission, optical transmission, tactile transmission, or magnetic transmission of at least one identification code to locate, install, actuate, and/or manage downhole equipment in a subterranean wellbore. FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of the invention. A segment of a tubing string 10 includes a first downhole structure 12, which in this embodiment is a landing nipple that has a hollow axial bore 14 therethrough. The landing nipple 12 is attached at its upper end 15 to an upper tubular member 16, and at its lower end 17 to a lower tubular member 18, by threaded connections 20 and 22. The landing nipple 12 has an inner diameter 24 that is defined by the inner surface of the nipple wall. A recess 26 is formed in the inner surface of the nipple wall, and a non-acoustic transmitter unit, in this case a radio frequency identification transmitter unit 28, is secured therein. The non-acoustic frequency identification transmitter unit 28, which is shown in more detail in FIG. 2, stores an identification code and transmits a radio frequency signal corresponding to the identification code. The landing nipple 12 can be made of any material suitable for downhole use in a well, such as steel. A cap 30, which for example can comprise steel or a ceramic or composite material such as resin coated fibers can overlay the frequency identification transmitter unit 28 and preferably physically seal it from contact with well fluids. However, it should be understood that absence of contact between well fluids and the frequency identification transmitter unit is not critical to the invention. The cap 30 is not essential.

[0035] FIG. 3 shows a second downhole structure 32, in particular a wireline lock, which is adapted to work in conjunction with the landing nipple 12 of FIG. 1. This second downhole structure comprises a non-acoustic frequency receiver unit 34, in this case a radio frequency receiver unit, that receives frequency signals, such as the one transmitted by the frequency identification transmitter unit 28. The receiver unit decodes the non-acoustic frequency signal to determine the identification code corresponding thereto, and compares the identification code to a preset target identification code.

[0036] As shown in FIG. 3, when the second downhole structure 32 is placed in close enough proximity to the first downhole structure 12 in the wellbore, the non-acoustic frequency receiver unit 34 receives the non-acoustic frequency signal transmitted by the identification transmitter unit 28, decodes that signal to determine the identification code, and compares the determined identification code to the target code. If the determined identification code matches the target identification code, the first downhole structure is actuated or installed in the desired physical proximity to the second downhole structure (or vice versa). In particular, locking tabs 36 are extended outwardly into corresponding locking recesses 38 in the inner diameter of the second downhole structure.

[0037] FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 show the first downhole structure (e.g., the landing nipple 12) as being secured at a given location in a subterranean wellbore, by connection to a tubing string. In those figures, the second downhole structure (e.g., a tool such as a lock with flow control device or a depth locator) is moveable along the axial bore of the well. However, it should be appreciated that this is only one embodiment of the invention. It would also be possible to have the first downhole structure (with the frequency identification transmitter unit therein) moveable relative to the wellbore, and the second downhole structure (with the frequency receiver unit therein) secured at a fixed position in the wellbore. Further, it is possible to have both the first downhole structure and the second downhole structure moveable.

[0038] In the previous and following examples and embodiments of the present invention, the first and second downhole structures are described as having either transmitter units or receiver units. Such description is intended for discussion purposes and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. It should be appreciated that, depending upon the application, the first and second downhole structures can have both transmitter units and receiver units and remain within the purview of the present invention.

[0039] Suitable non-acoustic frequency identification transmitter units are commercially available. Suitable examples of radio frequency transmitter units include the Tiris transponders, available from Texas Instruments. These radio frequency identification transmitter units are available in hermetically sealed glass capsules having dimensions of approximately 31×4 mm, emit a radio frequency signal at about 134.2 kHz that can be read up to about 100 cm away, and can comprise a 64 bit memory. Of course, this is only one possible embodiment, and larger or smaller memories can be used, as well as other frequencies, sizes, package configurations, and the like. Suitable non-acoustic frequency receiver units are also commercially available, such as the Tiris radio frequency readers and antennas from Texas Instruments.

[0040] Tiris transponders, available from Texas Instruments, are adapted to store a multi-bit code, for example, a digital code of 64 bits. The transponder itself will typically include a coil, a chip storing the multi-bit code, and associated circuitry. The transponders are generally of three types. The first type is preprogrammed by the manufacturer with a preselected multi-bit code. A second type would be sold by the manufacturer in an unprogrammed state, and the end user may program the multi-bit code permanently into the transponder. A third type may be programmed initially and then reprogrammed many times thereafter with different multi-bit codes. In the presently preferred embodiment, the transponder is programmed one time permanently, either by the manufacturer or by the end user. The multi-bit code in such a device may not be changed for the life of the transponder. In another embodiment of the present invention, a reprogrammable transponder may be used to advantage. For example, after the transponder is placed downhole, its multi-bit code may be updated to reflect certain information. For example, a transponder associated with a downhole valve may have its multi-bit code updated each time the valve is actuated to reflect the number of times the valve has been actuated. Or, by way of further example, the multi-bit code may be updated to reflect the status of the valve as being in an open or closed position.

[0041] Tiris radio frequency readers and antennae, also available from Texas Instruments, may be used to read the multi-bit code stored in a Tiris transponder. The reader/antenna is typically powered by battery, although it may be powered by way of a permanent power source through a hardwire connection. The reader/antenna generates a radio signal of a certain frequency, the frequency being tuned to match the coil in the transponder. The radio signal is transmitted from the reader/antenna to the transponder where power from the signal is inducted into the coil of the transponder. Power is stored in the coil and is used to generate and transmit a signal from the transponder to the reader/antenna. Power is stored in the coil of the transponder for a very short period of time, and the reader/antenna must be prepared to receive a return signal from the transponder very quickly after first transmitting its read signal to the transponder. Using the power stored in the coil, the transponder generates a signal representative of the multi-bit code stored in the transponder and transmits this signal to the reader/antenna. The reader/antenna receives the signal from the transponder and processes it for digital decoding. The signal, or its decoded counterpart, may then be transmitted from the reader antenna to any selected data processing equipment.

[0042] In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, as mentioned just above, the multi-bit code stored in a transponder may be updated and rewritten while the transponder is downhole. For example, a reader/antenna unit may be used to read the multi-bit code from a transponder downhole and, if desired, the code stored in the transponder may then be updated by way of a write signal to the reprogrammable transponder.

[0043] In many embodiments of the invention, the first downhole structure will comprise a tubular member having a hollow axial bore. The non-acoustic frequency identification transmitter unit preferably is secured to this tubular member, for example in a recess in the wall of the tubular member, as shown in FIG. 1. The frequency identification transmitter unit preferably is imbedded in the tubular member (i.e., sunk into a space in the member, so that the surface of the tubular member is not substantially affected, as opposed to attaching the unit to an exterior surface of the tubular member whereby it would create a substantial protrusion on that surface). Suitable examples of such tubular members include landing nipples, gas lift mandrels, packers, casing, external casing packers, slotted liners, slips, sleeves, guns, and multilaterals.

[0044] In one preferred embodiment of the invention, two or more first downhole structures are secured at different depths in a subterranean wellbore. As shown in FIG. 4, a tubing string 50 can include joints of production tubing 52a, 52b, 52c, and 52d. Attached to these joints of tubing are a first landing nipple 54 and a second landing nipple 56, with frequency identification transmitter units 55 and 57 secured thereto. When a second downhole structure (e.g., a wireline retrievable subsurface safety valve) is lowered through the tubing string, it will detect and determine the identification code of each nipple 54 and 56. If it detects an identification code that does not match its target code, it will not actuate, and thus can continue to be lowered in the bore. When it detects an identification code that does match its target code, it will actuate, thus allowing the safety valve to be selectively installed/actuated at a desired located in the wellbore.

[0045] Another embodiment of the invention, shown in FIG. 5, is particularly useful in a multilateral well 70 that has a plurality of lateral bores 72, 74, and 76. Each of these lateral bores is defined by a lateral tubing string 78, 80, and 82 branching off from a main borehole 83. Each of these tubing strings comprises at least one first downhole structure (e.g., landing nipples 84, 86, and 88, each having radio frequency identification transmitter units 90, 92, and 94 secured therein) secured in a fixed, given location in the respective lateral borehole. When the second downhole structure (e.g., a wireline retrievable subsurface safety valve) is lowered down through the tubing string and into one of the laterals, the radio frequency receiver unit therein will detect the radio frequency signal emitted by the transmitter in any nipple within range, and will thus determine the identification code of each such nipple as is passes close to the nipple. By providing the transmitter units in the different lateral boreholes with different ID codes, this embodiment allows a determination of which lateral borehole the valve has entered.

[0046] Another embodiment, shown in FIG. 13, is particularly useful when an electrical submersible pump (ESP) is integrated into the tubing string in a Y-Block configuration, indicated generally as 200. At least one identification transmitter unit 202 is located above the Y-Block such that as a second downhole structure (i.e., tool, pipe, coil, wireline, slickline, etc.) is lowered through the tubing string 204, it detects and determines the identification code of the transmitter unit 202. Based on the determination of the identification code, the second downhole structure can automatically adjust to avoid an inadvertent entry into the branch containing the ESP. A second transmitter unit 206 can be provided below the Y-Block to serve as a positive indication that the second downhole structure has entered the correct branch.

[0047] As mentioned above, suitable second downhole structures can be, for example, subsurface safety valves, as well as gas lift valves, packers, perforating guns, expandable tubing, expandable screens, flow control devices, and other downhole tools. Other second downhole structures can include, among others, perforations, fractures, and shut-off zones, in which the transmitter is placed during well stimulation (such as fracturing) or well intervention (such as perforation) operations.

[0048] Another use for the present invention involves determining the depth at which a downhole tool is located. In this embodiment, a tubing string will include two or more first downhole structures that are located at different depths in a wellbore. These first downhole structure could suitably be landing nipples, or they could simply be tubing joints having a transmitter unit mounted thereon or embedded therein. As shown in FIG. 6A, a tubing string 120 in a well 122 comprises a plurality of joints 124 of tubing, each connected to the next end-to-end by a threaded connection. At one end 126 of each joint (or at least in the ends of a plurality of joints), a radio frequency identification transmitter unit (not visible in FIG. 6A) is embedded in the wall of the tubing. FIG. 6B shows the placement of the transmitter unit 128 in the wall of a tubing joint 124. Therefore, the known length of each tubing joint and the transmitter unit at the end of each joint, with a unique identification code, permits relatively precise assessment of the depth at which the secondary structure is located. Thus, the identification codes of the various first downhole structures in effect correlate to the depth at which each is installed, and the ID codes detected by the second downhole structure as it is lowered through the borehole will provide an indication of the depth of the second downhole structure.

[0049] A similar use of the present invention determines depth as described in the previous paragraph as a way of determining when a perforating gun (as the second downhole structure) is at the desired depth at which it should be fired to perforate tubing and/or casing. As shown in FIG. 14A, the perforating gun 210 is lowered with a supporting structure 212 until the desired transmitter unit 214 in the first downhole structure 216 is reached. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 14B, the perforating gun 210 is dropped without use of a supporting structure, such that it free falls and fires automatically when it reaches the desired transmitter unit 214 in the first downhole structure.

[0050] As mentioned above, the second downhole structure can be a downhole tool that is adapted to be raised or lowered in a wellbore. In order to do this, the downhole tool preferably is attached to a supporting structure 40, such as wireline, slickline, coiled tubing, and drillpipe. As shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, the second downhole structure 32 can be moved to different depths within the borehole by raising or lowering this supporting structure 40.

[0051] One common type of actuation of a downhole tool that can occur in response to a match between the determined ID code and the target ID code comprises locking the second downhole structure in a fixed position relative to the first downhole structure. For example, locking protrusions 36 on the tool 32 can move outward into locking engagement with locking recesses 38 on the inner diameter of a landing nipple 12, as shown in FIG. 8.

[0052] In one embodiment of the invention, the identification code indicates at least the inner diameter of the tubular member, and the target identification code is predetermined to match the identification code of the desired size (e.g., inner diameter) tubular member in which the downhole becomes locked upon actuation. Thus, when the receiver unit in the second downhole structure determines that the ID code (and thus the inner diameter of the first downhole structure) matches the outer diameter of the locking means on the second downhole structure, the tool can actuate, thereby providing locking engagement of the tool and nipple. Similarly, the tool can actuate and provide unlocking engagement of the tool and nipple.

[0053] Another variation on this embodiment of the invention involves the use of a downhole tool that can adjust in size to fit the inner diameter of the tubular members having various inner diameters. In other words, this tool can morph in size to engage landing nipples of various sizes, as shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B. FIG. 9A shows a second downhole structure (i.e., downhole tool 32) locked in place in a landing nipple 12 by locking protrusions 36 that engage locking recesses 38. As shown in FIG. 9B, when this same downhole tool 32 is placed in the bore of a landing nipple 12a that has a larger inner diameter, the locking protrusions can be extended outwardly a greater distance to engage locking recesses 38a on the landing nipple 12a and thereby secure the tool 12a in a fixed position in the well. This further extension is actuated by the receiver unit in the second downhole structure determining the ID code (and thus the inner diameter of the first downhole structure) and the need for further extension of the locking protrusions 36. This allows the use of more standard equipment, and lessens the need to maintain an inventory of many different sizes and/or configurations of downhole equipment.

[0054] Yet another embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 10. As in several of the previously described embodiments, the first downhole structure comprises a tubular member 100 having an axial bore 102 therethrough. The bore is defined by the inner surface of the tubular member, which has a generally circular inner diameter 104. The tubular comprises a plurality of radio frequency identification transmitter units 106a, 106b, 106c, 106d, 106e, 106f, 106g, and 106h spaced about its inner diameter, preferably in a single cross-sectional plane. As described above, each non-acoustic frequency identification transmitter transmits a non-acoustic frequency signal (e.g., a radio frequency signal) corresponding to a different identification code. When a second downhole structure, such as a downhole tool 108, is lowered into the bore 102 of the tubular member 100, the frequency receiver unit 110 located in or on the tool determines the identification code of the transmitter unit 106 that is closest to it, and thereby determines the orientation of the first downhole structure relative to second downhole structure in the wellbore.

[0055] Another embodiment of the invention is especially well suited for use with subsurface safety valves or other downhole equipment that comprises sliding sleeves, valve closure members, or other movable structures. In this embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, the first downhole structure comprises a movable sleeve 130 or valve closure member which has a first position and a second position (e.g., open and closed positions shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, respectively). The movable sleeve 130 exposes a first non-acoustic frequency identification transmitter unit 140 and occludes a second non-acoustic frequency identification transmitter unit 142 when the movable sleeve or valve closure member is in the first position (see FIG. 11A). The movable sleeve 130 occludes the first transmitter unit 140 and exposes the second transmitter unit 142 when the movable sleeve is in the second position (see FIG. 11B). A shifting tool can be used to move the movable sleeve 130 from the first position (see FIG. 11A) to the second position (see FIG. 11B). Similarly the movable sleeve 130 can be moved from the second position (see FIG. 11B) to the first position (see FIG. 11A). The first transmitter unit transmits a frequency signal corresponding to an identification code that is different than the signal and code for the second transmitter unit. Thus, the determined identification code can be used to determine whether a valve closure member is in the open or closed position, or to determine whether a movable sleeve is in the up or down position. This embodiment of the invention can provide a positive indication that actuation (e.g., of a subsurface safety valve) has occurred, and can guarantee that the valve is open or closed. Failsafe indications such as make before break or break before make as appropriate can be used to guarantee the correctness of this verification and indication information.

[0056] Another embodiment of the invention is especially useful when fishing for tools or parts thereof that have become detached from supporting structure in the borehole. In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 12, the first downhole structure is a downhole tool 150 that comprises a fishing neck 152, and the non-acoustic frequency identification transmitter unit 154 is secured to the fishing neck. The second downhole structure is a fishing tool 160 having secured to it the non-acoustic frequency receiver unit 162. The identification code determined by the receiver unit can be used to determine when the fishing tool is in close enough physical proximity to the fishing neck, and thus can be used to actuate the fishing tool when it is in a suitable position for engaging the fish.

[0057] Another embodiment of the invention makes use of a detachable, autonomous tool that can be released from the end of a supporting structure (e.g., coiled tubing, wireline, or completion hardware) while downhole or uphole, to then do some desired operation in another part of the well (e.g., spaced horizontally and/or or vertically from the point at which the tool separates from the supporting structure). The tool can later seek the end of the supporting structure, for example to enable it to be reattached, by homing in on the signal response from a transmitter unit embedded in the end of the supporting structure. Also, the tool can act as a repeater, actuator, or information relay device.

[0058] Another embodiment of the invention (schematically illustrated in FIG. 16) makes use of multiple autonomous agents optimized for submersible operation in different density fluids. The agents may be autonomous tools, transmitters, or receivers. The first agent 300 can transfer a signal command from its location of origin to the boundary of the first fluid 302 to a second fluid 304. The second agent 306 can receive the signal command in the second fluid 304 and respond to the signal command (for example by retrieving information or executing the command). In addition, the second agent 306 can transfer a signal back to the first agent 300. This relay of signal commands or information between autonomous agents optimized for submersible operations in different density fluids can use multiple autonomous agents and perform across multiple fluid interfaces. This relay of signal commands or information between autonomous agents can extend up or down-hole, between horizontal and vertical wellbores, and between multilateral wellbores and the main wellbore.

[0059] Another embodiment of the present invention uses the non-acoustic transmitter units to relay information from a downhole tool to a surface operator. In this embodiment, the downhole tool has monitors and records data such as temperature, pressure, time, or depth, for example. The tool can also record data describing the position or orientation of a piece of equipment, such as whether a sliding sleeve is open or closed. Further, the tool can record data such as whether downhole tools and equipment have been installed or actuated. The non-acoustic transmitter units can be dedicated to relaying a certain type of information or can be used to relay multiple data types. This enables the correlation of data such as the temperature and pressure at the time of detonation.

[0060] Once the desired information is acquired by the tool, a microprocessor on the tool determines what information should be sent to the surface. The pertinent information is then written to a read/write non-acoustic transmitter unit that is stored in the tool. The transmitter units can be stored in the tool in a variety of ways. For instance, the transmitter units can be installed into a spring-loaded column, much like the ammunition clip in a handgun. Alternatively, the transmitter units can be stored around the perimeter of a revolving chamber. The manner in which the transmitter units are stored in the tool is not important, as long as the required number of tags are available for use and can be released to the surface.

[0061] After the pertinent information is written to a transmitter unit, the transmitter unit is released from the tool. It should be noted that the transmitter unit can be released either inside or outside of the tool depending upon the tool and the method of deployment. In one embodiment, when the transmitter unit is released, it is picked up by circulating fluid and carried to the surface. The transmitter unit is interrogated by a data acquisition device at the surface, at which time the information stored on the transmitter unit is downloaded. The microprocessor on the tool repeats the process with the additional transmitter units as directed by its programming.

[0062] In addition to tool-to-surface telemetry, as just described above, the non-acoustic transmitter units of the present invention can be used to send information from an operator at the surface to a tool located in the well. In this case, the transmitter unit is written to and released from the surface, circulated to the tool below, and returned to the surface. Once acquired by the tool, the information stored on the transmitter unit is downloaded for use by the microprocessor.

[0063] Depending on the programming of the tool microprocessor, a wide variety of instructions can be relayed from surface and carried out by the tool. Examples of possible instructions include how much to open a valve and whether or not to enter a multi-lateral, for example.

[0064] The following example is illustrative of both tool-to-surface and surface-to-tool telemetry using the non-acoustic transmitter units of the present invention to perform coiled tubing perforating. It should be noted that the example is equally applicable to other coiled tubing applications as well as applications using other conveyance systems (e.g., slickline, wireline, completion tools, drill strings, tool strings, etc.). As shown in FIG. 15, a plurality of passive transmitter units 220 are located in collars along the production string 222. A downhole tool 224 having a non-acoustic receiver unit 226, a temperature gauge 228, a pressure gauge 230, and a tool clock 232 is attached to the coiled tubing 234 and carries the perforating gun 236. The downhole tool 224 also has a spring-loaded column 238 of passive read/write transmitter units 240. A separate antenna 242 is used to write information to the transmitter units 240.

[0065] As the tool 224 is being lowered into the well via the coiled tubing 234, fluid is pumped into the annulus between the production string 222 and the coiled tubing 234, through the tool 224, and up the coiled tubing 234.

[0066] When the tool 234 passes by a collar with a transmitter unit 220, the identification number of the transmitter unit 220 in the collar is read and decoded by a microprocessor in the tool 224. The antenna 242 then writes the identification number to the bottom-most transmitter unit 240 in the spring-loaded column 238. Also written to the same transmitter unit 240 is the instantaneous measurements of temperature and pressure, as well as the current time, which is synchronized with a surface clock.

[0067] Once all the information is written to the spring-loaded transmitter unit 240, the transmitter unit 240 is released into the inner diameter of the coiled tubing 234, and another read/write transmitter unit 240 is pushed into position by the spring. The overall transmitter unit density approximates that of the fluid density, so the released transmitter unit 240 flows up the inner diameter of the coiled tubing 234 with the fluid. When the transmitter unit 240 reaches surface, the data is collected and the process is repeated for each collar having transmitter units 226, making possible readings such as pressure versus well depth, temperature versus well depth, and coiled tubing depth versus well depth, for example.

[0068] To provide communication back downhole, once the information is received and analyzed by the operator, a transmitter unit 240 at the surface can be loaded with instructions on where (e.g. relative to a particular collar) and when (e.g. specific time delay) to fire the perforating gun 236. The transmitter unit 240 can then be circulated in the fluid down to the tool 224, and the instructions carried out by the microprocessor in the tool. After perforation takes place, critical information, such as temperature and pressure, can again be relayed to the surface by transmitter units 240 released from the tool 224.

[0069] In another embodiment, the non-acoustic transmitter units of the present invention can be used autonomously without the necessity of a downhole tool. For example, the pumping fluid can be used to carry the transmitter units downhole and back to the surface through circulation. The individual transmitter units can receive and store data from transmitter units located downhole in tools, pipe casing, downhole equipment, etc. Once returned to the surface, the transmitter units can be analyzed to determine various operating conditions downhole. Such use provides continuous monitoring of wellbore conditions.

[0070] In another embodiment, the non-acoustic transmitter units of the present invention are used to autonomously actuate or install downhole tools and equipment. In this embodiment, non-acoustic transmitter units are dropped down the wellbore affixed to a drop ball, for example. As the non-acoustic transmitter units fall into proximity of non-acoustic receiver units located on the downhole tools and equipment, if the transmitted signal matches a predetermined identification code, the downhole tools and equipment are installed or actuated. It should be understood that both receiver units and transmitter units can be used to advantage being dropped down the wellbore. For example, a receiver unit affixed to a drop ball can carry information gathered from passing a transmitter unit affixed to the wellbore, tools, equipment, etc. and relay that information to a receiver unit located further downhole.

[0071] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the non-acoustic transmitter units can be placed along the wellbore and correlated with formation or well parameters or completion characteristics at those locations. When the well is logged; a digital signature for the wellbore can be created to pinpoint depth in the wellbore.

[0072] In summary, the present invention provides apparatus and methods for managing, classifying, identifying, controlling, maintaining, actuating, activating, deactivating, locating, and communicating with downhole tools, jewelry, nipples, valves, gas-lift mandrels, packers, slips, sleeves and guns. The invention allows downhole tools to actuate only at the correct time and location and/or in the correct manner.

[0073] Although the present invention could be highly useful in any context, its benefits could be enhanced by a central organization that issues non-acoustic frequency identification units (encoding equipment serial numbers) to manufacturers of downhole components. This organization could also maintain a database of downhole tool identification codes/serial numbers of all components manufactured. Such a list of serial numbers could be classified or partitioned to allow for easy identification of the type and rating of any particular downhole component. Non-acoustic frequency transmitter units can store and transmit a signal corresponding to very large serial number strings that are capable of accommodating all necessary classes and ratings of equipment.

[0074] Other suitable uses of the invention include packer landing verification.

[0075] The preceding description of specific embodiments of the present invention is not intended to be a complete list of every possible embodiment of the invention. Persons skilled in this field will recognize that modifications can be made to the specific embodiments described here that would be within the scope of the present invention.