US 6,978,836 B2Grant
Methods for controlling water and particulate production
Issue Date:2005-12-27
•33 Claims
Abstract
The present invention provides methods of reducing the production of both water and particulates from subterranean formations; the methods are particularly useful in conjunction with subterranean formations surrounding wellbores and fractures. The methods comprise the steps of applying to a subterranean formation a pre-flush fluid, applying aqueous surfactant fluid, applying a low-viscosity consolidating fluid, and applying an after-flush fluid.
Metadata
Assignee
- Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
Inventors
- Philip D. Nguyen
- David L. Brown
Application Information
Application Number:US 10/444,408
Filing Date:2003-05-23
Priority Date:2003-05-23
Art Unit:3676
Patent Drawings
This patent does not have any drawings.
Description
Field of the Invention
[0001] The present invention relates to improved methods for stabilizing unconsolidated regions and for controlling water production from subterranean formations.
Description of the Prior Art
[0002] Hydrocarbon wells are often located in subterranean zones that contain unconsolidated particulates that may migrate out of the subterranean formation with the oil, gas, water, and/or other fluids produced by the wells. The presence of particulates, such as formation sand, in produced fluids is disadvantageous and undesirable in that the particulates may abrade pumping and other producing equipment and reduce the fluid production capabilities of the producing zones. Unconsolidated subterranean zones include those that contain loose particulates and those wherein the bonded particulates have insufficient bond strength to withstand the forces produced by the production of fluids through the zones.
[0003] One method of controlling particulates in unconsolidated formations involves placing a filtration bed containing gravel near the wellbore in order to present a physical barrier to the transport of unconsolidated formation fines with the production of hydrocarbons. Typically, such so-called “gravel packing operations” involve the pumping and placement of a quantity of a desired particulate into the unconsolidated formation in an area adjacent to a wellbore. Such packs may be time consuming and expensive to install.
[0004] Another method used to control particulates in unconsolidated formations involves consolidating unconsolidated subterranean producing zones into hard permeable masses by applying a resin followed by a spacer fluid and then a catalyst. Such resin application may be problematic when, for example, an insufficient amount of spacer fluid is used between the application of the resin and the application of the external catalyst. The resin may come into contact with the external catalyst in the wellbore itself rather than in the unconsolidated subterranean producing zone. When resin is contacted with an external catalyst an exothermic reaction occurs that may result in rapid polymerization, potentially damaging the formation by plugging the pore channels, halting pumping when the wellbore is plugged with solid material, or resulting in a down hole explosion as a result of the heat of polymerization. Also, using these conventional processes to treat long intervals of unconsolidated regions is not practical due to the difficulty in determining if the entire interval has been successfully treated with both the resin and the external catalyst.
[0005] Often, unconsolidated formation sands migrate out of the formation when water is produced from the formation. This is due, in part, to the fact that most natural cementation between formation sand grains disintegrates when in contact with an aqueous moving phase. The production of water from a subterranean producing zone is disadvantageous due to its effect on mobilizing formation sands, and because water production constitutes a major expense in the recovery of hydrocarbons from subterranean formations, especially in light of the energy expended in producing, separating, and disposing of the water.
[0006] A variety of methods and techniques have been used to reduce the water permeability of subterranean formations. For example, one such method involves contacting the formation with a treatment solution having dissolved therein a surfactant formed of one or more fatty acid imidazolyl compounds to control the flow of water from the formation. While these methods have achieved moderate success, the treatment solutions can only be injected into the formation a short distance because as the treatment solution exits the wellbore into the subterranean formation it attaches to adsorption sites on surfaces within the pores of the formation. Once the treatment solution is adsorbed onto the surfaces in the formation near the well bore its presence not only blocks the flow of water from the formation, it also blocks the flow of additional treatment solution deeper into the formation. This limits penetration into the formation and the water-producing zone or zones, which limits the reduction in water production achieved.
Summary of the Invention
[0007] The present invention provides improved methods for controlling water production and formation sand migration in subterranean producing zones.
[0008] One embodiment of the present invention describes a method of stabilizing a subterranean formation comprising the steps of applying a preflush solution comprising an aqueous liquid and a water-resistant polymer to the subterranean formation, applying an aqueous liquid comprising a surfactant into the subterranean formation, applying a low-viscosity consolidating fluid to the subterranean formation, and applying an afterflush fluid to the subterranean formation.
[0009] Another embodiment of the present invention describes a method of reducing the production of particulates and water from a subterranean formation comprising the steps of comprising the steps of applying a preflush solution comprising an aqueous liquid and a water-resistant polymer to the subterranean formation, applying an aqueous liquid comprising a surfactant into the subterranean formation, applying a low-viscosity consolidating fluid to the subterranean formation, and applying an afterflush fluid to the subterranean formation.
[0010] Other and further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the description of preferred embodiments which follows.
Description of Preferred Embodiments
[0011] The present invention provides improved methods for controlling water production and preventing the migration of loose and incompetent particulates such as formation sands and fines in subterranean formations.
[0012] Certain embodiments of the methods of the present invention comprise successively placing into a subterranean zone a pre-flush fluid, an aqueous surfactant fluid, a low-viscosity consolidating fluid, and an after-flush fluid. Each successive placement of a treatment fluid displaces the previous treatment fluid deeper into the subterranean formation.
[0013] The pre-flush fluid comprises an aqueous liquid and one or more water-resistant polymers. The aqueous liquid used may be fresh water, salt water (e.g., water containing one or more salts dissolved therein), brine (e.g., saturated salt water), seawater, or any other aqueous liquid that does not adversely react with the other components utilized in accordance with this invention or with the subterranean formation.
[0014] Water-resistant polymers, also known as relative permeability modifiers, act, inter alia, to adsorb onto the surfaces within the pores of a formation to reduce the formation's water permeability. A variety of polymers are suitable for use as the water-resistant polymers in the present invention. Examples of particularly suitable polymers include, but are not limited to, polyacrylamide, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, xanthan, scleroglucan, polysaccharides, amphoteric polymers made from acrylamide, acrylic acid, and diallyldimethylammonium chloride, vinyl sulfonate/vinyl amide/acrylamide terpolymers, vinyl sulfonate/acrylamide copolymers, acrylamide/acrylamido-methylpropanesulfonic acid copolymers, acrylamide/vinylpyrrolidone copolymers, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, poly[dialkylaminoacrylate-co-acrylate-g-poly(ethyleneoxide)], acrylamide/octadecyldimethylammoniumethyl methacrylate bromide copolymer, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate/vinyl pyrrolidone/hexadecyldimethylammoniummethyl methacrylate bromide terpolymer, acrylamide/2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid/2-ethylhexyl methacrylate terpolymer, and combinations thereof. As used herein “-g-” in a formula means that the immediately following molecule in the formula is grafted to the preceding polymer molecule.
[0015] Generally, at least one water-resistant polymer is included in the pre-flush fluid in an amount sufficient to reduce the production of water from the formation. In one embodiment, the water-resistant polymer is included in the pre-flush fluid in the range of from about 0.01% to about 10.0% by weight of the pre-flush fluid. In another embodiment, the water-resistant polymer is included in the pre-flush fluid in the range of from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by weight of the pre-flush fluid. One skilled in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to determine the amount of water-resistant polymer sufficient to reduce the production of water from the formation by the desired level.
[0016] In the methods of the present invention, after the pre-flush fluid has been placed in the subterranean formation, an aqueous surfactant fluid is placed in the subterranean formation. The aqueous surfactant fluid comprises an aqueous liquid and a surfactant and acts, inter alia, both to displace the pre-flush fluid further into the formation and to prepare the subterranean formation for the later placement of a low-viscosity consolidating fluid. Generally, the volume of aqueous surfactant fluid placed into the subterranean formation is between 1 to 50 times the volume of the pre-flush fluid.
[0017] The aqueous liquid component of the aqueous surfactant fluid may be fresh water, salt water, brine, seawater, or any other aqueous liquid that does not adversely react with the other components utilized in accordance with this invention or with the subterranean formation. Any surfactant compatible with the later-used low-viscosity consolidating fluid and capable of facilitating the coating of the consolidating fluid on the subterranean particles and aiding the consolidating fluid in flowing to the contact points between adjacent particulates in the formation may be used in the present invention. Such surfactants include, but are not limited to, ethoxylated nonyl phenol phosphate esters, mixtures of one or more cationic surfactants, one or more non-ionic surfactants, and an alkyl phosphonate surfactant. Suitable mixtures of one or more cationic and nonionic surfactants are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,311,773 issued to Todd et al. on Nov. 6, 2001, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Another suitable surfactant is a benzyl chloride quat of tris-2-4-6-dimethylaminomethyl phenol. The surfactant or surfactants used are included in the aqueous liquid in an amount sufficient to prepare the subterranean formation to receive a treatment of low-viscosity resin by wetting the particulates in the formation so that the resin can attach to those particulates. In some embodiments of the present invention, the aqueous surfactant fluid comprises surfactant in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 15% by weight of the aqueous liquid.
[0018] According to the methods of the present invention, after the aqueous surfactant fluid has been placed in the subterranean formation, a low-viscosity consolidating fluid is placed in the subterranean formation. Low-viscosity consolidating fluids suitable for use in the present invention generally comprise a hardenable resin component and a solvent component. The low-viscosity consolidating fluids of the present invention may be classified as one of four types: a two-component epoxy-based consolidation fluid comprising a hardenable resin component and a hardening agent component; a furan-based consolidation fluid; a phenolic-based consolidation fluid; or, a high-temperature (“HT”) epoxy-based consolidation fluid. In certain embodiments, the low-viscosity consolidating fluid chosen is either activated by an internal activator or by the ambient subterranean temperature such that an external catalyst is not required.
[0019] Selection of a low-viscosity consolidating fluid may be related to the temperature of the subterranean formation to which the fluid will be introduced. By way of example and not limitation, for subterranean formations having a bottom hole static temperature (“BHST”) ranging from about 60° F. to about 250° F., two-component epoxy-based consolidation fluids comprising a hardenable resin component and a hardening agent component are preferred. For subterranean formations having a BHST ranging from about 300° F. to about 600° F., a one-component furan-based consolidation fluid may be preferred. For subterranean formations having a BHST from about 200° F. to about 400° F., either a one-component phenolic-based consolidation fluid or a one-component HT epoxy-based consolidation fluid is suitable.
[0020] Regardless of the type of low-viscosity consolidating fluid chosen, its viscosity should preferably be controlled to ensure that it is able to sufficiently penetrate the unconsolidated portions of the subterranean formation. To achieve the desired level of penetration, the consolidation fluid viscosity is preferably below about 100 cP, more preferably below about 50 cP, and most preferably below about 10 cP. Achieving the desired viscosity will generally involve either the use of a solvent or the use of heat to reduce the viscosity of the chosen resin. Factors that may influence the amount of solvent needed include the geographic location of the well and the surrounding environmental conditions. In some embodiments, suitable consolidating fluid to solvent ratios range from about 1:0.2 to about 1:20. It is within the ability of one skilled in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, to determine a sufficient amount of a suitable solvent to achieve the desired viscosity and, thus, to achieve the preferred penetration into the subterranean formation.
[0021] One low-viscosity consolidating fluid of the present invention is a two-component epoxy-based consolidation fluid comprising a hardenable resin component and a hardening agent component. The hardenable resin component is comprised of a hardenable resin and an optional solvent. The solvent may be added to the resin to reduce its viscosity for ease of handling, mixing and transferring. It is within the ability of one skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure to determine if and how much solvent may be needed to achieve a viscosity suitable to the subterranean conditions. Factors that may affect this decision include geographic location of the well and the surrounding weather conditions. An alternate way to reduce the viscosity of the liquid hardenable resin is to heat it. This method avoids the use of a solvent altogether, which may be desirable in certain circumstances. The second component is the liquid hardening agent component, which is comprised of a hardening agent, a silane coupling agent, a surfactant, an optional hydrolyzable ester, and an optional liquid carrier fluid for, inter alia, reducing the viscosity of the liquid hardening agent component. It is within the ability of one skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure to determine if and how much liquid carrier fluid is needed to achieve a viscosity suitable to the subterranean conditions.
[0022] Examples of hardenable resins that can be utilized in the liquid hardenable resin component include, but are not limited to, organic resins such as bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin resin, polyepoxide resin, novolak resin, polyester resin, phenol-aldehyde resin, urea-aldehyde resin, furan resin, urethane resin, glycidyl ethers and mixtures thereof. Of these, bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin resin is preferred. The resin utilized is included in the liquid hardenable resin component in an amount sufficient to consolidate the coated particulates. In some embodiments of the present invention, the resin utilized is included in the liquid hardenable resin component in the range of from about 70% to about 100% by weight of the liquid hardenable resin component.
[0023] Any solvent that is compatible with the hardenable resin and achieves the desired viscosity effect is suitable for use in the present invention. Preferred solvents are those having high flash points (most preferably about 125° F.) because of, inter alia, environmental considerations. As described above, use of a solvent in the hardenable resin composition is optional but may be desirable to reduce the viscosity of the hardenable resin component for a variety of reasons including ease of handling, mixing, and transferring. It is within the ability of one skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure to determine if and how much solvent is needed to achieve a suitable viscosity. Solvents suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to: butylglycidyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl formamide, diethyleneglycol methyl ether, ethyleneglycol butyl ether, diethyleneglycol butyl ether, propylene carbonate, methanol, butyl alcohol, d'limonene and fatty acid methyl esters. Of these, butylglucidyl ether is preferred.
[0024] Examples of the hardening agents that can be utilized in the liquid hardening agent component of the two-component consolidation fluids of the present invention include, but are not limited to, amines, aromatic amines, polyamines, aliphatic amines, cyclo-aliphatic amines, amides, polyamides, 2-ethyl-4-methyl imidazole and 1,1,3-trichlorotrifluoroacetone. Selection of a preferred hardening agent depends, in part, on the temperature of the formation in which the hardening agent will be used. By way of example and not of limitation, in subterranean formations having a temperature from about 60° F. to about 250° F., amines and cyclo-aliphatic amines such as piperidine, triethylamine, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, benzyldimethylamine, tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, and 2-(N2N-dimethylaminomethyl)phenol are preferred with N,N-dimethylaminopyridine most preferred. In subterranean formations having higher temperatures, 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone may be a suitable hardening agent. The hardening agent utilized is included in the liquid hardening agent component in an amount sufficient to consolidate the coated particulates. In some embodiments of the present invention, the hardening agent used is included in the liquid hardenable resin component in the range of from about 40% to about 60% by weight of the liquid hardening agent component.
[0025] The silane coupling agent may be used, inter alia, to act as a mediator to help bond the resin to the sand surface. Examples of silane coupling agents that can be utilized in the liquid hardening agent component of the two-component consolidation fluids of the present invention include, but are not limited to, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane. Of these, n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane is preferred. The silane coupling agent used is included in the liquid hardening agent component in an amount capable of sufficiently bonding the resin to the particulate. In some embodiments of the present invention, the silane coupling agent used is included in the liquid hardenable resin component in the range of from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight of the liquid hardening agent component.
[0026] Any surfactant compatible with the liquid hardening agent may be used in the present invention. Such surfactants include, but are not limited to, an ethoxylated nonyl phenol phosphate ester, mixtures of one or more cationic surfactants, and one or more non-ionic surfactants and an alkyl phosphonate surfactant. Another suitable surfactant is a benzyl chloride quat of tris-2-4-6-dimethylaminomethyl phenol. The mixtures of one or more cationic and nonionic surfactants are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,311,773, issued to Todd et al. on Nov. 6, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference. The surfactant or surfactants utilized are included in the liquid hardening agent component in an amount in the range of from about 2% to about 15% by weight of the liquid hardening agent component.
[0027] Use of a diluent or liquid carrier fluid in the hardenable resin composition is optional and may be used to reduce the viscosity of the hardenable resin component for ease of handling, mixing and transferring. It is within the ability of one skilled in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, to determine if and how much liquid carrier fluid is needed to achieve a viscosity suitable to the subterranean conditions. Any suitable carrier fluid that is compatible with the hardenable resin and achieves the desired viscosity effects is suitable for use in the present invention. The liquid carrier fluids that can be utilized in the liquid hardening agent component of the two-component consolidation fluids of the present invention preferably include those having high flash points (most preferably above about 125° F.). Examples of liquid carrier fluids suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl formamide, diethyleneglycol methyl ether, ethyleneglycol butyl ether, diethyleneglycol butyl ether, methanol propylene carbonate, d'limonene and fatty acid methyl esters. Of these, dipropylene glycol methyl ether is preferred.
[0028] Where the low-viscosity consolidating fluid of the present invention is a furan-based consolidation fluid, suitable furan-based resins include, but are not limited to, furfuryl alcohol, a mixture furfuryl alcohol with an aldehyde, and a mixture of furan resin and phenolic resin. Of these, furfuryl alcohol is preferred.
[0029] The furan-based consolidating fluid may be combined with a solvent to control viscosity if desired. Suitable solvents for use in the furan-based consolidation fluids of the present invention include, but are not limited to 2-butoxy ethanol, butyl acetate, and furfuryl acetate. Of these, 2-butoxy ethanol is preferred.
[0030] Where the low-viscosity consolidating fluid of the present invention is a phenolic-based consolidation fluid, suitable phenolic-based resins include, but are not limited to, terpolymers of phenol, phenolic formaldehyde resins, and a mixture of phenolic and furan resins. Of these, a mixture of phenolic and furan resins is preferred.
[0031] The phenolic-based consolidating fluid may be combined with a solvent to control viscosity if desired. Suitable solvents for use in the phenolic-based consolidation fluids of the present invention include, but are not limited to butyl acetate, butyl lactate, furfuryl acetate, and 2-butoxy ethanol. Of these, 2-butoxy ethanol is preferred.
[0032] Where the low-viscosity consolidating fluid of the present invention is an HT epoxy-based consolidation fluid, suitable HT epoxy-based components included, but are not limited to, bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin resin, polyepoxide resin, novolac resin, polyester resin, glycidyl ethers and mixtures thereof. Of these, bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin resin is preferred.
[0033] It is preferred that a solvent be used with the HT epoxy-based consolidation fluids of the present invention. Suitable solvents for use in the HT epoxy-based consolidation fluids of the present invention are those solvents capable of substantially dissolving the HT epoxy-resin chosen for use in the consolidation fluid. Such solvents include, but are not limited to, dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl formamide. Of these, dimethyl sulfoxide is preferred. A co-solvent such as dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl formamide, diethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl ether, propylene carbonate, d'limonene and fatty acid methyl esters, may also be used in combination with the solvent. Of these co-solvents, dipropylene glycol methyl ether is preferred.
[0034] Following the placement of the low-viscosity consolidating fluid into the subterranean formation, an after-flush fluid is placed into the subterranean formation to displace the low-viscosity consolidating fluid from the pore channels of the subterranean formation and to force the consolidating fluid and the water-resistant polymer further into the subterranean formation. The after-flush fluid is placed into the formation at a matrix flow rate such that the low-viscosity resin is displaced from the channels, but is not displaced from its desired location between the formation sand particles. Generally, the volume of after-flush fluid placed in the subterranean formation ranges from about 0.1 to about 50 times the volume of the low-viscosity resin. In some embodiments of the present invention, the volume of after-flush fluid placed in the subterranean formation ranges from about 2 to about 5 times the volume of the low-viscosity resin.
[0035] Optionally, a water-resistant polymer, as described above, may be added to the after-flush fluid. Where used, the water-resistant polymer is included in the after-flush fluid in an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 10.0% by weight of the aqueous liquid. In some embodiments of the present invention, the water-resistant polymer is included in the after-flush fluid in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by weight of the aqueous liquid.
[0036] After the placement of the after-flush fluid, the subterranean formation may be shut in for a period of time to allow the resin in the consolidating fluid to cure to a desired unconfined compressive strength. The necessary period of time is dependent on the low-viscosity resin used, the temperature of the formation, and the unconfined compressive strength desired. Generally, the chosen period of time will be between about 0.5 hours and about 72 hours. In some embodiments of the present invention, the chosen period of time ranges between about 6 hours and about 48 hours. Determining the proper cure time is within the ability of one skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure.
[0037] Therefore, the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. While numerous changes may be made by those skilled in the art, such changes are encompassed within the spirit and scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims
1. A method of stabilizing a subterranean formation comprising the steps of:
applying a preflush solution comprising an aqueous liquid and a water-resistant polymer to the subterranean formation;
applying an aqueous liquid comprising a surfactant into the subterranean formation;
applying a low-viscosity consolidating fluid to the subterranean formation; and,
applying an afterflush fluid to the subterranean formation.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of waiting a chosen period of time after applying the afterflush fluid.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the chosen period of time is from about 6 to about 48 hours.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the consolidating fluid has a viscosity of below about 100 cP.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the consolidating fluid comprises a hardenable resin component comprising a hardenable resin and a hardening agent component comprising a liquid hardening agent, a silane coupling agent, and a surfactant.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the hardenable resin in the hardenable resin component is selected from the group consisting of: a bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin resin; a polyepoxide resin; a novolak resin; a polyester resin; a phenol-aldehyde resin; a urea-aldehyde resin; a furan resin; a urethane resin; a glycidyl ethers; or mixtures thereof.
7. The method of claim 5 further comprising a solvent for the hardenable resin in the hardenable resin component.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the solvent for the hardenable resin in the hardenable resin component is selected from the group consisting of: butylglycidyl ether; dipropylene glycol methyl ether; dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether; dimethyl formamide; diethyleneglycol methyl ether; ethyleneglycol butyl ether; diethyleneglycol butyl ether; methanol propylene carbonate; d-limonene; a fatty acid methyl; or mixtures thereof.
9. The method of claim 5 wherein the liquid hardening agent in the hardening agent component is selected from the group consisting of: an amine; an aromatic amine; an aliphatic amine; a cyclo-aliphatic amine; piperidine; triethylamine; benzyldimethylamine; N,N-dimethylaminopyridine; 2-(N2N-dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol; or mixtures thereof.
10. The method of claim 5 wherein the silane coupling agent in the hardening agent component is selected form the group consisting of: N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane; or mixtures thereof.
11. The method of claim 5 wherein the liquid hardening agent further comprises a hydrolyzable ester.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the hydrolyzable ester is selected from the group consisting of: dimethylglutarate; dimethyladipate and dimethylsuccinate; sorbitol; catechol; dimethylthiolate; methyl salicylate; dimethyl salicylate; dimethylsuccinate; ter-butylhydroperoxide; or mixtures thereof.
13. The method of claim 5 wherein the surfactant in the hardening agent component is selected form the group consisting of: an ethoxylated nonyl phenol phosphate ester; a cationic surfactant; a C12–C22 alkyl phosphonate surfactant; a benzyl chloride quat of tris-2-4-6-dimethylaminomethyl phenol; one or more non-ionic surfactants and an alkyl phosphonate surfactant; or mixtures thereof.
14. The method of claim 5 wherein the liquid hardening agent further comprises a liquid carrier fluid.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the liquid carrier fluid is selected from the group consisting of: dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl formamide; diethyleneglycol methyl ether; ethyleneglycol butyl ether; diethyleneglycol butyl ether; propylene carbonate; d-limonene; a fatty acid methyl ester; or mixtures thereof.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the consolidating fluid comprises a furan-based resin.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the furan-based resin is selected from the group consisting of: a furfuryl alcohol; a mixture of furfuryl alcohol with an aldehyde; a mixture of furan resin and phenolic resin; or mixtures thereof.
18. The method of claim 17 further comprising a solvent for the furan-based resin in the hardenable resin component.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of: 2-butoxy ethanol butyl acetate; furfuryl acetate; or mixtures thereof.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein the consolidating fluid comprises a phenolic-based resin.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the phenolic-based resin is selected from the group consisting of: a terpolymer of phenol; a phenolic formaldehyde resin; a mixture of a phenolic resin and a furan resin; or mixtures thereof.
22. The method of claim 21 further comprising a solvent for the phenolic-based resin.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of: butyl acetate; butyl lactate; furfuryl acetate; 2-butoxy ethanol; or mixtures thereof.
24. The method of claim 1 wherein the consolidating fluid comprises a high-temperature epoxy-based resin and a solvent.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein the high-temperature epoxy-based resin is selected from the group consisting of: a bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin resin; a polyepoxide resin; a novolac resin; a polyester resin; a glycidyl ether; or mixtures thereof.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of: dimethyl sulfoxide; dimethyl formamide; dipropylene glycol methyl ether; dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether; diethylene glycol methyl ether; ethylene glycol butyl ether; diethylene glycol butyl ether; propylene carbonate; d-limonene; a fatty acid methyl ester; or mixtures thereof.
27. The method of claim 1 wherein the aqueous liquid in the preflush solution is selected from the group consisting of: salt water; a brine; or mixtures thereof.
28. The method of claim 1 wherein the water-resistant polymer is selected from the group consisting of: a polyacrylamide; a hydrolyzed polyacrylamide; xanthan; scleroglucan; a polysaccharide; an amphoteric polymer made from acrylamide, acrylic acid, and diallyldimethylammonium chloride; a vinyl sulfonate/vinyl amide/acrylamide terpolymer; a vinyl sulfonate/acrylamide copolymer; an acrylamide/acrylamido-methylpropanesulfonic acid copolymer; an acrylamide/vinylpyrrolidone copolymer; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; poly[dialkylaminoacrylate-co-acrylate-graft-poly(ethyleneoxide)]; an acrylamide/octadecyldimethylammoniumethyl methacrylate bromide copolymer; a dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate/vinyl pyrrolidone/hexadecyldimethylammoniummethyl methacrylate bromide terpolymer; an acrylamide/2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid/2-ethylhexyl methacrylate terpolymer; or mixtures thereof.
29. The method of claim 1 wherein the aqueous liquid comprising a surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: salt water; a brine; or mixtures thereof.
30. The method of claim 1 wherein the aqueous liquid comprising a surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: a ethoxylated nonyl phenol phosphate ester; a cationic surfactant; a non-ionic surfactant; an alkyl phosphonate surfactant; or mixtures thereof.
31. The method of claim 1 wherein the afterflush fluid is selected from the group consisting of: salt water; a brine; or mixtures thereof.
32. The method of claim 1 wherein the afterflush fluid further comprises a water-resistant polymer.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein the water-resistant polymer is selected from the group consisting of: a polyacrylamide; a hydrolyzed polyacrylamide; xanthan; scleroglucan; a polysaccharide; an amphoteric polymer made from acrylamide, acrylic acid, and diallyldimethylammonium chloride; a vinyl sulfonate/vinyl amide/acrylamide terpolymer; a vinyl sulfonate/acrylamide copolymer; an acrylamide/acrylamido-methylpropanesulfonic acid copolymer; an acrylamide/vinylpyrrolidone copolymer; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; poly[dialkylaminoacrylate-co-acrylate-graft-poly(ethyleneoxide)]; an acrylamide/octadecyldimethylammoniumethyl methacrylate bromide copolymer; a dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate/vinyl pyrrolidone/hexadecyldimethylammoniummethyl methacrylate bromide terpolymer; an acrylamide/2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid/2-ethylhexyl methacrylate terpolymer; or mixtures thereof.
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