US 6,975,251 B2Grant
System for digitizing transient signals with waveform accumulator
Issue Date:2005-12-13
•22 Claims
•15 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An apparatus for capturing and digitizing a signal derived from an event has a memory for storing a sequence of analog samples from the signal derived from the event in a sampling operation occurring at about a 0.5 gigahertz or higher sampling rate. Circuitry communicating with the memory selectively initiates the read out of the analog samples in the memories. An array of analog to digital converters receives a sequence of analog samples read out from the memory and produces from the analog samples a corresponding vector of digitized sample values. A waveform accumulator integrated with the array of analog to digital converters receives a vector of digitized sample values from a new waveform and combines these with a vector of digitized sample values from at least one prior waveform. An output stage outputs the vector of digitized sample values developed in the waveform accumulator.
Metadata
Assignee
- Dakota Technologies, Inc.
Inventor
- Mark J. Pavicic
Application Information
Application Number:US 10/924,405
Filing Date:2004-08-24
Priority Date:2002-06-20
Art Unit:2819
Patent Drawings (15 sheets)
Description
Priority
[0001] The present application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/600,319, filed Jun. 20, 2003 is now a U.S. Pat. No. 6,816,102, which in turn claims the priority of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/390,789, filed Jun. 20, 2002.
Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to signal sampling systems and more particularly to signal processing methods and architecture for capturing and digitizing transient signals where a high frequency rate of sampling is needed, but the events leading to the signal samples occur at a significantly lower frequency than the sampling frequency.
Background of the Invention
[0003] In a variety of fields it is useful to sample signals at a high rate in order to determine the time variations in intensity, phase or other features that occur in a waveform over time. One example of this sampling is in the use of fluorometers, where precise fluorescence intensity data may be gathered as part of a variety of detection tasks. In particular, it is desirable to record the time rates of decay of the fluorescence produced by one or more fluorophores as a result of illumination by a short pulse of light. Another example is in observing transmission phenomena, where changes between a transient input signal applied to a system and the corresponding transient output signal are of interest. A further example is radar and similar systems in which a signal is emitted and it is of interest to capture the signal resulting from a reflection. If the sampled signals are digitized, it greatly facilitates analysis of the resulting data.
[0004] There exist systems that perform continuous digitizing of sampled analog data. If the sampling rate must be high, then because all the components involved in sampling and analog to digital (A to D) conversion must operate at the same high rate to avoid massive analog memory requirements, the systems are very expensive. In some circumstances the high sampling rate needs to occur only during a short sampling window corresponding to a transient event. This provides an opportunity to sample at a high rate and perform digitizing at a slower rate. This limits memory and may permit cheaper components to be used for slower functions. Such systems are known as Fast-in Slow-out (FISO) systems, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,833,445 and 6,091,019.
[0005] With most FISO systems challenges remain. When sampling data from an event occurs at near gigahertz (or higher) rates, large amounts of samples must be stored and processed. Often the interval for processing the samples is limited by the occurrence of the next event and its corresponding sampling activity. Thus, there are trade-offs between and among the sampling rate, the duration of the sampling window, the speed of the A-to-D conversion, the frequency of occurrence of the sampling window, the amount of data that can be collected and the amount of digitized data that can be passed on for downstream processing. If the duration of the sampling window is short, then the window on the event observed is narrow. Thus, when a high sampling rate is required, a shortening of the sampling window can help limit the downstream data processing but may also mean that less than adequate observations are made. Designs achieving increases in speed or amount of data collected almost always involve cost increases or power demands that limit applications for the design.
[0006] It is unusual to capture long waveforms using a high sampling rate. Such capture typically requires relatively expensive components. In the fluorescence situation, the most expensive elements are the light source (usually a laser) and the digitizer, usually a digital storage oscilloscope. The relatively high cost has limited the use of such equipment.
[0007] In applications that measure induced fluorescence, a certain period of time is needed to acquire a statistically significant number of emitted photons. One of the factors determining the measurement time is the average intensity of the excitation source. In the case of a pulsing microchip laser, which delivers high-intensity pulses, acquiring the response to a single sub-nanosecond pulse may be all that is necessary. In some applications, it is desirable to use low-cost LED-based excitation sources as an alternative to the microchip laser. In the applications where there is a modulated LED, which may emit relatively long, low-intensity pulses, a longer period of time is needed to acquire sufficient emitted photons for adequately defining a waveform. However, in an application such as a bio-aerosol warning system, the sample under investigation is illuminated for a limited period of time, typically on the order of 1 millisecond. Consequently, for LED excitation, the combined constraints of intensity and time can result in a very limited number of emitted photons. Therefore high efficiencies are desired for coupling, collection and detection.
[0008] Unless there is a large amount of storage, the most recently captured waveform must be read out before another waveform can be captured. The conversion and readout time can be much longer than the capture time. This is not a problem for short, widely-spaced events, but LED excitation can be essentially continuous. In this case, much of the available information may be lost, because the sampling and processing cannot keep up with the waveforms produced by near-continuous excitation.
[0009] It would be desirable to develop a system and method for capturing analog samples of data signals that could provide a high rate of sampling and efficient delivery of digital data derived from the captured samples. Other desirable features are a high degree of accuracy and lower cost than conventional devices. A further desirable feature is the ability to efficiently acquire a statistically significant number of emitted photons when low intensity excitation sources are used or other factors reduce the number of detected photons.
Brief Summary of the Invention
[0010] The subject invention, in one embodiment, is an apparatus for capturing and digitizing a signal derived from an event. The apparatus has a memory for storing a sequence of analog samples from the signal derived from the event in a sampling operation occurring at about a 0.5 gigahertz or higher sampling rate. Circuitry communicating with the memory selectively initiates the read out of the analog samples in the memories. An array of analog to digital converters receives a sequence of analog samples read out from the memory and produces from the analog samples a corresponding vector of digitized sample values. A waveform accumulator integrated with the array of analog to digital converters receives a vector of digitized sample values from a new waveform and combines these with a vector of digitized sample values of at least one prior waveform. An output stage outputs the digitized sample values developed in the waveform accumulator.
[0011] Another embodiment of the subject invention is a method as performed by the preceding apparatus.
[0012] While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the subject invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. As will be apparent, the invention is capable of modifications in various obvious aspects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the subject invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0013] FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a prior art system in which fluorescence decay waveform data is captured and digitized.
[0014] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the architecture for a digitizer with analog memory and a DSP in accordance with one embodiment.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the sample signal capture and data flow in a system according to one embodiment.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a timing diagram showing the relative time scales for sample capture and subsequent signal processing for two fluorescence decay waveforms.
[0017] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a signal sampling environment where the signal sampled is not derived from fluorescence but rather from another medium or system under test that causes an input signal passing thorough the system to be transformed into an output signal.
[0018] FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment.
[0019] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the architecture for a digitizer with analog memory and a waveform accumulator.
[0020] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the logic for one embodiment of a single sample processing unit for a waveform accumulator.
[0021] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the logic content of the “+” element shown in FIG. 8.
[0022] FIG. 10 is a graph showing excitation and emission distributions resulting from modulating the intensity of an excitation LED.
[0023] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of the logic for a variant embodiment of a single sample processing unit without a waveform accumulator.
[0024] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of the logic for another variant embodiment of a single sample processing unit with a waveform accumulator.
[0025] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of the logic for a further variant embodiment of a single sample processing unit with a waveform accumulator.
[0026] FIG. 14 is a table showing a simplified example of accumulation of sample values by adding new waveform digitized sample values to an existing accumulation of waveform digitized sample values
Detailed Description
[0027] Background and Overview
[0028] As best seen in FIG. 1 , a prior art system 200 for capturing a fluorescence decay curve from a sample 210 comprises a laser 212 producing short pulses of laser light 214 that is aimed at the sample 210 in which fluorescence is to be induced. A splitter 230 causes a first portion 216 of the light 214 to be diverted to a photodiode 240. The signal produced by the photodiode 240 is communicated on line 242 to a digitizer 280, which may use the signal to start the sampling operation. The second portion 218 of the light 214 passes through the splitter and reaches the target sample 210 where it causes a fluorescence event in the known manner. An iris 220 can be used to control the light from the laser 212. Light from the fluorescence event is emitted in the direction of an analog output sensor 250, which may be responsive only to a certain wavelength or polarization, with the help of a filter 252 that selects that wavelength or polarization. The analog signal produced by the sensor 250 (typically a photodetector) is communicated on line 252 to the digitizer 280. The digitizer stores one or more samples in analog form and then uses an A to D converter to develop the corresponding digital values.
[0029] The digital values are then passed over a communication channel 282 to a computer 260 for further processing. For example, various forms of data comparison or data mining may be desired. In a prior art system that attempts to sample at a high rate, such as on the order of 109 samples per second, and to capture a substantial portion of the waveform produced by sensor 250, the digitizer is typically a digital storage oscilloscope and the digitized values are passed to a separate computer in a raw form, because the digitizer provides conversion from analog to digital values but does no significant processing of the converted sample values.
[0030] Design of a digitizer can start with any of the components involved in the trade offs. A digital signal processor (DSP) can be useful to perform not only rapid processing of the digitized data that is the result of A to D conversions but also to provide intelligent control over one or more functions or parameters leading to output of the digitized data. In particular, a DSP can be made with CMOS or bi-CMOS technology and capacitor arrays of the kind that have been used to capture analog samples at high sampling rates can also be realized in CMOS or bi-CMOS. Thus, with CMOS or bi-CMOS (or any other chip-making methodology that permits realization of the essential components on a common substrate), it becomes possible to design a chip in which the DSP and the analog sample storage might be closely coordinated.
[0031] As used herein, DSP means any one of the conventional digital signal processor designs that has sufficient speed to handle the volume of data produced from A to D conversion within the time frames discussed further below. A DSP is typically characterized by optimization for numerical and vector processing, typically accomplished in part by having separate memories for data and for instructions. An example of a design of a commercially available DSP that is suitable for adoption in the present invention is the TMS320 family from Texas Instruments Incorporated. Specifically, a design such as the TMS320LF2812, might be adopted and adapted to eliminate the external bus, as part of integrating A to D conversion circuitry with the DSP. While only one DSP is depicted in the embodiments below, where greater processing power is needed, more than one could be used.
[0032] FIG. 2 shows the architecture of one embodiment of an integrated digitizer-DSP system 100 in accordance with the present invention that replaces the prior art digitizer 280 (FIG. 1 ) and, potentially, some of the functions of the computer 260. As seen in FIG. 2 , the system has a DSP 60 with a separate data memory 62 and instruction memory 64 for control software and other software executed by the DSP. Output from the DSP 60 and from the system 100 occurs over a data link 66 to downstream system 200. Data link 66 may be a serial port to help keep the pin count for the output port low or, for some applications, may be a parallel port of the conventional kind.
[0033] A to D converter (ADC) 40 provides to the DSP on bus 45 the digital data that results from conversion of the analog inputs by ADC 40. The ADC 40 has a timing unit 42 that provides signals over internal bus 43a to a sampling and storage unit 44, which in turn provides the samples as outputs to conversion unit 46 over internal bus 43b. Sampling and storage unit 44 is in one embodiment a switch capacitor array with the capacity to accumulate charge in individual cells, which represent the samples having different analog levels that become digitized. Conversion unit 46 passes the now digitized data to a readout unit 48, using internal bus 43c. The DSP has communication paths 72, 74, 76 and 78 connecting it to the readout unit 48, the conversion unit 46, the sampling and storage unit 44 and the timing unit 42, respectively. Thus, the DSP has means for operably controlling a variety of parameters of operation of the ADC 40.
[0034] Also part of the digitizer system 100 are: a trigger unit 70, which receives external triggers from one or more trigger sources, e.g., 70a and 70b, and provides trigger signals over line 71 to timing unit 42; an input signal unit 72 that receives the analog input signals to be sampled from sensor 10, selects and conditions these signals in various ways and passes the resulting signals on to the sampling and storage unit 44 on communication path 73; and a test signal unit 74 that provides test signals to the input signal unit 72 via communication path 75. The DSP has communication paths 61, 63 and 65 connecting it to the trigger unit 70, the input signal unit 72 and the test signal unit 74, respectively, which together form a trigger/input module 80. (In an alternative embodiment the trigger/input module 80 includes only units 70 and 72.) The communication and control relationship of the DSP 60 to the various components is now described.
[0035] Trigger Unit 70
[0036] The trigger unit 70 is used to initiate the sampling that precedes an A to D conversion. (Although shown as integrated on chip 100, it is also possible for all or portions of trigger unit 70 to be implemented off-chip.) The timing of this sampling can be significant to applications. The trigger unit 70 has a variety of trigger facilities and parameters that are available for DSP control. The DSP 60 can enable or disable triggering, select the trigger source (e.g., select 70a or 70b), set the trigger gain, clear the triggered condition, set the trigger threshold level, and assert a trigger. The DSP can also set the time delay between the arrival of an external trigger and the triggering of the timing unit. Small changes in the delay can be used to implement equivalent time sampling (ETS) of repeatable input signals. Large changes in delay can be used to capture long transients as multiple segments or to move the sampling window to a region of interest. The trigger unit 70 can be held in a “ready” state without dissipating a lot of power (at least compared to a unit that is continuously clocked at a high rate), and it can “wake up” the rest of the system 100 (which could be in a low power state) when a trigger signal arrives.
[0037] To calibrate the trigger delay, the DSP 60 configures the trigger and test signal units 70, 74 so that a test signal is generated in response to the trigger signal. The DSP 60 can observe the effects of changes made by the DSP 60 to the trigger delay by inspecting the location of the test signal in the waveform read out from the ADC. Useful settings are saved by the DSP for later use.
[0038] Input Signal Unit 72
[0039] The input signal unit 72 may have one or more channels on which it receives the analog signals that are to be sampled. (Although shown as integrated on chip 100, it is also possible for all or portions of input signal unit 72 to be implemented off-chip.) The input signal unit 72 also has the ability to condition the incoming analog signals by adjusting the level with an offset, amplification or attenuation. The DSP 60 can select the input source, set offsets in input signal levels, and set gains.
[0040] To calibrate the offset, the DSP 60 sets the input signal unit to present a null signal and uses the ADC 40 to measure the result. The DSP can cause the input signal unit to change the offset or save the result and make a digital correction later.
[0041] To calibrate the gain, the DSP 60 controls the input signal unit to present DC signals with known levels. The DSP can also cause the test signal unit to generate signals with known amplitudes. The DSP uses the ADC output to observe changes made by the DSP to the gain. Useful gain settings can be saved by the DSP for later use.
[0042] If the same signal is available to more than one channel but with different delays, this DSP control provides a way to obtain interleaved samples. If the same signal is available to more than one channel but with different gains, this DSP control provides a way to extend dynamic range, as explained further below.
[0043] The DSP 60 may be able to detect an input out-of-range condition, by monitoring the input signal unit 72. If this event causes a condition flag to be set, the DSP 60 can read and clear this flag.
[0044] Test Signal Unit 74
[0045] Test signals are used to measure the trigger delay and the sampling rate. The signals used for measuring trigger delay are initiated by a signal from the Trigger Unit 70. The DSP 60 can adjust the timing and shape of the test signals. The DSP 60 enables and disables their use. Test Signal Unit 74 is also connected to Trigger Unit 70 via communication link 67. (Although shown as integrated on chip 100, it is also possible for all or portions of test signal unit 74 to be implemented off-chip.)
[0046] Timing Unit 42
[0047] The timing unit 42 generates the sampling strobes for the ADC 40. The rate at which these are generated is adjustable, which also influences the interval of time during which they are generated (sampling window). The DSP 60 can set the rate at which the strobes are generated and the length of time during which the storage cells track the input signal. The DSP 60 receives a signal from the timing unit 42 indicating when the sampling is done.
[0048] More specifically, the amount of time that a sampling capacitor tracks the input signal can be selectable, such as by the DSP 60. For example, it could track for N sampling periods where N is a pre-selected number, such as, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16. This selection of the number of sampling periods is independent of the sampling rate and the width of the sampling window.
[0049] The DSP 60 can calibrate the sampling rate by causing the test signal unit 74 to generate a signal with features that are separated by a known period of time. An example of such a signal would be a clock signal. This signal is digitized by the ADC and the DSP uses the ADC output to determine the current sampling rate. The DSP then increases or decreases the sampling rate accordingly. As an alternative, a delay locked loop could be used to control the sampling rate. The DSP 60 could select the number of clock pulses from a clock and use this to define the width of the sampling window and thereby the sampling rate.
[0050] Sampling & Storage Unit 44
[0051] The sampling gates are essentially integrated into the storage unit; that is why the two functions, sampling and storage, are pictured as one unit. The DSP 60 can set the reference voltage level for the storage cells. The storage cells are organized as a matrix of capacitors, with multiple channels. The multiple cells in each channel are converted in parallel by presenting them in parallel to the conversion unit 46. The DSP 60 selects the channel to be presented to the conversion unit 46. There is a bank of buffers (not shown) between the storage cells and the A/D converters. These buffers are in one embodiment considered part of the sampling and storage unit 44. The DSP 60 can set the reference voltage level for these buffers. The DSP 60 can be programmed to set the voltage to which the capacitor cells are to be initialized or not to initialize the capacitors. In the latter case, the capacitors are “initialized” to their values from the previous sampling operation (subject to any leakage of charge during the interval between sampling operations).
[0052] Conversion Unit 46
[0053] The conversion unit uses a ramped reference voltage or an adjustable DC threshold to perform the determination of the analog level present in a cell. The DSP 60 can set the comparator reference voltage level, reset the ramp, start the ramp, control the ramp speed, start the counter for counting levels, advance the counter, set the range over which the counter will count, and reset the counter. The conversion unit 46 can send and the DSP 60 can receive a signal indicating that all the comparators have fired and/or a separate signal indicating that at least one comparator has fired. The DSP 60 can select between the ramp and the adjustable DC threshold. The DSP 60 can force the latches in the readout unit 48 to be loaded with the current counter output.
[0054] The DSP can measure and set (and thereby calibrate) the ramp speed by causing the input signal unit to present various DC levels to the ADC. The differences between the outputs of the ADC for the various levels are a measure of the ramp speed. The DSP can increase or decrease the ramp speed accordingly. The DSP may also control the duration of the time interval between the start of the ramp and the start of the counter.
[0055] Readout Unit 48
[0056] The readout unit 48 holds the digitized data in either serial or randomly addressable form in readiness for the DSP 60. The DSP 60 can shift out or select from this unit the data and permit the data to be driven onto the DSP data bus 66. If there is a known pattern of non-uniformity in the cells that have provided the digitized values, the DSP 60 can use a correction table, formula or other corrective reference and computation to apply corrections to deal with cell-to-cell variations. Cell-to-cell result variations are caused by differences in the circuit elements constituting the sampling cells (the switches and capacitors), the storage unit output buffers, and the comparators in the A/D converters. The DSP can measure these variations by using the output of the ADC when the input is a DC level. The DSP can set the DC level via its connections to the input signal unit. Dependence on various properties of the input signal (e.g., level and rate of change) can be measured by generating signals with the desired properties, which may involve coordination with the test signal unit. The results of these measurements are used by the DSP to apply corrections to acquired waveforms.
[0057] Output Port 66
[0058] The DSP 60 can communicate (exchange data with) an external device, such as a PC, using output port 66. Depending on the number of samples taken and any preprocessing that can be done by the DSP 60, the size of the sample record to be delivered from a digitizer chip 100 can vary. The digitizer becomes a more effective part of an overall digital sampling solution, to the extent it is programmed with instructions for preprocessing that remove unnecessary data or otherwise optimize the size of the sample record.
[0059] Power Levels
[0060] In many applications, power consumption is a significant variable, due to thermal considerations, limitations on available power, etc. The DSP 60 can use communication links to various elements in system 100 with which the DSP has communication, including those in the ADC 40 or within the DSP 60 itself, to reduce power usage by idling circuits within the system 100, reducing the frequency of their use, or using low power operational modes. Power conservation features can be of two types, depending on whether or not they prevent the digitizer from being able to respond to a trigger event; the latter enabling greater conservation but placing the digitizer in an inactive mode.
[0061] Turning now to FIG. 3 , further details of the ADC 40 and its linkage to DSP 60 are discussed. The structure of portions of the ADC 40 is based on the analog transient waveform digitizer described in B. Greiman, et al., “Digital Optical Module & System Design for Km-Scale Neutrino Detector in Ice,” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Jun. 20, 1998.
[0062] Timing Generator 242
[0063] The trigger signal (from trigger unit 70, see FIG. 2 ) received by the timing generator 242 initiates a timing signal from the timing generator 242 that propagates through the delay stages and interleaving logic, generating the strobe signals needed to control the sampling operations of the individual sample cells in the sample cell arrays 244. (FIG. 3 shows schematically one strobe path from the timing generator into a “column” in the sample cell arrays.) The sampling speed is determined by the propagation speed, which in turn is controlled by an input current bias. It is useful to note that this sampling speed is not governed by the clock speed of the DSP 60, and can be much faster. In one embodiment, the sampling speed is about 0.5-20 gigahertz, preferably about 1-10 gigahertz.
[0064] Another feature of one embodiment of the timing generator appears in the arrangement shown in FIG. 3 , which is that the timing for the sampling comes from a “tapped delay line”, made from a sequence of delay stages. Sampling begins when a trigger 71 arrives at the timing generator. If the trigger is derived from the transient to be sampled (or whatever caused the transient), then it is synchronized with the transient and, because the triggering starts the sampling, the sampling is also synchronized with the transient. Consequently, if the transient is repeatable, and the system acquires the waveform multiple times, the samples of the different waveforms will all “line up” (in time). Or, if desired, the system can insert a small delay and “shift” the waveforms relative to each other so that a more detailed composite waveform can be constructed by combining multiple shifted waveforms. Most other samplers use a clock to determine when to sample. Sampling begins with the first clock event after the trigger event. The difference between these two events is random and introduces “jitter” into the position (in time) of each waveform. This makes it more difficult to combine waveforms. In the embodiment shown, such combining is facilitated.
[0065] Sample Cell Arrays 244
[0066] Analog samples of the input signals (from input signal unit 72, see FIG. 2 ) are held in the sample cells within the sample cell arrays 244. Each row of sample cells is a channel. In one embodiment, the number of sample cells in a row is about 50-2000, preferably about 128 or 1024. In the embodiment shown, during the sampling phase, analog samples of four signals are acquired concurrently and held in the cells of the four channels. (While in the one embodiment shown there are four channels, more or fewer channels, including just a single channel, are also possible.) The analog samples are passed to the A/D converters 246, one full channel at a time, during the conversion phase. One converter corresponds to each “column” in the sample cell arrays. The many columns mean that this is a highly parallel structure and suitable for integration on a chip. As an alternative, each channel has only one associated A/D converter, which operates with sufficient speed that it can perform serial conversion of all the analog samples within the required repetition interval.
[0067] A/D Converters 246
[0068] All the samples of a single channel are converted, in parallel, from analog to digital form by an array of single-slope A/D converters (one shown at 251). The A/D converters share the outputs from an analog ramp generator 247 and a Gray counter 249. External signals set the ramp speed, start and reset the ramp, and reset and advance the counter. The counter output is latched into individual output latches of a shift register stage 253, as comparators detect the ramp output passing by the voltage levels of the associated sample cells.
[0069] Readout Shift-Register 248
[0070] During the readout phase, the output latches are in one embodiment configured as a shift register. The latched values appear at the output of the readout-shift register.
[0071] Control by DSP
[0072] Operation of the ADC 40 and the trigger/input module 80 is variable based on a number of parameters. The DSP 60 gives the flexibility needed to quickly adapt the ADC's operation to various sampling and conversion methods that are found useful during the development of applications for the embodiments shown. The DSP 60 can also flexibly control operation of components of the trigger/input module 80. In either case, control may be based on signals from or states sensed within the ADC 40 and the trigger/input module.
The DSP 60 can perform any of the following:
-
- [0073] enable and disable triggering, select trigger sources, set the trigger threshold level, set the trigger delay, and generate a trigger signal
- [0074] select input sources and condition the input signals by setting offsets and gains
- [0075] adjust the timing and shape of the test signals and enable/disable them
- [0076] set sampling and ramp speeds and optimize performance by setting the ADC bias currents and reference voltages
- [0077] sequence the ADC control signals to step it through its sampling, conversion, and readout phases
- [0078] convert and correct the digital data obtained from the ADC
[0079] Operating the ADC
[0080] The ADC 40 as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 2 has four channels and three operational phases: sampling, conversion, and readout. Sequencing of the ADC phases and channels is controlled by the DSP 60. The process starts with the sampling phase. Sampling begins when the ADC receives a ‘trigger’ signal. All four input channels are sampled concurrently. The DSP 60 waits until it sees the ‘trigger complete’ signal before it begins the conversion phase.
[0081] The DSP 60 starts the conversion process by selecting the channel to be converted, starting the analog ramp, and sending a clock signal to the Gray counter. The ramp speed and the counter clock frequency determine the step size. In one embodiment, the steps are of a size to permit 8-12 bits of resolution, preferably 10-12 bits of resolution and most preferably 10 bits. The ramp approach avoids the use of one comparator for each level of resolution, as is the case for “flash” A to D converters.
[0082] After conversion, the DSP 60 configures the output latches to form a shift register and reads out the digital values. To convert and read out the other channels, the DSP selects each one in turn and takes the ADC through the conversion and readout phases for the selected channel.
[0083] The DSP's ability to select a channel provides a facility for adjusting dynamic range. There are benefits when the amplitude of the input signal, as seen by the ADC 40, “matches” the input range of the ADC. It is a purpose of the input signal unit 72 to adjust the amplitude of the input signal to achieve this match. However, when the amplitude of the input signal is not known in advance (especially if it is a one-time signal), there may be no opportunity to make this adjustment. A solution to this problem is to route the signal to multiple input channels via paths in which there are amplifiers with differing gains. The input signal unit 72 can accomplish this function and generate multiple copies of the input signal, each copy having an amplitude differing from that of the other copies. For example, the copies may differ in scale by factors of 2. The ADC 40 samples all the copies at the same time, storing the analog samples for each copy in a separate array of storage cells. Now, for greatest efficiency, it is advantageous to convert and read out only the copy whose amplitude most closely matches the input range of the ADC.
[0084] What is needed, then, is a quick means by which the DSP 60 can identify the best copy without converting and reading out all the copies. One possibility is to check the input signal unit to see which signals (after amplification) exceeded the input range and pick the largest one that did not. The input signal unit 72 could perform this test and set flags for the DSP to sense. If this information is not available from the input signal unit 72, an alternative is to convert the smallest signal first and, based on the measured amplitude, select the best fit from among the remaining copies (if better than the smallest signal).
[0085] Another scheme is possible if the conversion unit 46 provides a DSP-readable indicator that at least one of the comparators has fired. In this case the DSP 60 can select a threshold against which the samples are to be compared and then test all the samples of one channel in parallel against this threshold. If at least one of the comparators fires, then the copy is too large. The DSP can use this capability to quickly find the largest copy that is not too large and take it through the conversion and read out processes.
[0086] Data Conversion and Correction
[0087] The data from the ADC is in a Gray code format. Before the DSP can perform arithmetic operations with this data, it must be converted to binary code format. This conversion can be done by hardware during readout. The DSP can correct for fixed sample-to-sample variations that are seen when a null input signal is digitized. Measurements of these variations, called pedestals, can be stored in the DSP and subtracted from the data after Gray-to-binary conversion. Each channel has its own set of measured pedestals. A pedestal is basically an arithmetic correction in the form Y=X+B, where B is the pedestal value. The DSP could also compute a linear correction in the form Y=AX+B, where A is a scaling parameter.
[0088] FIG. 6 shows a further embodiment of a digitizer 600 for providing digitized data from an optically detected event to a PC, which is now described. The functions of the embodiment are realized in hardware, software, or a combination of the two. The software components reside in the program storage of the digital signal processor (DSP) 610. The hardware components are pictured in the block diagram of FIG. 6. The ADC 640 and DSP 610 are as described above. The other hardware components in FIG. 6 are described below.
[0089] DSP Control of the Trigger, Bias Currents, and Reference Voltages (GLUE A 650): For precise and repeatable control, digital to analog converters (DACs) are built into the TRIG 620, BIAS 622, and REFS 624 components. These DACs control the trigger reference level, the sampling speed and ramp speed bias currents, a number of reference voltages (including the PD 630, PMT1632, and PMT2634 signal offsets), and the TEST 680 signal offset. The DACs are programmed by the DSP. Changes may be made from the PC 642 by sending commands to the DSP.
[0090] Signal Sources (TEST 680, PD 630, PMT1632, PMT2634): The ADC has four input channels (S0-S3) 644. In this example, one channel, the TEST channel, is used for DSP-generated patterns. Another channel, the PD channel, accepts signals from a PIN photodiode. A transimpedance amplifier (TIA) (not shown) may be inserted between the photodiode and the ADC to keep the bias voltage constant, provide some gain, and drive the ADC input. The other two channels, PMT1 and PMT2, accept signals conducted by a 50-ohm coaxial cable. A typical use for one of these channels is to connect to a photomultiplier tube (PMT).
[0091] Triggering (TRIG 620): A reverse-biased PIN photodiode is used to detect the laser pulse. A comparator generates the trigger signal when the output of the photodiode exceeds a reference level. The trigger signal must remain active while the ADC is sampling, so a means of latching the signal is needed. The DSP clears the latch when the digitizer is ready to receive the next trigger.
[0092] Bias Currents and Reference Voltages (BIAS 622 & REFs 624): There are a number of bias currents and reference voltages that must be set within certain ranges for proper operation of the ADC and the analog input circuitry. Some of these may be variable and others may be set to fixed nominal values. Two useful variable settings are the current biases that control the sampling speed and the ramp speed. These determine the time and amplitude resolutions by which waveforms are sampled and digitized.
[0093] Input Signal Conditioning (SIGS 690): The input signals may be AC- or DC-coupled and may have a DC offset added. After this, the TEST, PMT1, and PMT2 channels have an amplifier with a fixed or variable gain. The offsets and gains may be adjustable by the DSP. There may also be input protection circuitry. Out-of-range inputs could be reported to the DSP.
[0094] The DSP-ADC Interface (GLUE B 660): The control and status pins of the ADC may be connected to individually programmable digital I/O pins of the DSP. Use is also made of the DSP's data bus. During the readout phase, the digitized data from the ADC is driven onto the bus and loaded into RAM within the DSP. The glue logic includes the tri-state drivers and control logic to perform this read operation.
[0095] Timing for Sampling and Digitizing
[0096] With reference to FIG. 4 the timing of a cycle of sampling and digitizing can be explained, using a laser fluorescence example. A sample is induced to fluoresce by one or more laser pulses. The first pulse is shown at line a of FIG. 4 and the second (next consecutive) pulse is shown at line f. The interval between pulses may be called the repetition frequency interval. The present design contemplates event rates of greater than 10 kiloHz, but remaining significantly (factor of 10 to 100) below the sampling rate. There may be several reasons for using multiple pulses. In some cases, a process, such as a biological process is occurring and it is desired to observe the changes in that process. In other cases, there is such a scarcity of light induced that individual photons or small numbers of photons are observed and it is necessary to have repeated observations in order to build up the points of a waveform representing what is to be observed. In still other cases, the digitizer may be used as part of a piece of equipment that is examining multiple samples, each of which is subjected to one or more laser pulses. The desire to increase throughput requires that laser pulses be spaced with a time interval that minimizes the delay until the next sample.
[0097] Each laser pulse will have a relatively short time interval of duration (in the sub-nanosecond, in one embodiment about 0.4, to several nanosecond range) and each corresponding fluorescence waveform will be somewhat longer but also in the several nanosecond range. In order to get a good waveform of the fluorescence emission, it is desirable to take analog samples at a 1 to 4 gigahertz rate. Thus, in one embodiment the sample rate interval for one sample is approximately 1/109 second. The duration of an entire sampling window is on the order of about 10 to 100 nanoseconds. By contrast, the duration of the event repetition interval is about 10 to 100 microseconds. Thus, because sampling occurs at the start of the event repetition interval, almost all of this latter period is available for processing the analog samples, which are collected in the first 10 to 100 nanoseconds. FIG. 4 shows that the Digitized Samples and any Processed Samples appear late in the total interval between laser pulses. (Note that the length of the sampling window and event repetition interval are not shown to scale in FIG. 4 ; the event repetition interval is much foreshortened and Processed Samples A and B would typically be more staggered in time.)
[0098] In FIG. 4 , there are two fluorescence signals that are observed following the laser pulse shown on line a. The two waveforms of the two observations appear on lines b and c of FIG. 4. Each analog sample value is depicted by a vertical line under the curve. (There can be one or more of such waveforms, which may be, e.g., observations at different frequencies or have a polarization difference relative to one another. The digitizer as depicted in FIG. 3 is configured to handle up to four waveforms captured during a sampling window.) Once each of the waveforms has been digitized, digital sample values can be stored in digital memory, such as a bank of registers. A sequence of such values is schematically shown as a column of binary numbers labeled “Digitized Samples” at lines d and e of FIG. 4.
[0099] DSP 60 may have control software for performing an additional level of processing on the raw digital sample values. Preferably, the processing reduces the size of the data record to be outputted, but it may also add additional measures derived from the raw sample data, such as waveform summing. This will result in another set of data or processed record, shown as a shorter column of binary numbers labeled “Processed Samples” at lines d and e of FIG. 4. DSP processing may reduce record size and alleviate output timing problems from the DSP. Some data calculated by the DSP can be control data, such as “good sample complete” flags to be used as part of a control loop on the chip or including the chip and the outside system, such as a microwell plate reader, or other means by which the digitizer obtains signals corresponding to a different sample. A control loop might be used to move a sample, move a laser-sensor assembly or to change the optical path between the two, as with a movable mirror.
[0100] DSP Functions
[0101] Placement of the DSP on the chip leads to the usual advantages of speeding inter-component communication, but there are other advantages that arise when DSP-executed functions can occur on chip. A particular benefit is reduced power consumption. This can be particularly useful in applications where a digitizer is needed at a point of signal origination. The present design permits embedding the digitizer/DSP at a point of signal origination, such as a particular location in a transmission network or circuit, even when that point has little power available or limited thermal requirements. This embedded digitizer/DSP also permits real time, digitized data to be generated without bringing in a large piece of equipment. A further benefit of the ADC and DSP integrated on one chip is that while there are internal paths with many lines (particularly where parallelism is used), there are fewer pins or contact points for external signals. This latter also helps reduce overall chip size.
[0102] Applications
[0103] The ability of the present device to sample waveforms at a high rate and deliver highly precise digital data can, as noted, be used in fluorometers to capture fluorescence decay curves; however it provides benefits to a number of other applications. It may benefit anyone who wants to extract fine features from short pulses at low cost or power. It may especially benefit those who need to monitor changes (seen in the fine features of the samples waveforms) that occur in the millisecond time frame.
[0104] FIG. 5 shows a generalized environment in which the digitizer/DSP embodiments described above may be used to develop digitized data. As seen in FIG. 5 , an event 314, such as light or an electrical signal, is applied to a sample, medium or system under test 310. A trigger sensor 330 senses the event and applies a trigger to the digitizer/DSP 300, integrated with A to D converter 340. The response out 312 is produced and sensed by suitable sampling sensor 350. The samples are processed in the digitizer/DSP 300 under control of the DSP to produce digital data out 366, a record of the sampled response out.
[0105] Environments where such a digitizer/DSP may be used include, for example:
- [0106] biological and chemical agent detection;
- [0107] studies of biochemical kinetics;
- [0108] calibration of broadband communication channels and adaptive antenna arrays;
- [0109] Non-destructive evaluation using surface acoustic waves or high resolution ultrasonics;
- [0110] altimetry, lidar, optical tomography, and mass spectroscopy;
- [0111] oscillography; and
- [0112] optical or electrical time domain reflectometry.
[0113] The flexibility of the DSP component coordinated with the A to D converter and other components as described in the embodiments above to control the sampling and digitizing process makes it easier to cost-effectively develop a system that collects the desired samples and delivers digitized records containing the desired sampled data in digital form.
[0114] Waveform Accumulator
[0115] In some fluorescence applications, it is desirable to use a modulated LED as the excitation source. A modulated LED can emit relatively long, low-intensity pulses, but this leads to fewer emitted photons from the target for each pulse. The combined constraints of intensity and short collection time can result in a very limited number of emitted photons. Therefore high efficiencies are desired for coupling, collection and detection. The emitted photons, if detected, will produce a current transient at the detector, but a sample with few detected photons may mean that the sample lacks statistical significance. One prior art solution is single photon counting, but such equipment fails when there is a pile-up of photons. Thus, for environments where single photon counting may result in loss of data, an approach that can capture the current transient from detection of multiple overlapping photons is needed, even if only a few photons will be detected per sample.
[0116] A second issue is that LED excitation also can be essentially continuous, which means that there is essentially continuous fluorescence to be observed, i.e., new waveforms to be captured. Unless there is a large amount of storage, the most recently captured waveform must be read out before another waveform can be captured. The conversion and readout time can be much longer than the capture time. This is not a problem for short, widely-spaced events. However, in the case of LED excitation, the duration of the pulse may be 1-100 nanoseconds (preferably about 10 nanoseconds) and the pulse separation (the time between the end of one pulse and the start of the next) can be on the order of the pulse width or as small as zero. In such situations, much of the available information may be lost, if the sampling and processing cannot keep up with the waveforms produced by near-continuous excitation.
[0117] One approach to address such issues is waveform accumulation. This permits limited numbers of photons to be accumulated to statistically significant levels and, properly managed, can capture data that might otherwise be lost. For example, with the waveform accumulator described below, a single ADC can be capturing data for 50% of a one millisecond measurement period. The design described could, for example, capture 1000 analog samples before it is necessary to stop and convert the samples to digital form. Assuming the sampling rate is 1 GS/second, the acquisition time is 1 microsecond. The conversion time depends on the desired range and resolution, both of which may be adjustable. Assuming a range of 100 mV resolved into 100 levels, the four-channel ADC as shown above in FIG. 3 , augmented with the waveform accumulator as shown in FIG. 7 , would convert a 11 four channels in 1 microsecond. By accumulating photons of related (usually consecutive) waveforms and eliminating the need for intermediate readouts, the ADC could be in acquisition mode for a much higher percentage of the time.
[0118] Without the waveform accumulator, each conversion of an analog sample would be followed by a readout phase in which the 1000 digital sample values would have to be transferred to an external device. At 100 MS/second, this would require 10 microseconds, for each of the four channels. By contrast, with a waveform accumulator, the digital values of each sample are simply accumulated in an internal buffer. The readout phase is not needed until after multiple waveforms have been accumulated, corresponding to the desired level of accumulation. The waveform accumulator thus could be useful in a bio-aerosol warning device application, or in a variety of other applications where LED-based excitation could be used, when multiple waveform sample acquisitions are needed to construct a high-quality waveform.
[0119] FIG. 7 shows a timing generator 742, storage cells 744 (four rows or channels are shown, although more or fewer might be present), and waveform accumulator 720 of one embodiment of an ADC 740 with a waveform accumulator 720 added to the ADC architecture as shown in FIG. 3. As with FIG. 3 , the ADC 740 has three operational phases—sampling, conversion and read out; however, here the conversion phase also includes accumulation. The waveform accumulator 720 adds digitized waveforms in accumulator circuitry in the ADC 740. The waveform accumulator 720 is in addition to and integrates with the conversion and readout units of the ADC 740. The array of comparators and associated ramp and counter are elements of the individual A-to-D converters for the vector of samples. The circuitry also includes an array of A/D output latches, incorporated into the individual waveform accumulators. There is one comparator for each column of storage cells (see FIG. 3). All A-to-D converters share the same ramp and counter. Each latch in the array of A/D output latches stores the current counter value when signaled to do so by its corresponding comparator. A comparator signals its latch when the ramp voltage level crosses the sample storage cell's voltage level. Referring again to FIG. 7 , the data flow is left-to-right during sampling, top-to-bottom during A-to-D conversion (and accumulation), and right-to-left during readout. Waveform accumulation occurs after all the A-to-D converters have latched a value from the Gray counter. Each accumulator is also a stage in an output shift register. There is a shift register for each channel. A means is needed to initialize the shift register. One possibility is to zero it during readout.
[0120] While each waveform in a sequence of sampling operations usually will be accumulated, a waveform with a value that is too large (out of scale) could be skipped. The determination to skip or not can be made before or after digitizing. If a skip occurs, the DSP controlling the ADC (not shown in FIG. 7 ; see FIG. 2 ) will keep a count of the waveforms accumulated for use in computing averages.
[0121] Implementation
[0122] FIG. 8 shows a possible implementation of the waveform accumulator, in the form of a Sample Processing Unit (SPU) 800. Only a single SPU for one analog sample is shown. The SPU's for additional samples would appear above and below the one shown in the diagram, forming an array large enough to parallel process a sequence of analog samples defining a waveform. Another simplification made for purposes of explanation, is that only one four-bit slice is shown. A practical width for an SPU is 12 bits for the G register (g0-g3, 810 in FIG. 2 ) and 16 bits for the B register (b0-b3, 820 in FIG. 2). The contents of the 12-bit A/D output latches in an SPU array is converted to binary form and added to the current contents of corresponding 16-bit accumulators.
[0123] Referring to the simplified example of FIG. 8 , the existing or current sum of samples is held in the one-bit registers b0-b3820. The output of the Gray counter 850 is latched in the one-bit registers g0-g3810 in response to the “latch G” signal 812. The sum of the G and B registers 810, 820 is formed by the combinatorial logic in the boxes 830 marked with a “+”.
[0124] The logic content of one of the “+” boxes 830 is shown in FIG. 9. The Gray-to-binary conversion is performed by the XOR 910 with inputs g 912 and Xin 914 and output Xout 916. The addition is performed by the central logic with inputs Xout 916, Cin (carry in) 920 and b 922, with outputs s (sum) 924 and Cout (carry out) 926.
[0125] Referring again to FIG. 8 , the conversion ripples from left to right and the addition ripples from right to left. The “latch G” signal 812 comes from the comparator of the A-to-D converter. The “latch B” signal 836 is common to all samples and is asserted shortly after that last sum is formed. The “shift” signal 834 (with its complement “/shift” 832) configures the B register 820 so that it is a stage of a shift register comprising the B registers of the SPU 800 and adjacent SPU's. The contents of the shift register are shifted to one end of the shift register and read out to readout latches 840. The repeated action of sampling, followed by conversion and application of the combinatorial logic for accumulation can continue for several tens, hundreds or thousands of accumulation operations. The DSP provides control for repetition of the sampling and conversion with accumulation and then calls for read out. The amount of repetition before read out is selectable by an accumulation level parameter or by methods discussed below that respond to the values accumulated.
[0126] A consideration in this design is that the structure must be physically narrow so that a large number of SPU's (e.g., 1000) can be packed into a single IC chip. For this reason, the bits of the registers in an SPU are shown interleaved with the bits of the counter and the bits of the accumulator. This is also a reason for using ripple techniques for conversion and addition (combination), instead of faster parallel techniques, such as look-ahead carry, which require more wires and logic.
[0127] If a large number of SPU's are present (e.g., 1000), the waveform accumulator is effectively processing a vector of sample values, with a new vector of sample values being introduced with each set of analog samples that is digitized and those new digitized sample values being accumulated with prior accumulated digitized sample values held in a register of accumulated values. The existing or current accumulated sample values comprise a vector representing an existing, current accumulated waveform and the vector of new sample values representing a new waveform is added to the vector representing an existing accumulated waveform.
[0128] The memory 744 can comprise one or more rows or channels, such as the four shown in FIGS. 2 and 7 , each of which provides samples for processing by the array of SPU's. Each channel can receive a separate input signal, which allows multiple analog samples to be stored in parallel. In the multiple input signal situation, a column of analog memory cells is written into at each sampling event. The analog samples stored are read out by row, when the DSP selects a channel or row for presentation to the array of A-to-D converters. When that row has been converted and processed by the array of SPU's, the DSP may select another one or re-select a row selected before for re-conversion at a different ramp speed.
[0129] Application
[0130] As noted, one application for the waveform accumulator is an LED-based, bio-aerosol warning system. The basic idea is to categorize particles by their optical responses to illumination from one or more LED's. Part of the response is the temporal distribution of the intensity of the induced fluorescence. This is characterized by the fluorescence lifetime. To obtain a measure of the fluorescence lifetime, the LED's can be modulated at a nominal rate of 10 MHz. The intent is to vary the intensity fast enough to create a measurable time shift between the excitation and the fluorescence. This is illustrated in the graph of FIG. 10 , where the horizontal axis is time and the vertical axis is intensity.
[0131] The graph of FIG. 10 shows a triangle wave of period T representing an excitation signal, along with a series of fluorescence waveforms corresponding to single exponential lifetimes in the range from 0.02 T to 0.2 T. How close the measured excitation and fluorescence waveforms approximate these distributions depends on the number of detected photons. Therefore, high efficiencies are desired in coupling, collection and detection. The ADC's waveform accumulator as described permits detected photons to be accumulated in the SPU's and enables a single chip to be in acquisition mode 50% of the time. Thus, two chips working in tandem and alternately can collect all the available photons.
[0132] When a particle is present in the bio-aerosol warning system, the ADC will alternate between sampling and processing. It will sample for one microsecond, process for one microsecond and repeat until the particle exits the interaction region. The total time is expected to be about one millisecond. For sampling at 1 GS/second, 1000 samples will be acquired per channel per sweep. That is, the waveform is captured as a vector with 1000 analog samples that will become 1000 digital values. Processing consists of converting the samples to 100-level digital values and adding the result into 16-bit accumulators. After about one millisecond of acquisition, the accumulated waveform will be read out at a rate of at least 100 MS/second.
[0133] To examine particles at two different wavelengths, a detector could alternate between samples generated from two LED's (see above regarding input selection under DSP control). Then, if there is a separate ADC for each LED, one LED-ADC pair can be acquiring data while the other LED-ADC pair is processing data.
[0134] Variants
[0135] A generalization of the waveform accumulator is a waveform processing unit (WPU). A WPU is a parallel arrangement of SPU's that performs more or less functionality than the basic waveform accumulator described above. It is a parallel processor that could perform a variety of operations on waveforms. The following examples show a progression of three simple WPU's.
[0136] FIG. 11 shows part of the conversion unit and readout unit of a WPU 1100 for an ADC without a waveform accumulator (i.e., a base case). Two SPU's 1102, 1104 are shown. A typical ADC will have 100 to 1000 or more of such units. During conversion, the multiplexers mG1, mG2, are set so that the input to the G latches comes from the counter. The latchGn signal (in the example, latchG1, latchG2) comes from the comparators (part of the A/D converters). During readout, the multiplexers, mG1 and mG2, are set so that the G latches, G1 and G2 form a shift register. A common “shift” signal causes the contents to shift to the right.
[0137] FIG. 12 shows part of the conversion unit and readout unit of a WPU 1200 for an ADC with a basic waveform accumulator. Again, two SPU's 1202, 1204 are shown. Each element Sn (S1 and S2 are shown in the example) may be a group of conversion/accumulation elements as in the element “+” in FIG. 8 that receives inputs from Gn (G1, G2 in the simplified example) and An (A1, A2 in the simplified example). There is one waveform accumulator register A (made up of elements A1, A2 in the simplified example). During readout, the contents of the A register are shifted out (rather than the contents of the G register).
[0138] FIG. 13 shows part of the conversion unit and readout unit of a WPU for an ADC with a waveform accumulator with two accumulator registers (A and B). Again, two SPU's 1302, 1304 are shown. The mSn multiplexers 1310 allow the contents of register G to be added to the contents of either register A or register B. The choice between register A and register B is determined by the common A/B signal 1320. Different processing thus becomes possible for different channels in the ADC storage cells 744 (see FIG. 7). This flexibility makes this variant of the SPU a more generalized vector processing unit. During readout, the contents of register A and/or B are shifted out. More accumulators can be accommodated by widening the mSn multiplexers.
[0139] Further extensions of the processing in the WPU occur by making S1 and S2 an ALU supporting common arithmetic and logic operations and by additional data paths and a memory to hold waveforms. These extensions would enable performance of additional operations (such as re-scaling) and a wider range of data movements. An instruction processing unit can be added to select the operations to be performed by all units Sn and to control data movements, as greater processing complexity is added to the units. This instruction processing unit makes use of status bits to control operations locally at the WPU. For example, the WPU can control the degree of accumulation and deliver the completed data to a memory on a bus.
[0140] Simplified Accumulation Example
[0141] FIG. 14 is a table showing an extremely simplified data example for the operation of a digitizer with waveform accumulator. In this example, the row Wacc represents the vector of existing digitized sample values in an accumulator register such as register A in FIG. 12 or register A or B in FIG. 13 , after at least one sampling operation and accumulation step has occurred. Thus, Wacc contains digitized sample values of at least one prior waveform, except when Wacc is initialized. The row Wnew represents the vector of new converted analog samples in the input registers G filled from one row of the analog sample cells after a new sampling operation and A-to-D conversion. The row Wacc+1 represents the summing of the vector Wacc by addition of the new waveform vector Wnew to the current, accumulated waveform vector Wacc for storage in the accumulator register. Although in the real world, the number of sample values in a waveform vector would be around 1000, for simplicity of explanation the table of FIG. 14 shows only ten sample values, each with a digital (rather than a binary) value.
[0142] While it is expected that with statistically sufficient detected photons, the values in Wacc and Wacc+1 would begin to define a relatively smooth curve, this might not appear until a relatively large number of sampling operations have occurred and the corresponding waveforms were accumulated. The row Wnew as depicted shows the data from a new sampling operation in which relatively low signal levels are found in some analog storage cells and no signal in others. Thus, Wnew has only two digital values of “1”, a single value of “2” and several values of “0”.
[0143] The number of waveform accumulation operations performed can be a predetermined (selectable) accumulation level parameter that is tracked and controlled by the DSP. This is appropriate where the volume of the photons emitted with each LED pulse and detected in a sampling operation is sufficiently understood that a predetermined number N of accumulation operations can be reasonably expected to produce a waveform built from a statistically significant numbers of photons and also that the accumulation operation will not result in register overflow that truncates accumulated sample values. In this case, waveform accumulation occurs N times before readout commences.
[0144] Alternatively, the waveform accumulation operations can be controlled by monitoring the build-up of values in the accumulator register at the Cout (carry out) line 926 of the highest order bit in the accumulator registers. In one embodiment, the DSP could receive a “full” signal based on the logical “OR” of the carry-out signals from all the SPU's or other logic that indicates that registers are at or approaching capacity. When this signal shows the existence of at least one Cout (carry out) 926 for one “column” of samples, the DSP can call for readout of accumulator registers. Alternatively, the Cout signal could be used to initiate a scaling operation in which lower order bits might be discarded, so that larger values could be interpreted from the results in the accumulator registers. (In one embodiment, the output to the A-to-D converters might be 12 bits whereas the width of the sample registers may be 16 bits, so at least 16 waveforms can be accumulated without any possibility of overflowing/carry. Alternatively, the A-to-D converter may be used in such a way that the digital result is, say, only 8 bits (which is done by not advancing the Gray counter any further than 255 counts), in which case 256 waveforms can be accumulated safely.)
[0145] In either case, the DSP provides control signals to cease capture of analog samples and processing these to make a new waveform (represented by a vector of digitized sample values). No further accumulation occurs and the DSP initiates readout from the registers holding accumulated sample values from multiple waveforms. These registers are then initialized to prepare for a new sequence of waveform accumulation operations.
[0146] Although the subject invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, persons skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims
1. An apparatus for capturing and digitizing a signal derived from an event, comprising:
a memory for storing a sequence of analog samples from the signal derived from the event in a sampling operation occurring at about a 0.5 gigahertz or higher sampling rate;
means communicating with the memory for selectively initiating the read out of analog samples in the memory;
an array of analog to digital converters for receiving a sequence of analog samples read out from the memory and producing from the analog samples a corresponding vector of digitized sample values;
a waveform accumulator integrated with the array of analog to digital converters for receiving a vector of new digitized sample values from a new sampling operation and combining these with a vector of digitized sample values from at least one prior sampling operation; and
an output stage for outputting the digitized sample values developed in the waveform accumulator.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the memory and array of analog to digital converters with waveform accumulator are all integrated on one chip.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the chip is a CMOS or bi-CMOS chip.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the apparatus is configured to alternately store analog samples and to convert and combine the digitized sample values, with the time for converting and combining being less than or approximately equal to the time for storing.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the waveform accumulator comprises sample processing units configured to use a ripple technique for combining the digitized sample values from the new and at least one prior sampling operation.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the ripple technique uses Gray to binary conversion and binary addition for combining the digitized sample values.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the waveform accumulator comprises an array of sample processing units with single-bit logic elements interleaved with single-bit storage elements.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the waveform accumulator comprises two or more waveform accumulator registers and control circuitry to permit selection of one of the two or more waveform accumulator registers for combining the vectors of digitized sample values from the new and at least one prior sampling operation.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the waveform accumulator comprises sample processing units and each sample processing unit comprises an ALU for use in processing digitized sample values.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the memory is capable of storing multiple vectors of analog samples to define a matrix and wherein the vectors of analog samples appear as rows of the matrix and the means for read out selectively initiates read out of the samples by selecting a row of analog samples for read out.
11. A method for capturing and digitizing a signal derived from an event, comprising:
storing at about a 0.5 gigahertz or higher rate in a memory analog waveform samples of the signal derived from the event;
selectively initiating the read out of the analog samples in the memory;
receiving at an array of analog to digital converters analog samples read out from the memory and producing for the analog samples in the memory a corresponding vector of digitized sample values;
controlling a waveform accumulator integrated with the array of analog to digital converters to receive a vector of digitized sample values from a new waveform and to combine the vector of digitized sample values from the new waveform with a vector of digitized sample values from at least one prior waveform; and
outputting the combined vector of digitized sample values from the waveform accumulator.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the step of outputting the combined digitized sample values comprises outputting the digitized sample values to a port of a digital signal processor integrated with the memory and the waveform accumulator.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein the step of controlling a waveform accumulator comprises performing Gray to binary conversion of the vector of digitized sample values of the new waveform and combining these digitized sample values with digitized sample values of the at least one prior waveform.
14. The method of claim 11 further comprising controlling the outputting step so that the number of waveforms accumulated is a selectable parameter.
15. The method of claim 11 further comprising controlling the outputting step responsive to a “full” signal from the waveform accumulator to determine a desired waveform accumulation level.
16. The method of claim 11 wherein the memory is capable of storing multiple vectors of analog samples and the storing step comprises storing analog samples to define a matrix with the vectors of analog samples appearing as rows and the selectively initiating step comprises selecting a row of analog samples for read out.
17. An apparatus for capturing and digitizing analog samples derived from a waveform representing an event, comprising:
a memory capable of storing a vector of analog samples from the waveform, sampled at approximately a 0.5 gigahertz or higher rate;
a digital signal processor;
control means associated with the digital signal processor for communicating with the memory and for selectively initiating the read out of the vector of analog samples in the memory;
an array of analog to digital converters for receiving the vector of analog samples read out from the memory and producing a corresponding vector of digitized sample values;
a waveform accumulator under control of the digital signal processor and coupled to the array of analog to digital converters for receiving a vector of digitized sample values from a new waveform and combining these with a vector of digitized sample values of at least one prior waveform; and
an output stage under control of the digital signal processor for controlling the waveform combining and outputting the digitized sample values combined in the waveform accumulator after a specified accumulation level is reached.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the waveform accumulator comprises circuitry for Gray to binary conversion of the vector of digitized sample values of the new waveform and combining these digitized sample values with the vector of digitized sample values of the at least one prior waveform.
19. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the digital signal processor controls the number of waveforms accumulated as a predetermined selectable parameter.
20. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the digital signal processor monitors a “full” signal from the waveform accumulator and determines a desired accumulation level responsive to the “full” signal.
21. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the waveform accumulator comprises sample processing units configured to use a ripple technique for combining the digitized sample values from the new waveform and at least one prior waveform.
22. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the memory is capable of storing multiple vectors of analog samples to define a matrix and wherein the vectors of analog samples appear as rows of the matrix and the control means selectively initiates read out of the samples by selecting a row of analog samples for read out.
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