Self-repairing computer having protected software template and isolated trusted computing environment for automated recovery from virus and hacker attack

[00002] This application claims the benefit of the following applications:

[00003] U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/205,531, entitled, “Scalable, Diagnostic, Repair and Multi-Use System for Computing Hardware & Devices That Utilize Computer Hardware,” filed May 19, 2000 naming Kenneth Largman and Anthony More as inventors, and commonly assigned to Self-Repairing Computers, Inc. of San Francisco, Calif; and

[00004] U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/220,282, entitled, “Scalable, Diagnostic, Repair and Multi-Use System for Computing Hardware & Devices That Utilize Computer Hardware,” filed Jul. 24, 2000, naming Kenneth Largman and Anthony More as inventors, and commonly assigned to Self-Repairing Computers, Inc. of San Francisco, Calif.

[00005] U.S. Provisional Patent Applications Nos. 60/205,531 and 60/220,282 are incorporated by reference herein.

[00006] This invention relates to computers, computer repair and computer architecture. More particularly, the invention relates to a computer architecture and software that enables the computer to repair itself.

[00007] Personal-computer manufacturers and sellers often offer via-telephone and on-site repair services. Yet purchasers—particularly home, home-office and small-office purchasers—readily complain that their service contract offers less service than they expected. For example, a computer seller may dispatch a technician only after the purchaser calls the help center, performs a number of tests under the direction of the help center, escalates the problem at the telephone help center and performs redundant or additional tests under the direction of a putatively more knowledgeable telephone-help staff. The purchaser may have to escalate the problem still further and perform additional redundant tests before a repair technician is dispatched.

[00008] Frequently, the help center directs the customer to cycle the power on the computer, to re-boot the computer, to detach and reattach peripherals in question and to re-install application and operating-system software. Each call to the help center and each level of escalation may require the purchaser to cycle, re-boot, detach and reattach.

[00009] Detaching and reattaching peripherals can be extremely inconvenient. USB devices, for example, typically attach at the back of a computer in a location difficult to reach. In any event, the non-digerati purchaser may fear disassembling his computer, worrying that he may damage the computer further.

[00010] Help centers even direct a customer to reformat the boot drive of the computer and re-install operating-system and application software. Re-formatting is an onerous task for several reasons. Firstly, the home, home-office and small-office user rarely reformats a drive in the normal operation of his computer and is unfamiliar with the process itself. Secondly, reformatting destroys all the data on the drive, and such a user understandably becomes anxious on finding out that he will lose all of his data. Thirdly, such a user may not retain the application or operating-system installation media, especially where the seller pre-installs the software. The user may have been unsure which media to keep, or intending to keep a particular media, is in fact unable to locate that media later when needed.

[00011] Fourthly, the user typically does not back up his drives as often as an information technologist would recommend. That he will have to rely on his back ups (if any) if he is to have any hope of restoring his application is then not a comforting thought.

[00012] Accordingly, the art evinces a need for a computer that reduces or even eliminates the need for a user to call a help line, to keep installation media, to attach and reattach peripherals at the port, etc. Indeed, a computer that reduces or eliminates the technical savvy its user needs to effect repairs is desirable.

[00013] These and other goals of the invention will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art on reading the background above and the description below.

[00024] The drawings are not to scale.

[00025] Herein are taught apparatus and methods for a computer to repair itself.

[heading-00026] Overview

[00027] An example of the invention in use follows: A user runs an application on a computer incorporating an embodiment of the invention. At some point, the user modifies the application or underlying operating system to the point that the application, the operating system or both become unusable. Indeed, the user may no longer be able to even boot the operating system.

[00028] Recognizing that the computer needs to be repaired, the user throws a switch on the computer. The computer fixes the malfunctioning software and so informs the user.

[00029] The user can then re-boot the computer. On re-booting, the user again has access to a correctly functioning operating system, application and data files.

[heading-00030] A Self-Repairing Computer

[00031] FIG. 1 illustrates a computer 1 incorporating an embodiment of the invention. The computer 1 may include a CPU 10, volatile memory 11, peripheral controllers 17, 18, a first non-volatile data store 12 and a bus 15, all well known in the art.

[00032] The computer 1 may also include switches 13, 19, a second non-volatile data store 14, a controller 1A, a power supply 1B, an output device 1C and an input device 1D.

[00033] The bus 15 may communicatively couple the volatile memory 11 and the peripheral controllers 17, 18 to each other and to the CPU 10. The peripheral controllers 17, 18 may communicatively couple with the data stores 12, 14, respectively.

[00034] The switches 13, 19, the controller 1A, power supply 1B, output device 1C and input device 1D may form a data-store switch 1Z. A data-store switch may alter the accessibility of a connected data store according to the setting of the switch.

[00035] The controller 1A may communicatively couple with the switches 13, 19, the output device 1C and the input device 1D. The power supply 1B may supply the controller 1A (and other switch components) with power. More particularly, the power supply 1B may power the controller 1A independently of the power to the rest of the computer 1.

[00036] The power to the switch 1Z may come from the same source as the power for the rest of the computer (the wall outlet or laptop battery, for example). The switch 1Z may then be powered from that supply even when the rest of the computer 1 is not. FIG. 10 illustrates this embodiment of the invention.

[00037] The switch 13 may communicate with the data store 12. The switch may control (toggle, for example) the identification settings of the data store 12.

[00038] The switch 19 may couple to the data store 14. The switch 19 may control (toggle, for example) the power to the data store 14.

[00039] The volatile memory 11 may be random-access memory. The data stores 12, 14 may be magnetic disks, for example.

[00040] The output device 1C may be the monitor of the computer 1, LEDs or an LCD distinct from the monitor, for example.

[00041] FIG. 2 is a schematic of the data-store switch 1Z according to an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 2, the opto-isolators U2, U3 implement the switches 13, 19, respectively. The Basic Stamp II microcontroller U1 (from Parallax, Inc., Rocklin, Calif.) implements the controller 1A. The battery V3 implements the power supply 1B. The LCD display port J1 represents the output device 1C, and the switches S1, S2 implement the input device 1D. (Opto-isolator U4 detects whether the computer 1 has power.)

[00042] In a first mode of operation herein termed “normal mode,” the computer 1 may run a predetermined operating system and application. Accordingly, the data store 12 may contain a correctly functioning copy of that software. The CPU 10 may access the data store 12, boot the operating system and then execute that application.

[00043] The data store 12 is termed herein the “boot data store.” The data store 12 may contain a bootable, executable operating system and executable application.

[00044] The data-store switch 1Z may make the data store 12 accessible to the computer 1 as the boot drive (by means of the switch 13, for example). The data-store switch 1Z may also make the data store 14 inaccessible to the computer 1 (by means of the switch 19, for example). Otherwise, the data-store switch 1Z may idle, waiting for user input on the device ID.

[00045] In the normal stage, the computer 1 may perform as a conventional computer. The user may run his application software, inattentive to the invention incorporated into the computer 1.

[00046] In a third mode of operation herein termed the “repair mode,” the CPU 10 may run software on the data store 14 and the controller 1A may execute a program in parallel. A mode intermediate to the normal and repair modes, herein termed the “switching mode,” may effect the transition from normal to repair mode.

[00047] In the switching mode, using an input device such as the device 1D the user may indicate that he wishes to repair software on the data store 12. (FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate the switch-and-repair process according to one embodiment of the invention.) In response to the input, the computer 1 may switch from normal operation to repair, step 310, and repair the software on the data store 12, step 320.

[00048] The switching of a data store may be logical or physical. Logical switching is switching enforced purely by software. For example, software may set one or more predetermined bits that it or other software tests to determine whether a data store is accessible at any given time.

[00049] A physical switch opens or closes a predetermined electrical circuit of a device to be switched. A physical switch may, for example, alter the open/close state of identification jumpers of a data store. A physical switch may turn on or off the power supply to a device to be switched.

[00050] FIG. 4 illustrates the flow of control in a data-store switch 1Z according to one embodiment of the invention. On start up, the data-store switch 1Z may go into normal mode of operation. In this stage, the switch 1Z may set the switch 13 to make the data store 12 the boot drive, step 4A3. The switch also may set the switch 19 to leave the template data store 14 unpowered.

[00051] The data-store switch 1Z may then idle, waiting for the user to initiate the switch to repair mode, step 4A5. The data-store switch 1Z may display a message indicating that it is in normal mode, step 4A1.

[00052] When the data-store switch 1Z receives an indication to switch to repair mode, the switch 1Z may ask the user to confirm this indication, step 4B5. Confirmation is preferable where the repair process is destructive before it is constructive. Confirmation is preferable also because the activation of the input device indicating the switch to repair mode may have been accidental or ill considered.

[00053] On confirmation if requested, the data-store switch 1Z may switch power to the data store 14, step 4B9, making the data store 14 accessible to the computer 1. The data store 14 may be permanently configured to be addressable as the boot drive when it is accessible. Accordingly, the address of the data store 12 may then change.

[00054] In normal operation, the data store 12 may be addressable as the boot drive. However, during the switch, the switch 1Z may change the identity (address jumpers, for example) of the data store 12 to something other than the boot-drive identity.

[00055] The computer 1 is now ready to enter the repair stage.

[00056] Switched physically to repair mode, the computer 1 may boot from the template boot drive. The booted program or some other program executed during the boot sequence (autoexec.bat, for example, on machines running Windows™ operating system from Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Wash.) may query the user.

[00057] In one embodiment, on rebooting the computer 1 may automatically repair the data drive 12. It copies software from the template data store 14 to the data store 12 without further direction from the user. Previously set user preferences may, however, direct the course of repair.

[00058] Thus, where the template data store 14 contains only application software, the repair process may copy over or re-install that application software from the template data store 12. Where the template data store contains operating-system and application software, the repair process may copy over or re-install the operating system first and then the application software.

[00059] Uninstallation or deletion of an application may precede re-installation or copying over of that software. Re-formatting of the data store 12 may precede reinstallation or copying over of the operating system. Resetting of ROM-resident parameters may precede re-installation or copying over of operating-system or application software.

[00060] On completion of the repair, the repair software may direct the user to switch back to normal mode and re-boot the computer 1.

[00061] Alternatively, the repair process may be menu-driven. The repair process may present the user a sequence of options to determine what repair process to execute. For example, on re-boot in repair mode, the repair software may offer the choices of running the repair process, reviewing repair-process settings, updating the template software (the application, operating system or repair-process software itself) and quitting the repair process.

[00062] The template data store 14 may contain application software, operating-system software and repair-process software. The application software may include the executable software itself (.exe, .dll, .o, etc.) or the files created by the application (.wpd files for Corel WordPerfect word-processing software, for example).

[00063] The software on a template data store 14 typically is an operating system and may include one or more applications, along with the underlying software to run the operating system (and any included application) on a computer with a predetermined configuration. The underlying software may include one or more boot records, one or more partition tables or a BIOS.

[00064] The template software is created by installing software onto a data store, by copying installed software onto the data store or by copying installation software onto a data store. (Installed software includes data files and other preexisting software.)

[00065] The template data store software may be updated. Where the template software is installation-ready software, that installation software may be updated to a different, usually later, version. Where the template software is a backup of the software on the data store 12, a different, usually more recent, backup of the data-store software replaces or supplements that software.

[00066] Repair-process settings may include whether to recover data, run a virus check, reformat the data store, revert to a backup, run a human-mediated (i.e., manual) or an automatic repair, run diagnostics (software or hardware, for example). Repair-process settings may also include whether to format and at what level (quick versus low-level, for example), what software to re-install (operating system (OS) only; OS and executable-application software; OS, executable-application software and application data files; data files only, for example), whether to switch automatically (i.e., under program or hardware control), what level of repair to run (quick, better or best, in one embodiment), whence to setup (backup or template, in one embodiment) and whence to recover data files (most recent backup prior to repair, backup at the time of repair, other predetermined backup, query-and-response-specified backup, as examples).

[00067] The repair process may entail recovering a usable version of the appropriate data file. In some instances of computer repair, the problem is not so much with the operating-system or executable application software so much as with the files (usually data files) associated with one or more of the applications. If the application in question is Microsoft Outlook, then the file to be recovered may be the mail-and-folder-data .pst file. Where the application is Microsoft's Internet Explorer, the file to recover may be the favorites file.

[00068] Running a virus check may entail first checking that the virus check-and-repair software is up to date. Because new software attacks appear daily, and because newer malicious code has a higher chance of delivering a payload, this is not a trivial step. The software may then check for malicious code and repair software, as directed by the user or by default.

[00069] The above process presupposes that the data store 14 contains a copy of (a version of) the operating-system, application software or data file on the data store 12. In this sense, this second data store 14 is termed herein the “template data store.” With the computer 1 switched to boot from the template data store 14, the computer 1 may perform the original copying of template software onto the data store 14. (Where the data store 14 is a read-only medium, it may arrive at the computer 1 in a pre-written state.)

[00070] An example of the operation of the computer 10 follows: Assume that the data store 12 contains a bootable Windows™ operating system (from Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Wash.). Assume also that the data store 12 also contains Naturally Speaking® application software (Lernout & Hauspie, leper, Belgium and Burlington, Mass.).

[00071] The operating system and the application on the data store 12 may have each been run any number of times, and the user may have customized the operating system, the application or both to his preferences. In contrast, the template data store 14 may contain as-installed copies of the operating-system and the application software.

[00072] In the course of using his computer 1, the user puts the computer 1 into an undesirable state. He may, for example, foul up the optional settings of the operating system or application such that he cannot reset them to a usable state. He may download a virus, trojan horse or other malicious code that changes his operating system, application or both. The particulars of the malicious code are unknown but the manifest effect is that the computer 1 is partially or completely inoperable. He may remove files critical to the correct operation of the software. As one of skill in the art will recognize, the ways in which software may be intentionally or unintentionally altered to the point of unusability are legion.

[00073] Recognizing that his computer 1 is in an undesirable state, the user activates the switch 13, step 300. FIG. 3 illustrates the switch-and repair process according to one embodiment of the invention, and step 310 illustrates the actual switching. In response to the switch activation, step 300, the computer 1 repairs the software on the data store, step 320.

[00074] The repair process involves copying software from the template data store 14 to the data store 14. The software on the template data store 14 may be a master copy, a backup copy or an archive copy of software on the data store 12. (An archive is a copy of software, which copy cannot be overwritten or deleted.)

[00075] With template software on the template data store 14, the computer 1 may re-install or copy over software onto the data store 12. The computer 1 may overwrite all or part of any software on the data store 12.

[00076] The computer 1 may offer the user options as to how thorough its attempt to repair itself should be. In one embodiment, the computer 1 offers the options of a “Quick Repair,” a “Better Repair,” a “Best Repair” and a “Test.” A Quick Repair may, for example, re-install or copy template software from the data store 14 onto the data store 12 without first reformatting the data store 12. The Better Repair may perform a high-level reformat of the data store 12 before that copy or re-installation. A Best Repair may perform a low-level re-format of the data store 12 before copying over or re-installing software.

[00077] FIG. 4 illustrates the switchand-repair process in more detail, according to one embodiment of the invention. The switching copies software from the template data store onto the data store, replacing the unusable software on the data store.

[00078] A number of situations occur where the computer 1 may effect repair without rebooting. For example, if only data files or application executables need to be repaired, then shutting down the operating system booted from the data store 12 is not usually necessary—especially in newer operating systems such as Windows 2000 (Microsoft) and more sophisticated operating systems such as Linux.

[00079] Further, a large number of operating-system files can be repaired (for example, by replacement) without shutting down the operating system. Repairing the operating system without rebooting is a preferred embodiment.

[00080] Still further, for backups (automated or otherwise), continuing to run from the data store already booted may be preferable. Where the computer 1 can become sufficiently quiescent that a backup from the data store 12 to the data store 14 can occur while still booted from the data store 12, then such a backup is quicker than shutting down and backing up the data store 12 while booted from the data store 14.

[00081] Where the data store 12 remains the boot drive when the data store 14 is simultaneously available, the data store 14 may be addressable as other than the boot drive. The address of the data store 14 may be switched similarly to the address switching of the data store 12.

[heading-00082] A Virus- and Hacker-Resistant Computer

[00083] FIG. 6A illustrates a computer 6 incorporating an embodiment of the invention. The computer 6 may include a CPU 60, volatile memory 61, peripheral controllers 67, 68, first and second nonvolatile data stores 62, 64, data port 69, communications link 6A and buses 65, 66, all well known in the art. The computer 6 may also include a datastore switch 6Z.

[00084] The bus 65 may communicatively couple the volatile memory 61, the peripheral controllers 67, 68 and the data port 69 to each other and to the CPU 60. The peripheral controllers 67,68 may communicatively couple with the data stores 62, 64, respectively. The data port 69 may mediate access to the communications link 6A.

[00085] The bus 66 may communicatively and electrically couple the peripheral controller 67 to the data store 62 and to the boot-store switch 6Z. More specifically, the boot-store switch 6Z may switch the power line 661 of the bus 66, thus powering up or down the boot store 62.

[00086] Likewise, the bus 67 may communicatively and electrically couple the peripheral controller 68 to the data store 64 and to the boot-store switch 6Z. The boot-store switch 6Z may switch the power line 671 of the bus 67, powering up or down the boot store 64.

[00087] The port 69 may link the computer 6 to other devices such as a modems, networks, etc. as indicated by the communications link 6A.

[00088] The computer 6 may operate in two states: Connected and Disconnected. In the Disconnected state, the computer 6 does not use the data port 69 to communicate and the data-store switch may enable the data store 62.

[00089] By contrast, in the Connected state, the computer 6 may use the data port 69 to obtain data over the communications link 6A. In the Connected state, the switch may enable the second data store 64.

[00090] Thus, the computer 6 may enable only one of the multiple data stores 62, 64 at any given time, which depending on whether it is accessing the communications link 6A. This isolates data received over the communications link 6A to one of the data stores, namely, the data store 64. Where the data received was maliciously created (a virus or a hacking executable), this data is confined to the data store 64.

[00091] The switching of the data stores 62, 64 may be done under manual, hardware or software control. A mechanical throw switched by the user when the user wishes to access (or cease accessing) the communications link exemplifies a manual switch. A boot-store switch 6Z that responds programmatically to the CPU 60 illustrates a software-controlled switch.

[00092] For example, if the user boots an Internet browser and the communications link 6A is the Internet, then the CPU 60 may programmatically recognize the (intended) launch of a browser and initiate the switch of the data stores 62, 64. The switch may involve re-booting the computer 6 in order to make the second data store 64 the only data store available during the use of the communications link 6A. (A browser on the data store 64 may launch automatically on the boot from the data store 64.)

[00093] In one embodiment, the computer may synchronously switch the port 69 and the second boot store 64. This may improve the resistance of the computer 6 to hacking or infection.

[00094] FIG. 6A illustrates the enabling of the data store 62 in conjunction with the defeat of access to the communications link 6A. The solid line continuing the power line 661 through the boot-store switch 6Z illustrates the accessibility of the data store 62. Conversely, the dashed lined through the switch 6Z illustrates the inaccessibility of the data store 64.

[00095] FIG. 6B illustrates the enabling of the data store 64 in order to support access to the communications link 6A. The solid power line through the boot-store switch 6Z illustrates the accessibility of the data store 64. Conversely, the dashed lined through the switch 6Z illustrates the inaccessibility of the data store 62.

[00096] The data store 64 may contain application software to process the data received over the link 6A. In such a setting the need to migrate the data on the data store 64 to the data store 62 may be minimal or non-existent.

[00097] Where, however, the application to process the data received over the link 6A and stored on the store 64 resides on the data store 62, then a process of migration is necessary. A predetermined time after receiving data over the link 6A, the computer may simultaneously enable the data stores 62, 64 and copy the data received to the data store 62 for processing there. The delay allows, for example, anti-virus software providers to produce and distribute security software addressing threats that have come to light since the time of receipt of the data.

[00098] The migration process may be manual or automatic.

[heading-00099] A Lockable Network Computer

[00100] FIG. 7A illustrates a computer 7 incorporating an embodiment of the invention. The computer 7 may include a CPU 70, volatile memory 71, a peripheral controller 77, a non-volatile data store 72, a data port 79, a communications link 7A and buses 75, 77, all well known in the art. The computer 7 may also include a switch 7Z.

[00101] The bus 75 may communicatively couple the volatile memory 71, the peripheral controller 77 and the data port 79 to each other and to the CPU 70. The peripheral controller 77 may communicatively couple with the data store 72. The data port 79 may mediate access to the communications link 7A.

[00102] The bus 77 may communicatively or electrically couple the data port 79 to the communications device 7B.

[00103] The port 79 may link the computer 7 to other communicators through a communication device 7B and over a communications link 7A. Examples of the communications device 7B and link 7A include an acoustic modem 7B and a POTS telephone line 7A; a tap 7B and an ethernet 7A; and a wireless modem 7B and radiation-permeable space 7A.

[00104] The switch 7Z may switch a power line 771 of the bus 77, thus powering up or down the communications-device 7B. The switch 77 may switch (tri-state, for example) a data line 771 of the bus 77, thus interrupting or enabling the ability of the communications device 7B to transfer data to the data port 79.

[00105] The computer 7 may operate in two states: Network Connected and Network Disconnected. FIG. 7A illustrates the computer 7 in its Network Disconnected state, while FIG. 7B illustrates the computer 7 in its Network Connected state. (The solid line continuing the power line 761 through the switch 7Z illustrates the continuity of the power or data line 771, and dashed lined through the switch 77 illustrates the discontinuity of that line 771.

[00106] In the Network Disconnected state, the switch 7Z may disconnect the communications device 7B from communicating on the data port 79. Accordingly, none of the software running on the computer 7 may access the communications link 7A.

[00107] By contrast, in the Network Connected state, the switch 7Z may enable the communications device 7B to communicate on the data port 79. Accordingly, software on the computer 7 may access the communications link 7A.

[00108] An exemplary use for the computer 7 is where a parent uses the computer 7 to access, say, his employer's computer network via a virtual private network (VPN) over the Internet 7A. The parent also wants his child to be able to use the computer 7 for school or recreation—but without access to the Internet 7A. The parent thus switches the computer 7 into the Network Enabled state when he (the parent) wants to use it, and switches the computer 7 into the Network Disconnected state when the child is to use the computer 7.

[00109] The switching of the data stores 72, 74 may be done under manual, hardware or software control. A mechanical switch thrown by the user when the user wishes to access (or cease accessing) the communications link 7A exemplifies a manual switch. A mechanical switch that may be locked with a key, for example, is preferable.

[00110] A switch 7Z that responds programmatically to the CPU 70 illustrates a software-controlled switch 7Z. (The CPU 70 may respond to any kind of input, including keystrokes, voice commands, biometric data and data received over a network.) A hardware switch 7Z may be considered as an analog computer.

[00111] A computer 7 running an operating system that supports hot swapping offers an advantage. The addition and removal of the communications device 7B from the computer 7 may confuse OSs that do not permit hot swapping of peripherals.

[heading-00112] A Multi-Data Store Server

[00113] FIG. 8 illustrates a computer 8 incorporating an embodiment of the invention. The computer 8 may include a CPU 80, volatile memory 81, a peripheral controller 87, multiple non-volatile data stores 82a, 82b, . . . 82α, a data port 89, a communications link 8A and a bus 85, all well known in the art. The computer 8 may also include a data-store switch 8Z and a bus 86 consisting of the buses 861 or 862.

[00114] The bus 85 may communicatively couple the volatile memory 81, the peripheral controller 87 and the data port 89 to each other and to the CPU 80. The data port 89 may mediate access to the communications link 8A.

[00115] The peripheral controller 87 may communicatively couple with the data-store switch 8Z. The data-store switch 8Z in turn may communicatively or electrically couple to the data stores 82. The bus 861 may communicatively couple the data path of the switch 8Z to those of the data stores 82, and the bus 862 may electrically couple a power supply in or through the switch 8Z to the data stores 82.

[00116] The data port 89 may mediate access to the communications link 8A. The port 89 links the computer 8 to other communicators over the communications link 8A.

[00117] The computer 8 may operate in any of N states, where N is the number of data stores 82. In a first state, the data-store switch 8Z enables the first data store 82a to communicate with the peripheral controller 87. In the second state, the switch 8Z enables the second data store 82b to communicate with the peripheral controller 87, and in the Nth state, the switch 8Z enables the Nth data store 82α to communicate with the peripheral controller 87.

[00118] The corruption or other failure of the data store 82 currently communicating with the controller 87 prompts the switching from one state to another, and thus from the failed data store to another, working data store 82. (The failed data store 82 may then be repaired in place, or it may be removed and repaired, removed and replaced, or removed permanently.)

[00119] Where, for example, the computer 9 is a web server and the communications link 8A is the Internet, the multiple data stores 82 may provide resistance against infection and hacking by malicious users of the Internet 8A. If the hackers succeed in corrupting the data store currently attached to the peripheral controller, then a switching may occur from that corrupted data store 82 to another correct data store 82. This switching may occur very quickly (preferably as quickly as possible) in order to minimize the loss of access to the data on the data stores 82.

[00120] The switching may be manual, hardware or programmatic. For example, a diagnosis program may execute periodically to determine the health of the currently accessible data store 82.

[heading-00121] A Computer with Peripherals that can be Cycled

[00122] FIG. 9A illustrates a computer 9 incorporating an embodiment of the invention. The computer 9 may include a CPU 90, volatile memory 91, a controllers 97, 98, a non-volatile data store 92, a port 99, a peripheral 9B and buses 95, 97, all well known in the art. The computer 9 may also include a switch 9Z.

[00123] The bus 95 may communicatively couple the volatile memory 91, the controllers 97, 98 to each other and to the CPU 90. The controller 97 may communicate with the data store 92. The controller 98 may communicate with the peripheral 9B.

[00124] The bus 97 may communicatively or electrically couple the port 99 (and thus the controller 98) to the peripheral 9B.

[00125] The peripheral 9B may be any computer peripheral. Examples include printers, USB devices, scanners, fax machines, data stores and keyboards.

[00126] The switch 9Z may switch a power line 971 of the bus 97, thus powering up or down the peripheral 9B. The switch 9Z may switch one or more data lines 971 of the bus 97, thus disabling or enabling the peripheral 9B to transfer data to the port 99.

[00127] A user of the computer 9 may be using the peripheral 9B, transmitting or receiving data on the from the device 9B as expected. The switch 9Z is supplying power to the peripheral 9B.

[00128] At some point, the computer 9 becomes unable to communicate with the peripheral 9B. This may be caused by an error in the software or hardware of the computer 9, including software or logic of the peripheral 9B.

[00129] The user attempts to revive communications with the peripheral 9B. The user may, for example, cycle the power to the peripheral 9B. Thus, the user changes the state of the switch 9Z such that the switch 9Z goes from powering to the peripheral 9B, to not powering that peripheral 9B, to again powering that peripheral 9B. This switching may be done manually, in hardware, or programmatically.

[00130] The cycling of the peripheral 9B may resolve the communication problem that the user was experiencing. For example the problem was with the software or logic of the peripheral 9B, then the power cycling may clear the software or logic state of the peripheral 9B. Where the problem was with the software or logic of the computer 1, cycling the power may clear the software or logic state f of the controller 97 or applications running in the memory 91.

[00131] FIG. 9B illustrates an alternate embodiment of the computer 9. The switch 9Z switches both power and data lines.

[heading-00132] A Multi-User Computer

[00133] FIG. 5 illustrates a computer 5 incorporating an embodiment of the invention. The computer 5 may include a CPU 50, volatile memory 51, a peripheral controller 57, multiple non-volatile data stores 52a, 52b, . . . 52α and a bus 55, all well known in the art. The computer 5 may also include a data-store switch 5Z and a bus 56 consisting of the buses 561 or 562.

[00134] The bus 55 may communicatively couple the volatile memory 51, the peripheral controller 57 and the data port 59 to each other and to the CPU 50.

[00135] The peripheral controller 57 may communicative with the data-store switch 5Z. The data-store switch 5Z in turn may communicatively or electrically couple with the data stores 52. The bus 561 may communicatively couple the data path of the switch 5Z to those of the data stores 52, and the bus 562 may electrically couple a power supply in or through the switch 5Z to the data stores 52.

[00136] The computer 5 may operate in any of N states, where N is the number of data stores 52. In a first state, the data-store switch 5Z enables the first data store 52a to communicate with the peripheral controller 57. In the second state, the switch 5Z enables the second data store 52b to communicate with the peripheral controller 57, and in the Nth state, the switch 5Z enables the Nth data store 52α to communicate with the peripheral controller 57. Only one data store 52 may access the peripheral controller 57 at any given time.

[00137] In one embodiment, the computer 5 has only one controller with multiple devices. In another embodiment, the computer 5′ has multiple controllers, each with respective multiple peripherals. The switching then switches among the multiple peripherals of the first controller, the multiple peripherals of the second controller, etc. (The multiple controllers need not have the same number of multiple peripherals.)

[00138] Each data store 52 may contain self-contained software for a respective user or group of users. Each data store 52 may contain a bootable operating system, and optionally such application or data files as the user(s) corresponding to the data store 52 may require or desire.

[00139] Each user or group of users may use only a predetermined one (or more) of the data stores 52. Thus, before using the computer 5, a user sets the switch 5Z to the predetermined position enabling the data store 52 corresponding to that user to communicate via the controller 57.

[00140] In this way, a first user's data is separated from a second user's data on the same computer. The computer 5 more effectively separates users' data by enforcing security at a physical level rather than at the logical (software-enforced) level typical of multi-user operating systems.

[00141] In this scenario, re-booting between switches is desirable. Rebooting clears out the memory 51 in the switch from one user to another.

[00142] Also desirable is a multi-key, multi-position lock. Any one key may turn the lock to any one predetermined position, enabling one corresponding data store 52.

[00143] The invention now being fully described, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize many changes and modifications that can be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the appended claims.

[00144] For example, in addition to switching software, data stores or other peripherals as described above, a computer may also switch properly functioning hardware for malfunctioning hardware. Indeed, in a computer with multiple mother boards, a switch may switch the functioning components of a computer from one board to another.

[00145] Also, while the description above usually uses data stores as the devices to switch, one of skill in the art will readily now realize that other computer components may be switched, including logic boards, ROM and controllers.

[00146] Under certain circumstances, danger or damage may follow from switching when power is supplied. Accordingly, a switch may be deactivated when such danger or damage may result. Logic such as the controller 1A may prevent dangerous or damaging switching by tracking power states, device identities, etc. and permitting switching, for example, when no electrical current is flowing to the devices to be switched.

[00147] Preferably, the switch is located in an easy-to reach location. This contrasts with the typical location of USB, keyboard and other ports, for example.

[00148] Attached is a 209-page Appendix which is a part of this specification. The Appendix includes the following documents:

• • [00149] “Description of Self-Repairing System” (Text, 5 pages; Drawings, 4 Pages; Code, 5 Pages)
  • [00150] “Backup and/or Repair System - Multi-User System” (Text, 43 Pages)
  • [00151] Diagrams (Text, 18 Pages)
  • [00152] Table of Which Diagrams Go With Which Embodiments (Text, 1 Page)
  • [00153] Figures, S Series (Drawings, 20 Pages)
  • [00154] Figures, F Series (Drawings, 38 Pages)
  • [00155] Figures, W Series (Drawings, 32 Pages)
  • [00156] Figures, M Series (Drawings, 3 Pages)
  • [00157] Figures, E Series (Drawings, 17 Pages)
  • [00158] Figures, L Series (Drawings, 21 Pages)