Electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner with a multiple pin-ring configuration

[00002] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/669,268 which was filed on Sep. 25, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,266, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/186,471 which was filed on Nov. 5, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,176,977 which was issued on Jan. 23, 2001 and assigned to the assignee herein.

[00003] This invention relates to electro-kinetic conversion of electrical energy into fluid flow of an ionizable dielectric medium in which an electro-kinetically produced flow of air is created, the air containing safe amounts of ozone and more particularly to such units adapted for use as a foot deodorizer as part of a foot massager system that may be battery operated, including use in a motor vehicle.

[00004] The use of an electric motor to rotate a fan blade to create an air flow has long been known in the art. Unfortunately, such fans produce substantial noise, and can present a hazard to children who may be tempted to poke a finger or a pencil into the moving fan blade. Although such fans can produce substantial air flow, e.g., 1,000 ft³/minute or more, substantial electrical power is required to operate the motor, and essentially no conditioning of the flowing air occurs.

[00005] It is known to provide such fans with a HEPA-compliant filter element to remove particulate matter larger than perhaps 0.3 μm. Unfortunately, the resistance to air flow presented by the filter element may require doubling the electric motor size to maintain a desired level of airflow. Further, HEPA-compliant filter elements are expensive, and can represent a substantial portion of the sale price of a HEPA-compliant filter-fan unit. While such filter-fan units can condition the air by removing large particles, particulate matter small enough to pass through the filter element is not removed, including bacteria, for example.

[00006] It is also known in the art to produce an air flow using electro-kinetic techniques, by which electrical power is directly converted into a flow of air without mechanically moving components. One such system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,801 to Lee (1988), depicted herein in simplified form as FIGS. 1A and 1B. Lee's system 10 includes an array of small area (“minisectional”) electrodes 20 that is spaced-apart symmetrically from an array of larger area (“maxisectional”) electrodes 30. The positive terminal of a pulse generator 40 that outputs a train of high voltage pulses (e.g., 0 to perhaps +5 KV) is coupled to the minisectional array, and the negative pulse generator terminal is coupled to the maxisectional array.

[00007] The high voltage pulses ionize the air between the arrays, and an air flow 50 from the minisectional array toward the maxisectional array results, without requiring any moving parts. Particulate matter 60 in the air is entrained within the airflow 50 and also moves towards the maxisectional electrodes 30. Much of the particulate matter is electrostatically attracted to the surface of the maxisectional electrode array, where it remains, thus conditioning the flow of air exiting system 10. Further, the high voltage field present between the electrode arrays can release ozone into the ambient environment, which appears to destroy or at least alter whatever is entrained in the airflow, including for example, bacteria.

[00008] In the embodiment of FIG. 1A, minisectional electrodes 20 are circular in cross-section, having a diameter of about 0.003″ (0.08 mm), whereas the maxisectional electrodes 30 are substantially larger in area and define a “teardrop” shape in cross-section. The ratio of cross-sectional areas between the maxisectional and minisectional electrodes is not explicitly stated, but from Lee's figures appears to exceed 10:1. As shown in FIG. 1A herein, the bulbous front surfaces of the maxisectional electrodes face the minisectional electrodes, and the somewhat sharp trailing edges face the exit direction of the air flow. The “sharpened” trailing edges on the maxisectional electrodes apparently promote good electrostatic attachment of particular matter entrained in the airflow and help airflow. Lee does not disclose how the teardrop shaped maxisectional electrodes are fabricated, but presumably they are produced using a relatively expensive mold-casting or an extrusion process.

[00009] In another embodiment shown herein as FIG. 1B, Lee's maxisectional sectional electrodes 30 are symmetrical and elongated in cross-section. The elongated trailing edges on the maxisectional electrodes provide increased area upon which particulate matter entrained in the airflow can attach. Lee states that precipitation efficiency and desired reduction of anion release into the environment can result from including a passive third array of electrodes 70. Understandably, increasing efficiency by adding a third array of electrodes will contribute to the cost of manufacturing and maintaining the resultant system.

[00010] While the electrostatic techniques disclosed by Lee are advantageous to conventional electric fan-filter units, Lee's maxisectional electrodes are relatively expensive to fabricate. Increased filter efficiency beyond what Lee's embodiments can produce would be advantageous, especially without including a third array of electrodes. Further, Lee's system does not provide for changing the moisture content of the output flow of air, and does not lend itself to being fabricated in a small form factor, for example hand holdable.

[00011] While a Lee-type system may be useful in a room, it does not lend itself to portability, for example for use in a confined relatively small area such as the seating compartment of a motor vehicle or an airplane.

[00012] Thus, there is a need for a portable electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner that provides improved efficiency over Lee-type systems, without requiring expensive production techniques to fabricate the electrodes. Preferably such a conditioner should function efficiently without requiring a third array of electrodes. Such a conditioner should permit user-selection of safe amounts of ozone to be generated, for example to remove odor from the ambient environment, and should be implementable in a hand held form factor so as to be portable. Further, such a conditioner should permit increasing the moisture content of the output airflow.

[00013] The present invention provides a method and portable apparatus for electro-kinetically transporting and conditioning air.

[00014] The present invention provides a foot massager system that includes a preferably portable electro-kinetic sub-system for transporting and conditioning air without moving parts. The air is conditioned in the sense that it is ionized and contains safe amounts of ozone, which can deodorize a user's bare feet or sock-encased feet.

[00015] Applicants' electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner includes a housing with at least one vent through which ambient air may enter, a preferably two-motor foot vibrator, an ionizer unit, disposed within the housing.

[00016] The foot vibrator includes a left motor and a right motor, each having a rotary shaft to which an eccentric weight is attached. Motor rotations product a vibration that is mechanically translated to regions of the housing upon which the user's left and right feet are placed.

[00017] The ionizer unit includes a high voltage DC inverter that boosts low voltage (e.g., preferably about 12 VDC) to high voltage DC, and a generator that receives the high voltage DC and outputs high voltage pulses. The high voltage pulses are perhaps 10 KV peak-to-peak, although an essentially 100% duty cycle (e.g., high voltage DC) output could be used instead of pulses. The unit also includes at least one and preferably two electrode assembly units, each unit comprising spaced-apart first and second arrays of conducting electrodes coupled between the positive and negative output ports of the high voltage generator.

[00018] Preferably two electrode assemblies are used, in which each assembly is formed using first and second arrays of readily manufacturable electrode types. In one embodiment, the first array comprises wire-like electrodes and the second array comprises “U”-shaped electrodes having one or two trailing surfaces. In a preferred, even more efficient embodiment, each first array includes at least one pin or cone-like electrode and the second array is an annular washer-like electrode. The electrode assemblies may comprise various combinations of the described first and second array electrodes. In the various embodiments, the ratio between effective radius of the second array electrodes to the first array electrodes is at least about 20:1.

[00019] The high voltage pulses create an electric field between the first and second electrode arrays in each electrode assembly. This field produces an electro-kinetic airflow going from the first array toward the second array, the airflow being rich in preferably a net surplus of negative ions and in ozone. Ambient air including dust particles and other undesired components (germs, perhaps) enter the housing through the input vent, and ionized clean air (with ozone) exits through openings on the downstream side of the housing. When the moisture-containing member is wet, the exiting air flow can have increased humidity.

[00020] Dust and other particulate matter in the air flow can attach is electrostatically to the second array (or collector) electrodes, thus causing output air to be substantially clean of such particulate matter. Further, ozone generated by the present invention can kill certain types of germs and the like, and also eliminates odors in the output air. Thus, the user's bare or sock-clad feet placed on the housing can in essence be deodorized by the air outflow. Preferably the transporter operates in periodic bursts, and a control permits the user to temporarily increase the high voltage pulse generator output, e.g., to more rapidly eliminate odors in the environment.

[00021] Other features and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments have been set forth in detail, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[00041] FIG. 2 depicts the present invention 100 as including a housing 110, user controls 120 preferably accessible from the housing top, air vents 130 near the top rim of the housing, adjacent to the toe region of a user's feet when placed atop the invention. Within the left portion of the housing is disposed a left electrode assembly 220L that includes left first and second electrode arrays 230, 240, and within the right housing portion is disposed a right electrode assembly 220R that includes right first and second electrode arrays 230, 240. Also disposed within the housing is an ion generator unit 160 and a high voltage generator unit 170 that is coupled to left and right electrode assemblies 220L, 220R, as shown in FIG. 3. A battery source B1 is disposed within the housing to power the ion generator unit and two vibration inducing motors M1 and M2. As will be described in detail herein, an air stream is electro-kinetically created by the present invention and flows generally from the first array electrodes toward the second array electrodes and then out of housing 100 via vents 130.

[00042] Mechanically coupled to the shaft of M1 is an eccentric weight W1, and mechanically coupled to the shaft of M2 is an eccentric weight W2. When the motors rotate, the off-balance weights produce a discernable vibration that is mechanically coupled to the regions of the housing touched by the balls of the user's feet. Small 23 cm diameter generic DC powered motors can be used for M1 and M2. A power supply jack J1 is provided such that device 100 may be electrically powered from an external DC power source, e.g., the 12 V accessory system voltage available within a motor vehicle.

[00043] System 100 is formed within a housing 110 that preferably is a lightweight easily formed material, ABS plastic for example. Vents 130 permit ambient air to enter the housing, and ozone (O₃) enriched air to electro-kinetically exit the housing. Ion generating unit 160 within device 100 is self-contained in that other than ambient air, nothing is required from beyond device 100 for ion generation by the present invention.

[00044] Turning now to FIG. 3, 100 is energized by closing switch S1 or otherwise supplying operating potential to motors M1, M2, and to ion generator 160. When so activated, generator 160 produces ions at the first electrode array, which ions are attracted to the second electrode array. The movement of the ions in an “IN” to “OUT” direction carries with them air molecules, thus electro-kinetically producing an outflow of ionized air. The “IN” notion in FIG. 3 (and other figures) denotes the intake of ambient air with particulate matter, 60. The “OUT” notation in the figures denotes the outflow of cleaned air substantially devoid of the particulate matter, which adheres electrostatically to the surface of the second array electrodes. In the process of generating the ionized air flow, safe amounts of ozone (O₃) are beneficially produced. It may be desired to provide the inner surface of housing 110 with an electrostatic shield to reduces detectable electromagnetic radiation. For example, a metal shield could be disposed within the housing, or portions of the interior of the housing could be coated with a metallic paint to reduce such radiation.

[00045] As shown in FIG. 3, ion generating unit 160 includes a high voltage generator unit 170 for converting low input voltage, e.g., perhaps 12 VDC from an internal battery supply B1 or perhaps 12 VDC from a vehicle battery, into kilovolt level pulses. High voltage generator unit 170 preferably comprises a low voltage oscillator circuit 190 of perhaps 20 KHz frequency, that outputs low voltage pulses to an electronic switch 200, e.g., a thyristor or the like. Switch 200 switchably couples the low voltage pulses to the input winding of a step-up transformer T1. The secondary winding of T1 is coupled to a high voltage multiplier circuit 210 that outputs high voltage pulses. Preferably the circuitry and components comprising high voltage pulse generator 170 and circuit 180 are fabricated on a printed circuit board that is mounted within housing 110.

[00046] Output pulses from high voltage generator 170 preferably are at least 10 KV peak-to-peak with an effective DC offset of perhaps half the peak-to-peak voltage, and have a frequency of perhaps 20 KHz. The pulse train output preferably has a duty cycle of perhaps 10%, which will promote battery lifetime. Of course, different peak-peak amplitudes, DC offsets, pulse train waveshapes, duty cycle, and/or repetition frequencies may instead be used. Indeed, a 100% pulse train (e.g., an essentially DC high voltage) may be used, albeit with shorter battery lifetime. Thus, generator unit 170 may (but need not) be referred to as a DC:DC high voltage pulse generator. Frequency of oscillation is not especially critical but frequency of at least about 20 KHz is preferred as being inaudible to humans.

[00047] As shown in FIG. 3, the output from high voltage pulse generator unit 170 is coupled to an electrode assembly 220 that comprises a first electrode array 230 (that includes at least one first electrode 232) and a second electrode array 240 (that includes at least one second electrode 242). As further shown by FIG. 3, ion generating unit 160 also includes circuitry 180 that can also include a timer circuit and a visual indicator such as a light emitting diode (LED) that can advise a user when ion generation is occurring. (Of course an audible signal could also or instead be used.) The timer can be set to function for a predetermined time when power is first applied (e.g., with switch S1), for example 30 minutes, and then turn-off system 100.

[00048] In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the positive output terminal of unit 170 is coupled to first electrode array 230, and the negative output terminal is coupled to second electrode array 240. This coupling polarity has been found to work well, including minimizing unwanted audible electrode vibration or hum. An electrostatic flow of air is created, going from the first electrode array towards the second electrode array. (This flow is denoted “OUT” in the figures.) Accordingly electrode assembly 220 is mounted within transporter system 100 such that second electrode array 240 is closer to the OUT vents and first electrode array 230 is closer to the IN vents.

[00049] When voltage or pulses from high voltage pulse generator 170 are coupled across first and second electrode arrays 230 and 240, it is believed that a plasma-like field is created surrounding electrodes 232 in first array 230. This electric field ionizes the ambient air between the first and second electrode arrays and establishes an “OUT” airflow that moves towards the second array.

[00050] It is believed that ozone and ions are generated simultaneously by the first array electrode(s) 232, essentially as a function of the potential from generator 170 coupled to the first array. Ozone generation may be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing the potential at the first array. Coupling an opposite polarity potential to the second array electrode(s) 242 essentially accelerates the motion of ions generated at the first array, producing the air flow denoted as “OUT” in the figures. As the ions move toward the second array, it is believed that they push or move air molecules toward the second array. The relative velocity of this motion may be increased by decreasing the potential at the second array relative to the potential at the first array.

[00051] For example, if +10 KV were applied to the first array electrode(s), and no potential were applied to the second array electrode(s), a cloud of ions (whose net charge is positive) would form adjacent the first electrode array. Further, the relatively high 10 KV potential would generate substantial ozone. By coupling a relatively negative potential to the second array electrode(s), the velocity of the air mass moved by the net emitted ions increases, as momentum of the moving ions is conserved.

[00052] On the other hand, if it were desired to maintain the same effective outflow (OUT) velocity but to generate less ozone, the exemplary 10 KV potential could be divided between the electrode arrays. For example, generator 170 could provide +4 KV (or some other fraction) to the first array electrode(s) and −6 KV (or some other fraction) to the second array electrode(s). In this example, it is understood that the +4 KV and the −6 KV are measured relative to ground. Understandably it is desired that the present invention operate to output safe amounts of ozone. Accordingly, the high voltage is preferably fractionalized with about +4 KV applied to the first array electrode(s) and about −6 KV applied to the second array electrodes.

[00053] As noted, outflow (OUT) preferably includes safe amounts of O₃ that can destroy or at least substantially alter bacteria, germs, and other living (or quasi-living) matter subjected to the outflow. Thus, when switch S1 is closed and B1 has sufficient operating potential, pulses from high voltage pulse generator unit 170 create an outflow (OUT) of ionized air and O₃. When S1 is closed, LED will visually signal when ionization is occurring.

[00054] Preferably operating parameters of the present invention are set during manufacture and are not user-adjustable. For example, increasing the peak-to-peak output voltage and/or duty cycle in the high voltage pulses generated by unit 170 can increase air flowrate, ion content, and ozone content. In the preferred embodiment, output flowrate is about 200 feet/minute, ion content is about 2,000,000/cc and ozone content is about 40 ppb (over ambient) to perhaps 2,000 ppb (over ambient). As described herein, decreasing the second electrode/first electrode radius of curvature R2/R1 ratio below about 20:1 will decrease flow rate, as will decreasing the peak-to-peak voltage and/or duty cycle of the high voltage pulses coupled between the first and second electrode arrays.

[00055] Output ozone can beneficially destroy or at least diminish the undesired effects of certain odors, bacteria, germs, and the like, especially as may be associated with the user's feet or stockings. Further, the air flow is indeed electro-kinetically produced, in that there are no intentionally moving parts within the present invention. (As noted, some mechanical vibration may occur within some electrode configurations.) Preferably the present invention is used to output a net surplus of negative ions, as these ions are deemed more beneficial to health than are positive ions.

[00056] Having described various aspects of the invention in general, various embodiments of electrode assembly 220 will now be described. In the various embodiments, electrode assembly 220 will comprise a first array 230 of at least one electrode 232, and will further comprise a second array 240 of preferably at least one electrode 242. Understandably material(s) for electrodes 232 and 242 should conduct electricity, be resilient to corrosive effects from the application of high voltage, yet be strong enough to be cleaned.

[00057] FIG. 4A depicts an electrode array 220 that is especially good for removing particulate matter (shown as 60) from incoming ambient air in that the downstream electrodes 242 in second array 240 have relatively large collection surfaces 244 whereon particulate matter 60 can be electrostatically attracted and accumulated, until cleaned by the user. In this embodiment, electrode(s) 232 in the first electrode array 230 are wire or wire-like and are preferably fabricated from tungsten. Tungsten is sufficiently robust to withstand occasional cleaning, has a high melting point to retard breakdown due to ionization, and has a rough exterior surface that seems to promote efficient ionization. On the other hand, electrodes 242 preferably will have a highly polished exterior surface to minimize unwanted point-to-point radiation. As such, electrodes 242 preferably are fabricated from stainless steel, brass, among other materials. The polished surface of electrodes 232 also promotes ease of electrode cleaning.

[00058] In contrast to the prior art electrodes disclosed by Lee, electrodes 232 and 242 according to the present invention are light weight, easy to fabricate, and lend themselves to mass production. Further, electrodes 232 and 242 described herein promote more efficient generation of ionized air, and production of safe amounts of ozone, O₃.

[00059] As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, high voltage pulse generator 170 is coupled between the first electrode array 230 and the second electrode array 240. As noted, high voltage pulses from generator 170 produce a flow of ionized air that travels in the direction from the first array towards the second array (indicated herein by hollow arrows denoted “OUT”). As such, electrode(s) 232 may be referred to as an emitting electrode, and electrodes 242 may be referred to as collector electrodes or accelerator electrodes. This outflow advantageously contains safe amounts of O₃, and exits the present invention from vent(s) 106.

[00060] According to the present invention, it is preferred that the positive output terminal or port of the high voltage pulse generator be coupled to electrodes 232, and that the negative output terminal or port be coupled to electrodes 242. It is believed that the net polarity of the emitted ions is positive, e.g., more positive ions than negative ions are emitted. In any event, the preferred electrode assembly electrical coupling minimizes audible hum from electrodes 232 contrasted with reverse polarity (e.g., interchanging the positive and negative output port connections).

[00061] However, while generation of positive ions is conducive to a relatively silent air flow, from a health standpoint, it is desired that the output air flow be richer in negative ions, not positive ions. It is noted that in some embodiments, however, one port (preferably the negative port) of the high voltage pulse generator may in fact be the ambient air. Thus, electrodes in the second array need not be connected to the high voltage pulse generator using wire. Nonetheless, there will be an “effective connection” between the second array electrodes and one output port of the high voltage pulse generator, in this instance, via ambient air.

[00062] In the embodiments of FIGS. 4A and 4B, electrode assembly 220 comprises a first array 230 of wire electrodes 232, whereas second array 240 includes generally “U”-shaped preferably hollow electrodes 242. In preferred embodiments, the number N1 of electrodes comprising the first array will preferably differ by one relative to the number N2 of electrodes comprising the second array. In many of the embodiments shown, N2>N1. However, if desired, in FIG. 4A, addition first electrodes 232 could be added at the out ends of array 230 such that N1>N2, e.g., five electrodes 232 compared to four electrodes 242.

[00063] Electrodes 242 are formed from sheet metal, preferably stainless steel, although brass or other sheet metal could be used. The sheet metal is readily formed to define side regions 244 and bulbous nose region 246 for hollow elongated “U” shaped electrodes 242. While FIG. 4A depicts four electrodes 242 in second array 240 and three electrodes 232 in first array 230, as noted, other numbers of electrodes in each array could be used, preferably retaining a symmetrically staggered configuration as shown. It is seen in FIG. 4A that while particulate matter 60 is present in the incoming (IN) air, the outflow (OUT) air is substantially devoid of particulate matter, which adheres to the preferably large surface area provided by the second array electrodes (see FIG. 4B).

[00064] As best seen in FIG. 4B, the spaced-apart configuration between the arrays is staggered such that each first array electrode 232 is substantially equidistant from two second array electrodes 242. This symmetrical staggering has been found to be an especially efficient electrode placement. Preferably the staggering geometry is symmetrical in that adjacent electrodes 232 or adjacent electrodes 242 are spaced-apart a constant distance, Y1 and Y2 respectively. However, a non-symmetrical configuration could also be used, although ion emission and air flow would likely be diminished. Also, it is undertood that the number of electrodes 232 and 242 may differ from what is shown.

[00065] Assume that system 100 has overall dimensions of perhaps 5″ height, rear edge to front edge, (12 cm), 12″ width (25 cm) and perhaps 2″ thickness, top to bottom, (5 cm). In FIG. 4A, typically dimensions would be as follows: diameter of electrodes 232 is about 0.08 mm, distances Y1 and Y2 are each about 16 mm, distance X1 is about 16 mm, distance L is about 10 mm, and electrode heights Z1 and Z2 are each about 21 cm. The width W of electrodes 242 is preferably about 4 mm, and the thickness of the material from which electrodes 242 are formed is about 0.5 mm. Of course other dimensions and shapes could be used. It is preferred that electrodes 232 be small in diameter to help establish a desired high voltage field. On the other hand, it is desired that electrodes 232 (as well as electrodes 242) be sufficiently robust to withstand occasional cleaning.

[00066] Electrodes 232 in first array 230 are coupled by a conductor 234 to a first (preferably positive) output port of high voltage pulse generator 170, and electrodes 242 in second array 240 are coupled by a conductor 244 to a second (preferably negative) output port of generator 170. It is relatively unimportant where on the various electrodes electrical connection is made to conductors 234 or 244. Thus, by way of example FIG. 4B depicts conductor 244 making connection with some electrodes 242 internal to bulbous end 246, while other electrodes 242 make electrical connection to conductor 244 elsewhere on the electrode. Electrical connection to the various electrodes 242 could also be made on the electrode external surface providing no substantial impairment of the outflow airstream results.

[00067] It is preferred that at least electrode assembly 240 is readily removable from housing 102 for cleaning, e.g., removing accumulated particulate matter 60 from the electrode surfaces. Thus, housing 102 may be provided with a user-removable second array 240, or the housing may include a break-away feature providing the user with access to the second array for such periodic cleaning as may be required.

[00068] Referring to the geometry of the electrodes shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, and indeed in other configurations shown herein, the ratio of the effective radius of electrode 242 to the effective radius of the electric field emanating radius of electrode 232 will be at least about 15:1, and preferably is at least 20:1. Thus, in the embodiment of FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B, the ratio R2/R1=2 mm/0.04 mm≈50:1. Other dimensions may be used in other configurations, but preferably a minimum R2/R1 ratio is maintain that is at least about 15:1.

[00069] In this and the other embodiments to be described herein, ionization appears to occur at the smaller electrode(s) 232 in the first electrode array 230, with ozone production occurring as a function of high voltage arcing. For example, increasing the peak-to-peak voltage amplitude and/or duty cycle of the pulses from the high voltage pulse generator 170 can increase ozone content in the output flow of ionized air. If desired, user-control S2 can be used to somewhat vary ozone content by varying (in a safe manner) amplitude and/or duty cycle. Specific circuitry for achieving such control is known in the art and need not be described in detail herein.

[00070] Note the inclusion in FIGS. 4A and 4B of at least one output controlling electrode 243, preferably electrically coupled to the same potential as the second array electrodes. Electrode 243 preferably defines a pointed shape in side profile, e.g., a triangle. The sharp point on electrode(s) 243 causes generation of substantial negative ions (since the electrode is coupled to relatively negative high potential). These negative ions neutralize excess positive ions otherwise present in the output air flow, such that the OUT flow has a net negative charge. Electrode(s) 243 preferably are stainless steel, copper, or other conductor, and are perhaps 20 mm high and about 12 mm wide at the base although other shapes and/or dimensions could be used.

[00071] Another advantage of including pointed electrodes 243 is that they may be stationarily mounted within the housing of unit 100, and thus are not readily reached by human hands when cleaning the unit. Were it otherwise, the sharp point on electrode(s) 243 could easily cause cuts. The inclusion of one electrode 243 has been found sufficient to provide a sufficient number of output negative ions, but more such electrodes may be included.

[00072] The electrode configurations of FIGS. 4C and 4D will now be described. In the embodiment of FIGS. 4A and 4C, each “U”-shaped electrode 242 has two trailing edges that promote efficient kinetic transport of the outflow of ionized air and O₃. Note the inclusion on at least one portion of a trailing edge of a pointed electrode region 243′. Electrode region 243′ helps promote output of negative ions, in the same fashion as was described with respect to FIGS. 4A and 4B. Note, however, the higher likelihood of a user cutting himself or herself when wiping electrodes 242 with a cloth or the like to remove particulate matter deposited thereon. In FIG. 4C and the figures to follow, the particulate matter is omitted for ease of illustration. However, from what was shown in FIGS. 2A-4B, particulate matter will be present in the incoming air, and will be substantially absent from the outgoing air. As has been described, particulate matter 60 typically will be electrostatically precipitated upon the surface area of electrodes 242.

[00073] Note that the embodiments of FIGS. 4C and 4D depict somewhat truncated versions of electrodes 242. Whereas dimension L in the embodiment of FIGS. 4A and 4B was about 10 mm, in FIGS. 4C and 4D, L has been shortened to about 5 mm. Other dimensions in FIG. 4C preferably are similar to those stated for FIGS. 4A and 4B. In FIGS. 4C and 4D, the inclusion of point-like regions 246 on the trailing edge of electrodes 242 seems to promote more efficient generation of ionized air flow. It will be appreciated that the configuration of second electrode array 240 in FIG. 4C can be more robust than the configuration of FIGS. 4A and 4B, by virtue of the shorter trailing edge geometry. As noted earlier, a symmetrical staggered geometry for the first and second electrode arrays is preferred for the configuration of FIG. 4C.

[00074] In the embodiment of FIG. 4D, the outermost second electrodes, denoted 242-1 and 242-2, have substantially no outermost trailing edges. Dimension L in FIG. 4D is preferably about 3 mm, and other dimensions may be as stated for the configuration of FIGS. 4A and 4B. Again, the R2/R1 ratio for the embodiment of FIG. 4D preferably exceeds about 20:1.

[00075] FIGS. 4E and 4F depict another embodiment of electrode assembly 220, in which the first electrode array comprises a single wire electrode 232, and the second electrode array comprises a single pair of curved “L”-shaped electrodes 242, in cross-section. Typical dimensions, where different than what has been stated for earlier-described embodiments, are X1≈12 mm, Y1≈6 mm, Y2≈5 mm, and L1≈3 mm. The effective R2/R1 ratio is again greater than about 20:1. The fewer electrodes comprising assembly 220 in FIGS. 4E and 4F promote economy of construction, and ease of cleaning, although more than one electrode 232, and more than two electrodes 242 could of course be employed. This embodiment again incorporates the staggered symmetry described earlier, in which electrode 232 is equidistant from two electrodes 242.

[00076] FIGS. 4G and 4H shown yet another embodiment for electrode assembly 220. In this embodiment, first electrode array 230 is a length of wire 232, while the second electrode array 240 comprises a pair of rod or columnar electrodes 242. As in embodiments described earlier herein, it is preferred that electrode 232 be symmetrically equidistant from electrodes 242. Wire electrode 232 is preferably perhaps 0.08 mm tungsten, whereas columnar electrodes 242 are perhaps 2 mm diameter stainless steel. Thus, in this embodiment the R2/R1 ratio is about 25:1. Other dimensions may be similar to other configurations, e.g., FIGS. 4E, 4F. Of course electrode assembly 220 may comprise more than one electrode 232, and more than two electrodes 242.

[00077] The most preferred embodiments for electrode arrays will now be described with respect to FIGS. 4I-4P. Referring now to FIG. 4I, each upstream or first electrode array 230 comprises ten pin-like or pointed electrodes 232, downstream substantially co-axial from which are disposed ten annular-like electrodes 242 in the second electrode array 240. For ease of illustration, FIG. 4I shows two first electrodes 232 (with an optional extra electrode 232′) and two second electrodes 242. Note that the first array electrodes 232 may be pointed, or pin-like, or cone-like and that more than one first array electrode 232, 232′ may be provided for a single second array electrode 242. Preferably each second array electrode 242 has a smoothly rounded inner opening 246. The surface of electrode 242 that faces electrode 232 will transition smoothly and continuously into this opening to form a collar region 247, as shown in FIGS. 4I-4P. The material comprising second array electrode 242 surrounds this opening, which preferably is coaxial with and downstream from the pointed end or tapered end of electrode 232.

[00078] Note that particulate matter 60 will be electro-kinetically transported towards and will tend to electrostatically adhere to the surface of electrodes 242 facing upstream, e.g., towards pointed electrodes 232. Preferably electrodes 232 are tungsten, and electrodes 242 are stainless steel. In the various electrode embodiments described herein, the upstream electrodes 232 preferably will be tungsten as this material can sustain high temperature associated with ionization. By contrast, the downstream electrodes 242 typically are machined or fabricated and will be made from a material more workable than tungsten, yet durable, stainless steel being a preferred such material.

[00079] Typical dimensions for the embodiment of FIGS. 4I-4N are L1≈10 mm, X1≈9.5 mm, T≈0.5 mm, and the diameter of opening 246 is about 12 mm. Dimension L1 preferably is sufficiently long that upstream portions of electrode 232 (e.g., portions to the left in FIG. 4I) do not interfere with the electrical field between electrode 232 and the collector electrode 242. However, as shown in FIG. 4J, the effective R2/R1 ratio is governed by the tip geometry of electrode 232. Again, in the preferred embodiment, this ratio exceeds about 15:1 and more preferably exceeds about 20:1. Lines drawn in phantom in FIGS. 4J-4N depict theoretical electric force field lines, emanating from emitter electrode 232, and terminating on the curved surface of collector electrode 246. Preferably the bulk of the field emanates within about ±45° of coaxial axis between electrode 232 and electrode 242. On the other hand, if the opening in electrode 242 and/or electrode 232 and 242 geometry is such that too narrow an angle about the coaxial axis exists, air flow will be unduly restricted.

[00080] One advantage of the ring-pin electrode assembly configuration shown in FIG. 4I is that the upstream-facing flat surface regions of annular-like electrode 242 provide sufficient surface area to which particulate matter 60 entrained in the moving air stream can attach, yet be readily cleaned. Further, the ring-pin type configuration shown in FIGS. 4I-4N advantageously can generate more ozone than prior art configurations, or the configurations of FIGS. 4A-4H. For example, whereas the configurations of FIGS. 4A-4H may generate perhaps 50 ppb ozone, the configuration of FIG. 4I can generate about 2,000 ppb ozone.

[00081] In FIG. 4J, a detailed cross-sectional view of the central portion of electrode 242 in FIG. 4I is shown. As best seen in FIG. 4J, curved region 246 adjacent the central opening 249 in electrode 242 forms a smooth transition between the planar regions of electrode 242 (whereon particulate matter tends to collect), and the collar region 247 through which the clean and ionized air flow passes in going through electrode 242. In FIG. 4K, collar region 247 is elongated relative to the embodiment of FIG. 4J, and the collar region in cross-section may be said to define a cylinder. Compare, for example, collar region 247 in FIG. 4L, which region in cross-section defines a converging cone, e.g., opposite surfaces of the region are not parallel but rather tend to converge, in a narrowed exit opening.

[00082] In the various embodiments shown in FIG. 4I-4P, the relatively smooth and continuous transition between the planar surface of electrode 242 and the interior of the collar region aids the flow of air therethrough. Further, the continuous surface so defined provides an acceptably large surface area to which many ionization paths from the distal tip of electrode 232 have substantially equal path length. Thus, while the distal tip (or emitting tip) of electrode 232 is pointed or sharp and is advantageously small to concentrate the electric field between the electrode arrays, the adjacent regions of electrode 242 preferably provide many equidistant inter-electrode array paths. High exit flowrate of perhaps 90 feet/minute and 2,000 ppb range ozone emission are attainable with the preferred pin-ring type configurations described herein.

[00083] FIG. 4M is a cross-section of a portion of the cylindrical portion 131 of front housing member 125 showing the relationship between the preferably plastic housing portion 131, the moisture-retaining cylinder of material 112 within this housing portion, and a lipped annular electrode 160 that is adhesively attached to the rearmost (e.g., facing pin-like electrode 232) section of housing portion 131. The user need only remove housing portion 125 from the remainder of the housing, run water or other liquid through port opening 106 to thoroughly wet material 112, and then re-insert housing portion 125 into the remainder of housing 102. Housing portion 125 is retained within housing 102 by a spring-loaded mechanism that the user can release with a sliding mechanism on the lower surface of housing 102 (not shown in FIG. 2D for clarity) when necessary. Once well wet with water (or other liquid), member 112 will act to increase humidity of clear air output by the present invention for an hour or two before it is necessary to re-moisten member 112. In FIG. 4N, one or more pointed electrodes 232 is replaced by a conductive block 232″ of carbon fibers, the block having a distal surface in which projecting fibers 233-1, . . . 233-N take on the appearance of a “bed of nails”. The projecting fibers can each act as an emitting electrode and provide a plurality of emitting surfaces. Over a period of time, some or all of the electrodes will literally be consumed, whereupon graphite block 232″ will be replaced. Materials other than graphite may be used for block 232″ providing the material has a surface with projecting conductive fibers such as 233-N.

[00084] Given the configuration of housing 110 and the desirability of outputting airflow throughout the perhaps 25 cm length of system 100, a most preferred electrode array embodiment is that shown in FIG. 4N. The pin or pointed first array electrodes 232 are spaced-apart from central openings formed by extruding or by punching openings in a metal plate to form ring-like periphery second array electrodes 242. The spaced-apart distance between adjacent ring-like electrodes 242 is preferably identical to the spaced-apart distance between adjacent pointed electrodes 232. Forming array 240R or 240L in this fashion enables the second electrodes to be rapidly fabricated, e.g., from a single sheet of metal, and to be rapidly cleaned by removing the sheet, wiping with a cloth or the like, and returning the sheet. As noted, particulate matter will tend to accumulate on the smoother inner surface (or collar surface) surrounding the central through openings in the plate from which electrodes 242 are formed.

[00085] FIG. 4O depicts the relationship between the left and right arrays of electrodes, again showing the preferred embodiment in which a plurality of through openings are punched or extruded in a single plate to form the left or right second array of electrodes 242. As in the earlier embodiments, the ratio of effective radius between the tip of pointed electrodes 232 and the 15:1. It will be appreciated that applicants' first array pin-like or pointed electrodes may be utilized with the second array electrodes of FIGS. 4A-4H if desired. Further, applicants' second array annular ring-like electrodes may be utilized with the first array electrodes of FIGS. 4A-4H. For example, in modifications of the embodiments of FIGS. 4A-4H, each wire or columnar electrode 232 is replaced by a column of electrically series-connected pin electrodes (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 4I-4O), while retaining the second electrode arrays as depicted in these figures. By the same token, in other modifications of the embodiments of FIGS. 4A-4H, the first array electrodes can remain as depicted, but each of the second array electrodes 242 is replaced by a column of electrically series-connected ring or ring-like electrodes (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 4I-4O).

[00086] As described, the net output of ions is influenced by placing a bias element (e.g., element 243) near the output stream and preferably near the downstream side of the second array electrodes. If no ion output were desired, such an element could achieve substantial neutralization. It will also be appreciated that the present invention could be adjusted to produce ions without producing ozone, if desired.

[00087] In summary, when operated from internal batteries, the present invention can provide several hours of clean air with safe amounts of ozone and, if desired, an increase in humidity of perhaps 10% to 20%. Further, the user's feet may be pleasantly massaged. If desired, the ozone generation and foot massage activation can be decoupled such that user-controls permit selecting either or both functions. As noted, the device may be used within a motor vehicle, perhaps to comfort a passenger's feet while the vehicle is being driven by an operator.

[00088] Modifications and variations may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the subject and spirit of the invention as defined by the following claims.