Wireless downwhole measurement and control for optimizing gas lift well and field performance

[00002] This application claims the benefit of the following U.S. Provisional Applications, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference:

[00002]

COMMONLY OWNED AND PREVIOUSLY FILED
U.S. PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATIONS
	Ser.
T&K #	No.	Title	Filing Date
TH 1599	60/177,999	Toroidal Choke Inductor for	Jan. 24, 2000
		Wireless Communication and
		Control
TH 1600	60/178,000	Ferromagnetic Choke in	Jan. 24, 2000
		Wellhead
TH 1602	60/178,001	Controllable Gas-Lift Well	Jan. 24, 2000
		and Valve
TH 1603	60/177,883	Permanent, Downhole,	Jan. 24, 2000
		Wireless, Two-Way Teleme-
		try Backbone Using Redun-
		dant Repeater, Spread
		Spectrum Arrays
TH 1668	60/177,998	Petroleum Well Having	Jan. 24, 2000
		Downhole Sensors,
		Communication, and Power
TH 1669	60/177,997	System and Method for Fluid	Jan. 24, 2000
		Flow Optimization
TS 6185	60/181,322	A Method and Apparatus for	Feb. 9, 2000
		the Optimal Predistortion of
		an Electromagnetic Signal in
		a Downhole Communications
		System
TH 1599x	60/186,376	Toroidal Choke Inductor for	Mar. 2, 2000
		Wireless Communication and
		Control
TH 1600x	60/186,380	Ferromagnetic Choke in	Mar. 2, 2000
		Wellhead
TH 1601	60/186,505	Reservoir Production Control	Mar. 2, 2000
		from Intelligent Well Data
TH 1671	60/186,504	Tracer Injection in a	Mar. 2, 2000
		Production Well
TH 1672	60/186,379	Oilwell Casing Electrical	Mar. 2, 2000
		Power Pick-Off Points
TH 1673	60/186,394	Controllable Production Well	Mar. 2, 2000
		Packer
TH 1674	60/186,382	Use of Downhole High	Mar. 2, 2000
		Pressure Gas in a Gas Lift
		Well
TH 1675	60/186,503	Wireless Smart Well Casing	Mar. 2, 2000
TH 1677	60/186,527	Method for Downhole Power	Mar. 2, 2000
		Management Using Energiz-
		ation from Distributed
		Batteries or Capacitors with
		Reconfigurable Discharge
TH 1679	60/186,393	Wireless Downhole Well	Mar. 2, 2000
		Interval Inflow and Injection
		Control
TH 1681	60/186,394	Focused Through-Casing	Mar. 2, 2000
		Resistivity Measurement
TH 1704	60/186,531	Downhole Rotary Hydraulic	Mar. 2, 2000
		Pressure for Valve Actuation
TH 1705	60/186,377	Wireless Downhole Measure-	Mar. 2, 2000
		ment and Control For
		Optimizing Gas Lift Well
		and Field Performance
TH 1722	60/186,381	Controlled Downhole Chemi-	Mar. 2, 2000
		cal Injection
TH 1723	60/186,378	Wireless Power and Commun-	Mar. 2, 2000
		ications Cross-Bar Switch

[00003] The current application shares some specification and figures with the following commonly owned and concurrently filed applications, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference:

[00002]

COMMONLY OWNED AND CONCURRENTLY FILED U.S. PATENT
APPLICATIONS
	Ser.		Filing
T&K #	No.	Title	Date
TH 1601	10/220,254	Reservoir Production	Aug. 29, 2002
		Control from Intelligent
		Well Data
TH 1671	10/220,251	Tracer Injection in a	Aug. 29, 2002
		Production Well
TH 1672	10/220,402	Oil Well Casing Electrical	Aug. 29, 2002
		Power Pick-Off Points
TH 1673	10/220,252	Controllable Production	Aug. 29, 2002
		Well Packer
TH 1674	10/220,249	Use of Downhole High	Aug. 29, 2002
		Pressure Gas in a
		Gas-Lift Well
TH 1675	10/220,195	Wireless Smart Well	Aug. 29, 2002
		Casing
TH 1677	10/220,253	Method for Downhole	Aug. 29, 2002
		Power Management Using
		Energization from
		Distributed Batteries or
		Capacitors with
		Reconfigurable Discharge
TH 1679	10/220,453	Wireless Downhole	Aug. 29, 2002
		Well Interval Inflow
		and Injection Control
TH 1704	10/220,326	Downhole Rotary	Aug. 29, 2002
		Hydraulic Pressure for
		Valve Actuation
TH 1722	10/220,372	Controlled Downhole	Aug. 29, 2002
		Chemical Injection
TH 1723	10/220,652	Wireless Power and	Aug. 29, 2002
		Communications Cross-Bar
		Switch

[00004] The current application shares some specification and figures with the following commonly owned and previously filed applications, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference:

[00002]

COMMONLY OWNED AND PREVIOUSLY FILED U.S. PATENT
APPLICATIONS
	Ser.		Filing
	No.	Title	Date
TH 1599US	09/769,047	Choke Inductor for	Oct. 20, 2003
		Wireless Communication
		and Control
TH 1600US	09/769,048	Induction Choke for Power	Jan. 24, 2001
		Distribution in Piping
		Structure
TH 1602US	09/768,705	Controllable Gas-Lift	Jan. 24, 2001
		Well and Valve
TH 1603US	09/768,655	Permanent Downhole,	Jan. 24, 2001
		Wireless, Two-Way
		Telemetry Backbone Using
		Redundant Repeater
TH 1668US	09/768,046	Petroleum Well Having	Jan. 24, 2001
		Downhole Sensors,
		Communication, and Power
TH 1669US	09/768,657	System and Method for	Jan. 24, 2001
		Fluid Flow Optimization
TS 6185	09/779,935	A Method and Apparatus	Feb. 8, 2001
		for the Optimal
		Predistortion of an Electro
		Magnetic Signal in a
		Downhole Communications
		System

[00005] The benefit of 35 U.S.C. § 120 of the above referenced commonly owned applications. The applications referenced in the tables above are referred to herein as the “Related Applications.”

[00006] 1. Field of the Invention

[00007] The present invention relates generally to a petroleum well, and in particular to a petroleum well having a downhole measurement and control system for optimally controlling production of the well or the field in which the well is situated.

[00008] 2. Description of Related Art

[00009] Gas lift is widely employed to generate artificial lift in oil wells that have insufficient reservoir pressure to drive formation fluids to the surface. Gas is supplied to the well by surface compressors which connect through an injection control valve to the annular space between the production tubing and the casing. The gas flows down this annulus to a gas lift valve which connects the annulus between the tubing and the casing to the interior of the tubing. The gas lift valve is located just above the production zone, and the lift is generated by the combination of reduced density caused by gas bubbles in the fluid column filling the tubing, and by entrained flow of the fluids by the rising bubble stream.

[00010] A variety of flow regimes in the tubing are recognized, and are determined by the flow rate at the gas lift valve. The gas bubbles in the tubing decompress as they rise in the tubing since the head pressure of the fluid column above drops as the bubbles rise. This to determining the flow regime, such as fluid column height, fluid decompression causes the bubbles to expand, so that the flow regimes within the tubing vary up the tubing, depending on the volumetric ratio of bubbles to liquid. Other factors contribute composition and phases present, tubing diameter, depth of well, temperature, back pressure set by the production control valve, and physical characteristics of the surface collection system.

[00011] The rate of injection at the gas lift valve is determined by the pressure difference across the valve, and its orifice size. On the annulus side the pressure is determined by the gas supply flow rate and pressure at the surface connection. On the tubing interior side of the gas lift valve, the pressure is determined by a number of factors, notably the static head of the fluid column above the valve, the flow rate of fluids up the tubing, the formation pressure, and the inflow rate in the production zone. Conventionally the orifice size of the gas lift valve is preset by selection at the time the valve is installed, and cannot be changed thereafter without changing the valve, which requires that the well be taken out of production.

[00012] Generally speaking, production from a well increases monotonically and continuously as the injection rate of lift gas increases, but the lift efficiency measured as the ratio of produced liquids to lift gas used varies significantly as the flow regime changes, and becomes low at higher gas injection rates especially if annular flow is induced. The specific numerical relationship between gas injection rate and production rate varies significantly from well to well, and also evolves over time even for a specific well as fluids are withdrawn from the reservoir or inflow conditions from the formation change.

[00013] The ongoing supply of compressed lift gas is a major determinant of production cost. Thus the relationship between lift gas injection rate and liquid production rate for a specific well is important, since this determines the real cost of liquids delivered to the surface. Optimizing the lift gas injection rate to minimize production cost is thus of direct value, but generally this optimization can only be approximated since the relationship between injection rate and production rate cannot be monitored in real time, and since there is only an indirect relationship between annulus pressure, determined by lift gas injection rate, and the resulting volumetric gas flow rate at the gas lift valve.

[00014] The annulus between the surface and the gas lift valve comprises a large volume which acts as a reservoir of compressed gas. Consequently there is significant delay between changing the flow of lift gas at the surface, and the corresponding change in annulus pressure which determines the injection rate at the gas lift valve downhole. Surface measurements of fluid flow rates and composition also exhibit delays which may be of the order of hours, the transit time for fluids from the production zones to the wellhead. These sources of time latency effectively prevent real-time, closed-loop control of production using gas lift.

[00015] Gas lift exhibits an instability termed “heading” if the gas flow rate is lowered below a certain threshold in attempts to either conserve lift gas, or reduce production rate. Heading is caused by a positive-feedback interaction between bottom-hole pressure in the producing zone, and flow rate through the gas lift valve which is determined by the pressure differential between the annulus and the bottom-hole pressure. As the lift gas injection rate is reduced by lowering the annulus pressure, bottom-hole pressure increases as flow from the formation into the well dwindles. This increase in bottom-hole pressure reduces the pressure differential across the gas-lift valve, further reducing the lift gas injection rate and therefore further reducing the withdrawal rate of fluids from the formation. The consequence is cyclic “heading” or surging which eventually leads to cessation of all fluid flow and the death of the well.

[00016] An important issue with heading is that the long latency between changes in bottom hole conditions and their consequences as visible production rate fluctuations at the surface makes recovery from heading difficult once it has been initiated. The existing strategy to maintain flow stability is to hold the injection gas flow rate safely above the minimum which is expected to initiate heading, whether or not this leads to the desired production rate from the well.

[00017] Under conditions of very low reservoir production, it may become necessary to operate with intermittent gas lift in which gas injection is cyclic. In this mode the gas lift valve is completely closed at the start of the cycle, and reservoir flow into the tubing occurs through a check valve at or near the bottom of the tubing. After sufficient time has elapsed to allow the fluid level in the tubing to have risen above the lift gas valve, this valve is snapped open to allow fast injection of a gas bubble which drives the fluid above it up the tubing. When the slug of fluids has been ejected at the well head, the lift gas valve closes, and the cycle repeats. The check valve prevents produced fluids from being driven back into the formation during the lift phase of the cycle.

[00018] Intermittent gas lift is considered undesirable for a number of reasons. The intermittent demand for a high flow of lift gas is hard on compressors, which operate best against a steady demand. To mitigate this factor accumulators may be used to store gas awaiting the next lift cycle, but these are a capital cost item with ongoing maintenance, and at best a partial solution. The high intermittent flow requires oversize piping between the compressor station and the dependent wells, and the cyclic load on the piping is mechanically stressful.

[00019] It would, therefore, be a significant advance in the operation of petroleum wells if a real-time method for determining the gas lift injection rate and the production fluid flow rate were provided. It would also be a significant advance if real-time monitoring of “heading” conditions were provided.

[00020] All references cited herein are incorporated by reference to the maximum extent allowable by law. To the extent a reference may not be fully incorporated herein, it is incorporated by reference for background purposes and indicative of the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.

[00021] The problems presented in determining real-time downhole conditions in order to optimize production and prevent heading are solved by the systems and methods of the present invention. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a measurement system is provided to measure fluid flow through a main pipe. The measurement system includes a measurement section associated with the main pipe, the measurement section including a first pipe section and a second pipe section. The first pipe section has a smaller diameter than the second pipe section. The measurement system also includes a plurality of pressure sensors for measuring pressure data in the first and second pipe sections. A communication system is provided such that pressure data can be communicated along the main pipe.

[00022] In another embodiment of the present invention, a petroleum well having a borehole is provided. The petroleum well includes a tubing string disposed within the borehole, the tubing string being configured to convey a production fluid. A downhole measurement system is provided for determining a flow rate of production fluid within the tubing string, and a communication system is provided for communicating the flow rate data along a piping structure of the well. Under many circumstances, the piping structure will actually be the tubing string, but the piping structure could also comprise a casing located within the borehole of the well.

[00023] In another embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for optimizing the production of a petroleum well. The petroleum well includes a borehole and tubing string positioned within the borehole for delivering production fluid. The flow rate of the production fluid within the tubing string is determined along with the lift-gas injection rate for lift-gas being injected into the tubing string. After collecting the flow rate and lift-gas injection rate data, it is communicated along a piping structure of the well to a selected location. At the selected location the data is analyzed to determine an optimum operating point for the well.

[00024] In another embodiment of the present invention, a method for optimizing the production of a petroleum field is provided, the petroleum field having a plurality of petroleum wells. As is typical with petroleum wells, each of the petroleum wells includes a borehole with a tubing string positioned within the borehole for conveying a production fluid (production well), or an injection fluid (injection well). In the case of a production well, the method first comprises the step of determining production fluids flow rate data and lift-gas injection rate data for each of the petroleum wells. In the case of an injection well, the method first comprises the step of determining inflow rate data for each of the wells. This data is then communicated along a piping structure of each well. In some cases, the piping structure may actually be the tubing string, and in other cases the piping structure may be a casing positioned within the borehole. All of the data is collected and analyzed to determine an optimum operating point for the petroleum field.

[00034] As used in the present application, a “piping structure” can be one single pipe, a tubing string, a well casing, a pumping rod, a series of interconnected pipes, rods, rails, trusses, lattices, supports, a branch or lateral extension of a well, a network of interconnected pipes, or other structures known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The preferred embodiment makes use of the invention in the context of an oil well where the piping structure comprises tubular, metallic, electrically-conductive pipe or tubing strings, but the invention is not so limited. For the present invention, at least a portion of the piping structure needs to be electrically conductive, such electrically conductive portion may be the entire piping structure (e.g., steel pipes, copper pipes) or a longitudinal extending electrically conductive portion combined with a longitudinally extending non-conductive portion. In other words, an electrically conductive piping structure is one that provides an electrical conducting path from one location where a power source is electrically connected to another location where a device and/or electrical return is electrically connected. The piping structure will typically be conventional round metal tubing, but the cross-sectional geometry of the piping structure, or any portion thereof, can vary in shape (e.g., round, rectangular, square, oval) and size (e.g., length, diameter, wall thickness) along any portion of the piping structure.

[00035] A “valve” is any device that functions to regulate the flow of a fluid. Examples of valves include, but are not limited to, bellows-type gas-lift valves and controllable gas-lift valves, each of which may be used to regulate the flow of lift gas into a tubing string of a well. The internal workings of valves can vary greatly, and in the present application, it is not intended to limit the valves described to any particular configuration, so long as the valve functions to regulate flow. Some of the various types of flow regulating mechanisms include, but are not limited to, ball valve configurations, needle valve configurations, gate valve configurations, and cage valve configurations. Valves can be mounted downhole in a well in many different ways, some of which include tubing conveyed mounting configurations, side-pocket mandrel configurations, or permanent mounting configurations such as mounting the valve in an enlarged tubing pod.

[00036] The term “modem” is used generically herein to refer to any communications device for transmitting and/or receiving electrical communication signals via an electrical conductor (e.g., metal). Hence, the term is not limited to the acronym for a modulator (device that converts a voice or data signal into a form that can be transmitted)/demodulator (a device that recovers an original signal after it has modulated a high frequency carrier). Also, the term “modem” as used herein is not limited to conventional computer modems that convert digital signals to analog signals and vice versa (e.g., to send digital data signals over the analog Public Switched Telephone Network). For example, if a sensor outputs measurements in an analog format, then such measurements may only need to be modulated (e.g., spread spectrum modulation) and transmitted—hence no analog-to-digital conversion is needed. As another example, a relay/slave modem or communication device may only need to identify, filter, amplify, and/or retransmit a signal received.

[00037] The term “processor” is used in the present application to denote any device that is capable of performing arithmetic and/or logic operations. The processor may optionally include a control unit, a memory unit, and an arithmetic and logic unit.

[00038] The term “sensor” as used in the present application refers to any device that detects, determines, monitors, records, or otherwise senses the absolute value of or a change in a physical quantity. Sensors as described in the present application can be used to measure temperature, pressure (both absolute and differential), flow rate, seismic data, acoustic data, pH level, salinity levels, valve positions, or almost any other physical data.

[00039] The term “electronics module” in the present application refers to a control device. Electronics modules can exist in many configurations and can be mounted downhole in many different ways. In one mounting configuration, the electronics module is actually located within a valve and provides control for the operation of a motor within the valve. Electronics modules can also be mounted external to any particular valve. Some electronics modules will be mounted within side pocket mandrels or enlarged tubing pockets, while others may be permanently attached to the tubing string. Electronics modules often are electrically connected to sensors and assist in relaying sensor information to the surface of the well. It is conceivable that the sensors associated with a particular electronics module may even be packaged within the electronics module. Finally, the electronics module is often closely associated with, and may actually contain, a modem for receiving, sending, and relaying communications from and to the surface of the well. Signals that are received from the surface by the electronics module are often used to effect changes within downhole controllable devices, such as valves. Signals sent or relayed to the surface by the electronics module generally contain information about downhole physical conditions supplied by the sensors.

[00040] Referring to FIG. 1 in the drawings, a petroleum well according to the present invention is illustrated. The petroleum well is a gas-lift well 10 having a borehole 11 extending from a surface 12 into a production zone 14 that is located downhole. A production platform 20 is located at surface 12 and includes a hanger 22 for supporting a casing 24 and a tubing string 26. Casing 24 is of the type conventionally employed in the oil and gas industry. The casing 24 is typically installed in sections and is cemented in borehole 11 during well completion. Tubing string 26, also referred to as production tubing, is generally conventional comprising a plurality of elongated tubular pipe sections joined by threaded couplings at each end of the pipe sections. It should be noted that tubing string 26 can be any conduit used to convey a production fluid. Production platform 20 also includes a gas input throttle 30 to permit the input of compressed gas into an annular space 31 between casing 24 and tubing string 26. Conversely, an output valve 32 permits the expulsion of oil and gas bubbles from an interior of tubing string 26 during oil production.

[00041] Gas-lift well 10 includes a communication system 34 for providing power and two-way communication downhole in well 10. Casing 24 and tubing string 26 act as electrical conductors for communication system 34. An insulating tubing joint 40 (also referred to as an electrically insulating joint) and a lower induction choke 42 are incorporated into the system to route time-varying current through these conductors. The insulating tubing joint 40 is incorporated close to the wellhead to electrically insulate tubing string 26 from casing 24. Thus, the insulating tubing joint 40 prevents an electrical short circuit between the lower sections of tubing string 26 and casing 24 at tubing hanger 22. Hanger 22 provides mechanical coupling and support of tubing string 26 by transferring the weight load of the tubing string 26 to the casing 24. In alternative to or in addition to the insulating tubing joint 40, another induction choke (not shown) can be placed about the tubing string 26 or an insulating tubing hanger (not shown) could be employed.

[00042] Lower induction choke 42 is attached about the tubing string 26 downhole above a packer 48 and serves as a series impedance to electric current flow. The size and material of lower induction choke 42 can be altered to vary the series impedance value; however, the lower induction choke 42 is made of a ferromagnetic material. Choke 42 is mounted concentric and external to tubing string 26, and is typically hardened with epoxy to withstand rough handling.

[00043] Centralizers fitted to the tubing string 26 between insulating tubing joint 40 and induction choke 42 are constructed and installed such that they do not create an electrically conductive path between tubing 26 and casing 11. Suitable centralizers may be composed of solid molded or machined plastic, or may be bow spring centralizers provided these are appropriately furnished with electrically insulating components. Many implementations of suitable centralizers will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[00044] A computer and power source 44 having power and communication feeds 46 is disposed outside of borehole 11 at surface 12. Communication feeds 46 pass through a pressure feed 47 located in hanger 22 and are electrically coupled to tubing string 26 below insulating joint 40 of hanger 22. Power and communications signals are supplied to tubing string 26 from computer and power source 44.

[00045] A plurality of downhole devices 50 is electrically coupled to tubing string 26 between insulating joint 40 and lower induction choke 42. Some of the downhole devices 50 comprise controllable gas-lift valves. Other downhole devices 50 may comprise electronics modules, sensors, spread spectrum communication devices (i.e. modems), or conventional valves. Although power and communication transmission takes place on the electrically isolated portion of the tubing string, downhole devices 50 may be mechanically coupled above or below lower induction choke 42.

[00046] Referring to FIG. 2 in the drawings, communication system 34 is illustrated in more detail. Communication system 34 includes all of the components required to communicate along tubing string 26 and casing 24. One of these components, computer and power source 44, includes a power source 120 for supplying time-varying current and a master modem 122 electrically connected between casing 24 and tubing string 26. Two electronics modules 56 are connected to the tubing string 26 and the casing 24 downhole. Fewer or more electronics modules could be positioned downhole. Although electronics modules 56 appear identical, the modules 56 may contain or omit different components. A likely difference in each module could include a varying array of sensors for measuring downhole physical characteristics. It should also be noted that the electronics modules 56 may or may not be an integral part of a controllable valve. Each electronics module includes a power transformer 124 and a data transformer 128.

[00047] A slave modem 130 is electrically coupled to data transformer 128 and is electrically connected to tubing string 26 and casing 24. Slave modem 130 communicates information to master modem 122 such as sensor information received from electronics module 56. Slave modem 130 receives information transmitted by master modem 122 such as instructions for controlling the valve position of downhole controllable valves. Additionally, each slave modem 130 is capable of communicating with other slave modems in order to relay signals or information. Preferably the slave modems 130 are placed so that each can communicate with the next two slave modems up the well and the next two slave modems down the well. This redundancy allows communications to remain operational even in the event of the failure of one of the slave modems 130.

[00048] Referring to FIG. 3 in the drawings, production curves for a number of individual wells, or for separate production zones within a single well, are illustrated. The ordinate of this graph shows liquid production rate, typically measured in units of Barrels of Liquid per Day (BLPD), as a function of volumetric lift gas injection rate, typically measured in units of Standard Cubic Feet per Day (SCFD). Each zone or well has its own characteristic curve for the relationship between these measures, and there may be time variation in the curve for any particular zone or well. While it is possible to estimate these curves given tubing size, fluid viscosity and density, and depth for a particular zone, it is highly desirable to directly measure the curve for a zone or well rather than relying on estimates. By measuring the production curve at a given time for a given well, an optimum operating point for the well can be established.

[00049] Referring to FIG. 4 in the drawings, a downhole measurement system 140 is used to measure the production curve for petroleum well 10. Measurement system 140 includes all of the components necessary to measure the flow rate of production fluid within tubing string 26 and the lift gas injection rate. One of these components, a measurement section 142 of the tubing string 26, includes a first pipe section 144 and a second pipe section 146. The first pipe section 144 and the second pipe section 146 have differing diameters and contain a plurality of pressure sensors (P1, P2, and P3) disposed at intervals as illustrated. Typically this tubing configuration is placed below the lowermost producing gas lift valve 50 so that production fluids from the formation flow through the measurement section 142 of the tubing string 26 before gas bubbles enter the stream.

[00050] The production fluid flows at the same mass flow rate through both the first pipe section 144 (small diameter) and the second pipe section 146 (large diameter) of the tubing string 26. However, the differing diameters of the first pipe section 144 and the second pipe section 146 create a large difference in liquid flow velocity in the two pipe sections, and notably the head loss created by the flow is much greater in the first pipe section 144 than that in the second pipe section 146. The difference between pressures measured along the first pipe section 144 provides a measure of flow speed, but also includes a pressure difference due to the static head pressure differential between the sensors. This static head difference depends on the density of the liquid flowing from the formation, which cannot be determined a priori, and must be measured. This measurement is accomplished by the pressure sensors in the larger diameter section of pipe, where the pressure differential is dominated by the static head difference since the liquid flow velocity is low. Knowing the vertical rise between the pressure sensors in the larger diameter pipe section allows calculation of the liquid density.

[00051] The lowest pressure transducer effectively measures bottom hole pressure, an important and useful parameter for well characterization. Since the density is a measure of the ratio of oil to water in the produced liquids, this immediate measurement of the oil-water ratio at the moment the fluid is leaving the production zone has value for other diagnostic tests of the well operation such as rapid detection and determination of water intrusion into the well, and its variation with bottom hole pressure.

[00052] Alternative methods for measuring mass flow are feasible, such as differential temperature rise sensors, Doppler acoustic, vortex shedding or paddle-wheel flowmeters. The choice in practice depends on the value of the collateral data which becomes available with each sensor.

[00053] The volumetric gas flow through the gas lift valve (also referred to as the lift-gas injection rate) is derived from differential pressure measurement between the inlet and outlet of the valve coupled with pre-calibration of the valve to generate its flow curve as a function of opening, the C_v curve of the valve. In practice the C_v curve can be expected to change as the valve wears, but re-calibration at the expected relatively long intervals to account for valve wear is achieved by measuring long-term aggregate gas flow into the annulus at the surface using an orifice plate pressure differential. Alternatively the gas lift valve may be equipped with a mass flowmeter whose readings are transmitted to the surface, although at extra cost.

[00054] The well instrumentation as described allows control of production with augmented stability and economy in a variety of conditions. By transmitting production fluid flow rate data and lift-gas injection rate data from the above described instrumentation to the surface of the well, a production curve for the well can be established. This curve can then be used to determine an optimum operating point for the well.

[00055] Referring to FIG. 5 in the drawings, a production curve for a single well is illustrated. The production curve is measured at any particular instant in time by using the controllable gas lift valve 50 to vary the injection rate and measuring the flow rate of the production fluid. Such a measurement can be effected rapidly and effectively without impeding production, since the bottom-hole measurements avoid the time latency which would normally accompany a similar characterization using surface measurements. As measurements are made, data is transmitted from the downhole location of the instrumentation to the surface over communications system 34 (see FIG. 1). With the production curve known, the point of most economical operation for the well can be determined by drawing a construction line 150 from the origin of the production curve to a point of tangential intersection with the production curve. The point at which the construction line 150 tangentially intersects the production curve is the optimum operating point 152 for the well. At the optimum operating point 152, an optimum lift-gas injection rate is given and the resulting flow rate for the production fluid at that injection rate can be determined. This simple method assumes that field compressor capacity is adequate to support the optimum lift-gas injection rate.

[00056] Referring to FIG. 6 in the drawings, the relationship between Bottom Hole Pressure (shown on the ordinate) and liquid production rate (shown on the abscissa) is illustrated. The ability to measure bottom hole pressure and production fluid flow rate continuously and in real time allows the possibility for heading to be detected. The minimum point in this curve is the critical condition at which heading may be anticipated if the liquid production rate is reduced below this point. If this critical production rate is above the optimum production rate for minimum cost (i.e. optimum operating point 152 in FIG. 5), heading would be expected to occur, but can be controlled by using the gas lift valve 50 to allow constant volumetric flow. Under these conditions the gas lift valve 50 must be expected to variably open and close to maintain constant flow in the face of possible variations in Bottom Hole Pressure. Since Bottom Hole Pressure is continuously measured, this can assist in correctly cycling the lift gas valve.

[00057] Referring to FIG. 7 in the drawings, the production curves for three wells are illustrated. In practice, a field having a plurality of wells may operate with insufficient compressor capacity to maintain every well at the minimum production cost flow rate (i.e. optimum operating point 152 in FIG. 5). In this case the production curves for all the wells being lifted by the field compressors is required, but this data is easily and rapidly measured as previously described. To minimize aggregate field production cost, the optimum strategy is to operate each well such that it is at the same slope on the production curve. An optimum operating point on each curve has been chosen to have the same slope, and the aggregate lift gas usage F1+F2+F3 of the three wells is equal to the total capacity of the available field compressors. If the total compressor capacity changes either by removal of a compressor from service, or by the addition of further compressors, the immediate availability of the production curve data and the ability to alter the lift-gas injection rate allows dynamic management of the field. The result is the ability to maintain the most economical production with the resources available.

[00058] If intermittent gas lift is needed, either the Bottom Hole Pressure measurement or the production fluid flow rate measurement is used to trigger the opening of the gas lift valve. The closing of the gas lift valve may also be precisely timed since the completion of expulsion of the production fluid at the wellhead allows the appropriate command to be sent to the gas lift valve.

[00059] The present invention and its applications are not restricted to a single zone within a well, and may be implemented in a well that produces from multiple zones. Referring to FIG. 8A in the drawings, a well 210 using gas lift to produce from a first production zone 212 and a second production zone 214 is illustrated. Multiple packers 216 are used to maintain hydraulic isolation between the production zones 212, 214. A first tubing string 218 lifts production fluids from first production zone 212, and a second tubing string 220 lifts production fluids from second production zone 214. A gas lift valve 224 is disposed on each tubing string 218, 220 and is independently controlled from the surface of the well. In FIG. 8A, both gas lift valves 224 are placed above the upper packer 216 so that they accept input of lift gas from the annulus above the upper packer. Flow rate measurements of the production fluid would be taken individually for each tubing string 218, 220 in the production zone 212, 214 serviced by the tubing string.

[00060] Referring to FIG. 8B in the drawings, an alternative arrangement for using the present invention within multiple-zoned wells is illustrated. In this configuration, a third packer 216 is added to create an intermediate zone 228 between first production zone 212 and second production zone 214. The gas lift valve 224 for second tubing string 220 is placed within intermediate zone 228, which is just above second production zone 214. Lift gas for the gas lift valve 224 of tubing string 220 is supplied to the intermediate zone 228 by a conveyance pipe 230, which is fluidly connected to the main annulus of the well.

[00061] Even though many of the examples discussed herein are applications of the present invention in petroleum wells, the present invention also can be applied to other types of wells, including but not limited to water wells and natural gas wells.

[00062] One skilled in the art will see that the present invention can be applied in many areas where there is a need to optimize flow within a borehole, well, or any other area that is difficult to access. Also, one skilled in the art will see that the present invention can be applied in many areas where there is an already existing conductive piping structure and a need to optimize flow by transmitting data along the piping structure. A water sprinkler system or network in a building for extinguishing fires is an example of a piping structure that may be already existing and may have a same or similar path as that desired for routing power and communications to an area where optimized flow is desired. In such case another piping structure or another portion of the same piping structure may be used as the electrical return. The steel structure of a building may also be used as a piping structure and/or electrical return for transmitting power and communications in accordance with the present invention. The steel rebar in a concrete dam or a street may be used as a piping structure and/or electrical return for transmitting power and communications in accordance with the present invention. The transmission lines and network of piping between wells or across large stretches of land may be used as a piping structure and/or electrical return for transmitting power and communications in accordance with the present invention. Surface refinery production pipe networks may be used as a piping structure and/or electrical return for transmitting power and communications in accordance with the present invention. Thus, there are numerous applications of the present invention in many different areas or fields of use.

[00063] It should be apparent from the foregoing that an invention having significant advantages has been provided. While the invention is shown in only a few of its forms, it is not just limited but is susceptible to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof.