US 6,815,293 B2Grant
High-voltage lateral transistor with a multi-layered extended drain structure
Issue Date:2004-11-09
•45 Claims
•11 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A high-voltage transistor with a low specific on-state resistance and that supports high voltage in the off-state includes one or more source regions disposed adjacent to a multi-layered extended drain structure which comprises extended drift regions separated from field plate members by one or more dielectric layers. The layered structure may be fabricated in a variety of orientations. A MOSFET structure may be incorporated into the device adjacent to the source region, or, alternatively, the MOSFET structure may be omitted to produce a high-voltage transistor structure having a stand-alone drift region. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.
Metadata
Assignee
- Power Intergrations, Inc.
Inventors
- Donald Ray Disney
- Amit Paul
Application Information
Application Number:US 10/135,114
Filing Date:2002-04-30
Priority Date:2001-09-07
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
H01L 21336
Field of Search:
438197438212438268438299438301438306257288257367257487257488257490
Patent Drawings (11 sheets)
Description
Related Applications
[0002] This is a continuation-in-part (CIP) application of application Ser. No. 09/948,422, filed Sep. 7, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,555,873, entitled, “HIGH-VOLTAGE LATERAL TRANSISTOR WITH A MULTI-LAYERED EXTENDED DRAIN STRUCTURE”, which is assigned to the assignee of the present CIP application.
Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to semiconductor devices fabricated in a silicon substrate. More specifically, the present invention relates to field-effect semiconductor transistor structures capable of withstanding high voltages.
Background of the Invention
[0004] High-voltage, field-effect transistors (HVFETs) are well known in the semiconductor arts. Most often, HVFETs comprise a device structure that includes an extended drain region that supports the applied high-voltage when the device is in the “off” state. HVFETs of this type are commonly used in power conversion applications such as AC/DC converters for offline power supplies, motor controls, and so on. These devices can be switched at high voltages and achieve a high blocking voltage in the off state while minimizing the resistance to current flow in the “on” state. The blocking or breakdown voltage is generally denoted as Vbd. The acronym Rsp refers to the product of the resistance and surface area, and is generally used to describe the on-state performance of the device. An example of a prior art HVFET having an extended drain region with a top layer of a conductivity type opposite that of the extended drain region is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,811,075.
[0005] In a conventional HVFET the extended drain region is usually lightly doped to support high voltages applied to the drain when the device is off. The length of the extended drain region is also increased to spread the electric field over a larger area so the device can sustain higher voltages. However, when the device is on (i.e., conducting) current flows through the extended drain region. The combined decrease in doping and increase in the length of the extended drain region therefore have the deleterious effect on the on-state performance of the device, as both cause an increase in on-state resistance. In other words, conventional high-voltage FET designs are characterized by a trade-off between Vbd and Rsp.
[0006] To provide a quantitative example, a typical prior art vertical HVFET (NMOS-type) may have a Vbd of 600V with a Rsp of about 16 ohm-mm2. Increasing the length of the extended drain would affect device performance by increasing Vbd beyond 600V at the expense of a higher Rsp value. Conversely, reducing the length of the extended drain would improve the on-state resistance to a value below 16 ohm-mm2, but such a change in the device structure would also cause Vbd to be reduced to less than 600V.
[0007] A device structure for supporting higher Vbd voltages with a low Rsp value is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,754,310, 5,438,215, and also in the article entitled, “Theory of Semiconductor Superjunction Devices”by T. Fujihira, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 36, pp. 6254-6262, October 1997. In this device structure the extended drain region comprises alternating layers of semiconductor material having opposite conductivity types, e.g., PNPNP . . . As high voltage is applied to the layers of one conductivity type, all of the layers are mutually depleted of charge carriers. The higher doping concentrations, of course, advantageously lower the Rsp of the transistor device. For example, in the article entitled, “A new generation of high voltage MOSFETs breaks the limit line of silicon” by G. Deboy et al., IEDM tech. Digest, pp. 683-685, 1998, the authors report a vertical NMOS device with a Vbd of 600V and a Rsp of about 4 ohm-mm2.
[0008] Another approach to the problem of achieving high-voltage capability is disclosed in the paper, “Realization of High Breakdown Voltage in Thin SOI Devices” by S. Merchant et al., Proc. Intl. Symp. on Power Devices and ICs, pp. 31-35, 1991. This paper teaches an extended drain region that comprises a thin layer of silicon situated on top of a buried oxide layer disposed on top of a semiconductor substrate. In operation, the underlying silicon substrate depletes charge from the thin silicon layer at high voltages. The authors claim that high values of Vbd are obtained as long as the top silicon layer is sufficiently thin, has an appropriate lateral doping profile, and the buried oxide layer is sufficiently thick. For instance, a lateral NMOS device with Vbd of 600V and Rsp of about 8 ohm-mm2is obtained using this approach.
[0009] Other background references of possible interest to those skilled in the art include U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,184,555, 6,191,447, 6,075,259, 5,998,833, 5,637,898, International Application No. PCT/IB98/02060 (International Publication No. WO 99/34449), and the article, “High Performance600V Smart Power Technology Based on Thin Layer Silicon-on-Insulator” by T. Letavic et al., Proc. ISPSD, pp. 49-52, 1997.
[0010] Although the device structures described above achieve high Vbd with relatively low on-state resistance as compared to earlier designs, there is still an unsatisfied need for a high-voltage transistor structure that can support still higher voltages while achieving a much lower on-state resistance.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0011] The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0012] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a vertical high-voltage, field-effect transistor (HVFET) device structure in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
[0013] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of one embodiment of a lateral HVFET fabricated in accordance with the present invention.
[0014] FIG. 3A is a top view of lateral HVFET fabricated in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
[0015] FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional side view of the lateral HVFET shown in FIG. 3A, taken along cut lines A-A′.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view of another embodiment of a vertical HVFET device structure fabricated according to the present invention.
[0017] FIGS. 5A-5K are cross-sectional side views of a vertical HVFET device structure taken at various stages in a fabrication process in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention.
[0018] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional side view of still another embodiment of a vertical HVFET device structure fabricated according to the present invention.
[0019] FIG. 7A is a top view of lateral HVFET fabricated in accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional side view of the lateral HVFET shown in FIG. 7A, taken along cut lines A-A′.
[0021] FIG. 7C is a cross-sectional side view of the lateral HVFET shown in FIG. 7A, taken along cut lines B-B′.
Detailed Description
[0022] A high-voltage field-effect transistor having an extended drain and a method for making the same is described. The HVFET has a low specific on-state resistance and supports high voltage in the off-state. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as material types, doping levels, structural features, processing steps, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. Practitioners having ordinary skill in the semiconductor arts will understand that the invention may be practiced without many of these details. In other instances, well-known elements, techniques, and processing steps have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the invention.
[0023] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a vertical n-channel (i.e., NMOS) HVFET 20 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. It should be understood that the elements in the figures are representational, and are not drawn to scale in the interest of clarity. It is also appreciated that a p-channel transistor may be realized by utilizing the opposite conductivity types for all of the illustrated diffusion/doped regions. Furthermore, although the figure appears to show two separate devices, those of skill will understand that such transistor structures are commonly fabricated in cellular, stripped, or otherwise replicated manner.
[0024] The device structure of FIG. 1 includes an insulated-gate, field-effect transistor (IGFET) having a gate 30 (comprised, for example, of polysilicon), and a gate-insulating layer 29 that insulates gate 30 from the underlying semiconductor regions. Gate-insulating layer 29 may comprise ordinary silicon dioxide or another appropriate dielectric insulating material. The extended drain region of vertical HVFET 20 comprises two or more parallel N-type drift regions 22 situated between p-type body regions 26 and extending down to the N+ substrate 21. For instance, FIG. 1 shows drift region 22aextending from beneath gate oxide 29abetween P-body regions 26a& 26bdown to N+ substrate 21. Similarly, drift region 22bextends from gate oxide 29bbetween P-body regions 26c& 26ddown to N+ substrate 21.
[0025] Source electrode 32 is electrically connected to N+ source regions 27, which are disposed in respective P-body regions 26. For example, N+ source region 27ais disposed in P-body region 26a; N+ region 27bis disposed in P-body region 27b, and so on. It is appreciated that a variety of alternative source electrode connections are also possible. The area of the P-body regions directly beneath gate 30 (between N+ source regions 27 and drift regions 22) comprises the IGFET channel region of the transistor. In this particular embodiment, the gate region is a metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS), and the IGFET is a NMOS transistor. Thus, the channel regions of HVFET 20 are defined at one end by N+ source regions 27 and at the other end by N-type drift regions 22, which extend vertically from gate oxide 29 down to the N+ substrate 21. Insulating layers 33 separate gate 30 from source electrode 32. The drift regions define a path for current flow, herein referred to as the first direction.
[0026] The n-type drift regions 22 are separated laterally by insulating regions or dielectric layers 28. This direction of separation is substantially orthogonal to the first direction and is herein referred to as the second direction. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, dielectric layers 28 extend vertically from beneath P-body regions 26 down to N+ substrate 21 along the full vertical length of the drift regions 22. By way of example, dielectric layers 28 may comprise silicon dioxide, but other insulating materials, such as silicon nitride, may also be used. Disposed within each of the dielectric layers 28, and fully insulated from the semiconductor substrate 21 and drift regions 22, is a field plate member 24. Field plate members 24 comprise a conducting layer of material such as heavily doped polysilicon, metal, metal alloys, etc. As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 1, each of the field plate members 24 is electrically connected to source electrode 32. Alternatively, the field plate members may be connected to a separate electrode. Gates 30 are also connected to a separate electrode (not shown). Drain electrode 31 provides electrical connection to the bottom of N+ substrate 21.
[0027] The extended drain region of vertical NMOS high-voltage transistor 20 of FIG. 1 consists of a plurality of laterally interleaved layers of doped semiconductor material (e.g., n-type drift regions 22), insulating material (e.g., silicon dioxide dielectric layer 28), and conducting material (e.g., heavily-doped polysilicon). In the on state, a sufficient voltage is applied to the gate such that a channel of electrons is formed along the surface of the P-body regions 26. This provides a path in the first direction for electron current flow from source electrode 32, N+ source regions 27, through the channel regions formed in P-body regions 26, down through the N-type drift regions 22, through the N+ substrate 21, to drain electrode 31.
[0028] Practitioners in the semiconductor arts will note that in a conventional vertical HVNMOS transistor, the N-type drift region is normally very long in the first direction and lightly doped; both of which contribute to high on state resistance. In the device structure of FIG. 1, on the other hand, the doping in the N-type drift regions may be considerably higher, such that the on-state resistance is dramatically lowered. Lowering the on-state resistance is achieved in HVFET 20 by the use of multiple, substantially parallel-arranged drift regions 22.
[0029] In the off state, when a high voltage (e.g., 200V-1200V) is applied across the respective drain and source electrodes 31 and 32, the presence of field plate regions 24 on opposite sides of drift regions 22 cause the N-type drift regions to become depleted of free carriers. Ideally, the doping profile in the drift regions 22 is tailored such that the resulting electric field is approximately constant along the path from the drain to the source. For example, the doping concentration may be highest near the N+ substrate 21, lowest the near the P-body regions 26, and linearly graded in between.
[0030] The thickness of both the N-type drift regions 22 and oxide layers 28 should be designed so as to guard against premature avalanche breakdown. Avalanche breakdown can be avoided by making the drift region relatively narrow in the second direction, which reduces the ionization path and thereby increases the critical electric field at which avalanche occurs. In the same regard, making oxide layers 28 relatively wide in the second direction, thereby increasing the separation of the drift regions, allows the device structure to support a larger voltage for a given electric field.
[0031] By way of example, a device manufactured in accordance with FIG. 1 having a drift region that is about 50 um high and about 0.4-0.8 um wide, with an oxide layer width in the approximate range of 3.0-4.0 um is capable of supporting about 800V. In such a device, the doping in the drift region may be linearly graded from about 5×1015cm−3near the P-body regions to about 1×1017cm−3near the N+ substrate. The on-state resistance of such a device is about 1.0 ohm-mm2.
[0032] Practitioners in the art will appreciate that the device performance for HVFET 20 may be improved when manufactured as a smaller total cell pitch (i.e., combined width of field plate, oxide layer and drift regions) because the contribution of each drift region is fairly constant.
[0033] Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a lateral NMOS high-voltage transistor 40 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. HVFET 40 of FIG. 2 operates according to the same principles discussed in connection with the transistor structure of FIG. 1, except that current flows along laterally arranged drift regions, as opposed to vertically arranged drift regions. Note that in the embodiment of FIG. 2, field plate members 44 are fully insulated from the semiconductor material by oxide layers 49.
[0034] In this example, field plate member 44ais disposed within oxide layer 49ajust below the source and drain electrodes 46 and 45, respectively. Field plate member 44bis disposed within oxide layer 49bbelow N-type drift region 42aand above N-type drift region 42b. The field plate members may be connected to a field plate electrode at a certain location out of the plane of the figure. The N-type drift region extends laterally from beneath P-body region 48 across to N+ drain region 43. N+ drain region 43 connects both drift regions 42a& 42bwith drain electrode 45.
[0035] An N+ source region 47, which is electrically connected to source electrode 46, is disposed adjacent P-body region 48. The HVFET 40 utilizes a vertical MOS gate structure 12 that comprises a gate electrode 56 that connects to gate 55. In this embodiment, gate 55 comprises a layer of polysilicon that extends vertically from gate electrode 56. Gate 55 extends below the P-body region, and may extend down to oxide layer 50, as shown. Gate 55 is insulated from N+ source region 47, P-body region 48, and N-type drift region 42 by gate oxide 53. An oxide region 58 separates gate electrode 56 from source electrode 46.
[0036] Oxide layer 50 insulates N+ substrate 41 from gate 55, N-type drift region 42, and N+ drain region 43. As can be seen, oxide layer 50 extends laterally over N+ substrate 41 beneath each of the regions 42, 43, and 55. Substrate electrode 57 provides electrical connection to the bottom of N+ substrate 41. The substrate may serve as the bottom field plate for drift region 42b.
[0037] The on-state and off-state operations of HVFET 40 are similar to those described for the embodiment of FIG. 1. In this case, however, the source and drain electrodes are located on the top surface. This means that electrons flows down through N+ source region 47, across the channel region formed in P-body region 48 adjacent to gate oxide 53, laterally across the N-type drift regions 42, and up through the N+ drain region 43 before reaching the drain electrode.
[0038] Note that even though FIG. 2 shows a trench gate structure, planar gate structures could also be used. Additionally, a trench drain structure could also be used in an alternative implementation. Furthermore, although the embodiment of FIG. 2 shows the extended drain region comprising two laterally extending, parallel N-type drift regions 42aand 42b, other embodiments may utilize more than two parallel drift regions. In other words, the embodiment of FIG. 2 is not limited to just two drift regions, but could include any number of layers of drift, oxide, and field plate regions within manufacturing limits.
[0039] FIGS. 3A & 3B illustrate another embodiment of a lateral HVFET in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 3A is a top view of a lateral HVNMOS transistor 60, and FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional side view of the same device, taken along cut lines A-A′, which extends through drift region 62a. (Note that the source electrode 66, drain electrode 65, gate 75, gate oxide 73 and oxide layer 79 are not depicted in FIG. 3A to avoid confusion. These elements are shown in the cross-sectional side view of FIG. 3B.)
[0040] The lateral device structure of FIG. 3 is similar to that shown in FIG. 2. But rather than orient the drift, oxide, and field plate layered regions on top of one another (vertically), the embodiment of FIG. 3 has these regions oriented side-by-side. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 2, each of the N-type drift regions 62, oxide layers 69, and field plate members 64 extend from underlying insulating layer 70 toward the upper substrate surface. In the embodiment shown, each of the N-type drift regions 62 and field plate members 64 are insulated from N+ substrate 61 by insulating layer 70. In this embodiment, layer 70 comprises silicon dioxide. In another embodiment, the substrate is lightly doped P-type and each of the N-type drift regions extends to the substrate. An additional electrode 77 provides electrical connection to the bottom of N+ substrate 61.
[0041] The planar gate and drain configurations of HVNMOS transistor 60 are illustrated in the side view of FIG. 3B. Alternatively, a trench drain structure and/or a trench gate structure may be utilized. In this embodiment, a gate member 75 is disposed above P-body region 68 and is insulated from the semiconductor substrate by a gate oxide 73. Source electrode 66 contacts N+ source region 67, which is disposed in P-body region 68. P-body region 68 is itself shown disposed in N-type drift region 62.
[0042] The N+ drain region 63 is disposed at the opposite end of the N-type drift region 62 and is electrically connected to drain electrode 65.
[0043] The embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 show the field plate members being coupled to the lowest chip potential, e.g., ground. The source may be tied to the field plate members (at the lowest chip potential), or, alternatively, the source region may be left floating. In other words, the embodiments of FIGS. 1-3 are not limited to a source follower configuration. Each of the transistor structures of the present invention may be implemented as a four-terminal device, wherein the drain, source, field plate members, and insulated gate members are connected to a separate circuit terminal. In another embodiment, the field plate and insulated gate members may be connected together.
[0044] FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate another embodiment of a lateral HVFET in accordance with the present invention. The embodiment of FIGS. 7A-7C is essentially the same as that shown in FIG. 3A, except that the field plate members and oxide layers vary in width (in the second direction). For example, field plate regions 164 are shown being widest adjacent P-body region 68 and narrowest (e.g., 1.0 micron wide) adjacent N+ drain region 63. Each of the adjoining oxide layer regions 169 vary in width in a tapered, complementary manner such that the N-type drift regions 62 have a substantially uniform width (e.g., 1.0 microns) between oxide layer regions 169 extending from P-body region 68 to N+ drain region 63. By way of example, tapered oxide layer 169aadjoins tapered field plate member 164A, such that oxide layer 169ais narrowest (e.g., 0.1 microns) next to P-body region 68 and widest (e.g., 4.0 microns, as measured between the end of field plate member 164 and drift region 62) nearest to N+ drain region 63.
[0045] Although the embodiment of FIGS. 7A-7C show the field plate members and oxide regions having a width (in the second direction) that varies linearly along the full extent (in the first direction) of the drift regions, it is appreciated that other embodiments may include discontinuous or stepped variations in the width of the oxide regions and/or field plate members.
[0046] In the embodiment of FIGS. 7A-7C, tapering or otherwise varying the width of the oxide layers 169 (in the second direction) across the length or extent (in the first direction) of the drift regions allows for a device having substantially uniformly doped N-type drift regions 62. In comparison, the embodiment of FIG. 3 has a tailored doping profile in the drift region (i.e., highest near the drain, lowest near the P-body, and linearly graded in between) to achieve an electric field that is fairly uniform along the drift region when the device is in the off state. By tailoring the thickness of the oxide layers as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 7, substantially uniform electric field can be obtained with a uniformly doped drift region. The HVFET of FIGS. 7A-7C can therefore be fabricated using a uniformly doped epitaxial layer.
[0047] The lateral HVFET of FIGS. 7A-7C can have a structure in which the N-type drift regions 62 are disposed on top of an underlying oxide layer 70, e.g., as shown in FIG. 3B. Alternatively, the N-type drift regions 62 may be disposed directly above a lightly doped (e.g., 100-150 ohm-cm) P-type substrate 161, as illustrated in FIG. 7B.
[0048] To fabricate the device of FIGS. 7A-7C, a N-type epitaxial layer is formed on a P-type substrate. Alternatively, a silicon-on-insulator substrate may be used. The epitaxial layer may be formed to a thickness of about 10-100 um. A thicker epitaxial layer provides lower Rsp because the transistor width is effectively increased, but the thickness is limited by the maximum silicon trench depth that is attainable for a given process technology. The epitaxial layer doping is typically optimized for a given combination of breakdown voltage requirement, lateral width of the drift region mesa, and lateral width of the oxide layer. The doping may be substantially uniform, as described above, or may be tailored in accordance with the mesa profile.
[0049] The drift region mesas are formed by a masking step, followed by etching deep trenches either into or completely through the epitaxial layer. The width of the mesas may be made small (e.g., less than 2 um) to improve area efficiency and increase the critical electric field, which allows for high Vbd.
[0050] The trenches are completely filled by a dielectric layer, which may comprise, for example, thermally-grown silicon dioxide, deposited oxide, deposited nitride, silicon carbide, or a “spun-on” dielectric material. The breakdown voltage requirement, mesa width, and drift region doping determine the width of the dielectric layer. Dielectric materials with low dielectric constants can be fabricated with less width for a given breakdown voltage.
[0051] Following dielectric deposition, the substrate surface may be planarized using conventional etch-back and/or chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) techniques. Next, trenches are formed in the dielectric layer utilizing standard masking and etching operations. These trenches should not extend all the way through the dielectric layer, as some dielectric should remain at the bottom of the trench to isolate the field plates from the substrate. The patterning of these trenches provides the desired tapered dielectric width.
[0052] The trenches etched in the dielectric layer are then refilled with a conductive material such as doped polysilicon, silicide, metal, or a metal alloy. The surface is then planarized by etch-back and/or CMP techniques. This completes the formation of the drift region structure. Conventional processing steps may then be used to form the gate, source, and drain regions of the device.
[0053] It is appreciated that alternative methods for fabricating the trench field plate members may also be employed in accordance with the present invention. For example, instead of filling the trenches with a dielectric material, etching the dielectric material, and then refilling with a conductive material, the dielectric material may be formed partially in the etched trenches, i.e., only along sidewall portions of the mesa and a bottom portion of the substrate, followed by filling with a conductive material.
[0054] With reference now to FIG. 4, there is shown a cross-sectional side view of another embodiment of a vertical HVNMOS transistor 80 constructed according to the present invention. The device structure shown in FIG. 4 is similar to that of FIG. 1, except that the planar gate has been replaced by a trench gate structure. As in the vertical device structure of FIG. 1, transistor 80 comprises a plurality of substantially parallel-arranged N-type drift regions 82 that extend vertically from P-body regions 86 down to the N+ substrate 81. Each of the drift regions 82 is adjoined on both sides by an oxide layer 88. For example, N-type drift region 82ais bounded on one side by oxide layer 88aand on the opposite side by oxide layer 88b.
[0055] Disposed within each of the oxide layers 88, and fully insulated from the drift region and substrate semiconductor materials, is a field plate member 84 that may be electrically connected to source electrode 92. The N-type drift regions 82, oxide layers 88, and field plate members 84 collectively comprise a parallel layered structure that extends in a lateral direction, which is perpendicular to the direction of current flow in the on-state. When transistor 80 is in the on-state, current flows vertically from the drain electrode 91 through the parallel N-type drift regions 82, through the MOS channel formed on the sidewalls of the P-body region, to the source electrode 92.
[0056] The trench gate structure of vertical HVNMOS transistor 80 comprises gate members 90 disposed between field plate members 84 and P-body regions 86. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, a pair of N+ source regions 87 is disposed in each of P-body regions 86 on opposite sides. Each P-body region 86 is located at one end of a corresponding N-type drift region 82. A thin gate-insulating layer 89 (e.g., oxide) insulates each of gate members 90 (e.g., polysilicon) from the P-body semiconductor material.
[0057] For example, FIG. 4 shows gate members 90a& 90bdisposed along opposite sides of P-body region 86a. N+ source regions 87a& 87bare disposed in P-body region 86aat opposite sides adjacent to the gate members; both regions 87a& 87bare electrically connected to source electrode 92. P-body region 86aadjoins the source electrode at one end and drift region 82aat the other end. When transistor 80 is in the on-state conducting channel regions are formed along the sides of P-body region 86asuch that electrons flow from source electrode 92, through N+ regions 87, across P-body 86, down through N-type drift regions 82 and N+ substrate 81, to drain electrode 91.
[0058] Practitioners in the art will appreciate that the pair of N+ source regions 87 shown disposed in each P-body region 86 of FIG. 4 may alternatively be replaced by a single N+ region that extends across the full width of region 86 adjacent to source electrode 92. In this case, the P-body region may be connected to the source electrode at various points (dimensionally into the page of the figure.) In one embodiment, source electrode 92 may protrude through N+ source 87 to contact the underlying P-body region 86 (see FIG. 5K).
[0059] The trench gate structure of the embodiment of FIG. 4 potentially offers an advantage of a simplified manufacturing process, due to the elimination of the T-shaped semiconductor regions shown in FIG. 1. Also, the vertical HVNMOS structure of transistor 80 may provide lower on-resistance due to the elimination of the JFET structure formed between adjacent P-body regions.
[0060] FIGS. 5A-5K illustrate the various processing steps that may be employed to fabricate a vertical high-voltage transistor in accordance with the present invention. The described fabrication method may be used not only to form the device of FIG. 5K, but also the vertical device structure shown in FIG. 4.
[0061] FIG. 5A shows a vertical high-voltage transistor after the initial processing step of forming an epitaxial layer 101 of n-type semiconductor material on an N+ substrate 100. To support applied voltages in the range of 200V to 1000V the device structure should have an epitaxial layer that is about 15 um to 120 um thick. By way of example, the epitaxial layer of the device shown in FIG. 5 is 40 um thick. The N+ substrate 100 is heavily doped to minimize its resistance to current flowing through to the drain electrode, which is located on the bottom of the substrate in the completed device. Substrate 100 may be thinned, for example, by grinding or etching, and metal may be deposited on its bottom surface to further reduce the on-resistance of the transistor. Most often, these processing steps would be performed after the topside processing has been completed.
[0062] The thickness and doping of epitaxial layer 101 largely determine the Vbd of the device. The doping may be carried out as the epitaxial layer is being formed. The optimal doping profile is linearly graded from the drain (at the bottom, adjacent to N+ substrate 100) to the source (at the top). Tailoring the doping concentration so that it is heavier near the substrate 100 results in a more uniform electric-field distribution. Linear grading may stop at some point below the top surface of the epitaxial layer 101. By way of example, for the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 the doping concentration is approximately 2×1015cm−3near the P-body region to about 6×1016cm−3near the N+ substrate 100.
[0063] After the epitaxial layer 101 has been formed, the top surface of layer 101 is appropriately masked and deep trenches are then etched either into or completely through the epitaxial layer. FIG. 5B shows a cross-sectional view of the device structure following etching of epitaxial layer 101 and part of substrate 100, leaving silicon mesas between adjacent trenches. Note that the lateral width of the etched trenches is determined by the combined lateral width (in the second direction) of the dielectric and conductive refill layers, as described below.
[0064] Spacing between adjacent trenches is determined by the required lateral width of the remaining mesa of epitaxial layer material, which, in turn, is governed by the breakdown voltage requirements of the device. It is this mesa of epitaxial material that eventually forms the N-type drift region of the device structure. It should be understood that this mesa of material might extend a considerable distance in an orthogonal direction (into the page). Although the embodiment of FIG. 5 illustrates a device having an extended drain region that comprises a single N-type drift region, it is appreciated that the vertical high-voltage transistor of FIG. 5 may be constructed with a plurality of substantially parallel-arranged N-type drift regions. Ideally, it is desired to make the lateral thickness (i.e., width) of the N-type drift region(s) as narrow as can be reliably manufactured in order to achieve a very high Vbd with a low Rsp. Of course, a larger lateral thickness is easier to manufacture, but the specific on-resistance of the device suffers with a larger lateral thickness since fewer mesas will fit in a given silicon area. In one implementation, the thickness is in the approximate range of 0.4 to 1.2 microns. In this example, the thickness of the mesa is about 1 um.
[0065] FIG. 5C shows the device structure of FIG. 5B after partial filling of the etched trenches with a dielectric material, e.g., silicon dioxide. As shown, in the embodiment of FIG. 5 oxide region 102acovers one side of etched epitaxial region 101, while oxide region 102bcovers the other side of epitaxial region 101. Oxide region 102 also covers the top surface of N+ substrate 100 in each of the trenches.
[0066] The dielectric material may be introduced into the trenches using a variety of well-known methods. For instance, regions 102 may be grown thermally, deposited by chemical vapor deposition, and/or spun on in liquid form. For a given lateral width of epitaxial layer material 101, the width of the dielectric layer may be set to provide the required breakdown voltage, with thicker dielectric layers providing a higher Vbd. However, thicker dielectric layers increase the cell pitch of the transistor structure and result in higher specific on-resistance. In one implementation, the device structure of FIG. 5 has an oxide layer lateral thickness of 4 um. For devices with other Vbd performance, this thickness may be in the range of about 2 um-5 um.
[0067] FIG. 5D illustrates the device structure of FIG. 5C following the steps of filling the remaining portions of the trenches with a conductive material and planarizing the surface to form field plate regions 103. For example, the conductive material may comprise a heavily doped polysilicon, a metal (or metal alloys), and/or silicide. Conductive regions 103aand 103bform the field plate members of the device. In most cases, field plate members 103aand 103bshould be made as narrow as can be reliably manufactured, since the field plate members occupy silicon area without directly contributing to device conductivity or breakdown voltage characteristics. In one embodiment, the lateral thickness of field plate members 103 is approximately 0.5 um-1.0 um. The planarization of the surface may be performed by conventional techniques such as chemical-mechanical polishing and/or etchback.
[0068] At this point in the process, fabrication of the extended drain region of the device is essentially complete. The remaining processing steps may be adapted to produce a stand-alone, high-voltage, depletion-mode MOSFET device structure (as shown in FIG. 5G and FIG. 6) or a high-voltage FET that incorporates a low-voltage MOSFET structure (e.g., FIG. 5K), or other high-voltage devices.
[0069] FIG. 5E is a cross-sectional side view of the device structure of FIG. 5D after the introduction of an N+ source region 105 at the top surface of epitaxial layer 101. Source region 105 may be formed using ordinary deposition, diffusion, and/or implantation processing techniques.
[0070] After formation of the N+ source region 105 an interlevel dielectric layer 106 is formed over the device. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, interlevel dielectric layer 106 comprises ordinary silicon dioxide that may be deposited and patterned by conventional methods. Openings are formed in dielectric layer 106 and a conductive layer of material (e.g., metal, silicide, etc.) is deposited and patterned to produce the structure shown in FIG. 5F. In this cross-sectional view, source electrode 109 provides electrical connection to N+ source region 105, and electrodes 110aand 110bprovide electrical connection to field plate members 103aand 103b, respectively.
[0071] FIG. 5G shows the device structure of FIG. 5F following formation of a drain electrode 111 on the bottom of N+ substrate 100. For example, drain electrode 111 may be formed using the conventional technique of metal sputtering. As described earlier, the bottom of the substrate may first be subjected to grinding, implanting, etc., to lower the drain contact resistance.
[0072] The device of FIG. 5G represents a completed high-voltage transistor having a stand-alone drift region; that is, the device of FIG. 5G does not include a low-voltage, series MOSFET structure at the top of the epitaxial layer. Instead, the extended drift region formed by the epitaxial layer, itself, performs the function of the MOSFET without the inclusion of a P-body region. Practitioners in the arts will note that in this device structure current cannot be completely turned-off, since there exists a continuous n-type path for electrons to flow from source electrode 109 to drain electrode 111. Current flow in the device structure of FIG. 5G, however, does saturate when the mesa-like epitaxial layer 101 is pinched-off at high drain voltages.
[0073] The device structure of FIG. 6 achieves pinch-off of the extended drain region at lower voltages than the device of FIG. 5G. This is achieved by reducing the spacing between the field plate members 103 and epitaxial layer 101 near the top of the N-type drift region, thereby reducing the threshold voltage for pinch-off. FIG. 6 shows a multi-tiered field plate structure extending laterally into oxide regions 102a& 102bto control the pinch-off voltage and, therefore, the saturation current. Alternatively, the field plate members may comprise a single step, a linearly graded lateral extension, or some other profile shape designed to achieve the same result.
[0074] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that for certain circuit applications it may be advantageous to utilize the stand-alone transistor structure of FIG. 5G (or FIG. 6) in series with an ordinary external, low-voltage switching MOSFET. In such an application the series-connected, low-voltage (e.g., 40V) MOSFET could be used to fully control current flow in the high-voltage (e.g., 700V) transistor device.
[0075] Referring now to FIGS. 5H-5K, there is shown an alternative processing sequence that may be used to fabricate a vertical HVNMOS transistor that includes an insulated gate MOS structure.
[0076] Trenches 112aand 112bare formed in respective dielectric layers 102aand 102bon opposite sides of epitaxial layer 101 to accommodate the formation of the insulated gate structure. The depth of trenches 112aand 112bextends from the surface of N+ source region 105 to a depth governed by the intended MOSFET channel length and field plating considerations. In this example, the trench depth is about 1-5 um. By way of example, trenches 112 may be formed by appropriate application of a patterned masking layer to the semiconductor substrate followed by conventional dry or wet etching techniques into oxide layer 102.
[0077] FIG. 5J shows the device after formation of gate dielectric layers 116 and gate members 113 within trenches 112. The gate dielectric layers 116a& 116bmay be formed by growing or depositing oxide on the sidewalls of the stacked N+ source, P-body, and epitaxial regions. The device threshold voltage determines the thickness of layers 116. In one embodiment, layers 116 comprise silicon dioxide having a thickness on the order of 250-1000 angstroms.
[0078] In the embodiment shown, a portion of dielectric layers 102 isolates field plate members 103 from gate members 113. Alternatively, trenches 112 may expose the top portion of field plate 103 and the same processing steps used to create layers 116 may also be used to form dielectric layers on the sidewalls of the field plates to isolate the field plates from the gate members.
[0079] Once dielectric layers 116 have been formed on the sidewalls of trenches 112, a conductive material, such as doped polysilicon, may be deposited to fill the remainder of the trenches. In this implementation, the doped polysilicon forms the gate members 113aand 113bof the MOS transistor structure. FIG. 5J shows the device after introduction of a P-body region 107 and a N+ source region 105 at the top surface of epitaxial region 101. Regions 107 and 105 may be formed using standard implantation, deposition, and/or thermal diffusion processing steps. In the completed device, application of a sufficient voltage to gate members 113 causes a conductive channel to be formed along the sidewall portions of P-body region 107 between N+ source region 105 and epitaxial region 101. The channel length is determined by the thickness of P-body region 107, which, for the particular embodiment shown, may be approximately 0.5 um-3.0 um, with the thickness of the N+ source region 105 in the range of about 0.1-0.5 um. A shorter channel length results in a lower channel resistance, thereby reducing the on-resistance of the device. It should be understood, however, that a too short channel might cause punch-through problems.
[0080] FIG. 5K shows the completed HVNMOS device structure following formation of an interlevel dielectric layer 106 (e.g., silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, etc.). This layer may be deposited and then patterned to form contact openings. In the embodiment shown, the etching of layer 106 is followed by etching of the field plates, gate members, N+ and P-body regions. This is followed by deposition and patterning of a conductive layer (e.g., metal, silicide, etc.) to create source electrode 109, gate electrodes 115, and field plate electrodes 110, which provide electrical connection to the respective regions of the device. The optional etching step described above allows the source electrode to contact the P-body region without patterning the N+ source region, thus simplifying the process. A conductive layer may also be applied to the bottom of substrate 100 (after optional treatment by grinding, etching, implanting, etc.) to form the drain electrode 111.
[0081] Note that while source electrode 109 is shown extending down to P-body 107 in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 5K, in other embodiments electrode may only extend to the upper surface of source region 105. It should also be appreciated that electrode 109 does not separate region 105 into two separate source regions in the illustration of FIG. 5K. Rather, electrode 109 is fabricated in the form of a plug that is surrounded by N+ material that comprises region 105.
Claims
Post-issuance certificates present
The text shown below may not reflect later post-issuance changes.
We claim:
1. A high-voltage transistor fabricated on a substrate comprising:
a drain region of a first conductivity type;
a body region of a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type;
a plurality of drift regions of the first conductivity type, each of the drift regions extending in a first direction from the drain region to the body region, adjacent ones of the drift regions being separated in a second direction substantially orthogonal to the first direction by a dielectric layer;
a field plate member disposed within the dielectric layer, the field plate member being insulated in the second direction from one of the plurality of drift regions by a portion of the dielectric layer, the portion of the dielectric layer having an insulation width that varies along the first direction, the insulation width being narrowest near the body region and widest near the drain region;
a source region of the first conductivity type, the source region being separated from the drift regions by the body region; and
an insulated gate member disposed adjacent to the body region.
2. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein the second direction is oriented substantially perpendicular to a bottom surface of the substrate.
3. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein the second direction is oriented substantially parallel to a bottom surface of the substrate.
4. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 further comprising an insulating layer that covers the substrate, the drift regions being disposed above the insulating layer.
5. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 4 wherein the substrate comprises a bottom field plate member.
6. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 further comprising:
a drain electrode electrically connected to the drain region;
a source electrode electrically connected to the source region.
7. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein the first conductivity type is n-type and the second conductivity type is p-type.
8. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 6 wherein the drain region extends in a vertical direction from the insulating layer to the drain electrode.
9. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein the source region is disposed above the body region.
10. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 9 further comprising a gate electrode electrically connected to the insulated gate member.
11. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein the source region is disposed in the body region.
12. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein a channel region is defined in the body region adjacent the insulated gate member between the source region and at least one of the drift regions, the channel region extending substantially parallel to the top surface of the substrate.
13. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein the field plate member comprises polysilicon.
14. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein the drift regions are substantially uniformly doped.
15. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein each of the drift regions has a substantially uniform width in the second direction.
16. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein the field plate member is electrically coupled to the source region.
17. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein the field plate member is electrically coupled to the insulated gate member.
18. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 1 wherein the field plate member has a width that varies in a complementary manner with the insulation width.
19. A high-voltage transistor comprising:
a drain region of a first conductivity type;
at least one source region of the first conductivity type;
a plurality of drift regions of the first conductivity type arranged in parallel and extending in a first direction from the drain region to the at least one source region, adjacent ones of the drift regions being separated in a second direction substantially orthogonal to the first direction by a dielectric layer;
at least one field plate member disposed within the dielectric layer, the at least one field plate member being insulated in the second direction from one of the plurality of drift regions by a portion of the dielectric layer, the portion of the dielectric layer having an insulation width that varies along the first direction, the insulation width being narrowest near the source region and widest near the drain region.
20. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 wherein the high-voltage transistor is fabricated on a substrate having a bottom surface, the second direction being oriented substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface of the substrate.
21. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 wherein the high-voltage transistor is fabricated on a substrate having a bottom surface, the second direction being oriented substantially parallel to a bottom surface of the substrate.
22. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 wherein the high-voltage transistor is fabricated on a substrate, and further comprising an insulating layer that covers the substrate, the drift regions being disposed above the insulating layer.
23. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 wherein the high-voltage transistor is fabricated on a substrate, which comprises a bottom field plate member.
24. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 further comprising:
a drain electrode electrically connected to the drain region;
a source electrode electrically connected to the at least one source region.
25. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 wherein the first conductivity type is n-type and the second conductivity type is p-type.
26. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 16 wherein the at least one field plate member comprises polysilicon.
27. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 wherein the at least one field plate member has a width in the second direction that varies in a complementary manner with respect to the insulation width.
28. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 wherein the drift regions are substantially uniformly doped.
29. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 wherein each of the drift regions has a substantially uniform width in the second direction.
30. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 wherein the drift regions comprise an epitaxial layer.
31. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 wherein the at least one field plate member is electrically coupled to the at least one source region.
32. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 19 further comprising an insulated gate member.
33. A high-voltage transistor fabricated on a substrate, comprising:
a drain region of a first conductivity type;
a source region of the first conductivity type;
a drift region of the first conductivity type extending from the drain region in a first direction substantially parallel to a bottom surface of the substrate;
a dielectric layer that adjoins the drift region, the dielectric layer having an insulation width in a second direction substantially orthogonal to the first direction;
a field plate member insulated in the second direction from the drift region by the dielectric layer; and
wherein the insulation width varies along the first direction, the insulation width being narrowest near the source region and widest near the drain region.
34. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 33 wherein the insulation width varies in a linear manner.
35. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 33 further comprising:
a source electrode electrically connected to the source region; and
a drain electrode electrically connected to the drain region.
36. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 33 wherein the drift region has a width in the second direction, the width of the drift region being substantially uniform along the first direction.
37. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 33 wherein the first conductivity type comprises n-type and the second conductivity type comprises p-type.
38. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 33 wherein the second direction is substantially parallel to a bottom surface of the substrate.
39. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 33 wherein the second direction is substantially orthogonal to a bottom surface of the substrate.
40. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 33 further comprising a body region of a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type, the drift region extending from the drain region to the body region.
41. A high-voltage transistor fabricated on a substrate, comprising:
a drain region of a first conductivity type;
a source region of the first conductivity type;
a drift region of the first conductivity type extending from the drain region in a first direction substantially orthogonal to a bottom surface of the substrate;
a dielectric layer that adjoins the drift region, the dielectric layer having an insulation width in a second direction substantially orthogonal to the first direction;
a field plate member insulated in the second direction from the drift region by the dielectric layer; and
wherein the insulation width varies along the first direction, the insulation width being narrowest near the source region and widest near the drain region.
42. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 41 further comprising:
a source electrode electrically connected to the source region; and
a drain electrode electrically connected to the drain region.
43. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 41 wherein the first conductivity type comprises n-type and the second conductivity type comprises p-type.
44. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 41 further comprising a body region of a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type, the drift region extending from the drain region to the body region.
45. The high-voltage transistor according to claim 33 wherein the second direction that is substantially parallel to a bottom surface of the substrate.
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