Distributed execution coordination for web caching with dynamic content

[0002] This application is related to the following copending U.S. patent applications, filed on even date herewith: Ser. No. 09/740,402 entitled “Command Caching”, Ser. No. 09/740,460 entitled “JSP Composition in a Cache for Web Applications with Dynamic Content”, Ser. No. 09/740,399 entitled “Cofetching in a Command Cache”, Ser. No. 09/740,403 entitled “Integrated JSP and Command Cache for Web Applications with Dynamic Content”, Ser. No. 09/740,462 entitled “Automatic Invalidation Dependency Capture in a Web Cache with Dynamic Content”, Ser. No. 09/740,531 entitled “Detecting and Handling Affinity Breaks in Web Applications”, and Ser. No. 09/740,459 entitled “Batching of Invalidations and New Values in a Web Cache with Dynamic Content”, all by George P. Copeland, Michael H. Conner and Greg Flurry.

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] This invention is related to the field of network servers and, more particularly, to the use of cache memory to enhance network server performance.

[0005] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0006] Internet traffic is growing at a rate that greatly exceeds increases in the number of users or the number of transactions. A major factor in this growth is the changing nature of Internet websites themselves. Formerly, web pages comprised mainly static content, such as text, images and links to other sites. The extent of the user's interaction with the website was to occasionally download an HTML page. And, since the content was the same regardless of who requested the page, it was comparatively simple for the web server to support numerous users. The present trend however, is toward interactive websites in which the content and appearance of the website change in response to user input. This is particularly true for e-commerce sites, which support online product selection and purchasing. Such sites are distinguished from earlier websites by their greater dynamic content. A familiar example of this is the “online catalog” provided at many Internet business sites. Each customer logged onto the site to make a purchase has the opportunity to browse the catalog, and even peruse detailed information on thousands of products. Seemingly, the web server must maintain and update a unique web page for each shopper. Internet users enjoy the convenience of such customizable, interactive websites, and customer expectations will undoubtedly provide an impetus for further use of dynamic content in web pages.

[0007] The burgeoning use of dynamic content in Internet web pages causes a problem however. Today's e-commerce sites are characterized by extremely high “browse-to-buy ratios.” For shopping sites, a typical ratio is 60 interactions that do not update permanent business records (“requests” or “queries”) to each one that does (“transactions”)—browsing a product description is an example of a request, while making a purchase exemplifies a transaction. One effect of the increasing prevalence of dynamic content is that, although the number of transactions is growing at a predictable (and manageable) rate, the number of requests is growing explosively. The high user-interactivity of modern dynamic content-based web pages is responsible for the large number of requests per transaction. Dynamic content-based pages must be executed for each user request, to update the user's browser screen in response to his input. This results in a tremendous amount of content that must be prepared and conveyed to the user during a single session.

[0008] Dealing with the sheer volume of Internet traffic may impose an inordinate financial burden on the e-business. User expectations compel the site provider to provide dynamic web content promptly in response to their requests. If potential customers perceive the website as too slow, they may cease visiting the site, resulting in lost business. The obvious way for a website to meet the increasing demand for information by potential customers is to augment its server-side hardware—i.e., add more computers, routers, etc. But this solution may be prohibitively expensive, and a more cost effective approach is preferable.

[0009] One such approach is caching, a technique commonly employed in digital computers to enhance performance. The main memory used in a computer for data storage is typically much slower than the processor. To accommodate the slower memory during a data access, wait states are customarily added to the processor's normal instruction timing. If the processor were required to always access data from the main memory, its performance would suffer significantly. Caching utilizes a small, but extremely fast memory buffer, and takes advantage of a statistical characteristic known as “data locality” to overcome the main memory access bottleneck. Data locality refers to the common tendency for consecutive data accesses to involve the same general region of memory. This is sometimes stated in terms of the “80/20” rule—i.e., 80% of the data accesses are to the same 20% of memory.

[0010] The following example, although not web-related, illustrates the benefits of caching in general. Assume we have a computer running a program to multiply two large arrays of numbers, and we want to consider ways the computer might be modified to allow it to run the program faster. The most obvious modification would be to increase the speed of the processor—but this helps only to a point. Each individual multiply operation in the program requires the processor to fetch two operands from memory, compute the product, and then write the result back to memory. At higher processor speeds, as the time required for the computation becomes less significant, the limiting factor is the time required for the processor to interact with memory. Faster memory would seem to be called for, but the use of high-speed memory throughout the computer is too expensive to be practical. Fortunately, the matrix multiplication program exhibits high data locality, since the elements of each of the two input arrays occupy consecutive addresses within a certain range of memory. Therefore, instead of using high-speed memory everywhere in the computer, we employ a small amount of it as a cache. At the start of the program, the input arrays from the main memory are transferred to the cache buffer. While the program executes, the processor fetches operands from the cache, and writes back corresponding results to the cache. Since data accesses use the high-speed cache, the processor is able to execute the program much faster than if it had used main memory. In fact, the use of cache results in a speed improvement nearly as great as if the entire main memory were upgraded, but at a significantly lower cost. Note that a cache system is beneficial only in situations where the assumption of data locality is justified—if the processor frequently has to go outside the cache for data, the speed advantage of the cache disappears.

[0011] Another issue connected with the use of a data cache is “cache coherency.” As described above, data are typically copied to a cache to permit faster access. Each datum in the cache is an identical copy of the original version in main memory. A problem can arise if one application within the computer accesses a variable in main memory, and another application accesses the copy in the cache. If either version of the variable is changed independently of the other, the cache loses coherency—a potentially harmful result. For example, if the variable is a pointer to critical operating system data, a fatal error may occur. To avoid this, the state of the cache must be monitored. Then, when data in the cache is modified, the “stale” copies in the main memory are temporarily invalidated until they can be updated. An important aspect of any cache-equipped system is a mechanism to maintain cache coherency.

[0012] As it turns out, web traffic is well suited to caching. As mentioned above, the majority of e-commerce Internet traffic is from the server to the user, rather than vice-versa. In most cases, the user requests information from the website, which must be culled from the website database. Relatively infrequently, the user sends information to the website, which is entered into the website database. Because often, many users request the same information, it is more convenient to cache the information at some point than to repeatedly retrieve it from the database. Caching dynamic web content can improve the responsiveness of the website without a heavy investment in servers and other hardware.

[0013] A major consideration for the suitability of caching is the frequency with which the web content changes. Caching generally becomes feasible as the access rate increases and the update rate decreases—i.e., the user frequently reads from the database, and infrequently writes to the database. If a number of users frequently request the same content, it is much more efficient to fetch it from cache than to repeatedly retrieve it from the database. However, when the content changes almost constantly, the cache must continually be refreshed and provides no advantage. User requests, which update the database, are not cacheable.

[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates the hierarchy existing between a website and its users. Each of the web servers, database server and browser clients shown in FIG. 1 is a computer, comprising a central processor, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), hard disk drive (or other mass storage device), and a network adapter. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the exact configuration of the components represented in FIG. 1 may vary, depending on the system implementation. In FIG. 1 the Internet boundary 18 is indicated by a dashed line. The numerous users accessing the website on their Internet browsers are shown above the dashed line, while everything below the line belongs to the website provider. The entire content of the website is maintained in a database, which ultimately resides in some sort of disk storage system 10. Compared to semiconductor memory, disk drives are cheap, have a large storage capacity, and are non-volatile; but they are also much slower. Therefore, it is desirable to avoid frequent access to the disk storage while users access the website. The database is managed by database server 12, which mediates all information entered into the database or retrieved from it. The next level in the hierarchy comprises the web servers 14a-c, that actually supply HTML code over the Internet 18. Internet traffic to and from the browser clients 20a-cis directed by dispatcher 16, which distributes the workload among the web servers 14a-con an equal basis. Within this hierarchy, the optimum level at which to cache dynamic web content depends on both the nature of the content, and the regularity with which that content must be updated.

[0015] Note that each level separating the client from the cache adds to the latency in the perceived response time. For example, if the desired web content were cached in one of the web servers 14a-c, it would be conveyed to the user's browser 20a-cmore quickly than if it were cached in the database server 12, and had to be retrieved by a web server before it could be delivered to the browser. Furthermore, it is generally more efficient for a web server (14afor example) to obtain cached content from one of its fellow web servers (14bor 14c) than for it to fetch it from the database server 12. Therefore, the web servers are closely coupled, and employ their combined caches as a shared resource (“cluster cache”).

[0016] The format of web pages containing static text and graphic content is typically specified using HTML (HyperText Markup Language). The markup consists of special codes (often called “tags”), which control the display of words and images when the page is read by an Internet browser, such as Internet Explorer, or Netscape. However, Java Server Pages (JSPs) and servlets are more suitable for modern dynamic content-based web pages. In addition to standard HTML, a JSP may contain Java tags—small programs written in the Java programming language. Java tags are specified on the web page and run on the web server to modify the web page before it is sent to the user who requested it. JSPs and servlets can be nested—i.e., one JSP or servlet can call another. A JSP or servlet called by another JSP or servlet is referred to as “nested” or “embedded”. A JSP or servlet can also contain commands that deal with either the visual format of the page (display commands), or its content (data commands). In the first case, the output property of the command is HTML, and in the second case, it is data. Thus, a JSP may call a command to get data that is already formatted as HTML, or it may call a command that formats “raw” data into HTML.

[0017] It will be obvious to one skilled in the art that other types of server pages, e.g., Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASPs), can also be embedded. Therefore, although a particular embodiment of the system and method disclosed herein deals with JSPs, said system and method are not restricted to this embodiment.

[0018] A display command that presents data on a web page is dependent on that data, in the sense that, if the data changes, the command must be invalidated so a new request for it will re-execute it the new data, so the change appears on the page. Consequently, if the display command is cached, it must be invalidated whenever the data upon which it depends is updated. If the command is called from within a cached JSP (e.g., items 62 and 70 in FIG. 2), the JSP is invalidated. Since it is possible for commands to call other commands, and for JSPs to be nested, the chain of dependency can become quite intricate. The caching logic must track these dependencies so that it invalidates the appropriate cache entries whenever the underlying data changes.

[0019] Granularity is a characteristic of web pages that is critical to an efficient caching strategy. The content of a web page is comprised of several components, some of which may change frequently, while others are relatively static. Therefore, while it is often impossible to cache an entire page (because it contains components that are too volatile), by caching some of its components we can still beneficially reduce database access. The granularity of a web page may be described in terms of “fragments”. As used throughout this document, the term “fragment” refers to an HTML page, or a constituent of an HTML page. Each fragment is associated with a visible entity on the web page. A fragment can be created by executing an HTTP request for a JSP file, by calling a JSP from within another JSP, or by executing a command. The following example, which refers to FIG.2, illustrates a web page composed of fragments.

[0020] FIG. 2 represents a product display web page, comprising dynamic content fragments 50 and data 52. The top-level fragment is a Java Server Page (JSP) 54, which contains five child fragments, 56-64. Dynamic content data 66-70 are associated with four of child fragments, as discussed in greater detail below. The heavy border around certain fragments or data indicates that they are cached. Note that the child fragments are arranged from left to right in order of increasing rate of change in their underlying data. The product gif URL 56 is a link to an image of the product, and is an output property of the product data command 66, which obtains the image from a database. A formatted table contains a detailed description of the product, and is the output property of display command 58. Because it is used by both the .gif URL 56 and the product display command 58, product data command 66 is cached. Since the product data changes only on a weekly basis, it makes good sense to cache it. This prevents having to retrieve the data from the database each time a prospective customer browses the product web page to peruse the product information. The product display command 58 is cached, since it requires formatting by the server, but .gif URL 56 does not.

[0021] A fragment which displays a personalized greeting 60 uses a shopper name fetched from the database by the shopper data command 68. This greeting changes often (for every user), but it is still helpful to cache it, since a given shopper name will be reused over the course of a session by the same user. Note that the greeting fragment 60 does not have to be cached, since no formatting of the shopper name is performed.

[0022] A JSP 62 creates an abbreviated shopping cart, calling a shopping cart data command 70 to retrieve the shopping cart data from the database. The shopping cart JSP creates an HTML table to display the data. This content will change even more frequently than the personalized greeting 60, since it must be updated every time the shopper adds something to his cart. Nevertheless, if the shopping cart appears on every page returned to the shopper, it is more efficient to cache the JSP than to retrieve the same data each time the cart is displayed.

[0023] An advertisement appearing on the web page displays a URL, which changes each time the page is requested. This is too high an update rate to benefit from caching the associated data command 64. This example illustrates that, although the web page is too volatile to be cached in its entirety, fragment granularity still permit portions of the page to be cached. It is also evident that various types of web content benefit to different degrees from the use of cache.

[0024] Not only the content, but the location of the cache, influence the effectiveness of a web cache. Web caches may be broadly categorized as either internal or external. An internal cache is part of the web server itself (item 12 in FIG. 1). External caches can be deployed anywhere between the web server and the Internet boundary (item 18 in FIG. 1). Each type has its own advantages. An external cache can be highly cost effective. It is common to implement external caches in dedicated computers, which, because they don't have to maintain an operating system, multiple active tasks, etc., can be optimized for this purpose. Moreover, external caches are closer to the client, which in many cases allows them to be more responsive than a server-side cache. On the other hand, an internal cache is able to exploit the fragment and data granularity of a page and cache its less volatile portions. It is easier to implement access control with an internal cache, so that access to certain pages can readily be restricted to specific groups or individuals. Furthermore, an internal cache can be equipped with statistics-tracking capability; this could be used, for example, to monitor the number of customers visiting a particular site. Ideally, a web server with an internal cache can be used to control the external caches. The server could then “push” selected content to the external caches, or invalidate content as needed.

[0025] Caching of dynamic web content can improve the responsiveness of an e-commerce website, without incurring the high cost of additional servers. Web caching performance depends on a number of factors. One of these is the frequency with which content must be retrieved from the database. Website performance would improve if cache requests could be satisfied while making fewer database accesses. Another factor affecting performance is redundant execution of requested JSP's and commands among a group of networked servers. When a server receives a request from a client for a command that is not present in its cache, it normally executes the command and then caches it. However, if the server is part of a group, the command may already be available in the cache of another server, in which case, re-executing the command is inefficient. It would be preferable for the server to attempt to obtain the requested command from one of its peer servers, before executing it locally. Some method for coordination of the execution of cacheable entries among the servers in the group is therefore desirable.

[0026] The need for improved responsiveness of an e-commerce website is addressed by the techniques disclosed herein for caching dynamic web content. Under the proper circumstances, caching of dynamic content can shorten the average response time to user requests, without a costly investment in additional servers. Caching is most effective with “read-only” web traffic—i.e., the direction of information transfer is predominantly from the website to the user. Fortunately, this is the case for most e-business websites.

[0027] Disclosed herein are techniques for caching dynamic web content, which are believed to improve the responsiveness of distributed web applications between clients and servers. The context within which these techniques may be applied is preferably an object-oriented software environment. Servers are Java Virtual Machines (JVMs) equipped with a cache, and clients communicate with servers via some type of Internet browser.

[0028] In a first embodiment of these techniques, responsiveness is improved by caching read only commands. A class of objects (i.e., cacheable commands) is defined, along with associated methods and properties. Among these are methods adapted to designate a cache, enter a command into a cache, search a cache for a specific command, etc. When a command is requested, the server responding to the request first seeks the command in its local cache. If the command is not found locally, and sharing is enabled, the command is sought in the cache of a peer server. If the command is not cached, the server executes the command and conveys the resulting HIML code to the requesting client, then caches the command. Subsequent requests for the command are serviced from the cache, which is considerably faster than re-executing the command.

[0029] In another embodiment, server responsiveness is improved by cofetching read only commands. Special preExecute and postExecute methods of cacheable commands are defined, which allow an application programmer to specify additional commands to be executed by the server and returned to the client, along with the requested command. When the programmer creates a command, he prepares its preExecute method to execute the desired secondary commands and then return them (along with the requested command) to the requesting client. Similarly, the programmer configures the command's postExecute method to place all the returned commands in a cache.

[0030] Thus, a single request can be used to execute, retrieve and cache multiple related commands. The cofetched commands are chosen according to their anticipated use in conjunction with the requested command. For example, a log-on command may cofetch other user authentication commands, since they are generally required immediately after the user logs on. Command cofetching improves server responsiveness by avoiding the need to issue a separate request for every command.

[0031] In yet another embodiment, an improvement in server responsiveness is obtained by batching invalidations of cache entries. Cache invalidations require time-consuming updates of invalid cache entries from the database. Therefore, it is advantageous to combine several invalidations and execute them all at once (i.e., to batch them). According to techniques disclosed herein, cache entries may be identified or located on the basis of a unique ID. A list of IDs can be compiled by an application and consulted by a batch invalidation daemon, which uses the IDs therein to invalidate the desired entries. For example, an application can populate an invalidation table with data IDs and then call a batch invalidation daemon, which invokes an “invalidateByld” method to invalidate any entries with that data ID in their metadata. Alternatively, a time limit property of each cache entry can be examined by a time limit invalidation daemon, to invalidate entries that have “timed out.” Note that batching invalidations implies that invalid entries may remain in cache until the batch process is run. However, moderate latency in updating cached data is typically acceptable in e-business applications.

[0032] In still another embodiment, a coordinating CacheUnit is associated with each cacheable entry. CacheUnits are present in each server in a server group, and each CacheUnit is capable of executing commands and JSPs and storing them in its cache. Any of the other servers in the group may request an entry from the coordinating CacheUnit associated with that entry. This avoids the need for each server to independently (and redundantly) execute a requested JSP or command if it is not already present in its own cache.

[0033] Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0034] FIG. 1 shows a client-server hierarchy for a typical website;

[0035] FIG. 2 illustrates the fragment and data granularity for a web page;

[0036] FIG. 3 shows the metadata associated with a cache entry; and

[0037] FIG. 4 illustrates the execution coordination of JSP's and commands in a multi-server environment.

[0038] While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0039] In recent years there has been tremendous growth in Internet traffic. This growth far exceeds the increase in the number of users, and is primarily attributable to the ever-greater dynamic content of modern web pages. E-commerce websites must supply enormous amounts of data requested by Internet shoppers browsing highly interactive web pages. Furthermore, they must do so very efficiently. The shopper should perceive the web page as sufficiently responsive—otherwise, he may direct his browser elsewhere.

[0040] An obvious response to the huge growth in Internet traffic would be for the website provider to invest in more web servers and associated hardware. However, this is a very expensive approach. A more cost effective solution is to cache web content that is frequently requested, but infrequently modified; this avoids the need to continually retrieve it from the website database. The majority of online e-business sessions consist of requests for data by the user; it is much less common for the user to send data to the database. Therefore, such “read only” transfers are very suitable for caching.

[0041] Techniques are presented herein for improving web caching performance. These improvements are brought about through decreasing the frequency of database accesses and avoiding redundant execution of commands and JSPs among multiple networked servers. A preferred embodiment for these methods is an object-oriented software environment supporting distributed web-based applications, such as IBM's WebSphere system. WebSphere provides an Application Program Interface (API) for the support of applications written in Java. In this embodiment, the present techniques are implemented as methods and properties of objects, thus extending the API to allow the creation of cacheable versions of its standard objects. Within this API, a cacheable entry is represented as a CacheEntry object type, with appropriate methods and properties. The augmented API allows a web software developer to incorporate improved cache functionality into web page.

[0042] In many cases, it would be advantageous to cache a reusable command that generates HTML web content. As an alternative to caching the command itself, we may cache the fully rendered HTML—there are both advantages and disadvantages to each option. If we cache the HTML, the underlying data does not have to rendered into HTML code for each request. On the other hand, if we cache the command, we have to render the content into HTML each time it is requested, but we avoid having to access the database again each time the view changes.

[0043] As an example of the relative advantages of caching commands vs. caching HTML, consider the data captured by a command from the database describing a shopper (name, address, email, shopping cart, phone, etc.). Assume this data has multiple views:

[0044] (a) The name is used in a greeting “Hello, John! Welcome to our store.”

[0045] (b) The shopping cart is used when the shopper clicks on “display shopping cart.”

[0046] (c) An abbreviated shopping cart is put on every page.

[0047] If we cache data (commands), only one database access is needed for all 3 views, but reformatting is needed for each access of the same view. If we cache HTML, each of the above views would require a separate access to the database, but a second access to the same view requires no work (neither database access nor formatting) because the end result is directly cached. Note that if both data and HTML are cached, then only one database access is needed and a second access to the same view requires no work.

[0048] In an embodiment of the techniques disclosed herein for enhancing the performance of a distributed web application, CacheableCommand, a cache-aware subclass of the standard TargetableCommandImpl object class is defined. This class is characterized by additional methods, introduced specifically to facilitate caching of the command. The following Java code defines a TargetableCommandImpl object. The lines shown in boldface represent code added to impart cache functionality to the standard TargetableCommandImpl object.

[0049] According to the techniques disclosed herein, caching metadata are associated with each cacheable entry, such as a display command. This information is used by the WebSphere system to manage the caching of the associated entry. FIG. 3 illustrates the metadata accompanying every cacheable entry. Associated with the entry 100 is a template 102, which is a URL (if the entry is a JSP) or a class name (if the entry is a command). A cache ID 104 identifies the entry, which must be unique within the scope of an entry. The scope may comprise a single (Java virtual machine) JVM, or a set of JVMs distributed among several servers. For example, if the entry must be unique for every combination of product ID and shopper ID, then both the product ID and the Shopper ID must be incorporated into the cache ID for the entry. A null value for the cache ID indicates that the entry should not be cached. The priority 106 of the entry determines how long the entry may remain in cache without being requested, before it is discarded. A “Least Recently Used” (LRU) algorithm removes unrequested entries from cache, and the priority setting represents the number of LRU clock cycles before the entry may be discarded. The data IDs 108 are links to the underlying data upon which the entry depends. Note that an entry may have several data IDs, corresponding to multiple dependencies. The use of data IDs permits straightforward resolution of dependencies when a cached entry is updated, and greatly simplifies the task of cache invalidation. For example, when a JSP calls a command, the command's data ID and other dependencies, along with its cache ID, are added to the JSP's list of dependencies. Then, if that command is invalidated, the dependency list reveals that the JSP must be also invalidated. A maximum time limit 110 associated with the entry specifies the time an entry may remain in cache before it is updated. For some entries, such as the company logo or greeting, this may be a matter of weeks or months. For other entries, such as the number of items in the shopping cart, the update time will be on the order of minutes. The use of a time limit simplifies the job of the web application developer. No additional application has to be written to update the cache, since it is handled automatically by the system. However, relying on the time limit can result in needlessly invalidating and reloading cache entries that are still valid. A negative time limit indicates that the entry does not time out at all, and must be explicitly invalidated by an application. A sharing policy 112 is associated with each entry for situations in which the entry may be shared across multiple JVMs. There are several sharing options:

[0050] A NOT_SHARED option indicates that the entry is cached only locally, and may be used when client-specific data are involved. This makes it possible to establish an affinity between a particular client and server, which may be desirable, for example, when the client is conducting a secure transaction, such as making an online credit card purchase.

[0051] A SHARED_PUSH option allows the entry to be shared across multiple JVMs. Whenever the entry is changed in one of the servers, that server “pushes” the updated entry to the other servers—whether or not they have received a request for the entry.

[0052] With the SHARED_PULL option, a server only updates an entry in its cache if it receives a request for that entry and it exists in the cache of another server.

[0053] An external cache group ID 114 identifies external caches that are written to when an externally-requested entry is executed or invalidated, or when the entry is invalidated. Both data IDs and cache IDs are assigned by the application programmer when the respective data or cache objects are created. The value 116 of the entry is the actual executed JSP or command comprising that entry.

[0054] The application developer attaches the metadata to a read only command by implementing the prepareMetadata() method when the command object is defined, thereby making the command cacheable. Once the entry has been created, the application can invoke the execute() method, which calls the cache.setValue(entrylnfo, productData) method to place it into the designated cache.

[0055] There are a number of methods that can be applied to the metadata to invalidate a cache entry. For example, a JSP or command that adds an item to a shopping cart could call the invalidateById method directly, referencing either the cache ID or the data ID. This call would invalidate the cached shopping cart (e.g., so that the cart could be updated with another purchase). Another possibility is to use a periodically activated daemon to invalidate all entries whose time limit has expired. Alternatively, a daemon can call the invalidateById method after consulting an invalidation table previously populated with cache or data IDs by database triggers.

[0056] Successive remote command calls often involve groups of related commands. For example, a command to “proceed to checkout” will probably be followed by calls for other commands that collect credit card information. The number of remote command calls could be reduced if groups of related commands could be retrieved together in a single call. A means of achieving this, according to the techniques disclosed herein, is to cofetch related commands along with a requested command in a single, combined access. This may be accomplished using preExecute and postExecute methods that extend the command object class, as described earlier. When a GetUserAuthenticationInfo command is retrieved from the server, for example, other commands that collect user information may be fetched along with it, on the assumption that these commands will be required soon after authentication. In an embodiment of this technique, the related commands would be specified by the application developer using the preExecute method of the requested command. The related commands would then be executed along with the requested command in the target server, and a reference to them returned to the client upon completion of the requested command. A postExecute method in the client would then use the references to place the related commands in the cache. Once the related commands have been cached, it is no longer necessary to make separate remote requests for them as the user proceeds with his online session.

[0057] An effective means of reducing the number of database accesses is to batch invalidations and new cache values. Instead of responding to every invalidation request or new cache values by immediately updating the cached content, invalidations and new cache values may be stored for a brief interval, following which, the updates are performed en masse, reducing the number of messages required. This approach is possible because web applications typically tolerate a significant amount of latency in updating page content. In an embodiment of the techniques disclosed herein, a batch update daemon stores all individual invalidations and new values for later batch processing. When the batch update daemon wakes, it processes all of these at once, with a single message.

[0058] A further improvement in the performance of a distributed web application is obtained according to the techniques disclosed herein by coordinating the execution of commands and JSPs among multiple web servers within a network. Ordinarily, after failing to find a requested command or JSP in its local cache, a server will execute the command or JSP and then cache it. However, executing the command or JSP has a higher computational cost than retrieving it from cache. Therefore, in a server group where there are numerous requests for the same command or JSP from different servers, it would be more efficient for a server receiving such a request to attempt to find the command or JSP in the cache of one of the other servers, before executing it locally. This would avoid redundant execution of the command or JSP by each server receiving a request. For highly requested entries, execution time may be reduced by up to 1/N, where N is the number of servers in the group.

[0059] In an embodiment of the techniques disclosed herein for enhancing the performance of a distributed web application, each of the networked servers in a group contains a CacheUnit object. The definition of the CacheUnit object class subsumes all other objects that are concerned with caching and delegates to those objects. The CacheUnits within a server group coordinate to avoid executing the entry (i.e., command or JSP) multiple times; this reduces the system overhead associated with accessing the database and rendering the entry. Each entry is assigned a coordinating CacheUnit (one of CacheUnits in the server group). An entry is mapped to its associated CacheUnit by applying a hashing algorithm to the cache ID in the metadata for the entry, and all CacheUnits are registered in a list so they can be readily located.

[0060] When a requested command cannot be found in a local cache, it is requested from the coordinating CacheUnit associated with the command. If the command is in the coordinating CacheUnit's cache, it returns the command to the requesting CacheUnit. Otherwise, the coordinating CacheUnit executes the command, places it in its own cache, and then returns it to the requesting CacheUnit.

[0061] The sequence of events that occurs when the coordinating CacheUnit does not have a requested JSP differs from that for commands. This is because JSPs require an extensive server context in which to execute, which it is not practical to transmit from server to server. When a requested JSP cannot be found in the local cache, it is sought in the cache of its coordinating CacheUnit. If the JSP is cached, it is simply returned to the requesting CacheUnit; otherwise, the requesting CacheUnit receives permission to execute the JSP. The executed JSP is then placed in the cache of the requesting CacheUnit and sent to the coordinating CacheUnit, where it is also cached.

[0062] FIG. 4 illustrates execution coordination in a group of three servers and a client. Assume that the client 150 requests a command via Internet connection 158 from CacheUnit 152. Assume further, that the requested command is not present in the local cache of CacheUnit 152, and that CacheUnit 154 is the designated coordinating CacheUnit for this command. When the command is not found locally, CacheUnit 152 requests it from coordinating CacheUnit 154. If coordinating CacheUnit 154 has the command in its cache, it returns it to requesting CacheUnit 152 via the network 160. Otherwise, coordinating CacheUnit 154 executes the command and places it in its cache, then returns the executed command to requesting CacheUnit 152 via network 160. Now, assume a subsequent request for a JSP is received from client 150 by CacheUnit 152 via Internet conncection 158, and that the coordinating CacheUnit for the JSP is CacheUnit 156. As before, if the requested JSP is not found in the local cache of CacheUnit 152, it is requested from coordinating CacheUnit 156. If the executed JSP is already present in the cache of coordinating CacheUnit 156, it is returned to requesting CacheUnit 152 via network 160; otherwise, the requesting CacheUnit 152 is given permission to execute the JSP. Afterwards the requesting CacheUnit 152 places the executed JSP into its local cache and sends it to coordinating CacheUnit 156, where it is also cached.

[0063] A coordinating CacheUnit operating as described above implements a “Pull” entry sharing policy. This refers to the fact that the other CacheUnits must request an entry from the cache of the coordinating CacheUnit. Alternatively, the coordinating CacheUnit can implement “Push” entry sharing. In this case, each entry is distributed to the other CacheUnits as soon as the coordinating CacheUnit executes it, rather than on demand. In either case, execution coordination advantageously avoids independent execution of entries by each of the CacheUnits.

[0064] A typical computer architecture of a general purpose data processing system, such as those shown in FIG. 1, in which the present invention may be implemented contains one or more central processing units (CPUs) connected to internal system bus, which interconnects random access memory (RAM), read-only memory, and input/output adapter, which supports various I/O devices, such as printer, disk units, or other devices, such as a sound system, etc. System bus also connects communication adapter that provides access to communication link. User interface adapter connects various user devices, such as keyboard and mouse, or other devices not shown, such as a touch screen, stylus, etc. Display adapter connects system bus to display device. A typical operating system may be used to control program execution within the data processing system. As such a computer architecture is well known to those skilled in the art, it is not pictured, but merely described above.

[0065] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware in which the invention is implemented may vary depending on the system implementation. For example, the system may have one or more processors, and other peripheral devices may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware mentioned above. In addition to being able to be implemented on a variety of hardware platforms, the present invention may be implemented in a variety of software and firmware embodiments.

[0066] It is important to note that while the present invention has been described in the context of a fully functioning data processing system, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the processes of the present invention are capable of being distributed in the form of instructions in a computer readable medium and a variety of other forms, regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media actually used to carry out the distribution. Examples of computer readable media include media such as EPROM, ROM, tape, paper, floppy disc, hard disk drive, RAM, and CD-ROMs and transmission-type media, such as digital and analog communications links.

[0067] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that this invention is believed to present improved techniques for caching dynamic web content. Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Such details as the use of the WebSphere application environment, or the Java programming language as described herein are exemplary of a particular embodiment. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such modifications and changes and, accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.