Circuit and method for interfacing to a bus channel

[0002] This present invention relates to digital interface circuitry. More specifically, it relates to on-die termination (ODT) circuitry.

[0003] Computer systems and other electronic systems typically use buses for interconnecting integrated circuit components so that the integrated circuit components can communicate with one another. System buses typically connect master devices, such as microprocessors and controllers, and slave devices, such as memories and bus transceivers.

[0004] Each master and slave device that is coupled to the bus typically includes output driver circuitry for driving signals onto the bus. Prior bus systems have employed a variety of types of logic circuitry including: transistor-transistor logic (“TTL”), emitter-coupled logical (“ECL”), complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), N-channel metal oxide semiconductor (“NMOS”), P-channel metal oxide semiconductor (“PMOS”), and gunning transistor logic (“GTL”).

[0005] The different types of logic circuitry described above are generally driven by voltage level signals. For example, a logic-1 in TTL is typically represented by a voltage signal level of 5V while a logic-0 is typically represented by a voltage signal level of 0V. As supply voltage levels for digital circuits have steadily declined from 5V to approximately 1.8V, it has become advantageous, to provide buses that are driven by a current mode output driver. One benefit to a current mode driver is a reduction of peak switching current. For a voltage mode driver the output transistor of the driver must be sized to drive the maximum specified current under worst case operating conditions. Under nominal conditions with less than maximum load, the current transient when the output is switched, but before it reaches the rail, can be very large. The current mode driver, on the other hand, draws a known current regardless of load and operating conditions.

[0006] In addition, for a voltage mode driver, impedance discontinuities occur when the driving device is characterized by a low output impedance when in a sending state. These discontinuities cause reflections which dictate extra bus settling time. Current mode drivers, however, are characterized by a high output impedance so that a signal propagating on the bus encounters no significant discontinuity in line impedance due to a driver in a sending state. Thus, reflections are typically avoided and the required bus settling time is decreased.

[0007] An example of a current mode bus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,625, issued Nov. 6, 1984, entitled High Speed Data Bus System. An NMOS current mode driver for a low voltage swing bus is disclosed in PCT international patent application number PCT/US91/02590 filed Apr. 16, 1991, published Oct. 31, 1991, and entitled Integrated Circuit I/O Using a High Performance Bus Interface.

[0008] One disadvantage of certain prior current mode drivers is that current sometimes varies from driver to driver. Variations can also happen over time. Temperature variations, process variations, and power supply variations sometimes cause such variations. Current variations in turn lead to voltage level variations on the bus. Bus voltage level variations can in turn lead to the erroneous reading of bus levels, which can result in the loss of data or other errors. In addition, attempts to design around these variations by raising voltage levels sometimes leads to higher power dissipations, especially in extreme cases. In any event, variations in bus voltage levels are typically more problematic for buses with low voltage swings.

[0009] FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating an example of a bus system 10. In this example, a bus 20 provides for data transfer between a memory controller device 30, which is the bus master for bus 20, and RDRAMs 12 and 14, which are slave devices on bus 20. Bus 20 is a high speed, low voltage swing bus that typically includes a plurality of transmission lines for carrying data and control information. Each of memory controller 30 and RDRAMs 12 and 14 typically includes an interface circuit for coupling to bus 20, such as interface driver circuit 32 for memory controller 30. Each interface circuit typically includes a plurality of current mode drivers for driving each line of bus 20, e.g. for each master and slave device, there is one output driver for each transmission line of bus 20. Each of the current mode drivers accurately provides a desired current for the respective line of bus 30.

[0010] Each of the current mode drivers typically includes a plurality of transistors coupled in parallel between a respective transmission line of the bus and a ground voltage supply rail. A logic circuit is coupled to the gates of the plurality of transistors. The widths of the transistors are typically binary multiples of one another. A current controller is coupled to the logic circuit for controlling the logic circuit in order to turn on or off a particular combination of the plurality of transistors such that a desired current draw for the line of the bus may be selected. The desired current for the line of the bus, in turn, becomes a desired voltage for the line of bus 20. The controller typically includes a variable level circuit, a comparator, a counter, and a control logic. Once selected, the desired current is relatively independent of power supply, process, and temperature variations. U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,883 to Horowitz et al. for Electrical Current Source Circuitry for a Bus, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes, illustrates an example of a circuit for setting a desired current draw for circuitry interfacing with a bus as well as information regarding typical bus systems such as bus system 10.

[0011] As noted above, the modern trend for the interface drivers for bus 20 is to use current mode drivers having low voltage swing signals. The current mode drivers of interface driver 32 of memory controller 30 and RDRAMs 12 and 14 control the voltage levels of bus 20. When a current mode driver is in an “off” state, then the respective bus line will either stay at a high voltage level or rise to the high voltage level. When the current mode driver is in an “off” state, there is approximately zero voltage drop across the line termination resistors, represented in FIG. 1 by resistor 26, because the current mode driver is not drawing current from the bus line. Thus, the voltage level of the bus line will rise to the termination voltage V_termfor bus 20.

[0012] When a current mode driver is in an “on” state, then the current mode driver draws current from the respective bus line and lowers the voltage level of the bus line. In other words, when the current mode driver is in an “on” state, pull down current flows through the current driver to the ground supply rail. The low voltage level of bus 20 is, accordingly, determined by the pull down current drawn by the driver. The pull down current flows through the termination resistor 26 causing a voltage drop to appear on the respective line of bus 20. The pull down current (flowing through the output driver and the respective termination resistor) is referred to as the desired current. The magnitude of the desired current can be set or selected by the user to allow for different bus impedance, noise immunity, and power dissipation requirements.

[0013] FIG. 5 is a voltage waveform diagram illustrating how the current adjustment performed by the circuits of FIGS. 2 and 4, discussed below, can affect the signal waveform generated by an output driver. In FIG. 5, waveform 180 illustrates a response where an output high voltage level V_OHstarts at V_TERM(typically 1.8 V in many current RAMBUS designs) and is pulled low by the output driver to an output low voltage level V_OL(typically 1.0 V in many current RAMBUS designs). At the output high voltage level V_OH, the output driver circuit draws no current. At the output low voltage level V_OL, the output driver draws sufficient current to pull the bus line to 1.0V, in this example. When the output current is properly adjusted, then the output voltage swings equally above and below an externally provided reference voltage V_REF, which is typically 1.4V in current RAMBUS designs. However, if the current draw is insufficient, then curve 184 may occur, where the output voltage does not quite reach the output low voltage level V_OL. Conversely, if the current draw is excessive, then curve 182 may occur, where the output low voltage level V_OLmay be exceeded.

[0014] In addition to adjusting the desired pull down current for the drivers, it is important to have the appropriate impedance for the driver. The signals driven onto the bus lines of bus 20 are reflected from other interfaces on the bus. For example, when RDRAM 12 transmits onto bus 20, a 400 mV signal is transmitted towards memory controller 30 on bus segment 24 and towards RDRAM 14 on bus segment 22. Because of the high operating speeds of modem bus systems, bus segments 22 and 24 are illustrated here as transmission lines that require time for a signal to traverse. When the signal from RDRAM 12 encounters the termination of interface driver 32 on bus 20, then a portion of the signal is reflected and results in an 800 mV signal, in this example, that is reflected back towards RDRAM 12. An appropriate terminating impedance in driver 32 is important in order to limit the amplitude of the reflected signal. Also, terminating resistor 26 is an external device and typically has a value of approximately 28Ω or 56Ω, which will affect the function of the driver circuits.

[0015] FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram that illustrates one example of the current control circuitry present in the interface driver 32 of memory controller 30 and the RDRAM 14 of FIG. 1. In interface driver 32, a voltage drop caused by current drawn by current source 134 coupled in series with external resistor 110 and V_TERMis compared to a reference voltage V_REFby comparator 120 to generate an UP/DOWN signal. Counter 130 maintains a current control signal CCS1, that is incremented or decremented responsive to the value of the UP/DOWN signal and a clock signal K1. The current control signal CCS1 drives current sources 134 and 136. Current source 134 provides a feedback loop to comparator 120. Current source 136 provides a controlled current draw from data input line IND coupled to bus 20. Likewise, RDRAM 14 includes a counter 140 for producing another current control value CCS2 that controls the current in current source 142 to obtain a current draw from INW coupled to bus 20.

[0016] The current drawn by current source 134 will increase until the voltage at both input terminals of comparator 120 is approximately the same. This condition will typically result in the UP/DOWN signal oscillating back and forth as the value of CCS1 adjusts the current flow through current source 134 and the current flow is fed back through comparator 120.

[0017] FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating one example of the implementation for current sources 134 and 136. Here, current control signal CCS1 is composed of six signal lines and current source 136 is implemented as a plurality of NMOS transistors, each signal line of CCS1 driving the gate of one of the transistors. In one approach, each of the transistors is sized proportional to the significance of the bit line of CCS1 that drives it. For example, the transistor driven by CCS1(0), the least significant bit of CCS1, is of a unit size (e.g. the smallest transistor achievable through the fabrication process for the overall circuit), while the transistors driven by CCS1(1) and CCS1(2), the next two most significant bit lines, are twice and four times the unit size, respectively. Other approaches to implementing the current sources are also possible and well understood within the art.

[0018] FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram that illustrates another approach to generating a current control signal CCS suitable for controlling the current draw of the interface drivers for an on-die termination (ODT). The circuit 150 of FIG. 4 is configured to improve the output swing of the driver circuit by controlling the current relative to both the output low voltage level V_OLand the output high voltage level V_OH, which may obtained by sampling the two logic states as output by the driver. The output low voltage level V_OLis coupled to the output high voltage level V_OHthrough resistors 152 and 154, which have a resistance on the order of 5KΩ. A sampling voltage V_Sis obtained at the node where resistors 152 and 154 are coupled. The sampling voltage V_Sis compared to the reference voltage V_REFby comparator 160 and the output of the comparator is latched by latch 164 under the control of a CC_EVALsignal to obtain an UP/DOWN control signal for counter 170.

[0019] The voltage level signals V_OLand V_OHmay be obtained during a training sequence for the output driver that is coordinated with the CC_EVALsignal, which may, for example, take place as part of a refresh cycle for the RDRAMs 12 and 14 or as part of a power-up cycle. FIG. 4 reflects the approach taken in U.S. Pat. No. 6,094,075 to Garrett, Jr. et al., herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. However, any error in the value of resistors 152 and 154 tends to be doubled due to nature of the resistive divider in the design.

[0020] The present invention involves a circuit and method for interfacing to a bus line. The present invention derives an output low reference voltage from an external terminating voltage and an external reference voltage corresponding to the middle of a logic voltage range for the bus line. A feedback loop is used to compare a voltage at the pad to the output low reference voltage. An on-die termination current sourced to the pad is adjusted accordingly. This allows the present invention to adapt to a variety of external termination resistance values. Further, the output low reference voltage is utilized to generate a reference current sourced to an output amplifier, which causes the output swing of the amplifier to track along with the external terminating voltage and the external reference voltage. In another aspect of the present invention, an alternating pattern of logic high and logic low voltage values is transmitted at the pad and received. The received data pattern is compared to the transmitted data pattern to adjust the on-die termination current and the reference current.

[0021] One embodiment of a bus interface driver circuit, according to the present invention, includes an external termination pad configured to be coupled to a bus line, the bus line having a termination voltage and a termination impedance, and a first comparator circuit configured to compare the termination voltage to a first reference voltage in order to generate a second reference voltage. A first current source circuit is configured to receive the second reference voltage and generate a reference current that corresponds to the second reference voltage. A driver circuit is configured to receive the reference current and a data signal, where the driver circuit is configured to modulate the reference current responsive to the data signal in order to generate an output current at the external termination pad. A second comparator circuit is configured to compare the termination voltage to the first reference voltage in order to generate a third reference voltage and further compare the third reference voltage to an output voltage at the external termination pad in order to generate a current control signal. Finally, a second current source is configured to receive the current control signal and generate an on-die termination current corresponding to the current control signal at the external termination pad. Another aspect of this embodiment of the present invention involves a transmit pipeline circuit configured to transmit a predetermined data pattern at the external termination pad responsive to a transmit clock signal, the predetermined data pattern alternating between high and low logic voltage levels. This aspect of the present invention also includes a receive pipeline configured to receive, responsive to a receive clock signal, a data pattern at the external termination pad corresponding to the predetermined data pattern transmitted by the transmit pipeline circuit. This aspect of the present invention further includes a comparator configured to compare the received data pattern to the predetermined data pattern in order to generate a counter control signal configured to increase and decrease the current control signal according to the comparison between the received data pattern and the predetermined data pattern.

[0022] An embodiment of a method, according to the present invention, for interfacing to a bus calls for providing an external termination pad configured to be coupled to a bus line and tracking a difference between a terminating voltage for the bus and a first reference voltage for the bus to produce a second reference voltage. The method further sets forth generating a reference current that corresponds to the second reference voltage and sourcing the reference current to an amplifier. The method also calls for amplifying a data signal with the amplifier to drive the external termination pad and generating a current control signal by comparing a voltage at the external termination pad to the second reference voltage. Finally, the method recites sourcing an on-die termination current to the external termination pad that corresponds to the current control signal.

[0023] An embodiment of a bus system, according to the present invention, includes at least one bus line, a termination voltage terminal coupled to the bus line and configured to have an external termination voltage, and a termination resistor coupled between the termination voltage terminal and the bus line and having an external resistance value. The bus system also includes a bus interface device having an external termination pad coupled to the bus line. The bus interface device is configured to receive the termination voltage and an external reference voltage and compare the termination voltage and an external reference voltage in order to generate an output low reference voltage. The device is further configured to compare the output low reference voltage to a voltage at the external termination pad in order to generate a current control signal, where the device includes a current source configured to source current to the external termination pad responsive to the current control signal. In another aspect of this embodiment of the present invention, the bus interface device is further configured to generate a reference current corresponding to the output low reference voltage and the device further includes an amplifier for generating an output signal at the external termination pad responsive to a data signal, where the amplifier operates from the reference current such that an output swing of the output signal of the amplifier corresponds to the output low reference voltage. In still another aspect of this embodiment of the present invention, the bus interface device is further configured to generate the current control signal by transmitting a predetermined data pattern at the external termination pad, where the predetermined data pattern alternates between high and low logic levels, compare a signal present at the external termination pad to the output low reference voltage in order to obtain a received data pattern that corresponds to the transmitted predetermined data pattern, and compare the received data pattern to the predetermined data pattern in order to adjust the current control signal.

[0024] The foregoing and other features and advantages of the circuit and method for interfacing with a bus line will be apparent from the following more particular description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views.

[0025] Preferred embodiments of the present inventions are described with reference to the following drawings, wherein:

[0026] FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating an example of a conventional bus system;

[0027] FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating an example of a conventional current control circuit used to interface with the bus system of FIG. 1;

[0028] FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram illustrating an example of a conventional variable current source circuit suitable for use in the interface circuits of FIG. 2;

[0029] FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram illustrating another example of a conventional current control circuit used to interface with the bus system of FIG. 1;

[0030] FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram illustrating an example of voltage levels and signal waveforms that may be observed at the interface with the bus system of FIG. 1;

[0031] FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram illustrating a bus system involving an interface circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0032] FIG. 7 is a functional block diagram illustrating a circuit for producing a reference current and an output amplifier according to one embodiment of the interface circuit shown in FIG. 6;

[0033] FIG. 8 is a functional block diagram illustrating another embodiment of a circuit for producing a reference current according to the present invention;

[0034] FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram illustrating a circuit for producing an output low reference voltage and generating a digital current control signal according to one embodiment of the interface circuit shown in FIG. 6;

[0035] FIG. 10 is a functional block diagram illustrating another circuit for producing an output low reference voltage and generating an analog current control signal according to one embodiment of the interface circuit shown in FIG. 6;

[0036] FIG. 11 is a functional block diagram illustrating a simplified circuit for producing an output low reference voltage according to the present invention using a terminating voltage and a reference voltage;

[0037] FIG. 12 is a functional block diagram illustrating another simplified circuit for producing an output low reference voltage according to the present invention using a terminating voltage and an output high voltage;

[0038] FIG. 13 is a waveform diagram illustrating an example of the voltage levels and signal waveforms corresponding to a preset pattern that may be result at the interface with the bus system of FIG. 6;

[0039] FIG. 14 is a functional block diagram illustrating another embodiment of a circuit for producing a current control signal by transmitting and observing the preset data pattern of FIG. 13 according to one embodiment of the interface circuit shown in FIG. 6;

[0040] FIG. 15 is a functional block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a dual mode amplifier suitable for use with the circuit of FIG. 14 to reduce the additional circuit elements required to both receive data and sample data for current control at an on-die pad termination;

[0041] FIG. 16 is a functional block diagram illustrating an example of one implementation of the conventional circuit of FIG. 4 utilizing pass gates to control sampling;

[0042] FIG. 17 is a functional block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a current sampling circuit utilizing pass gates according to one aspect of the present invention;

[0043] FIG. 18 is a functional block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a current control circuit for controlling the offset current in the amplifier of FIG. 17; and

[0044] FIG. 19 is a functional block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a reference generating circuit according to one aspect of the present invention, this embodiment being an alternative approach to the circuits of FIGS. 7, 8 and 9, where a reference voltage is converted to a current reference and back to another reference voltage.

[0045] The present invention is directed to a circuit, system and method for adaptive on-die termination (ODT) that can adapt to a termination resistance present on a bus channel. The ODT system and method according to the present invention automatically adjusts to the termination resistance of the bus channel using a feedback loop to detect the average output voltage level at a termination pad coupled to the bus channel through a transmit cycle. Further, the present invention provides a constant output voltage swing by providing a reference current to the output driver.

[0046] The present invention makes use of the tracking differences between the terminating voltage V_TERMand the reference voltage V_REFto derive an output low reference voltage V_OLREFfor comparison with an output voltage generated by an output driver at an on-die termination pad during a current control sampling cycle. V_TERMand V_REFare normally derived from a single voltage regulator and then buffered to the various components of a bus system to set a logic threshold reference and a voltage supply for the input receiver circuits coupled to the bus. The present invention exploits the fact that V_TERMand V_REFtrack one another with respect to a supply voltage V_DDand set the reference midpoint of the data receiver and the common mode range of the input signal. The present invention uses the relationship between V_TERMand V_REFto determine the common mode range and swing of the signal received by the input receiver to determine the output swing of an output driver so that the swing of the output signal matches and tracks the dynamic range of the input signal.

[0047] In the present invention, the output low reference voltage V_OLREFis derived from V_TERMand V_REF, such as by multiplying the difference between V_TERMand V_REFby (−1) with respect to V_REF. V_OLREFis then compared to the output voltage V_OLobserved at the on-die termination pad. By using polysilicon resistors formed with the components of an operational amplifier to generate V_OLREF, a high degree of accuracy in the reference voltage may be obtained. Further, asymmetry bits may be utilized in the present invention to increase the range of signal swing in the output signal V_OL. Further, the present invention may operate by deriving V_OLREFusing either V_TERMor an output high voltage level V_OHobtained from the an on-die termination pad.

[0048] FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a memory controller 230 having an adaptive ODT 32 according to the present invention. Memory controller 32 is coupled to bus 20 via adaptive ODT 32. As in the system of FIG. 1, memory controller 30 transfers data to and from RDRAM devices 12 and 14 via bus 20. Further, bus 20 is terminated to terminating voltage V_TERMvia terminating resistor 26.

[0049] FIG. 7 is a functional block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a circuit, according to one aspect of the present invention, for generating a reference current I_REFfor producing a constant swing output voltage. A comparator 240 receives terminating voltage V_TERMat one terminal and a scaled reference voltage obtained from V_REFthrough poly-silicon resistor 250, and a selectable resistance circuit composed of trimming resistors 252, 254, and 256, along with trimming switches 253, 255, and 257. Switches 253, 255, and 257 can be selectively closed and opened to adjust the output current or lower the output voltage level V_OL.

[0050] Comparator 240 compares the terminating voltage V_TERMto the scaled reference voltage to generate a difference signal that drives a gate or control terminal of transistor 244. The drain of transistor 244, which is a current conducting terminal, feeds back to comparator 240 such that the current through transistor 244 drives terminating voltage V_TERMat one terminal and a scaled reference voltage obtained from V_REFthrough poly-silicon resistor 250, trimming resistors 252, 254, and 256, along with trimming switches 253, 255, and 257 to produce a feedback voltage signal at the negative input terminal of comparator 240. The current through transistor 244 is mirrored through transistors 246 and 248 to produce reference current I_REF.

[0051] In this embodiment, the value of I_REF, is obtained from (V_TERM−V_REF)/(R_POLY+R_ADJUST), where R_POLYis the value of the polysilicon resistor 250 and R_ADJUSTis the value provided by trimming resistors 252, 254, and 256, along with trimming switches 253, 255, and 257. Trimming resistors 252, 254, and 256 are included to provide asymmetry adjustment, e.g. increase the output swing, and trimming switches 253, 255, and 257 are activated accordingly to set the asymmetry level. An operational amplifier may be used to drive the trimming switches.

[0052] Reference current I_REFprovides the current source for a differential amplifier having, as its differential inputs, the gates of PMOS transistors 260 and 280. PMOS transistor 260 is coupled in series with NMOS transistor 270, which is a unit size transistor, e.g. 1X. The gate of transistor 270 is coupled to the gate of NMOS transistor 272, which is a much larger scale transistor that scales up the current through transistor 270 to drive inverted output current I_OUTNat inverted output NPAD 266. As understood in the art, the size of a transistor is generally considered to be the ratio of the width to the length of the transistor channel. Capacitor 262 and resistor 264 are coupled between the gate and drain of transistor 272 and may be selected to control a slew rate of the output driver transistor 272. Likewise, PMOS transistor 280 is coupled in series with NMOS transistor 290. The gate of transistor 290 is coupled to the gate of NMOS transistor 292 to scale up the current through transistor 290 by a factor of X to drive output current I_OUTat non-inverted output PAD 286. Capacitor 282 and resistor 284 are coupled in series between the gate and drain of transistor 292 and may be selected to control a slew rate of the output driver transistor 292. Also, controlling the reference current I_REFmay also contribute to control of the output driver slew rate.

[0053] A complementary pair of data input signals XMIT and NXMIT drive the gates of transistor 260 and 280 to modulate the portion of reference current I_REFthat reaches transistors 270 and 290, respectively. The modulated current through transistor 270 is scaled up by transistor 272, e.g. scaled by the proportion of the size of transistor 272 to the size of transistor 270, in order to obtain an inverted output current signal I_OUTNat the inverted output pad 266. Likewise, the modulated current through transistor 290 is scaled up by transistor 292, e.g. scaled by the proportion of the size of transistor 292 to the size of transistor 290, in order to obtain an output current signal I_OUTat the output pad 286. As a result, the output current signals I_OUTand I_OUTNhave a constant output current swing centered on I_REF. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that I_REFmay also be used to source current to a single input amplifier.

[0054] The reference current I_REFmay be obtained from the formula (V_TERM−V_REF)/(R_POLY+Radjustment), where R_POLYis the resistance of polysilicon resistor 250 and Radjustment is the selected adjustment resistance introduced by the selectable resistance circuit composed of resistors 252, 254 and 256 in combination with switches 253, 255 and 257. For example, if the desired magnitude of I_OUTis 28 mA (milli-Amperes) and the size ratio X between transistor 292 to transistor 290 is 20, then the reference current I_REF=28 mA/20=1.4 mA. Using V_TERM=1.8V, V_REF=1.4V, and assuming no Radjustment is necessary, then R_POLY=(1.8V−1.4V)/1.4 mA=285Ω. Switches 253, 255 and 257 may, for example, be controlled by an operational amplifier to adjust the reference current I_REFby 5%, 10% or 15%, respectively, and are adjusted to account for asymmetry.

[0055] The circuit of FIG. 7 makes use of the tracking differences between V_TERMand V_REFto derive the reference current I_REF. V_TERMand V_REFare typically derived from a voltage regulator circuit provided, for example, by a mother board and buffered to form the reference supply voltage levels for the memory controller, RDRAM, or other devices operating on bus 20 of FIG. 6. As a result, V_TERMand V_REFtrack one another with respect to a voltage supply level V_DDand are typically used to set the reference midpoint for the receiver circuits used to receive signals on bus 20. The present invention uses V_TERMand V_REFto determine the output swing for the transmitter circuits used to transmit data onto bus 20 so that the input and output circuitry tracks one another.

[0056] Note that the reference current may be obtained using other circuits, such as the circuit illustrated in FIG. 8, wherein V_REFis input to one input of comparator 300 and the V_TERMis adjusted by resistor 310 and trimming resistors 312, 314 and 316 in combination with switches 313, 315, and 317. The output of comparator 300 drives the gate of PMOS transistor 320 in order to generate the reference current I_REF. Note that switches 313, 315, and 317 may be implemented using pass gates to perform offset control. See FIG. 16 for an example. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that a variety of approaches may be effective for deriving the reference current I_REFusing V_TERMand V_REFin accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

[0057] FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram illustrating a circuit for providing an adaptive impedance, according to another aspect of the present invention, to adapt to an external impedance coupled to pad 286, e.g. an on-die termination (ODT). In FIG. 9, amplifier 330 multiplies the difference between V_REFand an adjusted V_TERMin order to obtain a output logic high reference voltage V_OLREFof approximately 1V, e.g. the RAMBUS low output voltage level. Amplifier 330 also amplifies the result of the comparison by, for example, a factor of (−1) with respect to V_REFin order to generate V_OLREF. Resistor 340 along with resistors 342, 344 and 346 in combination with switches 343, 345 and 347 are used to adjust V_OLREFfor asymmetry in a like manner to the adjustments to I_REFmade to account for asymmetry. For example, switches 343, 345 and 347 may be selectively activated and the values of resistors 342, 344 and 346 chosen to allow V_OLREFto be adjusted to 0.95V, 0.9V, or 0.85V, e.g. −5%, −10% or −15%. The same circuitry used to drive the switches of FIGS. 7 and 8 may be employed to drive the switches of FIG. 9.

[0058] In FIG. 9, when, for example, a 28Ω external termination resistor, such as resistor 26 in FIG. 6, is coupled between termination voltage V_TERMand on-die termination pad 286, then an output voltage signal V_OLis generated at the termination pad 286, by turning on the output devices shown, for example, in FIG. 3, which is generated when current source 134 of FIG. 2 draws current. V_OLis fed back and compared to V_OLREFin a closed feedback loop that fine tunes the internal current source that generates current I_ODTand the output swing of the data output signal at pad 286 will be between V_TERMand V_OLREF. In this case, I_REFprovides a highly accurate current reference because it is created using polysilicon resistors, e.g. resistor 250 in FIG. 7, and by tracking the difference between V_TERMand V_REF, which are largely independent of most variables on the chip upon which the circuit is fabricated. Error may be introduced when the output current is mirrored, but the closed loop adjustment will control the output voltage signal swing at pad 286 such that it remains twice the difference between V_TERMand V_REF.

[0059] Further, in the present invention, when a 56Ω external resistor is coupled between termination voltage V_TERMand on-die termination pad 286, then the circuit of FIG. 9 will replicate the same impedance at the ODT pad 286. As a result, the circuit functions to provide an internal 56Ω resistance in parallel with the 56Ω external resistor to produce an effective resistance of 28Ω. This permits the output swing of output voltage signal V_OLto be maintained at twice the difference between V_TERMand V_REF, despite the difference in value of the external resistor coupled to on-die termination pad 286.

[0060] To accomplish this in the embodiment of FIG. 9, V_OLREFis input to an inverting input of comparator 350, which compares the voltage at pad 286 to the reference V_OLREFand drive current control logic 352 in order generate a six bit current control signal CCS<0:5>, for example. Note that current control logic 352 includes a storage element similar to latch 164 of FIG. 4 that latches the current control signal value under control of a timing signal, such as CC_EVALof FIG. 4. The current control signal CCS<0:5>, in turn, drives PMOS transistors 350, 352, 354, 356, 358 and 360 to source current I_ODTto pad 286, which also feeds back to a non-inverting input to comparator 350 to provide feedback. Thus, if the voltage level at pad 286 does not match reference voltage V_OLREF, then comparator 350 and current control logic 352 will adjust the current control signal CCS<0:5>to bring the voltage level at pad 286 back into line with the V_OLREFreference. Examples of circuitry that may be adapted to function as the current control logic 352 are counters 130 and 140 shown in FIG. 1 and latch 164 and counter 170 of FIG. 4. Comparator 350 may include a capacitor such that the comparator functions as an integrating and averaging comparator, where the comparator is driven by a transmit clock or sample strobe so that the output voltage low observed at the output pad 286 can be integrated and averaged out through a single ‘on’ cycle.

[0061] As noted above, in FIG. 9, V_OLREFis obtained by multiplying the difference between V_TERMand V_REFby (−1) with respect to V_REF. The resulting V_OLREF, which will be approximately 1V, may then be compared to a low output voltage V_OLobserved at output pad 286 at a point in time determined by a control timing signal, such as CC_EVALthat drives a latch or storage element of current control logic 352. The gain produced by amplifier 330 is controlled by resistor 340 along with offset resistors 342, 344 and 346. Polysilicon resistors may be used in the present invention, because they are not in the path of the output signal and are highly accurate. Consequently, lower resistors values may be used without attenuating the output signal. Also, note that V_OLREFand V_OLare compared on a one-to-one basis, which eliminates the need for a divide down network, composed of additional elements, to scale one voltage level for comparison to the other.

[0062] Also note that current I_ODTmay also be controlled in an analog manner. FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention that employs analog control of I_ODT. In FIG. 10, current control logic 410 and gate bias control circuit 420 are adapted to operate PMOS transistors 430, 432, 434, 436, 438 and 440 in their linear range. Gate bias control circuit 420 may, for example, include a digital to analog converter that converts current control signal CCS<0:5> into an analog bias control signal that drives the gates of the PMOS transistors. The result is similar to the circuit of FIG. 9 in that a feedback control loop is formed that controls the current supplied to pad 286. However, the PMOS current source devices generating I_ODTat the on-die termination pad 286 can be better regulated using an analog signal because the devices stay in a linear operating region and the output impedance variation is reduced. The embodiment of FIG. 10 also illustrates how the concepts of the present invention may be applied using a variety of approaches.

[0063] FIG. 11 is a functional block diagram illustrating a simplified circuit for generating the reference voltage V_OLREF. In FIG. 11, an output of operational amplifier 450 is coupled to a negative or inverting input of amplifier 450 via polysilicon resistor 454 and adjustable resistance 456. (Adjustable resistance 456 may be obtained using a variety of approaches, including the use of trimming resistors and switches demonstrated in FIGS. 9 and 10 above.) V_TERMis also coupled to the negative input of amplifier 450 through polysilicon resistor 452. The value of resistors 452 and 454 is designed to be approximately the same value. Because resistors 452 and 454 are formed in polysilicon, their values may be carefully controlled through the use of well known fabrication techniques. The high accuracy of the polysilicon resistors allows the gain of the amplifier circuit formed using amplifier 450 to be very close to unity. V_REFis input to a positive or non-inverting input of amplifier 450 such that V_TERMand V_REFare compared in order to obtain V_OLREF. The output swing of the overall circuit may be increased by increasing the value of adjustable resistance 456 in order to increase the feedback gain of the amplifier to greater than unity.

[0064] Note that V_OLREFmay also be obtained from an output high voltage level V_OH, as demonstrated in FIG. 12. In FIG. 12, an output of amplifier 460 is coupled to a negative or inverting input of amplifier 460 via polysilicon resistor 464 and adjustable resistance 468. Also, V_REFis input to a positive or non-inverting input of amplifier 460. However, current source 480 is turned off such that the transistor draws no current from V_TERMthrough terminating resistor 470 and transmission line 472. This combination produces the output high voltage level V_OHat the pad 286. In FIG. 12, adjustable resistance 468 may be adjusted to offset the resistance of resistor 474.

[0065] Yet another embodiment of the present invention adapts to alternating current (AC) characteristics observed at an ODT. To observe AC characteristics, a preset pattern containing both logical 1s and logical 0s is transmitted at a data input/output termination. FIG. 13 is a waveform diagram illustrating an example of an alternating pattern useful for observing AC characteristics that corresponds to transmitted data word of ‘01011001’. FIG. 14 is a functional block diagram of an embodiment of a circuit, according to present invention, for observing a preset alternating data pattern and adjusting a current control signal.

[0066] In FIG. 14, input/output termination pad 286 is coupled to V_TERMvia transmission line 472 and external terminating resistor 470. NMOS transistor 482 is coupled between pad 286 and a ground voltage supply rail and its gate is driven by a transmit pipeline register 480. Transmit pipeline register 480 is loaded with the preset data pattern ‘01011001’ and driven by a transmit clock signal TX CLK to transmit the preset data pattern at pad 286. Also coupled to pad 286 is a positive or non-inverting input of comparator 490. Reference voltage V_OLREFis input to a negative or inverting input of comparator 490. Comparator 490 compares the signal at pad 286 to reference voltage V and inputs the difference signal to receive pipeline register 492. Receive pipeline register 492 is driven by receive clock signal RX CLK to store the difference signal observed by comparator 490 such that register 492 stores difference signal coinciding with the transmission of the preset data pattern at pad 286, which should match the preset data pattern transmitted at pad 286. The value stored in register 492 is compared to the preset data pattern by comparator 494 to determine if the received data pattern matches the preset data pattern. The output of the comparator 494 is filtered by filter 496 to generate an UP/DOWN COUNTER CONTROL SIGNAL similar to the up/down control signal shown in FIGS. 2 and 4.

[0067] The output of comparator 494 indicates the direction of adjustment for a current control counter. Various logical algorithms may be employed by filter 496 to produce the UP/DOWN COUNTER CONTROL signal. For example, if both the ‘1’ and ‘11’ subpatterns of the preset data pattern are missing, then the current control count should be increased in order to increase the output current I_ODTto output pad 286. If the ‘1’ and ‘11’ subpatterns are received, then the counter may be held at its current value or decremented to reduce the current. Another example of a filter suitable for use with the present invention is a uniformity detector, wherein a predetermined number N uniform and consecutive decisions are received before the counter is adjusted, which reduces toggling of the UP/DOWN COUNTER CONTROL signal. Another approach is to hold the counter value at a lock point that signifies metastability in sampling. Various algorithms and approaches to detecting metastability are widely known and well understood to those of ordinary skill in the art and are therefore not elaborated upon herein.

[0068] Unlike the direct current (DC) approach discussed above with regard to FIGS. 9 and 10, the AC current control approach of FIG. 14 requires that the transmitted pattern signal be in quadrature to the receive clock RX CLK signal that drives receive pipeline 492 and that the pattern be transmitted and received at normal operating speed in order to obtain an accurate sample. A source synchronous clocked system, such as typically exists in the memory controller devices of FIGS. 1 and 2, can use the approach of FIG. 14 because both the receive and transmit clock signals within the devices are generated from the same source. Consequently, the data transmit and receive clocks automatically have the proper phase relationship. However, a slave device, such as the RDRAMs of FIGS. 1 and 2, there is no fixed relationship between the transmit and receive clocks and, therefore, slave devices cannot receive their own transmitted data and the approach of FIG. 14 may not be implemented in the slave device itself. In the case of a slave device, the slave device transmits the preset pattern and the pattern is received by a memory controller device. The memory controller device compares the sampled preset pattern to V_OLREFand compares the result to a stored preset pattern. The resulting UP/DOWN COUNTER CONTROL signal may then be transmitted back to the slave device for it to adjust the offset of its current control signal.

[0069] It should be further noted that, in order to share the input receiver coupled to a pad terminal for both normal operation and for the current control method of the present invention, two modes of operation at the first amplifier stage may be needed. FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram illustrating a dual mode first stage amplifier 500 suitable for use with the present invention. In dual use amplifier 500, PMOS transistor 502 and NMOS transistor 504 are coupled in series between a power supply rail configured to provide V_TERM, or, alternatively, a supply voltage V_DD, and current source 514. PMOS transistor 502 has its gate coupled to the ground supply rail and termination pad 286 is coupled to a gate of NMOS transistor 504. PMOS transistor 506 and NMOS transistor 508 are also coupled in series between the power supply rail and current source 514. A gate of PMOS transistor 506 is driven by a current control sampling signal CC, while a gate of NMOS transistor 508 is configured to receive reference voltage V_REF. Further, PMOS transistor 510 and NMOS transistor 512 are coupled in series between the power supply rail and the ground supply rail, with the gate of PMOS transistor 510 being driven by an inverted current control sampling signal CC* and the gate of NMOS transistor 512 configured to receive the output low reference voltage V_OLREFgenerated as described above. A common drain of transistors 506 and 508 forms a data output node for the dual use amplifier 500, while a common drain of transistors 510 and 512 forms an up/down output node for amplifier 500. Current source 514 sinks current from the sources of transistors 504, 508 and 512, which are current conducting terminals of the transistors, to the ground supply rail.

[0070] In amplifier 500, the current control sampling signal CC is low during normal operation, which turns on PMOS transistor 506 and causes the data signal at pad 286 to be compared to V_REFby the amplifier formed by transistors 504 and 508 in order to output a received data signal at the data output node. When the current control sampling signal CC is low, then the inverted current control sampling signal CC* is high and PMOS transistor 510 is shut off, which disables NMOS transistor 512 and no signal appears at the up/down output node.

[0071] Conversely, when the inverted current control sampling signal CC* is active, e.g. a current control sample is to be made from the termination pad 286, then transistor 506 is shut off and no signal appears at the data output node. At the same time, transistor 510 is turned on so that the data signal to be sampled at pad 286 is compared to V_OLREFby the amplifier formed by transistors 504 and 512 to produce an up/down signal at the up/down output node.

[0072] Thus, the dual node amplifier 500 amplifies a signal present at an external die termination both for purposes of receiving data during normal operation and sampling data for purposes of adjusting termination current. Dual use amplifier 500 is able to operate in both modes and reduces the number of transistors that might otherwise be required for two separate amplifiers.

[0073] One approach to sampling bus signal voltage levels is through the use of pass gates. This approach is used in FIG. 5 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,094,075 to Garrett, Jr. et al., for example, as generally illustrated in simplified form in the current sample circuit 520 of FIG. 16. In circuit 520, V_OHis sampled by a pass gate formed by PMOS transistor 522 and NMOS transistor 524 responsive to current control evaluation signals NCC_EVALand CC_EVAL, respectively. Likewise, V_OLis sampled by a pass gate formed by PMOS transistor 540 and NMOS transistor 542. Responsive to the current control evaluation signals, current flows from V_OHthrough resistors 526 and 536 to a circuit node at a non-inverting terminal of amplifier 560. The current flows further on through resistors 544 and 558 to V_OL, responsive to the current control evaluation signals, in order to form a midrange voltage level V_MID. Amplifier 560 compares V_MIDto V_REFin order to generate a current control signal.

[0074] Current sampling circuit 520 experiences a variety of difficulties. First, there are device asymmetry problems involved with the PMOS and NMOS transistors. Typically, one device is turned on strongly while the other is turned on weakly responsive to the same voltage conditions. Also, the addition of these devices introduces additional resistance and capacitance at the bus terminations from which V_OHand V_OLare obtained. This contributes to increased settling time for signals on these bus terminations. Furthermore, the current flow from V_OHand V_OLcreates a loading problem at these bus terminations.

[0075] Note also that pass gate transistors 530 and 532 may be activated responsive to offset control signals NAOFFSET and AOFFSET to cause current to also flow through resistor 534 to add offset voltage to V_MID. Likewise, pass gate transistors 550 and 552 may be activated responsive to offset control signals NROFFSET and ROFFSET to cause current to also flow through resistor 556 to reduce the offset voltage provided to V_MID. These pass gates also suffer from asymmetry problems and add capacitive delay to the system.

[0076] FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment of a current sample circuit 570 according to one aspect of the present invention that addresses some of the problems encountered with the circuit of FIG. 16. In circuit 570, the gate of NMOS transistor 572 is coupled to a bus terminal from which V_OHis sampled while the gate of NMOS transistor 580 is coupled to a bus terminal from which V_OLis sampled. Because transistor 572 is a MOS transistor that draws no current through its gate, transistor 572 is charge coupled for capacitively coupled to the bus terminal. Transistor 572 is coupled in series with current source 574 between a V_DDpower supply terminal and a ground terminal. Likewise, transistor 580 is coupled in series with current source 582 between the V_DDpower supply terminal and the ground terminal. The source of transistor 572 is coupled to the gate of PMOS transistor 590 through resistor 576 while the source of transistor 580 is coupled to the gate of PMOS transistor 590 through resistor 584.

[0077] Transistor 590 is coupled in series with current source 592 between the V_DDpower supply terminal and the ground terminal. The voltage produced at the gate of transistor 590 is stepped up by the transistor threshold voltage of transistor 590 to obtain the midrange voltage V_MIDat the source of transistor 590, which is input to the non-inverting terminal of comparator amplifier 600. Transistor 590 upshifts the sampled voltage by one threshold level to compensate for the voltage downshift introduced by transistors 572 and 580.

[0078] In circuit 570, V_REFdrives the gate of NMOS transistor 610, which is coupled in series with current source 612 between the V_DDpower supply terminal and the ground terminal. The source of transistor 610, in turn, is coupled to the gate of PMOS transistor 622, which is coupled in series with current source 620 between the V_DDpower supply terminal and the ground terminal. The source of transistor 622 is coupled to the inverting input terminal of comparator amplifier 600 to provide a buffered reference signal SV_REF.

[0079] In current sampling circuit 570, the current flowing through transistors 572 and 580 and, consequently, the voltage at the gate of transistor 590 is determined by V_OHand V_OL. However, the current drawn by this circuit is drawn from V_DD, not the terminals providing V_OHand V_OL. Likewise, transistor 610 draws current from V_DDand not from the terminal providing V_REF. Thus, circuit 570 provides less bus loading on these terminals because essentially no current is drawn through the gate terminals of the transistors 572, 580 and 610. Along the same lines, the only capacitance introduced to the external terminals is from the gate terminals of the transistors 572, 580 and 610, which is significantly less than the capacitance introduced by circuit 520 of FIG. 16.

[0080] Note that in current sampling circuit 570, transistors 572, 580 and 610 are MOS transistors that effectively draw no current through their gates. Thus, these transistors may be viewed as being charge coupled or capacitively coupled to their respective bus terminals so that they draw virtually no current, which reduces the loading on these bus terminals.

[0081] Furthermore, note that current control circuit 570 includes comparator amplifier 600, which features integrated offset control. FIG. 18 is a functional block diagram illustrating one embodiment of comparator amplifier 600. In FIG. 18, amplifier 600 includes a differential pair of NMOS transistors 658 and 664. Midrange voltage signal V_MIDdrives the gate of transistor 658 while buffered reference voltage signal SV_REFdrives the gate of transistor 664. NMOS transistor 658 is coupled in series with PMOS transistor 652 and NMOS transistor 670 between the V_DDpower supply terminal and the ground terminal. Likewise, NMOS transistor 664 is coupled in series with PMOS transistor 654 and NMOS transistor 674 between the V_DDpower supply terminal and the ground terminal.

[0082] The gates of PMOS transistors 652 and 654 are coupled to the ground terminal such that the transistors operate as resistive loads. The gates of NMOS transistors 670 and 674 are driven by a bias voltage V_BIASsuch that the transistors operate as current sources. Another NMOS transistor 672 operates as a current source that is shared by both differential pairs. Capacitors 676 and 678 are coupled between the terminal that receives V_BIASand the ground terminal, where these capacitors may be fabricated as NMOS transistors having their source and drain terminals coupled to the ground terminal and their gate terminals coupled to the terminal that receives V_BIAS.

[0083] An inverted current control signal CCB is generated at the drain of NMOS transistor 658. A PMOS transistor 656 is coupled between the drain of NMOS transistor 658 and the V_DDpower supply terminal. The gate of PMOS transistor 656 is driven by an inverted seven percent lower offset control signal 7LB and, when activated, is configured to offset the current control signal by seven percent lower by supplying more current from the V_DDpower supply terminal to CCB.

[0084] A non-inverted current control signal CC is generated at the drain of NMOS transistor 664. A pair of PMOS transistors 660 and 662 are coupled between the drain of NMOS transistor 664 and the V_DDpower supply terminal, where transistor 660 has a larger channel than transistor 662. The gate of transistor 660 is driven by an inverted fifteen percent higher offset control signal 15HB and, when activated, is configured to offset the current control signal by fifteen percent higher by supplying more current from the V_DDpower supply terminal to CCB. The gate of PMOS transistor 662 is driven by an inverted seven percent higher offset control signal 7HB and, when activated, is configured to offset the current control signal by seven percent higher by supplying more current from the V_DDpower supply terminal to CCB.

[0085] The differential pair form by NMOS transistors 658 and 664 operate to compare V_MIDto SV_REFin order to generate the current control signals CCB and CC. The offset control signals 7LB, 7HB and 15HB, which are provided by another control circuit that is well known in the art, adjust the current control signals CCB and CC to provide offset. The current control signals CCB and CC, in turn, provide the current control signal that operates as described above, such as driving latch 164 of FIG. 4, to control the current of the circuit.

[0086] By integrating the offset control into comparator amplifier 600, less capacitance and loading are introduced at the external bus terminals. Further, the circuit of FIG. 18 is simpler and provides better tracking performance with less device asymmetry problems.

[0087] FIG. 19 is a functional block diagram illustrating a CMOS based embodiment of a voltage to current conversion circuit 700 that represents an alternative to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 7, 8 and, particularly, 9 for converting V_REFto a reference current. In circuit 700, V_REFis input to the non-inverting terminal of amplifier 750 and the output amplifier 750 drives the gate of PMOS transistor 752. The source of PMOS transistor 752 is coupled back to the inverting input of amplifier 750 to provide a feedback control loop. Amplifier 750 in combination with PMOS transistor 752 operate to convert V_REFto reference current I_REF.

[0088] PMOS transistor 752 is coupled in series with resistor 714 and NMOS transistor 754 between a terminal for receiving V_TERMand the ground supply terminal. Resistor 714 provides a resistive load that may be adjusted for offset control by, for example, closing switch 712 to engage resistor 710. NMOS transistor 754 is unit sized device that is diode connected and cross coupled with 2X sized NMOS transistor 756. Thus, reference current I_REFis doubled in transistor 756 due to the size relationship between transistors 756 and 754.

[0089] NMOS transistor 756 is coupled in series with resistor 724 between the terminal for receiving V_TERMand the ground supply terminal. Resistor 724 provides a resistive load that may be adjusted for offset control by, for example, closing switch 722 to engage resistor 720.

[0090] The output low reference voltage V_OLREFis produced at the drain of transistor 756 and is input to the inverting input of amplifier 730, which drives current control logic 732 to produce a current control signal CCS. Current control logic 732, in this example, includes a latch circuit similar to latch 164 shown in FIG. 4, that captures the current control signal level in response to a evaluation control signal, such as CC_EVAL. The current control signal CCS, in turn, drives inverter 744 that drives a current source 740, similar to that shown above in FIG. 3, that sinks current from external pad 286 to the ground terminal.

[0091] The non-inverting input of comparator 730 is coupled to external pad 286 such that amplifier 730 compares the voltage at the external pad 286 with the signal produced by 2 I_REFat the inverting input of comparator 730. The output of comparator 730 drives current control logic 732 which, in turn, controls the amount of current that current source 740 sinks in order to adjust for the value of external resistor 742 coupled between V_TERMand external pad 286.

[0092] In voltage to current conversion circuit 700, the amplification of the current reference circuit is obtained using a current mirror with the mirror transistor 756 being larger than the primary transistor 754 to multiply the current signal. This approach eliminates the need for a CMOS amplifier stage, such as the amplifier 330 shown in FIG. 9, which typically has poor gain characteristics and may introduce additional error.

[0093] The present invention provides an improved bus interface driver that compares V_TERMand V_REFin order to provide current control rather than comparing V_REFto a ground voltage level, which may be subject to greater variation. Further, the present invention may be applied to both single ended output drivers and to differential output drivers that provide a balanced bus signal. Still further, in one aspect of the present invention, an integrating sampler may be utilized to average the drive current through an “on” cycle. Yet another aspect of the present invention may be utilized to compensate for a range of external impedances and for a range of V_OLand V_TERMvoltages.

[0094] It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the circuits, methods and systems described herein. The performance of various types of circuits and systems may be improved through the application of the teachings described herein.

[0095] In view of the wide variety of embodiments to which the principles of the present invention can be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are exemplary only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention. For example, the circuits may employ different types of transistors and amplifiers to obtain the functions described above and the functions may be achieved with more or fewer elements that those illustrated above. Further, some elements of the embodiments described may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or a combination of these approaches. Further, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the teachings of the present invention may be applied to other systems besides RAMBUS based data busses.

[0096] The claims should not be read as limited to the described order or elements unless stated to that effect. Therefore, all embodiments that come within the scope and spirit of the following claims and equivalents thereto are claimed as the invention.