US 6,804,090 B2Grant

Ferromagnetic tunnel junction element exhibiting high magnetoresistivity at finite voltage and tunnel magnetoresistive head provided therewith, magnetic head slider, and magnetic disk drive

Issue Date:2004-10-12

•6 Claims

•14 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

A ferromagnetic tunnel junction element to produce a high ratio of magnetoresistance at finite voltages including the element operating voltage, and a device provided therewith such as tunnel magnetoresistive head, magnetic head slider, and magnetic disk drive. The ferromagnetic tunnel junction element has a laminate structure of ferromagnetic layer/metallic layer/insulating layer/metallic layer/ferromagnetic layer. (The metallic layer is one atom thick or two atoms thick.) The metallic layer and insulating layer have the crystalline regularity. The element is capable of detecting magnetism with its high magnetoresistivity, about three times that of conventional elements, at finite voltages. This element makes it possible to realize a highly sensitive magnetoresistive head. The magnetic head is used for the magnetic head slider which realizes a magnetic disk drive capable of reproducing magnetic information with high sensitivity.

Metadata

Assignee

Hitachi, Ltd.

Inventor

Satoshi Kokado

Application Information

Application Number:US 10/196,149

Filing Date:2002-07-17

Priority Date:2002-01-18

Art Unit:7

Classifications

IPC:

G11B 5127G11B 539

Field of Search:

36032423603241365 97365 66365188365171365173428900328 32 R324252427127427128427129427130

Patent Drawings (14 sheets)

Description

Background of the Invention

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to a ferromagnetic tunnel junction element to sense a magnetic field and relates also to a device provided therewith such as tunnel magnetoresistive head, magnetic head slider, and magnetic disk drive.

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0005] High-density magnetic recording needs a sophisticated read head. This requirement is met by the magnetoresistive head based on giant magnetoresistance effect (GMR effect), which has recently gained commercial acceptance. The current magnetoresistive head produces its GMR effect through the spin valve film composed of ferromagnetic layer, non-magnetic metal layer, and ferromagnetic layer. The spin valve film of this structure has a limited magnetoresistance ratio of about 10%. Hence, a more sensitive magnetoresistive element is required.

[0006] Researches to meet this requirement have recently revealed a phenomenon called ferromagnetic tunnel effect. This tunnel effect manifests itself in the junction structure composed of ferromagnetic layer, amorphous insulating layer, and ferromagnetic layer, and it depends on the relative angle of magnetization of the two ferromagnetic layers. (J. Magn. Mater. 139, L231 (1995); Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3273 (1995)) Because of its ability to give a magnetoresistance ratio greater than 10% at room temperature, the above-mentioned phenomenon has attracted keen attention on research and development for new magnetoresistive elements. For its extremely high sensitivity to magnetic field, the ferromagnetic tunnel effect film is greatly expected to find use as a read head for ultra-high-density magnetic recording exceeding 100 Gbit/inch².

[0007] The ferromagnetic tunnel effect had been analyzed by Julliere's theory (Phys. Lett. A54, 252 (1975)), which is useful particularly for the system containing an amorphous insulating layer. This theory defines the spin polarization as P=(D↑−D↓)/(D↑+D↓), where D↑ and D↓ denote respectively the density of state (or the number of states per unit energy) of up-spin and down-spin in the ferromagnetic layer at Fermi level. The value of P is used to represent the magnetoresistance ratio at zero voltage as follows.

[0008] TMR=100×2P²/(1−P²) [%]

[0009] The foregoing expression indicates that the larger the value of P, the higher the magnetoresistance ratio. This idea has stimulated the research on the tunnel junction with La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃which is a half-metallic ferromagnetic substance having P=1 at the absolute zero (Phys. Rev. Lett.,82,4288(1999)) This half-metallic ferromagnetic substance is regarded as an effective spin injector in view of the fact that only up-spin electrons contribute to conduction. This substance is under the stage of basic research and its practical application is being pursued.

Object and Summary of the Invention

[0010] The current tunnel magnetoresistive element represented by Co/Al—O/Co involves several problems in its practical use. The most serious among them is that the magnetoresistivity steeply decreases with increasing voltage. In other words, at the element's operating voltage of 0.2-0.4V, the magnetoresistivity decreases by more than half from that at zero voltage. Moreover, Julliere's expression suggests that the Co/Al—O/Co having an amorphous insulating layer would hardly give a magnetoresistivity higher than 40%.

[0011] On the other hand, it has been found that La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃as a spin injector does not work at room temperature because the terminal layer most contributive to conduction has a Curie temperature as low as about 180 K. Another problem is difficulty in film formation. Under these circumstance, it is an urgent issue to develop a new material or a new film construction.

[0012] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a ferromagnetic tunnel junction element with film structure exhibiting high magnetoresistivity at finite voltage (including the element operating temperature) and devices provided therewith such as tunnel magnetoresistive head, magnetic head slider, and magnetic disk drive.

[0013] The present invention is directed to a ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the type having a tunnel insulating layer and a first and second ferromagnetic layers arranged on both sides of said tunnel insulating layer, wherein said tunnel insulating layer is in indirect contact with said first and second ferromagnetic layers with a noble metal layer interposed between them.

[0014] The ferromagnetic tunnel junction element mentioned above has said noble metal layer in the form of single crystal of noble metal atoms or in the form of monoatomic layer or diatomic layer of noble metal atoms.

[0015] The ferromagnetic tunnel junction element mentioned above has said noble metal layer which contains any element of Au, Ag, and Cu.

[0016] The present invention is directed also to a magnetic disk drive of the type having a magnetic recording medium, a spindle motor to rotate said magnetic recording medium, a magnetic head which is so mounted on a slider as to perform information recording and reproducing on said magnetic recording medium, and an actuator to move said magnetic head to a desired position on the magnetic recording disk, wherein said magnetic head is provided with a ferromagnetic tunnel junction element and a power source to supply electric current thereto, said ferromagnetic tunnel junction element having a tunnel insulating layer and a first and second ferromagnetic layers arranged on both sides thereof, said tunnel insulating layer being in indirect contact with said first and second ferromagnetic layers with a noble metal layer interposed between them.

[0017] It is another object of the present invention to provide a magnetic disk drive of the type having a magnetic recording medium, a spindle motor to rotate said magnetic recording medium, a magnetic head which is so mounted on a slider as to perform information recording and reproducing on said magnetic recording medium, and an actuator to move said magnetic head to a desired position on the magnetic recording disk, wherein said magnetic head is provided with a ferromagnetic tunnel junction element and a power source to supply electric current thereto, said ferromagnetic tunnel junction element having a tunnel insulating layer and a first and second ferromagnetic layers arranged on both sides thereof, said tunnel insulating layer being in indirect contact with said first and second ferromagnetic layers with a noble metal layer interposed between them.

[0018] In the aforesaid magnetic disk drive, said first and second ferromagnetic layers contain Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.7-1.0), and the aforesaid magnetic disk drive has a means to control the drive voltage applied to said ferromagnetic tunnel junction element above 0.01 V and below 0.1 V.

[0019] In the aforesaid magnetic disk drive, said first and second ferromagnetic layers contain Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.7-1.0), and the aforesaid magnetic disk drive has a means to control the drive voltage applied to said ferromagnetic tunnel junction element above 0.2 V and below 0.5 V.

[0020] In the aforesaid magnetic disk drive, said first and second ferromagnetic layers contain Fe, and the aforesaid magnetic disk drive has a means to control the drive voltage applied to said ferromagnetic tunnel junction element above 0.01 V and below 0.15 V.

[0021] In the aforesaid magnetic disk drive, said first and second ferromagnetic layers contain Fe, and the aforesaid magnetic disk drive has a means to control the drive voltage applied to said ferromagnetic tunnel junction element above 0.3 V and below 0.7 V.

[0022] In the aforesaid magnetic disk drive, said first and second ferromagnetic layers contain Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.7-1.0) and the aforesaid magnetic disk drive has a means to control the drive voltage applied to said ferromagnetic tunnel junction element above 0.03 V and below 0.06 V.

[0023] Other and further objects, features and advantages of the invention will appear more fully from the following description.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0024] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element pertaining to the present invention;

[0025] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the arrangement of atoms which is a model of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element pertaining to the present invention;

[0026] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing atoms having the s-orbital or d-orbital. “t” denotes the transfer integral, and “E” denotes site energy;

[0027] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the density of state of d-orbitals in the ferromagnetic layer;

[0028] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the density of state in the case where the ferromagnetic layer and the metallic layer are independent from each other (above) and the density of state in the case where the ferromagnetic layer and the metallic layer have joined together (below);

[0029] FIG. 6A is a diagram showing the density of state of the first and second metallic layers and the barrier of the insulating layer in the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention. The energy region of electrons contributing to tunneling conduction is indicated by a dotted zone. The thick small bar (−) in the figure represents the state which has a certain wave number vector k*;

[0030] FIG. 6B is a diagram showing the density of state (single peak) with the wave number vector k* of the first metallic layer, the barrier of the insulating layer, and the density of state (single peak) with the wave number vector k* of the second metallic layer, in the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention;

[0031] FIG. 7A is a diagram showing the current-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) and the metallic layer is one atom thick;

[0032] FIG. 7B is a diagram showing the magnetoresistivity-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) and the metallic layer is one atom thick. Incidentally, the dotted line represents the magnetoresistivity-voltage characteristics in the absence of the metallic layer;

[0033] FIG. 8A is a diagram showing the current-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) and the metallic layer is two atoms thick;

[0034] FIG. 8B is a diagram showing the magnetoresistivity-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) and the metallic layer is two atoms thick;

[0035] FIG. 9A is a diagram showing the current-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) and the metallic layer is one atom thick;

[0036] FIG. 9B is a diagram showing the magnetoresistivity-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) and the metallic layer is one atom thick;

[0037] FIG. 10A is a diagram showing the current-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) and the metallic layer is two atoms thick;

[0038] FIG. 10B is a diagram showing the magnetoresistivity-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) and the metallic layer is two atoms thick;

[0039] FIG. 11A is a diagram showing the current-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Fe and the metallic layer is one atom thick;

[0040] FIG. 11B is a diagram showing the magnetoresistivity-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Fe and the metallic layer is one atom thick;

[0041] FIG. 12A is a diagram showing the current-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Fe and the metallic layer is two atoms thick;

[0042] FIG. 12B is a diagram showing the magnetoresistivity-voltage characteristics of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention, in which the ferromagnetic layer is formed from Fe and the metallic layer is two atoms thick;

[0043] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing the magnetic head of the present invention;

[0044] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing the magnetic disk drive containing the magnetic head slider of the present invention; and

[0045] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing the magnetic disk drive of the present invention.

Description of the Preferred Embodiments

[0046] Solution to the above-mentioned problems needs a new layer construction in place of the conventional layer construction such as Co/Al—O/Co containing an amorphous insulating layer. Several models of layer construction were examined for their characteristics by computer simulation based on the quantum theory.

[0047] The computer simulation describes the system in terms of the single-orbital tight binding model. The parameters for this model is evaluated based on the result of calculations of the first principle electron state. Moreover, the value of current at the absolute zero is calculated by applying to this model the method of Keldysh-Green Function (J. Phys. C: Solid St. Phys. 4, 916 (1971)).

[0048] The result of the computer simulation has suggested that the above-mentioned problem is solved with the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element which is composed of a first ferromagnetic layer and a second ferromagnetic layer which face each other with an insulating layer interposed between them, said first and second ferromagnetic layers being in indirect contact with said insulating layer, with a metallic layer interposed between them, said metallic layer being a monoatomic layer or diatomic layer of any of Au, Ag, and Cu having conduction electrons, said metallic layer and said insulating layer having crystalline regularity. In addition, the object of the present invention is achieved with those devices which are provided with the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element, such as magnetic head, head slider, and magnetic disk drive.

[0049] The examples of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Example 1

[0050] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the magnetic sensing device pertaining to the present invention. The magnetic sensing device is composed of a first ferromagnetic layer 1, a first metallic layer 4, an insulating layer 3, a second metallic layer 5, and a second ferromagnetic layer 2, which are sequentially laminated one over another. It also has a constant-voltage power supply 6. The first and second metallic layers are monoatomic layers or diatomic layers, and the metallic layers and the insulating layer have crystalline regularity. The second ferromagnetic layer 2 magnetizes freely in any direction in response to external magnetic fields (not shown). Thus, the electric resistance in the direction perpendicular to the film plane changes in proportion to the angle of rotation, and this change in resistance manifests itself as the magnetoresistive effect, which is expressed in terms of the difference between P (parallel) and AP (antiparallel) as explained in detail below.

[0051] The computer simulation for the tunnel magnetoresistive material employs (1) the tight binding model and (2) the method of Keldysh-Green Function. For (1), refer to “Jisei no Riron” (Theory of Magnetism) by T. Nagamiya, from Yoshioka Bookstore; “Kotai-Kozou to Bussei” (Solids—Structure and Characteristics) by J. Kanamori et al. from Iwanami Bookstore; and “Jisei” (Magnetism) by K. Yoshida, from Iwanami Bookstore. For (2), refer to J. Phys. C: Solid St. Phys. 4, 916 (1971). First, the tunnel junction system will be described in terms of the tight binding model. Then, the method of Keldysh-Green Function will be applied to the system to investigate the electrical conductivity.

[0052] (1) Explanation of the Tight Binding Model

[0053] Let us consider a system consisting of atoms arranged in the actual (two-dimensional) space as shown in FIG. 2. Each atom inherently has a plurality of orbitals (s-orbital, p-orbital, d-orbital, and so on) which differ in orbital angular momentum. Some orbitals greatly contribute to the magnetoresistive effect, but others do not. In this discussion, consideration is given only to those orbitals which greatly contribute to the magnetoresistive effect. Thus, the ferromagnetic layer, metallic layer, and insulating layer are described respectively in terms of d-orbital, s-orbital, and s-orbital. In other words, it is assumed that each atom has a single orbital. In this case, the parameter representing individual atoms includes site energy (energy E of electrons on the orbit) and transfer integral (t) (magnitude of energy required for transfer from one site to the other). The transfer integral (t) has the dimension of energy. See FIG. 3.

[0054] The two-dimensional energy expression (dispersion relation) shown in FIG. 3 may be written as follows by using the parameters:

[0055] E(k)=E−2t[cos(k×c)+cos(k×c)]

[0056] where, k [=(kx, ky)] denotes the two-dimensional wave number vector (it is related with momentum P by P=ηk, where η is Planck constant divided by 2π), and c denotes the lattice constant. Moreover, this energy expression gives the density of states, which represents the number of states per unit energy. The density of states is defined as follows, in which ε denotes an arbitrary energy.

[0057] D(ε)=Σk D(ε,k)/Σk l

[0058] D(ε,k)=δ(ε−E(k))

[0059] where, Σk denotes the sum over k in the first Brillouin zone (Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics).

[0060] Now, let us pay attention only to d-orbital in the ferromagnetic layer. When atoms having d-orbital are arranged in three-dimensional space, they assume the density of state in one layer as schematically shown in FIG. 4. The center of the density of state of up-spin and down-spin correspond respectively to the site energies E↑ and E↓, and the width of the density of state is related with the transfer integral t. Incidentally, E_Fstands for the Fermi level, which represents the maximum energy level when all states above the ground state are occupied by electrons.

[0061] The following is an explanation of the site energy Es (s=↑ or ↓) and the transfer integral t. The site energy E_sis approximated as follows.

[0062] E_s=E_para−_sU<M_i>/2

[0063] E_para=E₀+U<N_i>/2

E_{0} = \int_{allspace} ⅆ r_{1} φ * (r_{1} - R_{i}) [- h^{2} \nabla_{1}^{2} / 2 m + (- Z_{i} e^{2}) | r_{1} - R_{i} | + \sum_{j} (- Z_{j} e^{2}) / | r_{1} - R_{j} |] φ (r_{1} - R_{i}) U = \int \int_{allspace} ⅆ r_{1} ⅆ r_{2} φ * (r_{1} - R_{i}) φ * (r_{2} - R_{i}) [e^{2} / | r_{1} - r_{2} |]) φ (r_{2} - R_{i})

[0064] where, φ(r₂−R_i) denotes the orbital function of electron 1 in the atom at R_i; m denotes the mass of an electron; −e denotes the charge of an electron; +Z_ie denotes the charge of an ion at R_i; <M_i>denotes the magnetization at R_i; <N_i> denotes the number of electrons at R_i; U denotes the Coulomb interaction between electrons; E_sdenotes the total energy which electrons bound by ions feel; E_paradenotes the paramagnetic potential; and E₀(the first term of E_para) includes kinetic energy (first term), potential due to ions at R_i(second term), and potential due to surrounding ions (third term). The difference in site energy between up-spin and down-spin is called exchange splitting energy, and it originates from _sU<M_i>/2 including Coulomb mutual action U between electrons. Incidentally, the term containing U should be considered for d-orbital, because d-orbital tends to localize in ions and have a large value of U. In the following, A denotes the exchange splitting energy.

[0065] The transfer integral t is represented as follows.

t = \int_{allspace} ⅆ r φ * (r - R_{i}) [\sum_{k (\neq 1)} (- Z_{k} e^{2}) / | r_{1} - R_{k} |] φ (r_{1} - R_{i})

[0066] It represents the transfer energy of electrons between R_iand R_jdue to the mutual action of electrons with surrounding ions.

[0067] The above-mentioned site energy E_s, the transfer integral t, and the Fermi level E_Fcan be evaluated based on the result of calculations of the first principle electron state. In the present invention, their values were determined with reference to the following literature.

[0068] Harrison, Solid State Table of the Elements in Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids (W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, (1980))

[0069] J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 60 376(1991)

[0070] Phys. Rev. B54 15314(1996)

[0071] The density of state is schematically shown in FIG. 5 for d-orbital of the ferromagnetic layer and s-orbital of the metal layer based on the above-mentioned literature. It is noted from the figure that the metallic layer alone is originally non-magnetic and hence the exchange splitting does not exist between the up-spin state and the down-spin state. However, the metallic layer brings about exchange splitting upon combination with the ferromagnetic layer. In the following, Δm denotes the exchange splitting energy of the metallic layer.

[0072] The density of state of the end layer (adjacent to the insulating layer) of the metallic layer is included in the expression (given later) for current in the tunnel junction system. It is known that the metallic layer plays an important role in tunneling conduction. The difference between the number of majority electrons (the density of state) and the number of minority electrons (the density of state) in the metallic layer which originates from the exchange splitting plays an important role in the magnetoresistive effect.

[0073] (2) Explanation of the Method of Keldysh-Green Function (J. Phys. C: Solid St. Phys. 4, 916 (1971))

[0074] As compared with the resistivity of the insulating layer, that of other layers is negligibly small. Therefore, it is considered that the first ferromagnetic layer and the first metallic layer at the same potential and the second ferromagnetic layer and the second metallic layer are at the same potential, and only the insulting layer, which has a large resistivity, varies in voltage in the film thickness direction due to the surface charge of the metallic layer. In other words, only the barrier of the insulating layer varies in voltage in the film thickness direction. FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram showing the density of state of the first and second metallic layers and the barrier of the insulating layer which were obtained from the above-mentioned tight binding model. The energy region of electrons contributing to tunneling conduction is indicated by a dotted zone. Incidentally, this schematic diagram shows only those parts necessary for the subsequent explanation, with the first and second ferromagnetic layers being omitted.

[0075] The value of current at the absolute zero by the method of Keldysh-Green Function is expressed as follows when electrons pass from the first ferromagnetic layer to the second ferromagnetic layer while keeping their spin direction.

I_{s} (V) = \int_{E_{F - V}}^{E_{F}} ⅆ {ϵΓ}_{S} (ϵ, V)

Γ_{S} (ϵ, V) = \sum_{k} | T_{S} (ϵ, V, k |^{2} D_{L, S} (ϵ, V, k) D_{R, S} (ϵ, k)

[0076] where, s denotes spin (s=↑ or ↓), |T_s(ε,V,k|²denotes the transmission coefficient, D_L,S(ε,V,k) denotes the density of state of the end layer (adjacent to the insulating layer) of the first metallic layer 4 having an energy (e) and the dependence on the wave vector k, and D_R,S(ε,k) denotes the density of state of the end layer (adjacent to the insulating layer) of the first metallic layer 5 having an energy (ε) and the dependence on the wave vector k. The integral expresses that electrons in the range from E_F-Vto E_Fcontribute to tunneling conduction. What is important is that the conductance is summed over k because k is conserved in the layer for the system with crystalline regularity. This is a big difference from the conventional system with an amorphous insulating layer in which Γ_S(ε,V)∝D_L,S(ε,V)D_R,S(ε), where D_L,S(ε,V)=ΣkD_L,S(ε,V,k)/Σk1 and D_R,S(ε)=ΣkD_R,S(ε,k)/Σk1.

[0077] Then, the magnetic resistivity is defined as follows to investigate the magnetoresistive effect:

[0078] TMR=100×[I_P(V)]/I_P(V) [% ]

[0079] where, the current value is a sum of the current value due to up-spin and the current value due to down-spin. I_APrepresents parallel (anti-parallel) magnetization arrangement

[0080] The present inventors are the first to apply the above-mentioned method to real substances. They have demonstrated the possibility of realizing a highly sensitive magnetoresistive element by investigating individual substances based on the results of computer simulation.

[0081] This example presents a sample consisting of a first ferromagnetic layer 1 of Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0), a first metallic layer 4 of Cu, an insulating layer 3 of Al—O, a second metallic layer 5 of Cu, and a second ferromagnetic layer 2 of Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0). The first and second ferromagnetic layers 1 and 2 are 500 atoms thick. The first and second metallic layers 4 and 5 are one or two atoms thick. The insulating layer 3 is five atoms thick. All the layers have the crystal structure of simple cubic lattice.

[0082] The parameters for the tight binding model were determined as follows on the basis of the above-mentioned literature (Harrison, Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids; J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 60 (1991) 376; and Phys. Rev. B54 (1996). 15314:

[0083] E↑−E_Cu=−2.5 eV, E↓−E_Cu=−1.5 eV, E_Al-O−E_Cu=80 eV, and E_F−E_Cu=−1.0 eV

[0084] where, E↑ and E↓ each denote the site energy of up-spin and down-spin of d-orbital of Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0); E_Cudenotes the energy of s-orbital of Cu; and E_Al-Odenotes the center of the conduction band of Al—O. Incidentally, the transfer integral was carried out assuming t=1.0 eV for all the substances in consideration of the width of the density of state.

[0085] For the ferromagnetic layer of Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0), Δ≈1.0 eV. For the metallic layer one atom thick on Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0), Δm≈0.3 eV. The Δm can be obtained from the difference in energy level between the up-spin state and down-spin state for k in the state of k having an energy in the vicinity of Fermi level.

[0086] FIG. 7A shows how current depends on voltage. In the voltage range from V=0.2 to V=0.5, the current value of up-spin for the anti-parallel magnetization arrangement has a peak.

[0087] The mechanism for this peak is explained in the following. First, the center energy of the density of state of the metallic layer is obtained at a voltage V. By using the site energy E↑ and E↓ for up-spin state and down-spin state at zero voltage, the up-spin state of anti-parallel magnetization arrangement at a voltage V is E↑+V for the first metallic layer and E↓ for the second metallic layer. See FIG. 7A. It is to be noted that E↓ for the second metallic layer becomes the site energy of up-spin due to the anti-parallel magnetization arrangement. In the case where the first and second metallic layers are equal in energy, that is,

[0088] E↑+V=E↓

[0089] up-spin electrons in antiparallel magnetization arrangement are in such a state that the state with a certain wave number vector k* of the first metallic layer and the state with the same wave number vector k* of the second metallic layer have an approximately equal energy. See FIG. 6A. This condition makes electrons in up-spin state to transmit easily. (By contrast, electrons in down-spin state go away.) This is apparent from the fact that the density of state D_s(E,k) at each k has the single peak for the energy corresponding to the k (see FIG. 6B) and the current value increases when the peaks of the first and second metal layers have an equal energy (see the above-mentioned expression for current). On the other hand, in the case of parallel magnetization arrangement with up-spin and down-spin, the state for k* in the first metallic layer does not coincide with the state for k* in the second metallic layer but they tend to go away from each other. This condition makes it difficult for electrons to transmit. Incidentally, the above-mentioned expression may be written as V=E↓−E↑; this corresponds to an instance in which voltage is equal to the exchange splitting energy of the metallic layer. In fact, the peak position obtained coincides approximately with the above-mentioned exchange splitting energy Δm (≈0.3 eV). That is, this condition permits only those electrons in the antiparallel up-spin state to transmit easily.

[0090] As the voltage dependence of magnetoresistivity (in FIG. 7B) shows, the magnetoresistivity has the maximum value of 80% in the region from 0.2 V to 0.5 V. This magnitude is about three times larger than that in the case where the metallic layer does not exist (represented by the dotted line in FIG. 7B). Also, this system gives the magnetoresistivity higher than 70% even in the region from 0.01 V to 0.1 V. Thus, the magnetoresistive element in this example exhibits high sensitivity in the region from 0.2 V to 0.5 V and from 0.01 V to 0.1 V.

[0091] The computer simulation was carried out also in the case where the metallic layer is two atoms thick. In the end layer of the metallic layer on Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0), the exchange splitting energy is Δm≈0.09 eV. The results are shown in FIG. 8.

[0092] The current value due to up-spin for anti-parallel magnetization arrangement has a peak in the voltage region from 0.07 V to 0.12 V. (See FIG. 8A.) In this voltage region, the magnetoresistivity has values larger than 70%. (See FIG. 8B.) Moreover, magnetoresistivity greater than 70% is obtained even in the region from 0.01 V to 0.03 V. Thus, the magnetoresistive element in this example exhibits high sensitivity in the region from 0.07 V to 0.12 V and from 0.01 V to 0.03 V.

[0093] The same investigation as above was conducted on samples in which the metallic layer is made of Ag or Au. Similar results as above were obtained because the parameters for Ag and Au are almost the same as those for Cu. Thus, the magnetoresistive element in this example also exhibits high sensitivity in the region from 0.07 V to 0.12 V and from 0.01 V to 0.03 V. Incidentally, the above-mentioned characteristics are maintained even at room temperature because Co or Co_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) has a Curie temperature higher than 1000 K.

Example 2

[0094] The same computer simulation as in Example 1 was performed on samples in which the ferromagnetic layer is made of Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) and the metallic layer is made of Ag, Au, or Cu and is one atom thick.

[0095] The parameters were set up as follows on the basis of the literature mentioned in Example 1.

[0096] E↑−E_m=−2.25 eV, E↓−E_m=−1.75 eV, E_Al-O−E_m=8.0 eV, and E_F−E_m=−1.0 eV.

[0097] where, E↑ and E↓ are respectively the site energy of up-spin and down-spin of d-orbital of Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0); E_mis the energy of s-orbital of Cu, Ag, and Au; and E_Al-Odenotes the center of the conduction band of the insulating layer of Al—O. Incidentally, the transfer integral was carried out assuming t=1.0 eV for all the substances in consideration of the width of the density of state.

[0098] The exchange splitting energy is Δm≈0.12 eV at the end layer of the metallic layer on Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0).

[0099] The current value due to up-spin for anti-parallel magnetization arrangement has a peak in the voltage region from 0.1 V to 0.3 V. (See FIG. 9A.) In this voltage region, the magnetoresistivity has values larger than 70%. (See FIG. 9B.) Moreover, magnetoresistivity greater than 70% is obtained even in the region from 0.01 V to 0.05 V. Thus, the magnetoresistive element in this example exhibits high sensitivity in the region from 0.1 V to 0.3 V and from 0.01 V to 0.05 V.

[0100] The computer simulation was carried out also in the case where the metallic layer of Ag, Au, or Cu is two atoms thick. In the end layer of the metallic layer on Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0), the exchange splitting energy is Δm≈0.09 eV.

[0101] The current value due to up-spin for anti-parallel magnetization arrangement has a peak in the voltage region from 0.03 V to 0.06 V. (See FIG. 10A.) In this voltage region, the magnetoresistivity has values larger than 70%. (See FIG. 10B.) Thus, the magnetoresistive element in this example exhibits high sensitivity in the region from 0.03 V to 0.06 V.

[0102] Incidentally, the above-mentioned characteristics are maintained even at room temperature because Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) has a Curie temperature higher than 600 K.

Example 3

[0103] The same computer simulation as in Example 1 was performed on samples in which the ferromagnetic layer is made of Fe and the metallic layer is made of Ag, Au, or Cu and is one atom thick.

[0104] The parameters were set up as follows on the basis of the literature mentioned in Example 1.

[0105] E↑−E_m=−2.75 eV, E↓−E_m=−1.25 eV, E_Al-O−E_m=8.0 eV, and E_F−E_m=−1.0 eV.

[0106] where, E↑ and E↓ are respectively the site energy of up-spin and down-spin of d-orbitals of Fe; E_mis the energy of s-orbitals of Cu, Ag, and Au; and E_Al-Odenotes the center of the conduction band of the insulating layer of Al—O. Incidentally, the transfer integral was carried out assuming t=1.0 eV for all the substances in consideration of the width of the density of state.

[0107] The exchange splitting energy is Δm≈0.55 eV in the end layer of the metallic layer on Fe.

[0108] The current value due to up-spin for anti-parallel magnetization arrangement has a peak in the voltage region from 0.3 V to 0.7 V. (See FIG. 11A.) In this voltage region, the magnetoresistivity has values larger than 70%. (See FIG. 11B.) Moreover, magnetoresistivity greater than 70% is obtained even in the region from 0.01 V to 0.15 V. Thus, the magnetoresistive element in this example exhibits high sensitivity in the region from 0.3 V to 0.7 V and from 0.01 V to 0.15 V.

[0109] The computer simulation was carried out also in the case where the metallic layer of Ag, Au, or Cu is two atoms thick. In the end layer of the metallic layer on Fe, the exchange splitting energy is Δm≈0.14 eV.

[0110] The current value due to up-spin for anti-parallel magnetization arrangement has a peak in the voltage region from 0.1 V to 0.2 V. (See FIG. 12A.) In this voltage region, the magnetoresistivity has values larger than 70%. (See FIG. 12B.) Thus, the magnetoresistive element in this example exhibits high sensitivity in the region from 0.1 V to 0.2 V and from 0.01 V to 0.05 V.

[0111] Incidentally, the above-mentioned characteristics are maintained even at room temperature because Fe has a Curie temperature higher than 1000 K.

Example 4

[0112] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing the magnetoresistive head provided with the above-mentioned ferromagnetic tunnel junction element. The head consists of a substrate 75, a lower shield layer, an underlying layer, a ferromagnetic tunnel effect element (as the magnetoresistive element), an upper shield layer (functioning also as the lower core of the recording head), and an upper core for the recording head with a recording gap layer placed thereunder, which are formed sequentially on top of the other. The ferromagnetic tunnel effect element (as the magnetoresistive element) is held between a pair of electrodes to apply driving current to the element. This structure realizes the magnetoresistive head which exhibits the high ratio of change in magnetoresistance as mentioned in the foregoing examples.

Example 5

[0113] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing the magnetic disk drive containing the magnetic head slider 60 which is provided with the magnetoresistive head of the present invention. The slider 60 has the magnetoresistive head provided with the magnetoresistive head of the present invention, a pair of electrodes, and terminals 65 to supply current to the electrodes. This magnetic slider exhibits the high ratio of change in magnetoresistance as mentioned in the foregoing examples.

Example 6

[0114] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing the magnetic disk drive which is provided with the magnetic head slider of the present invention. The magnetic head slider 55 is equipped with the ferromagnetic tunnel effect element of the present invention. The magnetic disk drive has a power supply 64 (see the power supply 6 in FIG. 1) to supply current to the ferromagnetic tunnel effect element. This structure realizes the magnetic disk drive with high-sensitive reproducing characteristics owing to the high ratio of change in magnetoresistance as mentioned in the foregoing examples.

[0115] The ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the present invention has a laminate structure of ferromagnetic layer/metallic layer/insulating layer/metallic layer/ferromagnetic layer. (The metallic layer is one atom thick or two atoms thick.) The metallic layer and insulating layer have the crystalline regularity. The element is capable of detecting magnetism with its high magnetoresistivity, about three times that of conventional elements, at finite voltages. This element makes it possible to realize a highly sensitive magnetoresistive head. The magnetic head is used for the magnetic head slider which realizes a magnetic disk drive capable of reproducing magnetic information with high sensitivity.

[0116] The foregoing invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments. However, those skilled, in the art will recognize that many variations of such embodiments exist. Such variations are intended to be within the scope of the present invention and the appended claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A ferromagnetic tunnel junction element of the type having a tunnel insulating layer and a first and second ferromagnetic layers arranged on both sides of said tunnel insulating layer, wherein said tunnel insulating layer is in indirect contact with said first and second ferromagnetic layers with a noble metal layer interposed between them, wherein said noble metal layer is in the form of single crystal.

2. The ferromagnetic tunnel junction element as defined in claim 1, wherein said noble metal layer is in the form of monoatomic layer or diatomic layer or their mixed layer composed of noble metal atoms.

3. The ferromagnetic tunnel junction element as defined in claim 1, wherein said noble metal layer contains any element of Au, Ag, and Cu.

4. The ferromagnetic tunnel junction element as defined in claim 1, wherein said tunnel insulating layer is formed from a crystalline material.

5. A tunnel magnetoresistive head which comprises a magnetoresistive element, magnetic shield layers formed on both sides of said magnetoresistive element, and a pair of electrode to apply drive current to said magnetoresistive element, said magnetoresistive element having a tunnel insulating layer, a first and second ferromagnetic layers arranged on both sides of said tunnel insulating layer, a noble metal layer formed between said tunnel insulating layer and said first ferromagnetic layer, and a noble metal layer formed between said tunnel insulating layer and said second ferromagnetic layer, wherein said noble metal layer is in the form of single crystal.

6. A magnetic head slider which comprises a magnetoresistive element, magnetic shield layers formed on both sides of said magnetoresistive element, and a pair of electrode to apply drive current to said magnetoresistive element, said magnetoresistive element having a tunnel insulating layer, a first and second ferromagnetic layers arranged on both sides of said tunnel insulating layer, a noble metal layer formed between said tunnel insulating layer and said first ferromagnetic layer, and a noble metal layer formed between said tunnel insulating layer and said second ferromagnetic layer, and terminals to apply current to said pair of electrodes, wherein said noble metal layer is in the form of single crystal.

Patent Citations (4)

Patent	Date	Inventor	Cited By
US6462641(B1)	2002-10-01	Dieny et al.	Examiner
US6549454(B1)	2003-04-01	Slaughter	Examiner
US6574079(B2)	2003-06-01	Sun et al.	Examiner
US6657431(B2)	2003-12-01	Xiao	Examiner

Non-Patent Literature (12)

“Giant magnetic tunneling effect in Fe/A12O3/Fe junction,” T. Miyazaki et al., Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 139 (1995) L231-L234.Applicant
“Large Magnetoresistance at Room Temperature in Ferromagnetic Thin Film Tunnel Junctions,” J.S. Moodera et al. Physical Review Letters, vol. 74, No. 16, (1995), pp. 3273-3276.Applicant
“Tunneling Between Ferromagnetic Films,” M. Julliere, Physics Letters, vol. 54A, No. 3, (1975), pp. 225-226.Applicant
Inverse Tunnel Magnetoresistance in Co/SrTiO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3: New Ideas on Spin-Polarized Tunneling, J.M. De Teresa et al., Physical Review Letters, vol. 82, No. 21, (1999), pp. 4288-4291.Applicant
“Direct calculation of the tunneling current,” C. Caroli et al., J. Phys. C: Solid St. Phys., (1971), vol. 4. Printed in Great Britain, pp. 916-929.Applicant
“Jisei no Riron,” T. Nakajima, Theory of Magnetism, pp. 88-96.Applicant
“Kotai-Kozou to Bussei” Solids- Structure and Characteristic, J. Kanamori et al.Applicant
“Jeisei” Magnetism, K. Yoshida.Applicant
Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics (Japanese Edition from Maruzen Bookstore).Applicant
“Solid State Table of the Elements,” W.A. Harrison, Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids, San Francisco (1980).Applicant
“Theory of Giant Magnetoresistance in Metallic Superlattices,” J. Inoue et al., Journal of The Physical Society of Japan, vol. 60, No. 2 (1991) pp. 376-379.Applicant
“Effects of band structure and spin-independent disorder on conductivity and giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu and Fe/Cr multilayers,” E. Yu et al., The American Physical Society, vol. 54, No. 21, (1996) pp. 314-329.Applicant

Abstract

Description

Background of the Invention

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0008] TMR=100×2P²/(1−P²) [%]

Object and Summary of the Invention

[0015] The ferromagnetic tunnel junction element mentioned above has said noble metal layer which contains any element of Au, Ag, and Cu.

[0023] Other and further objects, features and advantages of the invention will appear more fully from the following description.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0024] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element pertaining to the present invention;

[0025] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the arrangement of atoms which is a model of the ferromagnetic tunnel junction element pertaining to the present invention;

[0026] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing atoms having the s-orbital or d-orbital. “t” denotes the transfer integral, and “E” denotes site energy;

[0027] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the density of state of d-orbitals in the ferromagnetic layer;

[0043] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing the magnetic head of the present invention;

[0044] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing the magnetic disk drive containing the magnetic head slider of the present invention; and

[0045] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing the magnetic disk drive of the present invention.

Description of the Preferred Embodiments

[0049] The examples of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Example 1

[0052] (1) Explanation of the Tight Binding Model

[0054] The two-dimensional energy expression (dispersion relation) shown in FIG. 3 may be written as follows by using the parameters:

[0055] E(k)=E−2t[cos(k×c)+cos(k×c)]

[0057] D(ε)=Σk D(ε,k)/Σk l

[0058] D(ε,k)=δ(ε−E(k))

[0059] where, Σk denotes the sum over k in the first Brillouin zone (Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics).

[0061] The following is an explanation of the site energy Es (s=↑ or ↓) and the transfer integral t. The site energy E_sis approximated as follows.

[0062] E_s=E_para−_sU<M_i>/2

[0063] E_para=E₀+U<N_i>/2

E_{0} = \int_{allspace} ⅆ r_{1} φ * (r_{1} - R_{i}) [- h^{2} \nabla_{1}^{2} / 2 m + (- Z_{i} e^{2}) | r_{1} - R_{i} | + \sum_{j} (- Z_{j} e^{2}) / | r_{1} - R_{j} |] φ (r_{1} - R_{i}) U = \int \int_{allspace} ⅆ r_{1} ⅆ r_{2} φ * (r_{1} - R_{i}) φ * (r_{2} - R_{i}) [e^{2} / | r_{1} - r_{2} |]) φ (r_{2} - R_{i})

[0065] The transfer integral t is represented as follows.

t = \int_{allspace} ⅆ r φ * (r - R_{i}) [\sum_{k (\neq 1)} (- Z_{k} e^{2}) / | r_{1} - R_{k} |] φ (r_{1} - R_{i})

[0066] It represents the transfer energy of electrons between R_iand R_jdue to the mutual action of electrons with surrounding ions.

[0068] Harrison, Solid State Table of the Elements in Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids (W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, (1980))

[0069] J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 60 376(1991)

[0070] Phys. Rev. B54 15314(1996)

[0073] (2) Explanation of the Method of Keldysh-Green Function (J. Phys. C: Solid St. Phys. 4, 916 (1971))

I_{s} (V) = \int_{E_{F - V}}^{E_{F}} ⅆ {ϵΓ}_{S} (ϵ, V)

Γ_{S} (ϵ, V) = \sum_{k} | T_{S} (ϵ, V, k |^{2} D_{L, S} (ϵ, V, k) D_{R, S} (ϵ, k)

[0077] Then, the magnetic resistivity is defined as follows to investigate the magnetoresistive effect:

[0078] TMR=100×[I_P(V)]/I_P(V) [% ]

[0079] where, the current value is a sum of the current value due to up-spin and the current value due to down-spin. I_APrepresents parallel (anti-parallel) magnetization arrangement

[0083] E↑−E_Cu=−2.5 eV, E↓−E_Cu=−1.5 eV, E_Al-O−E_Cu=80 eV, and E_F−E_Cu=−1.0 eV

[0086] FIG. 7A shows how current depends on voltage. In the voltage range from V=0.2 to V=0.5, the current value of up-spin for the anti-parallel magnetization arrangement has a peak.

[0088] E↑+V=E↓

Example 2

[0095] The parameters were set up as follows on the basis of the literature mentioned in Example 1.

[0096] E↑−E_m=−2.25 eV, E↓−E_m=−1.75 eV, E_Al-O−E_m=8.0 eV, and E_F−E_m=−1.0 eV.

[0098] The exchange splitting energy is Δm≈0.12 eV at the end layer of the metallic layer on Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0).

[0102] Incidentally, the above-mentioned characteristics are maintained even at room temperature because Ni_xFe_1-x(x=0.8-1.0) has a Curie temperature higher than 600 K.

Example 3

[0103] The same computer simulation as in Example 1 was performed on samples in which the ferromagnetic layer is made of Fe and the metallic layer is made of Ag, Au, or Cu and is one atom thick.

[0104] The parameters were set up as follows on the basis of the literature mentioned in Example 1.

[0105] E↑−E_m=−2.75 eV, E↓−E_m=−1.25 eV, E_Al-O−E_m=8.0 eV, and E_F−E_m=−1.0 eV.

[0107] The exchange splitting energy is Δm≈0.55 eV in the end layer of the metallic layer on Fe.

[0111] Incidentally, the above-mentioned characteristics are maintained even at room temperature because Fe has a Curie temperature higher than 1000 K.

Example 4

Example 5

Example 6

Claims

What is claimed is:

3. The ferromagnetic tunnel junction element as defined in claim 1, wherein said noble metal layer contains any element of Au, Ag, and Cu.

4. The ferromagnetic tunnel junction element as defined in claim 1, wherein said tunnel insulating layer is formed from a crystalline material.

Patent

Date

Inventor

Cited By

US6462641(B1)

2002-10-01

Dieny et al.

Examiner

US6549454(B1)

2003-04-01

Slaughter

Examiner

US6574079(B2)

2003-06-01

Sun et al.

Examiner

US6657431(B2)

2003-12-01

Xiao

Examiner

Non-Patent Literature (12)

“Giant magnetic tunneling effect in Fe/A12O3/Fe junction,” T. Miyazaki et al., Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 139 (1995) L231-L234.Applicant

“Large Magnetoresistance at Room Temperature in Ferromagnetic Thin Film Tunnel Junctions,” J.S. Moodera et al. Physical Review Letters, vol. 74, No. 16, (1995), pp. 3273-3276.Applicant

“Tunneling Between Ferromagnetic Films,” M. Julliere, Physics Letters, vol. 54A, No. 3, (1975), pp. 225-226.Applicant

Inverse Tunnel Magnetoresistance in Co/SrTiO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3: New Ideas on Spin-Polarized Tunneling, J.M. De Teresa et al., Physical Review Letters, vol. 82, No. 21, (1999), pp. 4288-4291.Applicant

“Direct calculation of the tunneling current,” C. Caroli et al., J. Phys. C: Solid St. Phys., (1971), vol. 4. Printed in Great Britain, pp. 916-929.Applicant

“Jisei no Riron,” T. Nakajima, Theory of Magnetism, pp. 88-96.Applicant

“Kotai-Kozou to Bussei” Solids- Structure and Characteristic, J. Kanamori et al.Applicant

“Jeisei” Magnetism, K. Yoshida.Applicant

Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics (Japanese Edition from Maruzen Bookstore).Applicant

“Solid State Table of the Elements,” W.A. Harrison, Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids, San Francisco (1980).Applicant

“Theory of Giant Magnetoresistance in Metallic Superlattices,” J. Inoue et al., Journal of The Physical Society of Japan, vol. 60, No. 2 (1991) pp. 376-379.Applicant

“Effects of band structure and spin-independent disorder on conductivity and giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu and Fe/Cr multilayers,” E. Yu et al., The American Physical Society, vol. 54, No. 21, (1996) pp. 314-329.Applicant