RuSixOy-containing adhesion layers and process for fabricating the same

[0002] This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/888,891, filed Jun. 25, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,462,367, issued Oct. 8, 2002, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/651,859, filed Aug. 30, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,461,909, issued Oct. 8, 2002.

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] The present invention relates to semiconductor devices and the fabrication thereof. More particularly, the present invention pertains to RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers, structures incorporating such adhesion layers, and methods of fabricating the same.

[0005] 2. State of the Art

[0006] Integrated circuits typically include various conductive layers. For example, in the fabrication of semiconductor devices, such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) and static random access memories (SRAMs), conductive materials (e.g., electrode materials such as Pt and Ru) are typically expected to be used in the formation of storage cell capacitors and interconnection structures (e.g., conductive layers in contact holes, vias, etc.). In integrated circuits, conductive materials may require some sort of adhesion layer in order to prevent delamination of the films. In forming such integrated circuit structures, the adhesion layer must be able to withstand the various anneals performed on the capacitor electrode and dielectric. The adhesion of grown and deposited films used in semiconductor processing must be excellent both as deposited and after subsequent processing. If films lift from the substrate device, failure can result, leading to potential reliability problems. For example, failure of the adhesive can result in fracture of the mechanical bond (e.g., die separation) or failure of the circuit by degradation (e.g., contamination or loss of thermal or electrical properties) and could preclude the use of the desired film.

[0007] Use of various adhesive layers is known in the art. For example, in silicon devices having small diameter contact holes and tungsten filling the contact holes, tungsten is typically used as a contact fill material, which requires the use of an underlying contact layer as well as an underlying adhesion layer. The contact layer is needed to provide both good ohmic contact to the silicon device, and also serves as an adhesion layer between the tungsten fill and the sides of a silicon oxide contact hole. Titanium is usually used for this purpose, providing good ohmic contact, after sintering converts titanium to titanium disilicide at the bottom of the contact hole. However, where only a titanium adhesive layer is used, the subsequent tungsten chemical vapor deposition process severely damages the exposed titanium. The tungsten deposition is performed via the decomposition of tungsten hexafluoride, and in addition to the deposition of tungsten, a serious reaction with titanium occurs, eroding the critical contact and adhesive layer. To overcome the titanium erosion phenomenon, an adhesion layer of either sputtered tungsten or titanium nitride on the titanium layer has been suggested. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,675 describes a process in which a titanium-titanium nitride composite is used in contact holes prior to filling with tungsten. However, that process does not sufficiently eliminate the attack of titanium, particularly where poor titanium nitride coverage exists. The lack of adequate titanium nitride coverage leads to erosion of the underlying titanium adhesive layer during the subsequent tungsten deposition process, resulting in a lack of tungsten adhesion, which is described as “tungsten peeling” or the “volcano effect.”

[0008] Adhesion layers have also been employed for providing adhesion between a substrate and overlying seed layers in metallization areas of substrates. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,016 provides a chromium adhesion layer for thin-film microelectronic circuitry. However, the metallization of high-aspect ratio thin-film structures causes high stress which may lead to adhesion failure, as described above.

[0009] Various metals and metallic compounds (e.g., metals such as platinum and conductive metal oxides such as ruthenium oxide) have been proposed for use as electrodes or as electrode stack layers with high-dielectric constant materials. However, such electrical connections must be constructed so as to not diminish the beneficial properties of the high-dielectric constant materials. For example, in order for platinum or ruthenium oxide to function well as a bottom electrode or as one of the layers of an electrode stack, an oxidation-resistant barrier layer and adhesive layer are typically required. These layers, either as a combined layer or as individual layers, must provide adhesion between a substrate and deposited layers and prevent oxidation of silicon located at the surface of the electrode stack during the oxygen anneal of the high-dielectric constant materials (e.g., Ta₂O₅or BaSrTiO₃), which oxidation can result in a decreased series capacitance and, in turn, degradation of the storage capacity of the cell capacitor. Similarly, O₂diffusing through the platinum or RuO₂to the underlying Si yields SiO₂at the base of the electrode, thus decreasing series capacitance. Platinum and ruthenium oxide, when used alone as an electrode and adhered to, are generally too permeable to oxygen and silicon to be used as a bottom electrode of a storage cell capacitor formed on a silicon substrate region.

[0010] In view of the aforementioned shortcomings of the methods and structures being currently practiced, it would be advantageous to provide an adhesion layer that prevents delamination of deposited films contacting the same, withstands the various anneals performed on the capacitor electrode and dielectric, maintains the performance of high-dielectric capacitors, prevents oxidation of underlying Si contacts, and prevents Si diffusion into an electrode or dielectric. It would be of further advantage to form an adhesion layer that can survive a tape test, both as deposited and after an annealing step, and that reduces or eliminates the diffusion or migration of ruthenium into an elemental Si or a silicide layer, or vice versa, which typically occurs as a result of the high solubility of silicon in ruthenium.

[0011] The present invention provides RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers, along with structures incorporating such adhesion layers and methods of fabricating the same.

[0012] A method of fabricating semiconductor devices and assemblies (e.g., integrated circuits) according to the present invention includes providing a substrate assembly having a surface. An adhesion layer is formed over at least a portion of the surface. The adhesion layer includes RuSi_xO_y, where x and y are in the range of about 0.01 to about 10. The adhesion layer may, additionally, include Ru and/or RuSi_x. In one particular embodiment of the method, the adhesion layer is formed of RuSi_xO_y, where x is in the range of about 0.1 to about 3, and more preferably is about 0.4, and where y is in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.1, and more preferably is about 0.05.

[0013] In another embodiment of the method, the adhesion layer is formed by depositing a mixed film of Ru—RuSi_x—RuSi_xO_yby chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In yet another embodiment of the method, the adhesion layer is formed by CVD deposition of Ru—RuSi_xO_yin an oxidizing atmosphere, such as O₂, N₂O, O₃, or any other suitable inorganic or organic oxidizer. All of the foregoing adhesion layers may also be formed by atomic layer deposition. This process can result in the formation of multiple (preferably up to 300) RuSi_xO_y-containing diffusion adhesion monolayers and, more preferably, formation of from three to five monolayers of RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers.

[0014] In an alternative embodiment, the adhesion layer is formed by physical vapor deposition (PVD) of the adhesion layers of the present invention. In one particular embodiment of the PVD deposition method, mixed films of Ru—RuSi_x—RuSi_xO_yare deposited to form an adhesion layer. Alternatively, mixed films of Ru—RuSi_xO_ymay be deposited to form an adhesion layer.

[0015] According to yet another method of the present invention, a capacitor is formed by providing a silicon-containing region of a substrate assembly. A first electrode is then formed on at least a portion of the silicon-containing region of the substrate assembly. The first electrode includes an adhesion layer having RuSi_xO_y, where x and y are in the range of about 0.01 to about 10. A high-dielectric material is then formed over at least a portion of the first electrode and a second electrode is provided over the high-dielectric material. The second electrode may also include an adhesion layer having RuSi_xO_y, where x and y are in the range of about 0.01 to about 10.

[0016] In an alternative embodiment of the method, one or more conductive layers are formed relative to the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer. The one or more conductive layers are formed of at least one of a metal or a conductive metal oxide, e.g., formed from materials selected from the group comprising RuO₂, RhO₂, MoO₂, IrO₂, Sr RuO₃, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, and Ir.

[0017] A semiconductor device structure according to the present invention includes a substrate assembly including a surface and an adhesion layer over at least a portion of the surface. The adhesion layer is formed of RuSi_xO_y, where x and y are in the range of about 0.01 to about 10.

[0018] In one embodiment of the structure, at least a portion of the surface is a silicon-containing surface and the structure includes one or more additional conductive layers over the adhesion layer formed of at least one of a metal and a conductive metal oxide, e.g., formed from materials selected from the group of RuO₂, RhO₂, MoO₂, IrO₂, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, and Ir.

[0019] Semiconductor assemblies and structures according to the present invention are also described. One embodiment of such a structure includes a capacitor structure having a first electrode, a high-dielectric material on at least a portion of the first electrode, and a second electrode on the dielectric material. At least one of the first and second electrodes includes an adhesion layer formed of RuSi_xO_y, where x and y are in the range of about 0.01 to about 10.

[0020] Another such structure is an integrated circuit including a substrate assembly including at least one active device and a silicon-containing region. An interconnect is formed relative to the at least one active device and the silicon-containing region. The interconnect includes an adhesion layer on at least a portion of the silicon-containing region. The adhesion layer is formed of RuSi_xO_y, where x and y are in the range of about 0.01 to about 10.

[0021] The present invention will be better understood from reading the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0022] FIG. 1 shows a device structure including a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer according to the present invention;

[0023] FIGS. 2-4 show one method of forming the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer according to the present invention;

[0024] FIG. 5 shows a structure including a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer according to the present invention as part of a multiple conductive layer stack;

[0025] FIG. 6 is a structure showing a high-dielectric capacitor including an electrode having a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer according to the present invention;

[0026] FIG. 7 illustrates the use of a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer in a storage cell capacitor application; and

[0027] FIG. 8 illustrates the use of a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer in a contact application.

[0028] Referring to FIG. 1, a structure 20 according to the present invention includes a substrate assembly 21 and a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 disposed on a surface 22 of the substrate assembly 21, e.g., a silicon-containing substrate. The structure 20 further includes a conductive layer 24. As used herein, “substrate assembly” refers to either a semiconductor substrate such as the base semiconductor layer (e.g., base silicon layer of a wafer), a silicon layer deposited on another material (e.g., silicon on sapphire), or a semiconductor substrate having one or more layers, structures, and/or regions formed thereon or therein. It is understood that reference to a substrate assembly herein also includes any known process steps that may have been previously used to form or define regions, junctions, various structures or features, and openings (e.g., vias, contact openings, high-aspect ratio openings, etc.).

[0029] The structure 20 is representative of a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer that may be used for any application requiring an effective adhesion layer, for example, to adhere two adjacent layers together, to prevent delamination of films in a semiconductor structure, and to prevent oxidation of an underlying Si contact. The RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 may be used in the fabrication of semiconductor devices or assemblies where it is necessary or desirable to enhance or ensure adhesion of one material to an adjacent material. As described more fully hereinafter, the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 may include Ru and/or RuSi_x, in addition to RuSi_xO_y.

[0030] The substrate assembly 21 may, for example, be representative of a contact structure having an opening extending to a silicon-containing surface. In such a structure, adhesion layers are commonly used within the contact opening to prevent undesirable reactions, such as reactions between the conductive contact material and the silicon-containing surface that lead to erosion of one or both such layers and a general lack of adhesion between the contact and silicon-containing materials. By way of example, the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 may be interposed between other layers of materials (e.g., ruthenium oxide, platinum, etc.) forming an electrode of a capacitor.

[0031] It is understood that persons having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the adhesion layers of the present invention can be used in any semiconductor processes, structures, assemblies and devices (e.g., CMOS devices and memory devices) which utilize adhesion layers.

[0032] The amount of elemental Si and SiO₂incorporated into the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 is sufficient to accomplish adhesion and oxidation resistance in between one or more layers of materials in semiconductor devices. Preferably, the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 includes an atomic composition such that x and y are in the range of about 0.01 to about 10. More preferably, x and y are in the range of about 1 to about 3, and yet more preferably, x is about 0.4 and y is about 0.05. Likewise, in embodiments of the invention where the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 of the present invention contains RuSi_x, the RuSi_xincludes an atomic composition such that x is in the range of about 0.01 to about 10, and more preferably in the range of about 0.1 to about 0.5, and yet more preferably, x is about 0.4.

[0033] The thickness of the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 is dependent upon the application for which it is used. Preferably, the thickness is in the range of about 10 Å to 1,000 Å. More preferably, the thickness of the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 is in the range of about 50 Å to about 500 Å. For example, this preferred thickness range of about 50 Å to about 500 Å is applicable to a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer used for forming a bottom electrode stack of a capacitor structure.

[0034] The conductive layer 24 shown in FIG. 1 is representative of one or more layers. For example, the conductive layer 24 may include one or more layers formed of a metal or metal oxide, or combinations thereof. Such layers may include one of RuO₂, MoO₂, Rh, RhO₂, IrO₂, Ru, Pt, Pd and Ir, such as when the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer is used in an electrode stack. Alternatively, the conductive layer 24 may be a contact material, such as aluminum, when the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer is used in a contact or interconnect application. Such conductive layers may be formed by any method known to those skilled in the art.

[0035] The RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 may be formed by various processes. For example, the formation of the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer may be sputter deposited from a deposition target of RuSi_xO_y, may be deposited by sputtering from a deposition target of ruthenium onto a silicon-containing surface followed by an anneal, may be deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) of Ru—RuSi_x—RuSi_xO_ymixed films, may be deposited by CVD using a ruthenium precursor and a silicon precursor in an oxidizing atmosphere, or may be deposited by CVD of Ru—RuSi_x—RuSi_xO_yfilms. Suitable CVD processes include, for example, atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD), low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), or any other known chemical vapor deposition technique. Further, the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer may be formed by depositing a layer of ruthenium onto a silicon-containing surface using CVD followed by an annealing process.

[0036] The aforementioned CVD processes may be carried out in a chemical vapor deposition reactor, such as a reaction chamber available under the trade designation of 7000 from Genus, Inc. (Sunnyvale, Calif.), a reaction chamber available under the trade designation of 5000 from Applied Materials, Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.), or a reaction chamber available under the trade designation of Prism from Novelus, Inc. (San Jose, Calif.). However, any reaction chamber suitable for performing CVD may be used.

[0037] Oxidizing agents for use in the CVD process may be any gaseous reactant which is capable of reacting with the Ru precursor compounds at the decomposition temperatures of the latter to form Ru—RuSi_x—RuSi_xO_yfilms. Suitable oxidizing agents for use with the present method include, but are not limited to, air, oxygen, and oxygen-containing compounds, such as nitrous oxide, tetrahydrofuran, and carbon dioxide, and are preferably selected from mildly oxidizing gaseous oxygen sources.

[0038] CVD may be defined as the formation of a nonvolatile, solid film on a substrate by the reaction of vapor phase reactants, i.e., reactant gases, that contain desired components. The reactant gases are introduced into the reaction chamber. The gases decompose and react at a heated wafer or other semiconductor substrate surface to form the desired layer. Chemical vapor deposition is just one process of providing thin layers on semiconductor wafers, such as films of elemental metals or compounds (e.g., platinum, ruthenium oxide, iridium, molybdenum oxide, etc). Chemical vapor deposition processes are favored in many respects because of the process capability to provide highly conformal layers even within deep contacts and other openings. Thus, as described further below with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, CVD processing is preferably used to provide highly conformal layers within deep contacts and other openings such as for lower electrodes of storage cell capacitors. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that although CVD is the preferred process, the CVD process may be enhanced by various related techniques such as plasma assistance, photo assistance, laser assistance, as well as other techniques. In addition, atomic layer deposition could be used to form conformal layers. This is a variant of CVD in which a single atomic layer is formed on the surface. The layer thickness is self limiting to ≦1 atomic layer. This layer is exposed to reaction gas after pump down or purge, is fully reacted, and the reaction gas pumped away. The process is repeated to yield the desired number of layers.

[0039] In addition, atomic layer deposition could be used to form the layer. This process is a special type of CVD in which, based on the process conditions and/or chemistry used, at most, a single layer comprising a single type of organometallic precursor is deposited at one time. Accordingly, the thickness of the layer is, at most, the thickness of the relevant adsorbed species, at which point no more precursor will adsorb; hence, the layer may be referred to as a “monolayer.” Once one monolayer is deposited, the deposition gas is purged and a second reaction gas is introduced to react with the first monolayer to produce the desired compound and activate the surface for the next step. Additional monolayers may be provided in a similar manner, provided the gases from earlier deposition steps are purged from the chamber before each subsequent monolayer is deposited.

[0040] One preferred method of forming the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 is by depositing RuSi_xby CVD. The CVD process is conducted with a ruthenium precursor being delivered to a reaction chamber along with a silicon precursor. Typical ruthenium precursors in use include liquid ruthenium metal-organic precursors. The ruthenium precursor is contained in a bubbler reservoir through which a carrier gas, such as helium or any other inert gas, i.e., a gas that is nonreactive with other gases of the process (e.g., nitrogen, argon, neon, and xenon), is bubbled through the reservoir containing the precursor to deliver the precursor to the reaction chamber. For example, a carrier gas having a volumetric flow rate in the range of about one sccm to about 500 sccm may be used in a bubbler having a pressure in the range of about 0.5 torr to about 50 torr and a temperature in the range of about 30° C. to about 70° C. to deliver a ruthenium precursor to the reaction chamber.

[0041] Any ruthenium-containing precursor may be used in accordance with the present invention. Preferably, the ruthenium precursors are liquid ruthenium complexes of the following formula (Formula I): (diene)Ru(CO)₃wherein: “diene” refers to linear, branched, or cyclic dienes, bicyclic dienes, tricyclic dienes, fluorinated derivatives thereof, combinations thereof, and derivatives thereof additionally containing heteroatoms such as halide, Si, S, Se, P, As, or N. These precursor complexes and others, as well as various CVD processes, are described in Assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,705, issued May 16, 2000, and entitled “Precursor Chemistries for Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ruthenium and Ruthenium Oxide,” and in Assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,716, issued Oct. 5, 1999, and entitled “Methods for Preparing Ruthenium and Osmium Compounds,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein. Additional precursors and methods of depositing ruthenium layers are generally discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,849 to McCormick et al., which is incorporated by reference herein. More preferably, the ruthenium precursors used according to the present invention include one of C₆H₈Ru(CO)₃,(C₇H₁₀)Ru(CO)₃, bis(cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium (II), triruthenium dodecacarbonyl, and cyclopentadienyl dicarbonyl ruthenium (II) dimer.

[0042] The silicon precursor is also provided to the reaction chamber. For example, the silicon precursor may include a silicon hydride or silane such as dichlorosilane (DCS, SiH₂Cl₂), silane (SiH₄), disilane (H₃SiSiH₃), trichlorosilane (TCS, SiHCl₃), or any other silicon precursor as would be recognized by one skilled in the art. For example, the silicon precursor may be provided to the reaction chamber at a rate in the range of about 0.1 sccm to about 500 sccm. Preferably, the rate is about 10 sccm.

[0043] One skilled in the art will recognize that the manner in which the gases are introduced into the reaction chamber may include one of various techniques. For example, in addition to provision by bubbler techniques, the introduction may be accomplished with the use of compounds which are gases at room temperature or by heating a volatile compound and delivering the volatile compound to the reaction chamber using a carrier gas. Further, solid precursors and various methods of vaporizing such solid precursors may also be used for introduction of reactant compounds into the chamber. As such, the present invention is not limited to any particular technique. For example, reactant gases can be admitted at separate inlet ports. In addition to the other gases provided to the reaction chamber, an optional carrier or dilution gas (i.e., a gas that is nonreactive with the reactant gases) may also be introduced into the chamber such as to change the concentrations of the gases therein. For example, argon gas may be introduced into the chamber at a varied flow rate. Oxidizing gases can also be introduced into the reaction chamber when an oxidizing atmosphere is desired.

[0044] In accordance with one method of forming the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer, the ruthenium precursor gas, the silicon precursor gas, optionally a dilution gas, and an oxidizing gas (if necessary) are provided to the reaction chamber. In this preferred CVD process, the reaction chamber pressure is preferably maintained at a deposition pressure of about 0.1 torr to about 10 torr. The deposition temperature at the wafer surface upon which the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 23 is deposited is preferably held at a temperature in a range of about 100° C. to about 700° C., more preferably in the range of about 200° C. to about 500° C.

[0045] Another preferred method of forming a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 29 according to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 2-4. This method forms the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 29 by depositing a layer of ruthenium 28, as shown in FIG. 2, onto a silicon-containing region of substrate assembly 26 using a CVD technique. Generally, the method can be carried out by introducing a ruthenium precursor composition into a CVD chamber together with a carrier or dilution gas, as described in Applicants' Assignee's Pat. No. 6,133,159, issued Oct. 17, 2000, and entitled “Methods for Preparing Ruthenium Oxide Films,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. This ruthenium deposition step is followed by an annealing process to react the silicon-containing region having silicon-containing surface 27 with the ruthenium layer 28. The annealing process is carried out in an oxidizing atmosphere, such as oxygen gas, to further oxidize the deposited layer and to form the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 29 shown in FIG. 3. Various combinations of carrier gases and/or reaction (oxidizing) gases can be used in the methods of the present invention. The gases can be introduced into the CVD deposition chamber in a variety of manners, such as directly into a vaporization chamber of the CVD deposition chamber or in combination with the ruthenium precursor composition. Thereafter, a conductive layer 31 (e.g., the conductive layer 24 of FIG. 1) is formed on the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 29, as shown in FIG. 4.

[0046] The annealing process is preferably performed in situ in the reaction chamber in a nitrogen atmosphere, although any other nonreactive atmosphere may be used, e.g., argon. Preferably, the annealing temperature is within the range of about 400° C. to about 1000° C., more preferably about 500° C. The anneal is preferably performed for a time period of about 0.5 minutes to about 60 minutes. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that such temperatures and time periods may vary and that the anneal parameters should be sufficient to convert the ruthenium layer 28, following oxidation, into RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 29, where x and y are in the ranges previously described herein. For example, various anneal techniques (e.g., furnace anneals, process RTP, and rapid thermal smearing) may be used and may be performed in one or more annealing steps. Likewise, it may not be necessary or desirable to convert the entire ruthenium layer 28 to RuSi_xO_yas long as sufficient adhesion properties are attained with the amount of ruthenium converted.

[0047] The ruthenium layer 28 deposited for forming the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer 29 is preferably of a thickness in the range of about 10 Å to about 100 Å. More preferably, the thickness is in the range of about 50 Å to about 500 Å, and even more preferably, the thickness is about 300 Å.

[0048] Referring to FIG. 5, a structure 30 is shown which includes a substrate assembly 32 (e.g., a silicon substrate region) and a stack 34. The stack 34 includes conductive layers 41-44. One or more of the conductive layers 41-44 may be RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers according to the present invention. The one or more conductive layers, in addition to including one or more RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers, may include conductive layers formed of various conductive materials. For example, the conductive layers may include, but are not limited to, layers formed of metals, metal oxides or combinations thereof. By way of example, the conductive layers may include metals such as rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, platinum, and iridium or metal oxides such as ruthenium oxide, rhodium oxide, molybdenum oxide and iridium oxide.

[0049] The stack 34 may be used for various applications, such as interconnection applications and capacitor applications. For example, the stack 34 may be used as an electrode for a storage cell capacitor with the substrate assembly 32 including a silicon-containing surface 33. In accordance with the present invention, the layer 41 may be formed as the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer to adhere or enhance adhesion (prevent delamination) between layer 42 and substrate assembly 32 and to also prevent oxygen diffusion to the silicon-containing surface 33 of substrate assembly 32.

[0050] FIG. 6 shows a structure 50 including substrate assembly 52 (e.g., a silicon substrate) and capacitor structure 54 formed relative thereto. Capacitor structure 54 includes a first electrode 56, a second electrode 60, and a high-dielectric constant layer 58 interposed therebetween. The high-dielectric constant layer 58 may be of any suitable material having a desirable dielectric constant, such as, for example, Ba_xSr_(1−x)TiO₃[BST], BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, PbTiO₃, Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃[PZT], (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O₃[PLZT], (Pb,La)TiO₃[PLT], Ta₂O₅, KNO₃, and/or LiNbO₃. With use of the high-dielectric constant layer 58, adhesion properties between the aforementioned layers and resistance to oxidation in the underlying substrate assembly 52 and/or portions of the capacitor structure 54 are particularly important.

[0051] In a bottom electrode of a capacitor structure, such as that shown in FIG. 6, the electrode layer or electrode stack must be sufficiently adhered to prevent delamination during various process steps (e.g., anneal process), particularly due to the high-temperature processes used to form the high-dielectric constant materials, and to also act as an effective oxidation barrier to the underlying silicon substrate. Such properties are particularly essential when the substrate assembly 52 includes a silicon-containing surface 53 (e.g., polysilicon, silicon substrate material, N-doped silicon, P-doped silicon) upon which the capacitor is formed, due to oxidation of the diffused silicon which may result in degraded capacitance, such as that seen in memory devices. Additionally, the electrode stack must act as an oxygen barrier to protect the silicon-containing surface under the stack from oxidizing. The formation of the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer enhances the oxidation-resistance properties of the stack. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the first electrode 56 includes one or more RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers and one or more additional conductive layers, as described with reference to FIG. 5.

[0052] The RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers of the present invention have numerous and varied applications in the area of semiconductor device and semiconductor structure fabrication. For example, the use of RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers of the present invention is described with reference to FIG. 7, wherein a contact liner requiring adhesion and oxidation barrier characteristics is described. More specifically, device structure 70 is fabricated in accordance with conventional processing techniques through the formation of contact opening 102 prior to metallization of the contact area 94 of substrate 80. As such, prior to metallization, the device structure 70 includes field oxide regions 82 and active areas (represented by regions of substrate 80 not covered by field oxide). Word line 92 and field effect transistors (FET) 90 are formed relative to the field oxide regions 82 in the active areas. Suitably doped source/drain regions 84, 86 are formed by conventional methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. A conformal layer of oxide material 88 is formed thereover and contact opening 102 is defined therein to the contact area 94 of doped source region 84 of substrate 80. Thereafter, one or more metallization or conductive layers (e.g., titanium nitride) are formed in the contact opening 102 for providing electrical connection to doped source/drain regions 84. Preferably, contact liner 100 is a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer formed according to the present invention on bottom surface 96 and the one or more sidewalls 98 defining the contact opening 102. The RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer is generally deposited over the entire substrate assembly and then planarized to form the contact liner 100. Thereafter, a conductive material 104 (e.g., aluminum, W, Cu) is formed in the contact opening for providing connection to doped source/drain regions 84, 86 of substrate 80.

[0053] Alternatively, the present invention may be used to fabricate a bottom electrode of a high-dielectric capacitor of a storage cell that includes one or more RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers, as shown in FIG. 8. Specifically, a device structure 106 is fabricated in accordance with conventional processing techniques through the formation of an opening 114 prior to depositing a bottom electrode structure 118 on the surface 112 (preferably a silicon-containing surface) and surface 116 defining the opening 114. A bottom electrode structure 118, which includes a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer and one or more other conductive layers, is formed in opening 114 according to the present invention, as previously described herein. The substrate assembly 110 may include various elements, such as field oxide regions, active regions (i.e., regions of a silicon substrate not covered by field oxide), word lines, field effect transistors (FET), and source/drain regions created in the silicon substrate. An insulative layer of oxide material 113 is formed over the substrate assembly 110. The opening 114 in the insulative layer of oxide material 113 is a small, high-aspect ratio opening. As described herein, small, high-aspect ratio openings have feature sizes or critical dimensions below about 1 micron (e.g., such as a diameter or width of an opening being less than about 1 micron) and aspect ratios (ratio of depth to width) greater than about 4. Such aspect ratios are applicable to contact holes, vias, trenches, and any other configured openings. For example, a trench having an opening of 1 micron and depth of 3 microns has an aspect ratio of 3. The present invention is particularly useful in the formation of adhesion layers in small, high-aspect ratio features due to the use of CVD processes for forming conformal RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers over step structures.

[0054] As shown in FIG. 8, a bottom electrode structure 118, including a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer, is formed on the surface 112 and the one or more surfaces 116 defining opening 114. In this particular embodiment of the invention, the electrode stack layers are formed over the entire structure, including the surface 112 and surfaces 116. The layers are then formed into bottom electrode structure 118. By way of example, the stack layers may be etched or planarized to remove desired regions for forming the bottom electrode structure 118. Thereafter, dielectric layer 120 is formed relative to the bottom electrode structure 118. The second electrode 192 is then formed relative to the dielectric layer 120. Such an electrode may, for example, be composed of any suitable conductive material, such as tungsten nitride, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, any combination thereof, or any other conductive material typically used as an electrode or electrode layer of a storage cell capacitor. In accordance with the instant embodiment of the present invention, the bottom electrode is conformally formed of a stack of layers, including a RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer, having uniform thickness and deposited using CVD processes to provide suitable oxidation-resistant adhesive properties.

[0055] It will be recognized by one skilled in the art that, in addition to the embodiments described herein, any capacitor formed relative to a surface (e.g., silicon-containing surface) whereupon adhesion and oxidation barrier properties are required, and/or conformally formed conductive layers are required, may benefit from the present invention. For example, container capacitors typically include electrodes formed on surfaces requiring conformal formation of a bottom electrode. Such a container capacitor storage cell is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,241 to Dennison, et al., entitled “Optimized Container Stack Capacitor DRAM Cell Utilizing Sacrificial Oxide Deposition and Chemical Mechanical Polishing,” issued Dec. 14, 1993, and incorporated herein by this reference. The present invention may also be employed in the fabrication of other semiconductor processes and structures for various devices (e.g., CMOS devices, memory devices, logic devices, etc.). It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the illustrative embodiments described herein and that the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer of the present invention may be used for any application requiring adhesion and oxidation barrier characteristics, particularly those for preventing diffusion of silicon and/or oxygen into adjacent layers.

[0056] A RuSi_xO_yadhesion layer was formed by a conventional CVD process. The reaction chamber used for fabricating the sample wafer was a CVD chamber manufactured by Plasma Quest (Dallas, Tex.) and the bubblers used were glass research bubblers from Technical Glass Service (Boise, Id.).

[0057] The conditions used for forming the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer included:

[0058] Ruthenium Precursor: C₆H₈Ru(CO)₃.

[0059] Ruthenium Carrier Gas for use through Bubbler: 50 sccm of helium.

[0060] Ruthenium Bubbler Conditions: pressure of 3 torr, temperature of 25° C.

[0061] Reaction Chamber Conditions: pressure of 0.5 torr, deposition temperature of 305° C. at wafer surface, 5 sccm SiH₄.

[0062] Deposition Time: 0.5 minute.

[0063] The conditions used for forming the ruthenium oxide layer included:

[0064] Ruthenium Precursor: C₆H₈Ru(CO)₃.

[0065] Ruthenium Carrier Gas for use through Bubbler: 50 sccm of helium.

[0066] Ruthenium Bubbler Conditions: pressure of 3 torr, temperature of 25° C.

[0067] Reaction Chamber Conditions: pressure of 3 torr, deposition temperature of 230° C. at wafer surface.

[0068] Deposition Time: 3 minutes.

[0069] It will be recognized by a person having skill in the art that, in addition to the embodiments described herein, the present invention may be carried out to include controlled deposition of one or more “monolayers” of RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer(s). This process, typically referred to as atomic layer deposition, atomic layer epitaxy, sequential layer deposition, or pulsed-gas CVD, involves use of a precursor based on self-limiting surface reactions. Generally, a substrate is exposed to a first species that deposits as a monolayer and the monolayer then being exposed to a second species to form a fully reacted layer plus gaseous byproducts. The process is typically repeated until a desired thickness is achieved. Atomic layer deposition and various methods to carry out the same are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,058,430 to Suntola et al., entitled “Method for Producing Compound Thin Films,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,022 to Suntola et al., entitled “Method for Performing Growth of Compound Thin Films,” Ylilammi, “Monolayer Thickness in Atomic Layer Deposition,” Thin Solid Films 279 (1996) 124-130, and S. M. George et al., “Surface Chemistry for Atomic Layer Growth,” J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 13121-13131, the disclosure of each such document is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

[0070] The process has also been described as a CVD operation performed under controlled conditions which cause the deposition to be self-limiting to yield deposition of, at most, a monolayer. The deposition of a monolayer is significant in many areas because it facilitates theoretically conformal films, precise control of film thickness, and improved compound material layer uniformity. In practice, however, the deposited “monolayer” is rarely a complete and true monolayer, there always being something less than complete coverage of an underlying layer or other surface due to the space consumed by the nonincorporating components of the metal organic precursor. Combinations of deposition processes discussed herein may be used to provide deposition materials (e.g., Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) and non-ALD types of CVD). Accordingly, exemplary embodiments of the invention include within their scope deposition of a monolayer under conditions designed to achieve such results, as well as conditions with a subsequent shift of conditions toward the CVD regime, such that, to the extent required, the deposition of the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layers is effected as 3-5 “monolayers” rather than a single monolayer.

[0071] More specifically, deposition of monolayers is accomplished in a CVD chamber, as previously described with reference to the CVD deposition method, but with the addition of pulsing valves to allow the switching between the precursor and purge gas and the SiH₄(Si₂H₆) and purge gas. Bubblers, however, are not required since carrier gases may or may not be used, depending on the configuration of the vacuum system. For this example, a simple storage ampule with a single outlet and no inlet is used. As with the CVD method, C₆H₈Ru(CO)₃is used as the ruthenium precursor. The deposition temperature of the wafer surface is 50-250° C. and the reaction chamber is kept at a variable pressure range of about 0.5 torr to about 0.0001 torr. The reaction chamber is fully opened to the pumps of the vacuum system to create a vacuum in the CVD chamber and the ruthenium precursor gas is introduced at low pressure, preferably about 0.0001 torr. Introduction of the ruthenium precursor gas under these conditions will result in the deposition of, at most, a monolayer of ruthenium over the surface of the wafer. A purge cycle is then initiated by introducing a nonreactive gas, such as He or Ar, at a volumetric flow rate of about 50 sccm into the reaction chamber at 0.5 torr. It is understood that any suitable nonreactive gas may be used and that the nonreactive gas may be introduced at a rate of between about 0.1 sccm and about 500 sccm to optimize system conditions. Silane or disilane is introduced into the reaction chamber at a rate of about 5 sccm, which results in the deposition of a silicon monolayer over the previously deposited ruthenium monolayer. This is followed by a purge cycle of nonreactive gas, as previously described. It is understood that oxygen can be added as a separate oxygen/purge cycle as needed for every individual cycle in order to give the required oxygen content. In general, however, sufficient oxygen is available from background O₂and H₂O in the chamber to oxidize the underlying RuSi_xlayer formed in the preceding steps. The monolayer of adsorbed precursor from the initial precursor deposition step will react directly when exposed to the reaction gas in the third step of the foregoing dose precursor/purge/dose reaction gas/purge sequence, which results in controlled deposition of one or more RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion monolayers.

[0072] Although this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, it is not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. As described previously, one skilled in the art will recognize that various other illustrative applications may use the RuSi_xO_y-containing adhesion layer as described herein to take advantage of the beneficial adhesion and oxidation resistance characteristics thereof. Various modifications of the illustrative embodiments, as well as additional embodiments to the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to this description. It is, therefore, contemplated that any such modifications or embodiments may fall within the scope of the present invention as defined by the accompanying claims.