US 6,774,997 B2Grant
Apparatus for analyzing multi-layer thin film stacks on semiconductors
Issue Date:2004-08-10
•4 Claims
•4 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An optical measurement system is disclosed for evaluating samples with multi-layer thin film stacks. The optical measurement system includes a reference ellipsometer and one or more non-contact optical measurement devices. The reference ellipsometer is used to calibrate the other optical measurement devices. Once calibration is completed, the system can be used to analyze multi-layer thin film stacks. In particular, the reference ellipsometer provides a measurement which can be used to determine the total optical thickness of the stack. Using that information coupled with the measurements made by the other optical measurement devices, more accurate information about individual layers can be obtained.
Metadata
Assignee
- Therma-Wave, Inc.
Inventors
- Allan Rosencwaig
- Jon Opsal
Application Information
Application Number:US 10/395,746
Filing Date:2003-03-24
Priority Date:1998-01-29
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
G01J 400
Field of Search:
356364356369
Patent Drawings (4 sheets)
Description
[0002] This application is a continuation of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 10/141,256, filed May 8, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,567,273, which is in turn a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/880,203, filed Jun. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,921 which is in turn a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/563,152, filed May 2, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,880, which is in turn is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/015,839, filed Jan. 29, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,519.
Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to optical analyzers, and more particularly to an optical measurement system having a stable single wavelength ellipsometer and a broadband spectroscopic measurement module to accurately characterize multi-layer thin film stacks.
Background of the Invention
[0004] There is considerable interest in developing systems for accurately measuring the thickness and/or composition of multi-layer thin films. The need is particularly acute in the semiconductor manufacturing industry where the thickness of these thin film oxide layers on semiconductor substrates is measured. To be useful, the measurement system must be able to determine the thickness and/or composition of films with a high degree of accuracy. The preferred measurement systems rely on non-contact, optical measurement techniques, which can be performed during the semiconductor manufacturing process without damaging the wafer sample. Such optical measurement techniques include directing a probe beam to the sample, and measuring one or more optical parameters of the reflected probe beam.
[0005] In order to increase measurement accuracy and to gain additional information about the target sample, multiple optical measuring devices are often incorporated into a single composite optical measurement system. For example, the present assignee has marketed a product called OPTI-PROBE, which incorporates several optical measurement devices, including a Beam Profile Reflectometer (BPR), a Beam Profile Ellipsometer (BPE), and a Broadband Reflective Spectrometer (BRS). Each of these devices measures parameters of optical beams reflected by the target sample. The BPR and BPE devices utilize technology described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,999,014 and 5,181,080 respectively, which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0006] The composite measurement system mentioned above combines the measured results of each of the measurement devices to precisely derive the thickness and composition of the thin film and substrate of the target sample. However, the accuracy of the measured results depends upon precise initial and periodic calibration of the measurement devices in the optical measurement system. Further, recently developed measurement devices have increased sensitivity to more accurately measure thinner films and provide additional information about film and substrate composition. These newer systems require very accurate initial calibration. Further, heat, contamination, optical damage, alignment, etc., that can occur over time in optical measurement devices, affect the accuracy of the measured results. Therefore, periodic calibration is necessary to maintain the accuracy of the composite optical measurement system.
[0007] It is known to calibrate optical measurement devices by providing a reference sample having a known substrate, with a thin film thereon having a known composition and thickness. The reference sample is placed in the measurement system, and each optical measurement device measures the optical parameters of the reference sample, and is calibrated using the results from the reference sample and comparing them to the known film thickness and composition. A common reference sample is a “native oxide” reference sample, which is a silicon substrate with an oxide layer formed thereon having a known thickness (about 20 angstroms). After fabrication, the reference sample is kept in a non-oxygen environment to minimize any further oxidation and contamination that changes the thickness of the reference sample film away from the known thickness, and thus reduces the effectiveness of the reference sample for accurate calibration. The same reference sample can be reused to periodically calibrate the measurement system. However, if and when the amount of oxidation or contamination of the reference sample changes the film thickness significantly from the known thickness, the reference sample must be discarded.
[0008] For many optical measurement devices, reference samples with known thicknesses have been effective for system calibration. Oxidation and contamination that routinely occurs over time with reference samples is tolerable because the film thickness change resulting from the oxidation/contamination is relatively insignificant compared to the overall thickness of the film (around 100 angstroms). However, new ultra-sensitive optical measurement systems have been recently developed that can measure film layers with thicknesses less than 10 angstroms. These systems require reference samples having film thicknesses on the order of 20 angstroms for accurate calibration. For such thin film reference samples, however, the changes in film layer thickness resulting from even minimal oxidation or contamination are significant compared to the overall “known” film layer thickness, and result in significant calibration error. Therefore, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to provide a native oxide reference sample with a known thickness that is stable enough over time to be used for periodic calibration of ultra-sensitive optical measurement systems.
[0009] There is a need for a calibration method for ultra-sensitive optical measurement devices that can utilize a reference sample that does not have a stable or known film thickness.
[0010] There is also a need in the industry to improve the accuracy of these type of measuring systems to permit characterization of samples having multiple thin film layers formed thereon. More particularly, in the semiconductor industry, semiconductor material substrates are now being fabricated with multiple thin film layers. Each film layer can be formed from a different material. Common layer materials include oxides, nitrides, polysilicon, titanium and titanium-nitride.
[0011] Attempts to characterize samples having multiple thin layers with conventional techniques is difficult since each layer has a different thickness and different optical characteristics. The best approaches found to date to characterize such complex stacks is to utilize multiple measurement techniques which generate independent data that can be analyzed by a processor. Devices now exist which are capable of making both ellipsometric (phase) and spectrophotometric (magnitude) measurements and integrating the results in a microprocessor. The ellipsometers in these devices can include multiple wavelength and multiple angle of incidence measurements. Similarly, the spectrophotometers in some of these devices can be arranged to make measurements at multiple angles of incidence.
[0012] While these systems have had reasonable success, further accuracy in analyzing the characteristics of individual layers in a multi-layer stack is always desirable. The subject system, which includes a wavelength stable calibration ellipsometer can be modified to improve the characterization of individual layers of multi-layer thin film stack.
Summary of the Invention
[0013] The present invention is a thin film optical measurement system with a wavelength stable ellipsometer that can be used for calibration and to enhance the characterization of multi-layer thin film stacks. When used for calibration purposes, the stable wavelength ellipsometer functions to precisely determine the thickness of a film on a reference sample. The measured results from the calibration ellipsometer are used to calibrate other optical measurement devices in the thin film optical measurement system. By not having to supply a reference sample with a predetermined known film thickness, a reference sample having a film with a known composition can be repeatedly used to calibrate ultra-sensitive optical measurement devices, even if oxidation or contamination of the reference sample changes the thickness of the film over time.
[0014] The calibration reference ellipsometer uses a reference sample that has at least a partially known composition to calibrate at least one other non-contact optical measurement device. The reference ellipsometer includes a light generator that generates a quasi-monochromatic beam of light having a known wavelength and a known polarization for interacting with the reference sample. The beam is directed at a non-normal angle of incidence relative to the reference sample to interact with the reference sample. An analyzer creates interference between S and P polarized components in the light beam after the light beam has interacted with reference sample. A detector measures the intensity of the light after the beam has passed through the analyzer. A processor determines the polarization state of the light beam entering the analyzer from the intensity measured by the detector. The processor then determines optical properties of the reference sample based upon the determined polarization state, the known wavelength of light from the light generator and the at least partially known composition of the reference sample. The processor operates at least one other non-contact optical measurement device that measures an optical parameter of the reference sample. The processor calibrates the other optical measurement device by comparing the measured optical parameter from the other optical measurement device to the determined optical property from the reference ellipsometer.
[0015] The reference ellipsometer has the further benefit in that it can be used to very accurately measure the overall optical thickness of an unknown multi-layer stack on a substrate. In this context, the term total optical thickness refers to the effective thickness of the stack which corresponds to a single uniform layer with uniform optical parameters (i.e. n and k). A stable wavelength ellipsometer is an excellent tool for determining the total optical thickness of a layer or a stack having a thicknesses less than 500 angstroms and is the best tool for stacks having a thickness of 200 angstroms or less.
[0016] The reference ellipsometer, which provides only a single wavelength, single angle of incidence output, is not suitable for analyzing the individual layers in a stack. Such analysis requires additional measurements typically from spectroscopic tools such as spectrophotometers and spectroscopic ellipsometers. However, the latter tools alone have difficulty producing sufficient information to accurately characterize the stack.
[0017] In accordance with the subject invention, the output from the wavelength stable ellipsometer is used by the processor to determine the overall optical thickness of the multi-layer stack. This information is used by the processor to reduce the uncertainty of the analysis based on the spectroscopic measurements. By taking a number of measurements at different wavelengths with one or more different techniques, very accurate information about layer composition and thickness can be determined.
[0018] Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent by a review of the specification, claims and appended figures.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0019] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a composite optical measurement system with the calibration ellipsometer of the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of the reflective lens used with the present invention.
[0021] FIG. 3 is a plan view of an alternate embodiment of the light source for the calibration ellipsometer of the present invention.
[0022] FIG. 4 is a plan view of the composite optical measurement system with multiple compensators in the calibration ellipsometer of the present invention.
[0023] FIG. 5 is an illustration of a multi-layer stack on a sample.
[0024] FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the steps which can be carried out to characterize individual layers of a multi-layer stack using measurements from both a stable wavelength ellipsometer and a multi-wavelength measurement.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments
[0025] The present invention is a composite thin film optical measurement system 1 having a wavelength stable reference ellipsometer 2 that is used, in conjunction with a reference sample 4 having a substrate 6 and thin film 8 with known compositions, to calibrate non-contact optical measurement devices contained in the composite thin film optical measurement system 1.
[0026] FIG. 1 illustrates the composite optical measurement system 1 that has been developed by the present assignees, which includes five different non-contact optical measurement devices and the reference ellipsometer 2 of the present invention.
[0027] Composite optical measurement system 1 includes a Beam Profile Ellipsometer (BPE) 10, a Beam Profile Reflectometer (BPR) 12, a Broadband Reflective Spectrometer (BRS) 14, a Deep Ultra Violet Reflective Spectrometer (DUV) 16, and a Broadband Spectroscopic Ellipsometer (BSE) 18. These five optical measurement devices utilize as few as two optical sources: laser 20 and white light source 22. Laser 20 generates a probe beam 24, and white light source 22 generates probe beam 26 (which is collimated by lens 28 and directed along the same path as probe beam 24 by mirror 29). Laser 20 ideally is a solid state laser diode from Toshiba Corp. which emits a linearly polarized 3 mW beam at 673 nm. White light source 22 is ideally a deuterium-tungsten lamp that produces a 200 mW polychromatic beam that covers a spectrum of 200 nm to 800 nm. The probe beams 24/26 are reflected by mirror 30, and pass through mirror 42 to sample 4.
[0028] The probe beams 24/26 are focused onto the surface of the sample with a lens 32 or lens 33. In the preferred embodiment, two lenses 32/33 are mounted in a turret (not shown) and are alternatively movable into the path of probe beams 24/26. Lens 32 is a spherical, microscope objective lens with a high numerical aperture (on the order of 0.90 NA) to create a large spread of angles of incidence with respect to the sample surface, and to create a spot size of about one micron in diameter. Lens 33 is illustrated in FIG. 2, and is a reflective lens having a lower numerical aperture (on the order of 0.4 NA) and capable of focusing deep UV light to a spot size of about 10-15 microns.
[0029] Beam profile ellipsometry (BPE) is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,080, issued Jan. 19, 1993, which is commonly owned by the present assignee and is incorporated herein by reference. BPE 10 includes a quarter wave plate 34, polarizer 36, lens 38 and a quad detector 40. In operation, linearly polarized probe beam 24 is focused onto sample 4 by lens 32. Light reflected from the sample surface passes up through lens 32, through mirrors 42, 30 and 44, and directed into BPE 10 by mirror 46. The position of the rays within the reflected probe beam correspond to specific angles of incidence with respect to the sample's surface. Quarter-wave plate 34 retards the phase of one of the polarization states of the beam by 90 degrees. Linear polarizer 36 causes the two polarization states of the beam to interfere with each other. For maximum signal, the axis of the polarizer 36 should be oriented at an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the fast and slow axis of the quarter-wave plate 34. Detector 40 is a quad-cell detector with four radially disposed quadrants that each intercept one quarter of the probe beam and generate a separate output signal proportional to the power of the portion of the probe beam striking that quadrant. The output signals from each quadrant are sent to a processor 48. As discussed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,080 patent, by monitoring the change in the polarization state of the beam, ellipsometric information, such as ψ and Δ, can be determined. To determine this information, the processor 48 takes the difference between the sums of the output signals of diametrically opposed quadrants, a value which varies linearly with film thickness for very thin films.
[0030] Beam profile reflectometry (BPR) is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,999,014, issued on Mar. 12, 1991, which is commonly owned by the present assignee and is incorporated herein by reference. BPR 12 includes a lens 50, beam splitter 52 and two linear detector arrays 54 and 56 to measure the reflectance of the sample. In operation, linearly polarized probe beam 24 is focused onto sample 4 by lens 32, with various rays within the beam striking the sample surface at a range of angles of incidence. Light reflected from the sample surface passes up through lens 32, through mirrors 42 and 30, and directed into BPR 12 by mirror 44. The position of the rays within the reflected probe beam correspond to specific angles of incidence with respect to the sample's surface. Lens 50 spatially spreads the beam two-dimensionally. Beam splitter 52 separates the S and P components of the beam, and detector arrays 54 and 56 are oriented orthogonal to each other to isolate information about S and P polarized light. The higher angles of incidence rays will fall closer to the opposed ends of the arrays. The output from each element in the diode arrays will correspond to different angles of incidence. Detector arrays 54/56 measure the intensity across the reflected probe beam as a function of the angle of incidence with respect to the sample surface. The processor 48 receives the output of the detector arrays 54/56, and derives the thickness and refractive index of the thin film layer 8 based on these angular dependent intensity measurements by utilizing various types of modeling algorithms. Optimization routines which use iterative processes such as least square fitting routines are typically employed. One example of this type of optimization routine is described in “Multiparameter Measurements of Thin Films Using Beam-Profile Reflectivity,” Fanton, et. al., Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 73, No. 11, p.7035, 1993. Another example appears in “Simultaneous Measurement of Six Layers in a Silicon on Insulator Film Stack Using Spectrophotometry and Beam Profile Reflectometry,” Leng, et. al., Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 81, No. 8, page 3570, 1997.
[0031] Broadband reflective spectrometer (BRS) 14 simultaneously probes the sample 4 with multiple wavelengths of light. BRS 14 uses lens 32 and includes a broadband spectrometer 58 which can be of any type commonly known and used in the prior art. The spectrometer 58 shown in FIG. 1 includes a lens 60, aperture 62, dispersive element 64 and detector array 66. During operation, probe beam 26 from, white light source 22 is focused onto sample 4 by lens 32. Light reflected from the surface of the sample passes up through lens 32, and is directed by mirror 42 (through mirror 84) to spectrometer 58. The lens 60 focuses the probe beam through aperture 62, which defines a spot in the field of view on the sample surface to analyze. Dispersive element 64, such as a diffraction grating, prism or holographic plate, angularly disperses the beam as a function of wavelength to individual detector elements contained in the detector array 66. The different detector elements measure the optical intensities of the different wavelengths of light contained in the probe beam, preferably simultaneously. Alternately, detector 66 can be a CCD camera, or a photomultiplier with suitably dispersive or otherwise wavelength selective optics. It should be noted that a monochrometer could be used to measure the different wavelengths serially (one wavelength at a time) using a single detector element. Further, dispersive element 64 can also be configured to disperse the light as a function of wavelength in one direction, and as a function of the angle of incidence with respect to the sample surface in an orthogonal direction, so that simultaneous measurements as a function of both wavelength and angle of incidence are possible. Processor 48 processes the intensity information measured by the detector array 66.
[0032] Deep ultra violet reflective spectrometry (DUV) simultaneously probes the sample with multiple wavelengths of ultra-violet light. DUV 16 uses the same spectrometer 58 to analyze probe beam 26 as BRS 14, except that DUV 16 uses the reflective lens 33 (FIG. 2) instead of focusing lens 32. To operate DUV 16, the turret containing lenses 32/33 is rotated so that reflective lens 33 is aligned in probe beam 26. The reflective lens 33 is necessary because solid objective lenses cannot sufficiently focus the UV light onto the sample.
[0033] Broadband spectroscopic ellipsometry (BSE) is discussed in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/685,606, filed on Jul. 24, 1996, which is commonly owned by the present assignee and is incorporated herein by reference. BSE (18) includes a polarizer 70, focusing mirror 72, collimating mirror 74, rotating compensator 76, and analyzer 80. In operation, mirror 82 directs at least part of probe beam 26 to polarizer 70, which creates a known polarization state for the probe beam, preferably a linear polarization. Mirror 72 focuses the beam onto the sample surface at an oblique angle, ideally on the order of 70 degrees to the normal of the sample surface. Based upon well known ellipsometric principles, the reflected beam will generally have a mixed linear and circular polarization state after interacting with the sample, based upon the composition and thickness of the sample's film 8 and substrate 6. The reflected beam is collimated by mirror 74, which directs the beam to the rotating compensator 76. Compensator 76 introduces a relative phase delay δ (phase retardation) between a pair of mutually orthogonal polarized optical beam components. Compensator 76 is rotated at an angular velocity ω about an axis substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the beam, preferably by an electric motor 78. Analyzer 80, preferably another linear polarizer, mixes the polarization states incident on it. By measuring the light transmitted by analyzer 80, the polarization state of the reflected probe beam can be determined. Mirror 84 directs the beam to spectrometer 58, which simultaneously measures the intensities of the different wavelengths of light in the reflected probe beam that pass through the compensator/analyzer combination. Processor 48 receives the output of the detector 66, and processes the intensity information measured by the detector 66 as a function of wavelength and as a function of the azimuth (rotational) angle of the compensator 76 about its axis of rotation, to solve the ellipsometric values ψ and Δ as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/685,606.
[0034] Detector/camera 86 is positioned above mirror 46, and can be used to view reflected beams off of the sample 4 for alignment and focus purposes.
[0035] In order to calibrate BPE 10, BPR 12, BRS 14, DUV 16, and BSE 18, the composite optical measurement system 1 includes the wavelength stable calibration reference ellipsometer 2 used in conjunction with a reference sample 4. Ellipsometer 2 includes a light source 90, polarizer 92, lenses 94 and 96, rotating compensator 98, analyzer 102 and detector 104.
[0036] Light source 90 produces a quasi-monochromatic probe beam 106 having a known stable wavelength and stable intensity. This can be done passively, where light source 90 generates a very stable output wavelength which does not vary over time (i.e. varies less than 1%). Examples of passively stable light sources are a helium-neon laser, or other gas discharge laser systems. Alternately, a non-passive system can be used as illustrated in FIG. 3 where the light source 90 includes a light generator 91 that produces light having a wavelength that is not precisely known or stable over time, and a monochrometer 93 that precisely measures the wavelength of light produced by light generator 91. Examples of such light generators include solid state lasers, laser diodes, or polychromatic light sources used in conjunction with a color filter such as a grating. In either case, the wavelength of beam 106, which is a known constant or measured by monochrometer 93, is provided to processor 48 so that ellipsometer 2 can accurately calibrate the optical measurement devices in system 1.
[0037] The beam 106 interacts with polarizer 92 to create a known polarization state. In the preferred embodiment, polarizer 92 is a linear polarizer made from a quartz Rochon prism, but in general the polarization does not necessarily have to be linear, nor even complete. Polarizer 92 can also be made from calcite. The azimuth angle of polarizer 92 is oriented so that the plane of the electric vector associated with the linearly polarized beam exiting from the polarizer 92 is at a known angle with respect to the plane of incidence (defined by the propagation direction of the beam 106 and the normal to the surface of sample 4). The azimuth angle is preferably selected to be on the order of 30 degrees because the sensitivity is optimized when the reflected intensities of the P and S polarized components are approximately balanced. It should be noted that polarizer 92 can be omitted if the light source 90 emits light with the desired known polarization state.
[0038] The beam 106 is focused onto the sample 4 by lens 94 at an oblique angle. For calibration purposes, reference sample 4 ideally consists of a thin oxide layer 8 having a thickness d, formed on a silicon substrate 6. However, in general, the sample 4 can be any appropriate substrate of known composition, including a bare silicon wafer, and silicon wafer substrates having one or more thin films thereon. The thickness d of the layer 8 need not be known, or be consistent between periodic calibrations. The useful light from probe beam 106 is the light reflected by the sample 4 symmetrically to the incident beam about the normal to the sample surface. It is noted however that the polarization state of nonspecularly scattered radiation can be determined by the method of the present invention as well. The beam 106 is ideally incident on sample 4 at an angle on the order of 70 degrees to the normal of the sample surface because sensitivity to sample properties is maximized in the vicinity of the Brewster or pseudo-Brewster angle of a material. Based upon well known ellipsometric principles, the reflected beam will generally have a mixed linear and circular polarization state after interacting with the sample, as compared to the linear polarization state of the incoming beam. Lens 96 collimates beam 106 after its reflection off of the sample 4.
[0039] The beam 106 then passes through the rotating compensator (retarder) 98, which introduces a relative phase delay δ (phase retardation) between a pair of mutually orthogonal polarized optical beam components. The amount of phase retardation is a function of the wavelength, the dispersion characteristics of the material used to form the compensator, and the thickness of the compensator. Compensator 98 is rotated at an angular velocity ω about an axis substantially parallel to the propagation direction of beam 106, preferably by an electric motor 100. Compensator 98 can be any conventional wave-plate compensator, for example those made of crystal quartz. The thickness and material of the compensator 98 are selected such that a desired phase retardation of the beam is induced. In the preferred embodiment, compensator 98 is a bi-plate compensator constructed of two parallel plates of anisotropic (usually birefringent) material, such as quartz crystals of opposite handedness, where the fast axes of the two plates are perpendicular to each other and the thicknesses are nearly equal, differing only by enough to realize a net first-order retardation for the wavelength produced by the light source 90.
[0040] Beam 106 then interacts with analyzer 102, which serves to mix the polarization states incident on it. In this embodiment, analyzer 102 is another linear polarizer, preferably oriented at an azimuth angle of 45 degrees relative to the plane of incidence. However, any optical device that serves to appropriately mix the incoming polarization states can be used as an analyzer. The analyzer 102 is preferably a quartz Rochon or Wollaston prism. The rotating compensator 98 changes the polarization state of the beam as it rotates such that the light transmitted by analyzer 102 is characterized by:
[0041] where Exand Eyare the projections of the incident electric field vector parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the transmission axis of the analyzer, δ is the phase retardation of the compensator, and ω is the angular rotational frequency of the compensator.
[0042] For linearly polarized light reflected at non-normal incidence from the specular sample, we have
[0043] Ex=rpcos P (3a)
[0044] Ey=rssin P (3b)
[0045] where P is the azimuth angle of the incident light with respect to the plane of incidence. The coefficients ao, b2, a4, and b4can be combined in various ways to determine the complex reflectance ratio:
[0046] rp/rs=tan ψeiΔ. (4)
[0047] It should be noted that the compensator 98 can be located either between the sample 4 and the analyzer 102 (as shown in FIG. 1), or between the sample 4 and the polarizer 92, with appropriate and well known minor changes to the equations. It should also be noted that polarizer 70, lenses 94/96, compensator 98 and polarizer 102 are all optimized in their construction for the specific wavelength of light produced by light source 90, which maximizes the accuracy of ellipsometer 2.
[0048] Beam 106 then enters detector 104, which measures the intensity of the beam passing through the compensator/analyzer combination. The processor 48 processes the intensity information measured by the detector 104 to determine the polarization state of the light after interacting with the analyzer, and therefore the ellipsometric parameters of the sample. This information processing includes measuring beam intensity as a function of the azimuth (rotational) angle of the compensator about its axis of rotation. This measurement of intensity as a function of compensator rotational angle is effectively a measurement of the intensity of beam 106 as a function of time, since the compensator angular velocity is usually known and a constant.
[0049] By knowing the composition of reference sample 4, and by knowing the exact wavelength of light generated by light source 90, the optical properties of reference sample 4, such as film thickness d, refractive index and extinction coefficients, etc., can be determined by ellipsometer 2. If the film is very thin, such as less than or equal to about 20 angstroms, the thickness d can be found to first order in d/λ by solving
[0050] where
[0051] which is the value of ρ=tan ΨeiΔ for d=0. Here, λ=wavelength of light; and εs, εoand εaare the dielectric functions of the substrate, thin oxide film, and ambient, respectively, and θ is the angle of incidence.
[0052] If the film thickness d is not small, then it can be obtained by solving the equations
[0053] ρ=rp/rs, where (8)
[0054] and where
[0055] Z=e2ik d, (11)
[0056] cko⊥/ω=no⊥=(εo/εa−sin 2θ)1/2 (12)
[0057] and in general
[0058] nj⊥=(εj−εasin2θ)1/2, (17)
[0059] where j is s or a. These equations generally have to be solved numerically for d and nosimultaneously, using εs, εa, λ, and θ, which are known.
[0060] Once the thickness d of film 8 has been determined by ellipsometer 2, then the same sample 4 is probed by the other optical measurement devices BPE 10, BPR 12, BRS 14, DUV 16, and BSE 18 which measure various optical parameters of the sample 4. Processor 48 then calibrates the processing variables used to analyze the results from these optical measurement devices so that they produce accurate results. For each of these measurement devices, there are system variables that affect the measured data and need to be accounted for before an accurate measurement of other samples can be made. In the case of BPE 10, the most significant variable system parameter is the phase shift that occurs due to the optical elements along the BPE optical path. Environmental changes to these optical elements result in an overall drift in the ellipsometric parameter Δ, which then translates into a sample thickness drift calculated by the processor 48 from BPE 10. Using the measured optical parameters of BPE 10 on reference sample 4, and using Equation 5 and the thickness of film 8 as determined from calibration ellipsometer 2, the processor 48 calibrates BPE 10 by deriving a phase offset which is applied to measured results from BPE 10 for other samples, thereby establishing an accurate BPE measurement. For BSE 18, multiple phase offsets are derived for multiple wavelengths in the measured spectrum.
[0061] For the remaining measurement devices, BPR 12, BRS 14 and DUV 16, the measured reflectances can also be affected by environmental changes to the optical elements in the beam paths. Therefore, the reflectances Rrefmeasured by BPR 12, BRS 14 and DUV 16 for the reference sample 4 are used, in combination with the measurements by ellipsometer 2, to calibrate these systems. Equations 9-17 are used to calculate the absolute reflectances Rcrefof reference sample 4 from the measured results of ellipsometer 2. All measurements by the BPR/BRS/DUV devices of reflectance (Rs) for any other sample are then scaled by processor 48 using the normalizing factor in equation 18 below to result in accurate reflectances R derived from the BPR, BRS and DUV devices:
[0062] R=Rs(Rcref/Rref) (18)
[0063] In the above described calibration techniques, all system variables affecting phase and intensity are determined and compensated for using the phase offset and reflectance normalizing factor discussed above, thus rendering the optical measurements made by these calibrated optical measurement devices absolute.
[0064] The above described calibration techniques are based largely upon calibration using the derived thickness d of the thin film. However, calibration using ellipsometer 2 can be based upon any of the optical properties of the reference sample that are measurable or determinable by ellipsometer 2 and/or are otherwise known, whether the sample has a single film thereon, has multiple films thereon, or even has no film thereon (bare sample).
[0065] The advantage of the present invention is that a reference sample having no thin film thereon, or having thin film thereon with an unknown thickness which may even vary slowly over time, can be repeatedly used to accurately calibrate ultra-sensitive optical measurement devices.
[0066] The output of light source 90 can also be used to calibrate the wavelength measurements made by spectrometer 58. The sample 4 can be tipped, or replaced by a tipped mirror, to direct beam 106 up to mirror 42 and to dispersion element 64. By knowing the exact wavelength of light produced by light source 90, processor 48 can calibrate the output of detector 66 by determining which pixel(s) corresponds to that wavelength of light.
[0067] It should be noted that the calibrating ellipsometer 2 of the present invention is not limited to the specific rotating compensator ellipsometer configuration discussed above. The scope of the present invention includes any ellipsometer configuration in conjunction with the light source 90 (having a known wavelength) that measures the polarization state of the beam after interaction with the sample and provides the necessary information about sample 4 for calibrating non-contact optical measurement devices.
[0068] For example, another ellipsometric configuration is to rotate polarizer 92 or analyzer 100 with motor 100, instead of rotating the compensator 98. The above calculations for solving for thickness d still apply.
[0069] In addition, null ellipsometry, which uses the same elements as ellipsometer 2 of FIG. 1, can be used to determine the film thickness d for calibration purposes. The ellipsometric information is derived by aligning the azimuthal angles of these elements until a null or minimum level intensity is measured by the detector 104. In the preferred null ellipsometry embodiment, polarizers 92 and 102 are linear polarizers, and compensator 98 is a quarter-wave plate. Compensator 98 is aligned so that its fast axis is at an azimuthal angle of 45 degrees relative to the plane of incidence of the sample 4. Polarizer 92 has a transmission axis that forms an azimuthal angle P relative to the plane of incidence, and polarizer 102 has a transmission axis that forms an azimuthal angle A relative to the plane of incidence. Polarizers 92 and 102 are rotated about beam 106 such that the light is completely extinguished (minimized) by the analyzer 102. In general, there are two polarizer 92/102 orientations (P1, A1) and (P2, A2) that satisfy this condition and extinguish the light. With the compensator inducing a 90 degree phase shift and oriented with an azimuthal angle at 45 degree relative to the plane of incidence, we have:
[0070] P2=P1±π/2 (19)
[0071] A2=−A1 (20)
[0072] ψ=A1≧0 (21)
[0073] (where A1is the condition for which A is positive).
[0074] Δ=2P1+π/2 (22)
[0075] which, when combined with equations 5-10, allows the processor to solve for thickness d.
[0076] Null ellipsometry is very accurate because the results depend entirely on the measurement of mechanical angles, and are independent of intensity. Null ellipsometry is further discussed by R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, in Ellipsometry and Polarized Light(North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1977); and by D. E. Aspnes, in Optical Properties of Solids: New Developments, ed. B. O. Seraphin (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1976), p. 799.
[0077] It is also conceivable to omit compensator 98 from ellipsometer 2, and use motor 100 to rotate polarizer 92 or analyzer 102. Either the polarizer 92 or the analyzer 102 is rotated so that the detector signal can be used to accurately measure the linear polarization component of the reflected beam. Then, the circularly polarized component is inferred by assuming that the beam is totally polarized, and what is not linearly polarized must be circularly polarized. Such an ellipsometer, commonly called a rotating-polarizer or rotating-analyzer ellipsometer, is termed “an incomplete” polarimeter, because it is insensitive to the handedness of the circularly polarized component and exhibits poor performance when the light being analyzed is either nearly completely linearly polarized or possesses a depolarized component. However, using UV light from source 90, the substrate of materials such as silicon contribute enough to the overall phase shift of the light interacting with the sample that accurate results can be obtained without the use of a compensator. In such a case, the same formulas above can be used to derive thickness d, where the phase shift induced by the compensator is set to be zero.
[0078] It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and illustrated herein, but encompasses any and all variations falling within the scope of the appended claims. For example, beams 24, 26, and/or 106 can be transmitted through the sample, where the beam properties (including the beam polarization state) of the transmitted beam are measured. Further, a second compensator can be added, where the first compensator is located between the sample and the analyzer, and the second compensator located between the sample and the light source 90, as illustrated in FIG. 4. These compensators could be static or rotating. In addition, to provide a static or varying retardation between the polarization states, compensator 98 can be replaced by a non-rotating opto-electronic element or photo-elastic element, such as a piezo-electric cell retarder which are commonly used in the art to induce a sinusoidal or static phase retardation by applying a varying or static voltage to the cell.
[0079] After the apparatus has been calibrated, it can be used to make a variety of measurements. One type of measurement of significant interest to the semiconductor industry is the characterization of multi-layer thin films on a substrate. FIG. 5 is an illustration of such a sample 200. Sample 200 includes a semiconductor substrate 202 which is typically silicon but could be germanium, gallium arsenide, etc. A plurality of thin film layers are deposited on top of the substrate. The thickness of these layers in the illustration has been exaggerated for clarity.
[0080] As seen in the example of FIG. 5, four thin film layers 204 to 210 are deposited on the stack. The most typical materials used to form thin film layers include oxides, nitrides, polysilicon, titanium and titanium-nitride. Each of these materials have different optical characteristics. As the number and variation of the thin film layers increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to determine characteristics of individual layers even if multiple measurements are taken.
[0081] In accordance with the subject invention, the reference ellipsometer of the subject system can further be used to help better analyze complex multi-layer stacks. Although the output from the reference ellipsometer is limited and is not particularly helpful in analyzing individual layers in a stack, it can be used to provide a very accurate determination of the total optical thickness T of the stack. As discussed below, the processor 48 can use the measurements obtained from the reference ellipsometer in combination with the other measurements to improve the accuracy of the analysis of the individual layers.
[0082] FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating how the system can be configured to analyze multi-layer stacks. The steps shown in FIG. 6 would generally occur after calibration in the manner discussed above. In addition, it should be noted that the data gathering steps are shown in sequential order in FIG. 6 for illustration purposes only. In fact, the various measurements can be made in any order. The results are stored in the processor as each measurement is completed. When all the desired measurements are completed, then the processor can analyze the data.
[0083] In accordance with the subject invention, the ellipsometer 2 is used to measure the test sample (step 230). In this case, the test sample 200 would be placed in the apparatus in place of the reference sample 4 shown in FIG. 1. The output from the measurement, in the form of first output signals, would be sent to the processor 48 in step 232.
[0084] As noted above, the output of the ellipsometer 2 will be used to calculate the total optical thickness T of the layers. To the extent that the ellipsometer is used for this purpose, it is preferable that the light source 90 be a laser which generates a fixed and known wavelength. In the preferred embodiment, light source 90 is a helium neon laser having a fixed output of 632.8 nanometers. The advantage of the helium neon laser is that it is low in cost, can be tightly focused and generates a known wavelength output regardless of room temperature or power levels.
[0085] In accordance with the subject invention, additional measurements must be taken in order to analyze the characteristics of individual layers. In the preferred embodiment, the most desirable measurement will include a multi-wavelength measurement as shown in step 234. This multi-wavelength measurement may be based on either the change in phase or magnitude of a reflected beam. As noted above, the white light source 22 can be used for either type of measurement. The detector 58 can measure changes in magnitude of the reflected beam across a large wavelength range for either the broadband reflective spectrometer (BRS) 14 or the deep ultraviolet reflective spectrometer (DUV) 16. The detector 58 generates output signals corresponding to a plurality of wavelengths. Step 236 indicates the spectroscopic magnitude measurement.
[0086] Changes in phase of the beam at multiple wavelengths can be obtained from the broadband spectroscopic ellipsometer (BSE) 18. Step 238 illustrates the BSE measurement. The second output signals corresponding to the different wavelengths of either type of multi-wavelength measurement are sent to the processor 48 for storage (step 240). In the preferred embodiment, both magnitude and phase measurements are taken and sent to the processor.
[0087] Additional measurements are desirable to help more accurately characterize the layers. In the preferred embodiment, these measurements include those taken by the beam profile ellipsometer system (BPE) in step 242 and beam profile reflectometer system (BPR) in step 244. The results from these measurements are sent to the processor in step 246.
[0088] In accordance with the subject invention, the processor can use the combination of inputs from the measurement systems to characterize the sample. As noted above, the processor will typically include a modeling algorithm which utilizes an iterative process such as a least squares fitting routine to determine the characteristics of individual layers. (See, for example, the Fanton, et. al. and Leng et. al. articles, cited above). In these types of routines, an initial calculation of the parameters of the stack is made using Fresnel equations and a predetermined “best guess” of layer characteristics. The calculation produces a set of theoretical values which correspond to a set of measurement results that can be obtained using the various test systems in the device. The set of theoretical values are then compared to the set of measurements that were actually obtained from the various test systems and an evaluation is made as to the closeness or “fit” between the actual and theoretical values. A new “best guess” is then made as to the layer characteristics based on how much and in what manner the theoretical values differed from the measured values. The algorithm recalculates the parameters once again using the Fresnel equations and another comparison is made between the revised theoretical values and the experimentally obtained measurements. This process is continued in an iterative fashion until the theoretical values match the actual measured values to a predetermined level of accuracy.
[0089] In accordance with the subject invention, this mathematical modeling is expanded to include parameters representative of the total optical thickness of the stack (step 250). This analysis assumes that the multilayers stack is actually a single layer with common characteristics. The model will generate a set of additional theoretical values corresponding to the measurements which should be generated by the narrow-band, off-axis ellipsometer measurement. During the iterative process, these theoretical values associated with the total optical thickness are compared with actual measured values obtained from the off-axis ellipsometer. The closeness of the “fit” between all of the theoretical values (including the values associated with the total optical thickness) and all of the measured values is evaluated in the iterative process to generate a more accurate analysis of the characteristics of the individual layers in the stack.
[0090] The improvements achieved by this approach are derived from the fact that the total optical thickness of a stack can be very accurately determined from measurements using an off-axis ellipsometer with a known wavelength. For stacks ranging up to 200 angstroms thick, this type of measurement can be accurate to within a single angstrom or less.
[0091] The subject invention is not limited to the particular algorithm used to derive the characteristics of the individual layers. In addition to the more conventional least square fitting routines, alternative approaches can be used. For example, the high level of computing power now available permits approaches to be utilized which include genetic algorithms. One example of the use of genetic algorithms to determine the thickness of thin film layers can be found in “Using Genetic Algorithms with Local Search for Thin Film Metrology,” Land, et. al., Proceeding of the Seventh International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, July 19-23, page 537, 1997. The only requirement of the subject invention is that the algorithm be designed such that the measurements from the off-axis ellipsometer be used to evaluate the theoretical overall optical thickness of the multilayer stack and that this information be used to help minimize ambiguities in the analysis of the characteristics of the individual layers.
[0092] While the subject invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, various changes and modifications could be made therein, by one skilled in the art, without varying from the scope and spirit of the subject invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for analyzing the characteristics of a semiconductor wafer comprising:
a narrowband ellipsometer, said narrowband ellipsometer including a gas discharge laser for generating a narrowband output defining a first probe beam directed to reflect off the sample at a non-normal angle of incidence, said narrowband ellipsometer further including a detector for monitoring the first probe beam after reflection from the wafer and generating first output signals corresponding thereto, said narrowband ellipsometer further including one or more elements selected from the group consisting of polarizers and compensators and wherein a motor is provided for varying the azimuthal angle of at one least of said elements;
a broadband spectroscopic ellipsometer, said broadband spectroscopic ellipsometer including a broad band light source for generating a second probe beam, said broadband spectroscopic ellipsometer further including a spectrometer for simultaneously monitoring the intensity of the reflected second probe beam at a plurality of wavelengths after reflection from the wafer, said broadband spectroscopic ellipsometer further including one or more elements selected from the group consisting of polarizers and compensators and wherein a motor is provided for varying the azimuthal angle of at least one of said elements; and
a processor for analyzing the characteristics of the wafer based on a combination of the first and second output signals and information regarding the azimuthal positions of the elements in the narrowband and broadband spectroscopic ellipsometers.
2. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said narrowband ellipsometer includes a rotating compensator.
3. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the broad band light source of the broadband spectroscopic ellipsometer generates light having a wavelength range between at least 200 and 800 nm.
4. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the second probe beam is directed to reflect off the wafer at a non-normal angle of incidence.
Patent Citations (89)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3824017(A) | 1974-07-01 | Gaylon | Applicant |
| US3926524(A) | 1975-12-01 | Margulies et al. | Applicant |
| US3985447(A) | 1976-10-01 | Aspnes | Applicant |
| US4053232(A) | 1977-10-01 | Dill et al. | Applicant |
| US4155009(A) | 1979-05-01 | Lieber et al. | Applicant |
| US4298283(A) | 1981-11-01 | Makosch et al. | Applicant |
| US4309103(A) | 1982-01-01 | Bodlaj | Applicant |
| US4332476(A) | 1982-06-01 | Stenberg et al. | Applicant |
| US4492466(A) | 1985-01-01 | Aspnes | Applicant |
| US4523848(A) | 1985-06-01 | Gorman et al. | Applicant |
| US4606641(A) | 1986-08-01 | Yamada et al. | Applicant |
| US4647207(A) | 1987-03-01 | Bjork et al. | Applicant |
| US4672196(A) | 1987-06-01 | Canino | Applicant |
| US4681444(A) | 1987-07-01 | Ferber et al. | Applicant |
| US4796995(A) | 1989-01-01 | Salzman et al. | Applicant |
| US4872753(A) | 1989-10-01 | Miyazaki et al. | Applicant |
| US4899055(A) | 1990-02-01 | Adams | Applicant |
| US4905170(A) | 1990-02-01 | Forouhi et al. | Applicant |
| US4929078(A) | 1990-05-01 | Harmon | Applicant |
| US4931132(A) | 1990-06-01 | Aspnes et al. | Applicant |
| US4969740(A) | 1990-11-01 | Sonobe | Applicant |
| US4999014(A) | 1991-03-01 | Gold et al. | Applicant |
| US5018863(A) | 1991-05-01 | Vareille et al. | Applicant |
| US5042951(A) | 1991-08-01 | Gold et al. | Applicant |
| US5091320(A) | 1992-02-01 | Aspnes et al. | Applicant |
| US5101111(A) | 1992-03-01 | Kondo | Applicant |
| US5120966(A) | 1992-06-01 | Kondo | Applicant |
| US5131752(A) | 1992-07-01 | Yu et al. | Applicant |
| US5181080(A) | 1993-01-01 | Fanton et al. | Applicant |
| US5277747(A) | 1994-01-01 | Aspnes | Applicant |
| US5296913(A) | 1994-03-01 | Heffner | Applicant |
| US5298973(A) | 1994-03-01 | Fukazawa et al. | Applicant |
| US5317150(A) | 1994-05-01 | Norris et al. | Applicant |
| US5321970(A) | 1994-06-01 | Davies et al. | Applicant |
| US5329357(A) | 1994-07-01 | Bernoux et al. | Applicant |
| US5337150(A) | 1994-08-01 | Mumola | Applicant |
| US5365334(A) | 1994-11-01 | Bottka | Applicant |
| US5371586(A) | 1994-12-01 | Chau | Applicant |
| US5373359(A) | 1994-12-01 | Woollam et al. | Applicant |
| US5408322(A) | 1995-04-01 | Hsu et al. | Applicant |
| US5412473(A) | 1995-05-01 | Rosencwaig et al. | Applicant |
| US5416588(A) | 1995-05-01 | Ducharme et al. | Applicant |
| US5416594(A) | 1995-05-01 | Gross et al. | Applicant |
| US5420680(A) | 1995-05-01 | Isobe et al. | Applicant |
| US5444528(A) | 1995-08-01 | Puschell | Applicant |
| US5452091(A) | 1995-09-01 | Johnson | Applicant |
| US5485082(A) | 1996-01-01 | Wisspeintner et al. | Applicant |
| US5485271(A) | 1996-01-01 | Drevillon et al. | Applicant |
| US5489980(A) | 1996-02-01 | Anthony | Applicant |
| US5521705(A) | 1996-05-01 | Oldenbourg et al. | Applicant |
| US5521706(A) | 1996-05-01 | Green et al. | Applicant |
| US5526117(A) | 1996-06-01 | Wielsch et al. | Applicant |
| US5528649(A) | 1996-06-01 | Heidsieck | Applicant |
| US5568252(A) | 1996-10-01 | Kusuda et al. | Applicant |
| US5581350(A) | 1996-12-01 | Chen et al. | Applicant |
| US5581354(A) | 1996-12-01 | Hassbjer | Applicant |
| US5582646(A) | 1996-12-01 | Woollam et al. | Applicant |
| US5596406(A) | 1997-01-01 | Rosencwaig et al. | Applicant |
| US5596411(A) | 1997-01-01 | Fanton et al. | Applicant |
| US5608526(A) | 1997-03-01 | Piwonka-Corle et al. | Applicant |
| US5610392(A) | 1997-03-01 | Nagayama et al. | Applicant |
| US5612782(A) | 1997-03-01 | Keranen et al. | Applicant |
| US5615009(A) | 1997-03-01 | Sakura et al. | Applicant |
| US5625455(A) | 1997-04-01 | Nash et al. | Applicant |
| US5686993(A) | 1997-11-01 | Kokubo et al. | Applicant |
| US5739909(A) | 1998-04-01 | Blayo et al. | Applicant |
| US5754294(A) | 1998-05-01 | Jones et al. | Applicant |
| US5764365(A) | 1998-06-01 | Finarov | Applicant |
| US5771094(A) | 1998-06-01 | Carter et al. | Applicant |
| US5777733(A) | 1998-07-01 | Radziuk | Applicant |
| US5798837(A) | 1998-08-01 | Aspnes et al. | Applicant |
| US5835221(A) | 1998-11-01 | Lee et al. | Applicant |
| US5933792(A) | 1999-08-01 | Andersen et al. | Applicant |
| US5956145(A) | 1999-09-01 | Green et al. | Applicant |
| US6278519(B1) | 2001-08-01 | Rosencwaig et al. | Applicant |
| DE9300956.9 | 1993-05-01 | Applicant | |
| EP396409 | 1990-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP503874(A2) | 1992-09-01 | Applicant | |
| EP652415 | 1995-05-01 | Applicant | |
| JP61-182507 | 1986-08-01 | Applicant | |
| JP1023126 | 1989-01-01 | Applicant | |
| JP5-71923 | 1993-03-01 | Applicant | |
| JP5-93611 | 1993-04-01 | Applicant | |
| JP5-133811 | 1993-05-01 | Applicant | |
| JP7-159131 | 1995-06-01 | Applicant | |
| JP8-210972 | 1996-08-01 | Applicant | |
| JP2608132 | 1997-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO94/25823 | 1994-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO96/12941 | 1996-05-01 | Applicant |
Non-Patent Literature (45)
- A. Ambirajan et al., “Optimum Angles For a Polarimeter: Part 1,” Optical Engineering , vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 1651-1655, Jun. 1995.Applicant
- A. Ambirajan et al., “Optimum Angles For A Polarimeter: Part II,” Optical Engineering , vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 1656-1658, Jun. 1995.Applicant
- D.E. Aspnes et al., “High Precision Scanning Ellipsometer,” Applied Optics , vol. 14, pp. 220-228, Jan. 1975.Applicant
- I. An et al., “Simultaneous Real Time Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Reflectance for Monitoring Semiconductor and Thin Film Preparation,” Materials Research Society Symposium Proc. , vol. 34, pp. 33-38, 1994.Applicant
- I. Appenzeller, “A New Polarimeter for Faint Astronomical Objects,” Yerkes Observatory, Univ. of Chicago, pp. 136-139, Jan. 1967.Applicant
- D.E. Aspnes, “Alignment of an Optically Active Biplate Compensator,” Applied Optics , vol. 10, pp. 2545-2546, Nov. 1971.Applicant
- D.E. Aspnes et al., “Photomultiplier Linearization and System Stabilization for Photometric Ellipsometers and Polarimeters,” SPIE , vol. 112-Optical Polarimetry, pp. 62-66, 1977.Applicant
- D.E. Aspnes et al., “Rotating-Compensator/Analyzer Fixed-Analyzer Ellipsometer: Analysis and Comparison to Other Automatic Ellipsometers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am ., vol. 66, No. 9, Sep. 1976, pp. 949-954.Applicant
- D.K. Burge et al., “Effect of a Thin Surfacc Film on the Ellipsometric Determination of Optical Constants,” Journal of the Optical Society of America , Vol. 54, No. 12, pp. 1428-1433, Dec. 1964.Applicant
- R.M.A. Azzam & N.M. Bashara, “Ellipsometry and Polarized Light,” North-Holland Amsterdam, 1977, pp. 166-255 & 364-411.Applicant
- M. Land et al., “Using Genetic Algorithms with Local Search for Thin Film Metrology,” Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Genetic Algoriths , Jul. 19-23, 1997, pp. 537-544.Applicant
- J.M. Leng et al., “Simultaneous measurement of six layers in a silicon on insulator film stack using spectrophotometry and beam profile reflectometry,” Journal of Applied Physics , vol. 81, No. 8, Apr. 15, 1997, pp. 3570-3578.Applicant
- R.P. Netterfield et al., “Characterization of growing thin films by in situ ellipsometry, spectral reflectance and transmittance measurements, and ion-scattering spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum ., vol. 56, No. 11, Nov. 1985, pp. 1995-2003.Applicant
- H.F. Hazebroek et al., “Automated laser interferometric ellipsometry and precision reflectometry,” J. Phys. E. Sci. Instrum ., vol. 16, 1983, pp. 654-661.Applicant
- J. Horkans et al., “Electrode potential scanning ellipsometric spectroscopy: study of the formation of the anodic oxide film on noble metals,” Surface Science , vol. 46, 1974, pp. 1-23.Applicant
- W.A. McGahan et al., “Combined Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Reflectometry for Semiconductor Metrology, ” Semiconductor Fabtech , 1996, pp. 183-188.Applicant
- W.A. McGahan et al., “Combined Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Reflectometry for Advanced Semiconductor Fabrication Metrology,” SPIE , vol. 2877, Oct. 1996 SPIE Meeting, 10 pages in length.Applicant
- E. Elizalde et al., “Determination of the ‘Optical’ Thickness of the Filling Factor of Discontinuous Au Films from Photometric and Ellipsometric Measurements,” Optics Communications , vol. 60, No. 6, Dec. 15, 1986, pp. 378-382.Applicant
- E. Elizalde et al., “Determination of thickness and optical constants of thin films from photometric and ellipsometric measurements ,” Applied Optics , vol. 25, No. 24, Dec. 1986, pp. 4557-4561.Applicant
- A. Canillas et al., “An IR phase-modulataed ellipsometer using a Fourier transform spectrometer for in situ applications,” Thin Solid Films , vol. 234, 1993, pp. 318-322.Applicant
- A. Canillas et al., “Phase-modulated ellipsometer using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer for real time applications,” Rev. Sci. Instrum ., vol. 64, No. 8, Aug. 1993, pp. 2153-2159.Applicant
- Y. Yen et al., “Method of Determining Optical Constants of Thin Films Using an Infrared Ellipsometer,” Optical Interference Coatings Topical Meeting by Optical Society of America, 1998 Technical Digest Series , vol. 6, Apr. 12-15, 1988, pp. 207-209.Applicant
- D.E. Aspnes et al., “Multiple determination of the optical constants of thin-film coating materials: a Rh sequel,” Applied Optics , vol. 25, No. 8, Apr. 15, 1986, pp. 1299-1310.Applicant
- A. Belkind et al., “Optical properties of RuO2 films deposited by reactive sputtering,” Thin Solid Films , vol. 207, 1992, pp. 242-247.Applicant
- A. Gombert et al., “Broadband spectroscopic ellipsometry based on a Fourier transform spectrometer,” Thin Solid Films , vol. 234, 1993, pp. 352-355.Applicant
- J.M. Leng et al., “Spectrophotometry and Beam Profile Reflectometry Measurement of Six Layers in an SOI Film Stack,” SPIE , vol. 2877, 1996, pp. 166-171.Applicant
- K.Q. Zhang et al., “Determining optical constants using an infrared ellipsometer,” Applied Optics , vol. 28, No. 14, Jul. 15, 1989, pp. 2929-2934.Applicant
- S. Gottesfeld et al., “Combined ellipsometric and reflectometric measurements of surface processes on noble metal electrodes,” Surface Science , vol. 56, 1976, pp. 373-393.Applicant
- B. Johs et al., “Characterization of Inhomogeneous and Absorbing Thin Films by Combined Spectroscopic Ellipsometry, Reflection, and Transmission Measurements,” Optical Interference Coatings Topical Meeting by Optical Society of America, 1992 Technical Digest Series, vol. 15 , Jun. 1-5, 1992, pp. 433-436Applicant
- W.A. McGahan et al., “Optical and magneto-optical characterization of TbFeCo thin films in trilayer structures,” J. App. Phys ., vol. 69, No. 8, Apr. 15, 1991, pp. 4568-4570.Applicant
- R.M.A. Azzam, “Ellipsometric Methods of Characterization of Optical Thin Films,” SPIE , vol. 642, Thin Film Technologies II, Apr. 15-17 1986, pp. 198-201.Applicant
- I. An et al., “Instrumentation considerations in multichannel ellipsometry for real-time spectroscopy,” Thin Solid Films , vol. 206, 1991, pp. 300-305.Applicant
- R. Carnel et al., “Ellipsometer Measurement of Thin Film,” IBM TechnicalDisclosure Bulletin , vol. 13, No. 9, Feb. 1971, p. 2782.Applicant
- B. Bhargava et al., “A New Procedure for Alignment & Calibration of an Ellipsometer,” Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics , vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 323-325.Applicant
- Azzarn et al., “Construction, calibration, and testing of a four-detector photopolarimeter,” Rev. Sci. Instrum ., vol. 59, No. 1, Jan. 1988, pp. 84-88.Applicant
- Johs, “Regression calibration method for rotating element ellipsometers,” Thin Solid Films , No. 234, 1993, pp. 395-398.Applicant
- Kawabata et al., “Calibration method of the specific characteristic of an electronic system of a rotating-analyzer ellipsometer,” Applied Optics , vol. 36, No. 10, Apr. 1, 1997, pp. 2178-2182.Applicant
- Kino et al., “Mirau correlation microscope,” Applied Optics , vol. 29, No. 26, Sep. 10, 1990, pp. 3775-3783.Applicant
- Kouko et al., “Calibration of Two Different Types of Modulators for Application in Spectroscopic Phase Modulated Ellipsometry,” J. Phys. III France , vol. 5, Aug. 1995, pp. 1211-1227.Applicant
- Russev, “Correction for nonlinearity and polarization-dependent sensitivity in the detection system of rotating analyzer ellipsometers,” Applied Optics , vol. 28, No. 8, Apr. 15, 1989, pp. 1504-1507.Applicant
- Toney et al., “Calibrating ESCA and Ellipsometry Measurements of Perfluoropolyether Lubricant Thickness,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , vol. 34, No. 4, Jul. 1998, pp. 1774-1776.Applicant
- Xiong et al., “Photoellipsometry: a modulation spectroscopy method applied to n-type GaAs,” Thin Solid Films , vol. 234, 1993, pp. 399-401.Applicant
- Azzarn et al., text book entitled: “Ellipsometry and Polarized Light,” Chapter 3, 1987, pp. 153-268.Applicant
- H.G. Tompkins, text book entitled: “User's Guide to Ellipsometry,” Chapters 1, 2, & 3, 1993, pp. 1-50.Applicant
- M.J. Rand, “Spectrophotometric Thickness Measurement for Very Thin SiO2 Films on Si,” Journal of Applied Physics , vol. 41, No. 2, Feb. 1979, pp. 787-789.Applicant