Receiver architecture for transmit diversity in CDMA system

[0002] The present invention relates to a receiver for receiving transmit diversity signals in a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system.

[0003] The next generation of wireless communication systems are expected to provide high voice quality as compared to current mobile communication systems and to provide high bit rate data services. At the same, mobile terminals are expected to be light-weight, more power-efficient, and inexpensive. Furthermore, mobile terminals are expected to operate reliably in many types of communication systems, and in many different environments, such as urban, suburban, and rural. In other words, next generation systems are supposed to have better quality, be more power and bandwidth efficient, and be deployed in more diverse environments, yet remain affordable for widespread market acceptance.

[0004] In many ways, the design of radiocommunication systems is made more difficult by the nature of the radio propagation channel. One phenomenon which makes radiocommunications more difficult than some other forms of communication is multi-path fading. Multi-path fading is one result of multi-path propagation which exists in radiocommunication environments. In most radiocommunication systems, there is no direct line of sight between the base station and mobile terminal. The presence of buildings, trees, hills, and other objects in the environment surrounding the mobile terminal reflect and scatter radiowaves transmitted by the base station. Thus, a signal transmitted by the base station may arrive at the mobile terminal from many different directions with different propagation delays. One effect of multi-path propagation is that the various multipath components of a received signal exhibit varying degrees of distortion, particularly in phase and amplitude. The multipath components of the transmitted signal may combine in a variety of ways, causing fluctuations in signal strength. This phenomenon is known as Rayleigh fading. For example, if two reflected signals are 180° out-of-phase with one another, the two signals will cancel each other out. In effect, the signal disappears. Other partial out-of-phase relationships among multiple copies of a received signal produce lesser reductions in received signal strength. The degree of fading will vary as the mobile moves from one location to another so that the degree of fading experienced by the mobile terminal fluctuates. Multipath fading is one of the most significant challenges faced by the communications engineer.

[0005] One countermeasure commonly used to combat multipath fading is known as diversity. The concept of diversity is relatively simple. If several replicas of a message signal are transmitted simultaneously over independently fading channels, there is a good likelihood that at least one of the received signals will not be severely degraded by fading. Even in circumstances where each replica experiences fading, the multiple replicas may be combined in such a manner to create a usable signal.

[0006] There are many forms of diversity, including frequency diversity, time diversity, and space diversity. In frequency diversity, the message signal is transmitted using different carrier frequencies that are spaced sufficiently apart from each other to provide independently fading versions of the signal. In time diversity, the same message signal is transmitted in differing time periods. In space diversity, multiple transmitting or receiving antennas are used with spacing between adjacent antennas chosen so as to assure the independence of fading events. A diversity receiver selects or combines the received signals to improve the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver.

[0007] The present invention relates to a receiver for diversity reception in CDMA systems. The receiver receives first and second diversity signals during first and second symbol periods respectively. The first and second diversity signals represent first and second transmit symbols encoded and transmitted from two antennas according to a space-time code. During transmission, the transmitted symbols are distorted by the channel and combine with one another to form a combined received signal. The combined received signal arrives at the mobile terminals over numerous multipath propagation channels. The receiver at the mobile terminal selects a first set of multipath echoes associated with the first symbol period and selects a second set of multipath echoes associated with the second symbol period. In one embodiment, the multipath echoes are separately decoded and then combined to obtain final estimates of the transmitted symbols. In another embodiment, the first set of multipath echoes are combined in a first Rake receiver matched to the first transmit antenna to obtain a first value and are combined with a second Rake receiver matched to the second transmit antenna to obtain a second value. The second set of multipath echoes are combined with the first Rake receiver to obtain a third value and are combined with the second Rake receiver to obtain a fourth value. A decoder decodes the first, second, third, and fourth values to obtain estimates of the originally-transmitted symbols.

[0008] FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a mobile network;

[0009] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a mobile terminal amenable for use with the present invention;

[0010] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a Rake receiver;

[0011] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating propagation of diversity signals in the present invention;

[0012] FIG. 5 illustrates a first embodiment of a receiver architecture according to the present invention;

[0013] FIG. 6 illustrates a second embodiment of a receiver architecture according to the present invention; and

[0014] FIG. 7 illustrates a third embodiment of a receiver architecture according to the present invention.

[0015] Referring now to FIG. 1, the present invention will be discussed in the context of a wireless communications network 10 supporting over-the-air communications between mobile terminals 100 and stationary receivers generally known as base stations 12. Base stations 12 connect via one or more mobile services switching centers (MSC) 14 to external wireline networks such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and/or the Internet. Each base station 12 is located in and provides wireless communication services to a geographic region referred to as a cell. In general, there is one base station 12 for each cell within a given wireless communications network 10. Within each cell, there may be a plurality of mobile terminals 100 that communicate via radio link(s) with a serving base station 12. The base station 12 allows the users of the mobile terminals 100 to communicate with other mobile terminals 100, or with users connected to the external network. The MSC 14 routes calls to and from the mobile terminal 100 through the appropriate base station 12 or gateway, i.e. interface between a MSC 14 and external network.

[0016] Each base station 12 may be capable of diversity transmission, and thus, may have two antennas 16, 18, as is well understood in the art. The particular type of diversity transmission is not material to the present invention, but the present invention is well suited for use with space-time codes (STC), such as Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD), Space-Time Spreading (STS), or Space-Time Transmit Diversity (STTD). The present invention may also be used with the trellis-based STC described in “Space-time codes for High Data Rate Wireless Communication: Performance Criterion and Code Construction,” published in IEEE Trans. Information Theory, Vol. 44, No. 2, Mar, 1998, pp. 744-765, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0017] Many standards exist for wireless communication networks 10. Such standards are published, for example, by the Telecommunications Industry (TIA), Electronics Industry Association (EIA), and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Exemplary standards for CDMA systems include TIA/EIA Interim Standard IS-95, TIA/EIA Interim Standard IS-2000, known as cdma2000, currently in development in the United States, and the Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) standard currently being developed for Europe.

[0018] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a mobile terminal 100. The term “mobile terminal” 100 as used herein includes a cellular radiotelephone; a Personal Communications Service (PCS) terminal that may combine a cellular radiotelephone with data processing, facsimile and data communications capabilities; a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) that can include a radiotelephone, pager, Internet/intranet access, Web browser, organizer, calendar; a conventional laptop and/or palmtop computer equipped with a radiotelephone transceiver, or other appliance that includes a radiotelephone transceiver. Mobile terminals may also be referred to as “pervasive computing” devices.

[0019] Mobile terminal 100 comprises a microcontroller unit (MCU) 101, an RF transceiver 110, a digital signal processor (DSP) 150, and a user interface 190. Mobile terminal 100 may additionally include an external interface for communication with a computer, local area network, or other device.

[0020] RF transceiver 110 establishes a link for wireless communications with the base station 12. RF transceiver 110 comprises a receiver front-end 120, transmitter 130, frequency synthesizer 140, duplexer 111, and antenna 112. Receiver front-end 120 and transmitter 130 are coupled to antenna 112 by duplexer 111. Duplexer 111 may include a duplex filter to isolate the transmitter 130 from the receiver front-end 120. The duplex filter combines a transmit-band filter and receiver-band filter to provide the necessary isolation between the two paths.

[0021] Receiver front-end 120 receives downlink or forward link communications from the base station 12. Receiver front-end 120 amplifies and downconverts received signals to the baseband frequency of the DSP 150. Signals converted by receiver front-end 120 to the baseband frequency are referred to herein as baseband signals.

[0022] Transmitter 130 sends uplink or reverse link communications to the base station 12. Transmitter 130 receives baseband signals from the DSP 150, which the transmitter 130 amplifies and uses to modulate an RF carrier at a directed power level.

[0023] Frequency synthesizer 140 provides the reference signals used for frequency translation in the receiver front-end 120 and transmitter 130. DSP 150 comprises a source coder 160 and digital modem 155. Source coder 160 includes a speech coder for digitizing and coding speech for transmission on the reverse link to the base station 12. Additionally, the speech coder decodes speech signals received from the base station 12 on the downlink and converts speech signals into audio signals that are output to a speaker 194. CDMA systems typically use an efficient method of speech coding and error recovery techniques to overcome the harsh nature of the radio channel. One speech coding algorithm frequently used in CDMA systems is Code Excited Linear Predictor (CELP) speech coding. Speech is typically encoded at rates of 9.6 kilobits per second or 13.3 kilobits per second. The details of speech coding are not material to the invention and, therefore, are not explained in detail herein.

[0024] The digital modem 155 processes digital signals to make communication over the propagation channel more robust. Digital modem 155 includes a digital modulator and a demodulator. The digital modulator superimposes the message waveform onto a carrier for radio transmission using algorithms that guard against fading and other impairments of the radio channel while attempting to maximize bandwidth efficiency. The digital modulator also performs channel coding and encryption if used. The digital demodulator detects and recovers the message signal transmitted by the base station 12. It tracks the received signal, rejects interference, and extracts the message data from noisy signals. The digital demodulator also performs synchronization, channel decoding, and decryption if used.

[0025] In conventional CDMA systems, a Rake receiver 170, as shown in FIG. 3, is used to resolve the multipath echoes of the transmitted signal. The Rake receiver 170 is typically implemented in the digital modem 155. The Rake receiver 170 comprises a plurality of fingers. Each finger includes a correlator or despreader 172 that correlates a spreading waveform with a time-adjusted version of the received signal to obtain one multipath echo. The multipath echoes output by despreaders 172 are multiplied by weighting coefficients at multiplication nodes 174. The weighting coefficients are based on the strength of each multipath echo so that the strongest echo is weighted more heavily. The weighted and time-adjusted echoes are then summed in a combiner 176 to obtain the final version of the received signal. Each echo is time adjusted and correlated with the spreading waveform.

[0026] The microcontroller unit 101 supervises the operation of the mobile terminal 100 and administers the procedures associated with the communication protocol. The microcontroller unit 101 typically comprises a microprocessor, arithmatic logic unit (ALU), timers, and register files. The ALU performs various logic functions, such as comparisons, and supports computationally-demanding tasks. It may incorporate specialized hardware to accelerate mathematical operations, such as division and squaring. The microcontroller unit 101 assigns timers to track network time and uses that information to identify data frame boundaries and slot indexes. It also uses timers to trigger specific tasks as the mobile terminal 100 transitions to different operating modes, such as sleep, receive, and talk. The microcontroller unit 101 uses register files to store calibration data, the electronic serial number (ESN) of the user (used to authenticate the user), and other non-volatile information.

[0027] The microcontroller unit 101 implements the communication protocols used by the mobile terminal 100. The communication protocol specifies timing, multiple access approach, modulation format, frame structure, power level, as well as many other aspects of mobile terminal operation. The microcontroller unit 101 inserts signaling messages into the transmitted signals and extracts signaling messages from the received signals. Microcontroller unit 101 acts on signaling messages received from the base station 12 as set forth in the communication protocol. When the user enters commands via the user interface 190, the commands are passed to the microcontroller unit 101 for action.

[0028] The microcontroller unit 101 and DSP 150 use dedicated or shared buses to connect to memory. Memory is typically segmented into blocks that hold the start-up code, control software, DSP firmware, and temporary data.

[0029] User interface 190 may comprise a keypad 191, a display 192, a microphone 193, a speaker 194 and other user input and output devices as is well understood.

[0030] The mobile terminal 100 of the present invention is a receiver for a CDMA communications system that employs a relatively simple diversity scheme which improves the signal quality at the mobile terminal 100. The receiver processes diversity signals transmitted from antenna 16, 18 at the base station 12 using space and time diversity. The present invention may be carried out using a class of codes referred to herein as Space-time codes (STCs). One type of STC known as Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) will be used to illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the invention, however, other codes may also be used to practice the present invention.

[0031] In the STTD scheme, every four bits, denoted b₁, b₂, b₃, and b₄, transmitted by the base station 12 are mapped to two QPSK symbols as follows:

[0032] s₁=b₁+jb₂  (1)

[0033] s₂=b₃+jb₄  (2)

[0034] The symbols are transmitted by two antennas 16, 18 at the base station 12 as shown in Table 1 below.

[0035] The first antenna 16 transmits symbol s₁during a first symbol period and then transmits symbol −s₂* during the next symbol period. The length of a symbol period is denoted by T. The second antenna 18 transmits symbol S₂during the first symbol period and then transmits symbol s₁* during the second symbol period. This mapping was proposed by Siavash M. Alamouti in a paper entitled “A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications,” published in IEEE Journal on Select Areas in Communications, Vol. 16, No. 8, October 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference. Both antennas 16, 18 may use the same spreading sequence or may use different spreading sequence depending on the receiver architecture. Transmitted symbols s₁and s₂are referred to herein as the first diversity signals. Symbols −s₂* and s₁* are referred to herein as the second diversity signals.

[0036] The transmitted diversity signals propagate over numerous multipath propagation channels from each antenna 16, 18 as shown in FIG. 4. Each multipath propagation channel may be viewed as a linear filter. Each multipath propagation channel has a corresponding channel response that is estimated by the mobile terminal 100. The channel estimate for a multipath propagation channel is denoted by c_i,l, where i represents a particular antenna 16, 18 and l represents one multipath propagation channel from the antenna 16, 18 to the mobile terminal 100.

[0037] After spreading and multipath propagation, the transmit signal corresponding to the l^thmultipath echo over a two symbol interval can be expressed as;

[0038] g_l(t)=(c_1,ls₁+c_2,ls₂)p_T(t−τ_l)+(−c_1,ls₂*+c_2,ls₁*)q_T(t−T−τ_l),  (3)

[0039] where c_i,lis the channel coefficient of the l'th path in the i'th antenna path, τ_lis the path delay and p_Tand q_Tare wideband spreading waveforms with unit energy and duration T. With proper antenna placement, the fading effects in each multipath propagation channel are statistically independent from each other. Therefore, diversity gain can be obtained when the energy of the multipath echoes are combined by the diversity receiver.

[0040] At the receiver, the combined received signal can be expressed as: $\begin{array}{cc}r\left(t\right)=\sum _{l=1}^L{g}_l\left(t\right)+z\left(t\right)& \left(4\right)\end{array}$

[0041] where L is the total number of multipath echoes in the channel, and z(t) is Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The optimal detector tries to find the symbols that minimize the Mean Square Error (MSE) between the received signal r(t) and the hypothesized signal: $\begin{array}{cc}\left\{{\hat{s}}_1,{\hat{s}}_2\right\}=\arg \underset{s_1.s_2}{\min }\int {\left|r\left(t\right)-\sum _{l=1}^L{g}_l\left(t\right)\right|}^{2}dt& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

[0042] In a CDMA receiver, the multipath echoes are resolved using a Rake receiver. For the l'th echo, the combined received signal r(t) is time adjusted and correlated with the spreading waveform corresponding to the symbol being despread. The despread values corresponding to the same symbol are summed over all L multipath echoes giving the final value of the symbol being demodulated. This process is embodied in Equation (5) above.

[0043] FIG. 4 illustrates transmissions from antennas 16, 18 during the first symbol period. The symbol s₁is transmitted by antenna 16 and arrives at mobile terminal 100 over three different multipath propagation channels denoted as C1, C2, and C3. Symbol s₂is transmitted by antenna 18 and arrives at mobile terminal 100 over multipath propagation channels C4, C5, and C6. Symbols s₁and s₂are referred to herein as the first diversity signals. More particularly, channels C1 and C4 are reflected by reflector R1 and combine to form a first multipath echo r_1,1. It is assumed that the path delay for channels C1 and C4 are the same. Similarly, channels C2 and C5 are reflected by reflector R2 and combine to form a second multipath echo r_1,2. The path delay for channels C2 and C5 are assumed to be the same; however, the path delay for channels C2 and C5 are different from the path delay for channels C1 and C4. Channels C3 and C6 are reflected by reflector R3 and arrive at mobile terminal 100 to form a third multipath echo r_1,3with a path delay different from echoes r_1,1and r_1,2While only three multipath echoes are shown in FIG. 3, there may, in fact, be numerous other echoes. Typically, the mobile terminal 10 will select three to six echoes for processing, as will be hereinafter described.

[0044] The same multipath phenomenon also applies during the second symbol period. Symbols −s₂* and s₁*, referred to herein as the second diversity signals, combine and arrive at the mobile terminal 100 over different propagation channels. The multiple multipath echoes r_2,larrive at the mobile terminal 100 with different path delays. Note that the echoes r_2,lmay overlap and combine with the multipath echoes r_1,l.

[0045] The task of the mobile terminal 100 is to determine the transmitted symbols s₁and s₂based on the combined received signal r(t). To achieve this objective, the mobile terminal 100 must first extract the echoes r_1,land r_2,lfrom the combined received signal r(t). In a CDMA system, this is done using a Rake receiver. The received echoes may be expressed as: $\begin{array}{cc}{r}_{1,l}=\int r\left(t-{\tau }_l\right)p_T^{*}\left(t\right)dt=c_{1,l}{s}_1+c_{2,l}{s}_2+z_{1,l}\mathrm{and}& \left(6\right)\\ r_{2,l}=\int r\left(t+{\tau }_l+T\right)q_T^{*}\left(t\right)dt=-c_{1,l}{s}_2^{*}+c_{2,l}{s}_1^{*}+z_{2,l}& \left(7\right)\end{array}$

[0046] In Equations (6) and (7), it is assumed that the filtering characteristics of each multipath propagation channel remain constant over the two symbol periods. The variable z represents noise and interference.

[0047] One approach to determining the transmitted symbols s₁and s₂is to first despread the received signal r(t) to obtain the multipath echoes r_1,land r_2,laccording to Equations (6) and (7) and then separately decode each multipath echo r_1,land r_2,lto obtain a plurality of estimates, denoted ŝ_1,land ŝ_2,l, of the transmitted symbols. The estimates ŝ_1,land ŝ_2,lare given by the following equations:

[0048] ŝ_1,l=r_1,lc_1,l*+r_2,l*c_2,l  (8)

[0049] ŝ_2,l=r_1,lc_2,l*−r_2,l*c_1,l  (9)

[0050] The estimates ŝ_1,land ŝ_2,lfrom each decoder may then be combined to obtain final estimates ŝ₁and ŝ₂of the originally transmitted symbols s₁and s₂. The final estimates ŝ₁and ŝ₂of the transmitted symbols s₁and s₂are computed as follows: $\begin{array}{cc}{\hat{s}}_1=\sum _{i=1}^L{s}_{1,l}& \left(10\right)\\ {\hat{s}}_2=\sum _{i=1}^L{s}_{2,l}& \left(11\right)\end{array}$

[0051] FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a diversity receiver 200 that implements this approach. The diversity receiver 200 comprises a plurality of despreaders or correlators 202, a plurality of diversity decoders 204, and a combiner 206. The despreaders 202 and diversity decoders 204 are arranged in parallel branches generally referred to as fingers. Each finger may include a variable delay 201 to time align the various multipath echoes of the received wideband signal in each finger. The combined received signal r(t) is input to respective despreaders 202, which despreads the received signal r(t) to obtain the multipath echoes r_1,land r_2,l. The output of each despreader 202 is one multipath echo r_1,land r_2,l. The received multipath echoes r_1,land r_2,lare then input into a diversity decoder 204. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, a separate diversity decoder 204 is inserted into the signal path in each finger of the diversity receiver 200. The function of the diversity decoder 204 is to produce an estimate of the transmitted symbols ŝ_1,land ŝ_2,lbased on the received echoes r_1,land r_2,l. Note that in this embodiment, each diversity decoder 204 produces a separate estimate, denoted ŝ_1,land ŝ_2,lof the transmitted symbols s₁and s₂. The estimates ŝ_1,land ŝ_2,lare then combined by combiner 206, which in this embodiment is a summer, to produce the final estimates ŝ₁and ŝ_2,lof the transmitted symbols. These final estimates ŝ₁and s₂from the combiner 206 are then decoded to obtain estimates of the transmitted bits.

[0052] While functional, the solution presented in FIG. 5 may be difficult to implement in existing designs, as it would require extensive retooling of the hardware in the mobile terminal 100 and may create a very large processing drain on the battery. An alternate structure for a diversity receiver can be obtained by rewriting Equations (10) and (11) as follows: $\begin{array}{cc}{\hat{s}}_1=\sum _{l=1}^L{\hat{s}}_{1,l}=\sum _{l=1}^L\left(r_{1,l}{c}_{1,l}^{*}+r_{2,l}^{*}{c}_{2,l}\right)=\left(\sum _{1=l}^L{r}_{1,l}{c}_{1,l}^{*}\right)+{\left(\sum _{1=l}^L{r}_{2,l}{c}_{2,l}^{*}\right)}^{*}\stackrel{\Delta }{=}{\lambda }_{1,1}+{\lambda }_{2,2}^{*}& \left(12\right)\\ {\hat{s}}_2=\sum _{l=1}^L{\hat{s}}_{2,l}=\sum _{l=1}^L\left(r_{1,l}{c}_{2,l}^{*}-r_{2,l}^{*}{c}_{1,l}\right)=\left(\sum _{1=l}^L{r}_{1,l}{c}_{2,l}^{*}\right)-{\left(\sum _{1=l}^L{r}_{2,l}{c}_{1,l}^{*}\right)}^{*}\stackrel{\Delta }{=}{\lambda }_{2,1}-{\lambda }_{1,2}^{*}& \left(13\right)\end{array}$

[0053] Note that in Equations (12) and (13), λ_i,jrepresents the jth output of a non-transmit diversity Rake receiver matched to the ith transmit antenna. Thus, the metric λ_1,1corresponds to the output of a first non-diversity Rake receiver, denoted by 210 in FIG. 6, matched to a first antenna 16 during a first symbol period and the metric λ_1,2corresponds to the output of a first non-diversity Rake receiver, denoted by 212 in FIG. 6, matched to the first antenna 16 during a second symbol period. Similarly, the metric λ_2,1corresponds to the output of a second non-diversity Rake receiver matched to a second antenna 18 during a first symbol period and the metric λ_2,2corresponds to the output of the second non-diversity Rake receiver matched to the second antenna 18 during a second symbol period. The metrics λ_1,1and λ_2,2are used to produce an estimate ŝ₁of the first transmitted symbol. The metrics λ_2,1and λ_1,2are used to produce an estimate ŝ₂of the second transmitted symbol.

[0054] FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of a diversity receiver 250 implementing the approach of Equations (12) and (13). The diversity receiver 250 of FIG. 6 comprises a plurality of despreaders or correlators 202, a pair of Rake combiners 206A and 206B, and a decoder 252. The despreaders 202 are disposed in separate fingers of the diversity receiver 250. Each finger includes a variable delay 201 to time align with the various multipath echoes r_1,land r_2,lof the combined received signal r(t). Despreader 202 despreads the received signal r(t) to recover the multipath echoes r_1,land r_2,l. During the first symbol period, the despreaders 202 output the received multipath echoes r_1,lof the combined received signal r(t). During the second symbol period, the despreaders 202 output the received multipath echoes r_2,lof the combined received signal r(t). The received multipath echoes r_1,land r_2,lare input to Rake combiners 206A and 206B. Rake combiner 206A is matched to the first transmit antenna 16 and Rake combiner 206B is matched to the second transmit antenna 18.

[0055] During the first symbol period, Rake combiner 206A combines the received multipath echoes r_1,laccording to the first part of Equation (12) using channel estimates c_1,l; corresponding to the selected multipath propagation channels from the first antenna 16 to the mobile terminal 100 to obtain the metric λ_1,1. Rake combiner 206B combines the received multipath echoes r_1,laccording to the second part of Equation (12) using channel estimates c_2,lcorresponding the selected multipath propagation channels from the second antenna 18 to obtain the metric λ_2,1During the second symbol period, Rake combiner 206A combines the received multipath echoes r_2,laccording to the first part of Equation (13) using channel estimates c_2,lto obtain the metric λ_1,2. Rake combiner 206B combines the received multipath echoes r_2,laccording to the second part of Equation (11) using channel estimates C_2,lto obtain the metric λ_2,2. The metrics λ_1,1, λ_2,1, λ_1,2, and λ_2,2are then input to the decoder 252. Decoder 252 computes the estimate ŝ₁of the first transmitted symbol according to Equation (12) by adding λ_1,2and the conjugate of λ_2,2. Decoder 252 also computes the estimate ŝ₂of the second transmitted symbol according to Equation (13) by subtracting the conjugate of λ_1,2from λ_2,1.

[0056] The diversity receiver shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 can also be used with other STCs, such as OTD and STS. In OTD mode, four consecutive bits {b₁, b₂, b₃, b₄} are mapped to two QPSK symbols

[0057] s₁=b₁+jb₃  (14)

[0058] s₂=b₂+jb₄  (15)

[0059] Symbols s₁and s₂are transmitted by two antennas as shown in Table 2 below:

[0060] At the receiver 250, the Rake combiners 206A and 206B calculate {λ_1,1, λ_1,2, λ_2,1, λ_2,2} as in STTD, whereas the diversity decoder 252 calculates ŝ₁and ŝ₂as follows:

[0061] ŝ₁=λ_1,1+λ_1,2  (16)

[0062] ŝ₂=λ_2,1−λ_2,2  (17)

[0063] In STS mode, four consecutive bits {b₁, b₂, b₃, b₄} are mapped to two symbols

[0064] s₁=(b₁−b₂)+j(b₃+b₄)  (18)

[0065] s₂=(b₁+b₂)+j(b₃−b₄)  (19)

[0066] Symbols s₁and s₂are transmitted by two antennas 16, 18 as shown in Table 3 below:

[0067] At the receiver, Rake combiners 206A and 206B calculate {λ_1,1, λ_1,2, λ_2,1, λ_2,2} as in STTD and OTD, whereas the diversity decoder 252 calculates ŝ₁and ŝ₂as follows:

[0068] ŝ₁=λ_1,1−λ_2,2*  (20)

[0069] ŝ₂=λ_2,1*+λ_1,2  (21)

[0070] Note that while the present invention has been discussed as being present in a mobile terminal 100, it is also possible that it may be implemented at other receivers within the wireless communications network 10, such as at the base station 12. There would not be a need for such a placement unless mobile terminal 100 had transmit diversity transmission capability, but is possible nonetheless.

[0071] FIG. 7 illustrates a third embodiment of a receiver architecture for a CDMA receiver 300 according to the present invention. The receiver 300 of FIG. 7 may be used when antennas 16, 18 transmit using two different spreading sequences. Receiver 300 comprises a first non-diversity Rake receiver 310 and a second non-diversity Rake receiver 320. Rake receiver 310 comprises a plurality of despreaders 312 and a Rake combiner 314. Rake receiver 320 comprises a plurality of despreaders 322 and a Rake combiner 324. Despreaders 312, 322 receiver delayed versions of the received signal r(t) from delay blocks 302, 304, 306. Delayed blocks 302, 304, 306 supply the delayed versions of the received signal r(t) to corresponding despreaders 312, 322 in both the first and second Rake receivers 310, 320 respectively. Despreaders 312 use the spreading sequence associated with the first transmit antenna 16 to despread the received signal r(t). The output of the despreaders 312 in the first symbol period is an estimate of s₁. The output of despreaders 312 during the second symbol period is an estimate of −s₂*. Despreaders 322 use the spreading sequence associated with the second transmit antenna 18 to despread the received signal r(t). The output of despreaders 322 during the first symbol period is an estimate of s₂. The output of the despreaders 322 during the second transmit period is an estimate of s₁*. Rake combiners 314, 324 combine the individual estimates output from the despreaders 312, 322 respectively. The combined estimates generated by the Rake combiners 314, 324 are then supplied to an STC decoder 330 which generates the final estimates of the transmitted symbols s₁and s₂.

[0072] The present invention may, of course, be carried out in other specific ways than those herein set forth without departing from the scope and the essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiments are therefore to be construed in all aspects as illustrative and not restrictive and all changes coming within the meaning and equivalency range of the appended claims are intended to be embraced therein.