Internet-based glaucoma diagnostic system

[0002] The present application derives priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/216,397 for “PRESSURE POINT INTERNET-BASED GLAUCOMA DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM”; Filed: Jul. 6, 2000.

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] The present invention relates to computer-based telemedicine systems and, more particularly, to an internet-based system to assist clinicians in the screening, diagnosis, treatment and management of glaucoma patients.

[0005] 2. Description of the Background

[0006] Telemedicine systems are playing a larger role in our health care delivery system, largely in response to the demands of the market and governmental policies. This is because telemedicine has potential benefits for all parties inclusive of providers, payors and patients.

[0007] One such potential benefit is the ready access to patient medical records. Currently, this is impossible because each set of records reside at a fixed geographical location. Some providers still maintain paper records, while others rely on an electronic medical database of non-distributed (or local) design. Physicians or staff enter text information into a computer program, which then stores the data on a local or remote server that is maintained by a variety of competing vendors or the care facility itself. There is a clear need for a distributed medical database (inclusive of the method for uniform creation, accessing and updating thereof). This is especially true in the franchise setting where numerous provider franchises may be located around the world. It would be greatly advantageous in this context to provide a distributed medical information database system that allows all medical information to remain online and retrievable across geographical bounds. This would facilitate continuity of care and better medical management. Relatively few efforts have been made in this regard.

[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 5,170,362 to Greenberg et al. shows a distributed system for subjecting people such as crewmen to computer evaluations and for diagnosing their performance.

[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,638 to Evers et al. shows a comprehensive patient monitor and support system for a plurality of patients located at remote sites. At each patient site, there is a base unit, which can be connected to a number of sensors and/or recorders with sensors. The sensors are for monitoring the patient's medical state and the recorders are for recording the medical data. The base unit stores the data and transfers the data to a care center, where the data is stored and analyzed. The data retrieved from the base units is accessible on a local area network and care providers of the patients may monitor their patients by accessing the local area network.

[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 5,146,562 to Kukla shows a Patient care communication system with a plurality of communication terminals operatively coupled together for the transmission and receipt of messages.

[0011] While the above-described medical databases are “distributed”, they are all centered on a single distributed network. They are not a wide area network file system capable of accommodating many franchisee networks.

[0012] Another significant advantage of telemedicine lies in improved accuracy of the examination and diagnosis procedure. Computer-guided menu-driven medical examination and diagnostic menus tend to guide clinicians through the right examination procedure and to the right diagnosis. Again, a few efforts have been made in this regard. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,003,020 shows an intelligent profiling system, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,436 shows a medical diagnosis system which compares input data from a physician consultation to reference ranges to generate an evaluation report. Both the '436 and '020 patents suggest form-driven guided interviews. U.S. Pat. No. 5,746,204 to Schauss shows a disease analysis system which compares a database of disease symptoms to actual patient symptoms to generate a diagnosis.

[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,107 to Iliff shows a computerized medical diagnostic and treatment method for providing computerized, knowledge-based medical diagnostic and treatment advice. U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,278 to Wilk shows a medical diagnosis system that measures physical parameters of a patient (inclusive of scan images) and actually provides a diagnosis.

[0014] All of the above systems provide symptom-based diagnosis or support in the context of an expert system. There is one disease that is known as “symptom free” that would elude the prior art. Glaucoma affects approximately 2% of the population under 65 years of age and 11% over 65, and it is exceedingly difficult to diagnose and define. There is a great need for a system capable of assisting in the management, diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. Presently, glaucoma makes up 20% of all ophthalmology business, and optometrists have been recently legislated to manage glaucoma. On the other hand, glaucoma treatment has been burdened by decreased reimbursement, and this has lead to difficulties in keeping dedicated practices current with new equipment and technologies. It would be greatly advantageous to provide a new technology in the form of a distributed system dedicated to the care and management of glaucoma. To date, there have been no known efforts to develop an internet-based system to assist clinicians in the screening, diagnosis, treatment and management in the treatment of glaucoma patients. A few computer systems offer actual patient color testing. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,482 to James et al. shows a computer glaucoma diagnostic test using visual color-pattern stimuli. However, this system is geared for direct presentation to the patient and does not assist the clinician or attending doctor in collecting information or comparing results.

[0015] It would be greatly advantageous to provide a comprehensive web-based application that is geared for use by clinicians and technicians in administering to glaucoma patients in a geographically-distributed setting. Preferably, the web application would include a guided examination and diagnosis engine incorporating a menu-driven form-based interview for guiding the technician through a patient examination, and a comparative analysis stage with images of symptoms for helping the technician to diagnose glaucoma-related problems.

[0016] In accordance with the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide an integrated software and hardware solution that uses the Internet to provide telemedical direct perimetry and ophthalmoscopy to support optometric providers in the screening, diagnosis, treatment and management of glaucoma patients.

[0017] It is another object to provide a comprehensive web-based application that is geared for use by clinicians and technicians in administering to glaucoma patients, and including a guided examination and diagnosis engine incorporating a menu-driven form-based interview for guiding the technician through a patient examination, and a comparative analysis stage with images of symptoms for helping the technician to diagnose glaucoma-related problems.

[0018] It is another object to take a glaucoma-oriented approach to both the interview and comparative analysis to ensure accurate and reliable diagnosis and prescription for the symptom free disease.

[0019] It is another object to provide timely, comprehensive glaucoma test reporting under the oversight of a renowned glaucoma specialist, such that attending clinicians can receive direction on when to refer, and how to manage care longer term

[0020] In accordance with the above-described object, the present invention provides an internet-based glaucoma screening and diagnostic system to assist clinicians in the screening, diagnosis, treatment and management of glaucoma patients. The glaucoma screening and diagnostic system employs a business model designed to manage glaucoma through the following four distinct phases:

[0021] 1. Data collection—an internet-based data submission module customized with computer-guided menu-driven medical examination menus to guide clinicians through the right examination procedure. This includes a distributed database with all necessary fields/history/testing requirements for glaucoma.

[0022] 2. Data interpretation—a comparative data analysis module customized with computer-guided menu-driven medical diagnostic menus to guide clinicians to the right diagnosis based on a comparative analysis with visual fields and disk images, and inclusive of a comprehensive on-line library of authoritative references.

[0023] 3. Results Reporting—Automated and customized report generation achieving or exceeding standard of care/best practices for glaucoma diagnosis, treatment and analysis.

[0024] 4. Disease Management—An entirely new approach to glaucoma care based on a prioritized disease management model.

[0025] All four of the foregoing capabilities are integrated by the present invention into a comprehensive web-based application that is geared for use by clinicians and technicians in administering to glaucoma patients in a geographically-distributed setting.

[0026] Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment and certain modifications thereof when taken together with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0027] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the general organization of the Glaucoma administration system.

[0028] FIG. 2 is a screen print of the home page 10 which provides a user-navigable menu of content choices.

[0029] FIG. 3 is a screen print of the “Pressure Point” system overview.

[0030] FIG. 4 is the first of a series of “Glaucoma Highlights” informational pages on glaucoma.

[0031] FIG. 5 is a screen print of the Glaucoma Support Group page.

[0032] FIG. 6 is a screen print of the “Pressure Point Chat Group”.

[0033] FIG. 7 is a screen print of the “Professional Conference Room”.

[0034] FIG. 8 is an exemplary journal article as available in the “Professional Conference Room” of FIG. 7.

[0035] FIG. 9 illustrates the “Ask the Expert” discussion group function.

[0036] FIG. 10 is an exemplary breakdown of known medications for glaucoma.

[0037] FIGS. 11(A-B) illustrate the “Preferred Practice Patterns” professional management tools for institution of the preferred practice pattern.

[0038] FIG. 12 is an example of the “Care Process” screen which outlines the Care Process Management Plan.

[0039] FIGS. 13(A-D) illustrate an example of a “Care Process Follow-Up Glaucoma Evaluation.

[0040] FIG. 14 is an example of the “Disease Management Pathways” screen

[0041] FIG. 15 is a data entry screen by which member store information can be entered.

[0042] FIG. 16 is a “Locate Existing Patient” query screen.

[0043] FIG. 17 is an entry screen for new patient information.

[0044] FIG. 18 is a Search Results screen that provides the results of a patient search as well as a number of different keys by which relevant records can be sorted.

[0045] FIG. 19 is the Past Ocular History Screen.

[0046] FIG. 20 is the Past Medical History Screen.

[0047] FIG. 21 is an exemplary Medications Screen.

[0048] FIG. 22 is the Review of Systems Screen

[0049] FIG. 23 is the Social History Screen.

[0050] FIG. 24 is the Family History Screen.

[0051] FIG. 25 is the initial “Examination” screen.

[0052] FIG. 26 is the Physical Examination screen.

[0053] FIG. 27 is the Pupils Examination Screen.

[0054] FIG. 28 is the Motility Examination Screen.

[0055] FIG. 29 is the Slit Lamp Examination Screen.

[0056] FIG. 30 is the Gonioscopy Examination Screen.

[0057] FIG. 31 is the Optic Nerve and Retina Examination Screen.

[0058] FIG. 32 is the Perimetry Screen.

[0059] FIG. 33 is the data Submission Screen.

[0060] FIGS. 34(A-E) are an exemplary Patient Report Screen.

[0061] FIG. 35 is a perspective drawing of an exemplary network architecture.

[0062] The present invention is an internet-based system designed to assist the eye care professional in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. Moreover, after a patient is diagnosed with the disease, the system assists the patient in the management of the disease by providing information about treatment options, medical news and discussion groups. As described above, the system is built around a business model designed to manage glaucoma through four distinct phases.

[0063] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the general organization of the present glaucoma administration system pursuant to the phases of Data collection, Data interpretation, Results Reporting, and Disease Management. These phases of the glaucoma administration system are accomplished by software modules.

[0064] Data Collection is accomplished by an attending physician conducting a guided medical exam and entering data at one of a plurality of networked physician terminals 30 as will be described. The data collection module 100 is an internet-accessible data submission and collection module 100 that is customized with computer-guided menu-driven medical examination menus to guide clinicians through the right examination procedure. The data submission and collection module 100 compiles a distributed database with all necessary fields/history/testing requirements for glaucoma.

[0065] Data interpretation entails a statistical analysis on the collected data that categorizes the patient's risk for the disease and provides a series of numerical ratings to various glaucoma risk factors that the eye care professional can use to track the progression of the disease. In addition, a secondary clinical review is performed remotely by a glaucoma specialist who offers recommended treatment options, medications, as well as information about the management of the disease. The data interpretation module 200 is a comparative data analysis module customized with computer-guided menu-driven medical diagnostic menus to guide clinicians through a series of considerations to the right. Visual reference images are provided along the way to give a comparative visual analysis. Data interpretation module 200 also includes a comprehensive on-line library of authoritative references to further assist in the diagnosis.

[0066] Results Reporting entails generating a report based on the foregoing steps that is sent electronically to the attending physician and to the patient that remains as part of the patient's permanent medical record. The results reporting module 300 is an automated and customized report generation program that achieves or exceeds the standard of care/best practices for glaucoma diagnosis, treatment and analysis.

[0067] Finally, disease management entails keeping the foregoing data updated at regular intervals by repeating the foregoing steps over time, and assimilating the data into a prioritized disease management model. The disease management module 400 is provided as an entirely new approach to glaucoma care based on a prioritized disease management model. Navigation of the various modules 100-400 will now be described in the context of a succession of visual displays for guiding the users through the system.

[0068] The software modules 100-400 are maintained on a central server and are remotely accessible, for example, using a conventional domain name system (DNS) for access over the internet. Once accessed, each new user must register with the system by entering their password, password confirmation, email address, user name, and title and/or other information as desired. Once registered, the user is presented with the home page screen 10 of FIG. 2.

[0069] The software method begins at this Pressure Point® home page 10 which is a top-level interface for navigating the system. From home page 10, workflow progresses in a guided manner. Specifically, the home page 10 guides a user efficiently and as needed through the data submission and collection module 100, data interpretation module 200, results reporting module 300, and disease management module 400 in any sequence. The guidance is accomplished in each case via a series of simple graphical interfaces that provide all of the software tools necessary for effective data collection, data interpretation, results reporting, and disease management. A primary advantage of the invention lies in its intuitive organization and flow.

[0070] FIG. 2 is a screen print of the home page 10 which provides a user-navigable menu of content choices. The user is urged to select from a number of informational topics listed vertically on the left, or to use the horizontal toolbar to create or update a patient record. The horizontal toolbar running across the top of the screen lists destination choices including “Home”, “Store Info”, “Patient Database”, “Help”, and “Sample Reports”.

[0071] Selecting “Home” directs the user to the present home page screen 10.

[0072] “Store Info” is a helpful online registry of all of all participating eye care franchises and locations as will be described.

[0073] The “Patient Database” button is integral to the data submission and collection module 100 which obtains its information via these three destination choices. More specifically, the “Patient Database” button provides access to a search engine for searching the patient medical database as compiled by the data submission and collection module 100. All necessary clinical data is defined by the clinician-user and stored in a distributed searchable online library.

[0074] Additional or different data records may be added to the library as desired.

[0075] The “Help” button invokes an on-line help function.

[0076] The “Sample Reports” button initiates the reporting module 300 which generates a variety of structured patient diagnostic and management reports as will be described.

[0077] The horizontal primary menu bar remains constant throughout navigation of the entire site, thus allowing easy access to the various modules 100, 200, 300 or 400 via the “Home”, “Store Info”, “Patient Database”, “Help”, and “Sample Reports” buttons.

[0078] Alternatively, the user can select from a variety of background informational topics and resources located below the primary menu bar and to the left. The identity of the present page is shown at the intersection of the primary menu bar and the information topics. The current page is there shown to be the “Home Page” in FIG. 2. More specifically, the information topics here available include “Information”, “Glaucoma Highlights”, “Glaucoma Support”, “Humphrey” and “Alcon.”

[0079] A wide variety of supporting information is available by pressing the “Information” button, and this action directs the user to the Information Page of FIG. 3.

[0080] Information on the Glaucoma administration system itself is available by pressing the “Information” button, and this will direct the user to the screen shown in FIG. 3, which is a screen print of the Glaucoma administration system overview. The Information screen of FIG. 3 simply provides a narrative and graphical description of the purpose and function of the present system. The horizontal primary menu bar remains constant on this screen, and the vertical menu now lists a variety of book-marked information sub-topics. The sub-topics include the reviewing specialist physician's curriculum vitae (“Here Dr. Robin CV”), information on the sponsoring care facility (Greater Baltimore Medical Center or “GBMC”), plus a “Glossary of Terms” and a “Definition of Care Givers.”

[0081] Once the user has sufficient information on the system, they can return to the home page 10 of FIG. 2. Here, further information on the disease is available by pressing the “Glaucoma Highlights” button, and this will direct the user to the screen shown in FIG. 4, which is the first of a series of informational pages on glaucoma.

[0082] Once the user has sufficient information on the disease, they can return to the home page 10 of FIG. 2. Here, a variety of Glaucoma support resources are made available by pressing the “Glaucoma Support” button, and this will direct the user initially to the screen shown in FIG. 5, which is a screen print of the Glaucoma Support Group links page that geographically lists various glaucoma support links such as The Perry Eye Clinic, Inc. (Midwest), the National Association for Visually Handicapped (NAVH) (West and Pacific Northwest), and the European Glaucoma Society (International). An abundance of additional information on the disease and treatment therefor is available through these third party links. Here the user can also select from a variety of book-marked topics in this section which are named below the primary menu bar and to the left. These include a “Pressure Point Chat Group” which is a local chat room as shown in FIG. 6, whereby users can post questions and get answers. A similar “National Chat Group” function is also available. As shown in FIG. 7, the “Professional Conference Room” button leads to a web board listing of recent articles detailing advances, expert opinions and medications for the treatment of Glaucoma. In addition, the user can also select from a variety of web-board topics in this section which are named below the primary menu bar and to the left. These include “Recent Advances” such as the journal article shown in FIG. 8, an “Ask the Expert” function which is a discussion group as shown in FIG. 9, and an “Overview of Medications” which gives a comprehensive breakdown of known medications for glaucoma as shown in FIG. 10.

[0083] The disease management module 400 (FIG. 1) is accessed by the combination of the “Preferred Practice Patterns” button and the “Disease Management Pathways” button. These functions offer an entirely new approach to glaucoma care based on a prioritized disease management model and the categorical severity of the disease (mild, moderate and severe).

[0084] As shown in FIG. 11, the “Preferred Practice Patterns” button leads to an arsenal of professional management tools for institution of the preferred practice pattern, including the following book-marked sections: Introduction, Orientation, Background, Care Process, Care Process Management, Plan Care Process, Follow-Up Glaucoma Evaluation, References, Suggested Reference Texts, Appendices, Suggested Medical Review Criteria, and Related Academy Materials. As explained in FIG. 1, the disease management module 400 is based on a unique quantitative management methodology that ensures that the adapted practice pattern is clinically relevant and specific enough to provide useful information to practitioners. This is accomplished by assigning an explicit rating of importance to the care process for each recommendation, and by assigning an explicit rating of strength of evidence supporting each recommendation (to reflect the quality of evidence available). The ratings are assigned by a panel of experts, and “Importance to the care process” represents care that the panel believes would improve the quality of the patients care in a meaningful way. In accordance with the present system, the ratings of importance are divided into three levels designated “A,” “B” and “C,” with A defined as “most important.” An importance rating of B is defined as “moderately important” and of C as “relevant, but not critical.” The ratings of strength of evidence are also divided into three levels. ‘I’ represents randomized, controlled trial evidence; “II” represents the presence of evidence provided by an appropriately controlled case series and sufficient statistical analysis, at a minimum; and “III” represents consensus of expert opinion in the absence of evidence that meets criteria II. These categories encompass all evidence which supports the value of a recommendation as something that should be performed to improve the quality of care. The two ratings are given in parentheses after each recommendation. For instance, (A:II) indicates a recommendation with high importance to clinical care (A), suggested by sufficiently rigorous published evidence, though not by a randomized controlled trial (II). This cross-rating system offers an entirely new approach to glaucoma management.

[0085] The “Orientation” and “Background” buttons shown to the left provide summary background information and rationale for the recommendations that are presented in the “Care Process” section. For example, FIG. 12 is an “Orientation” screen for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and the “Background” button leads to a comprehensive background narrative on POAG covering topics such as magnitude of the problem, epidemiology and risk factors, and screening techniques.

[0086] FIG. 12 is an example of the “Care Process” screen which outlines the Care Process Management Plan. The Care Process itself includes General Principles of Therapy, Therapeutic Alternatives, Compliance Issues, and recommended Medications.

[0087] Once the Care Process inclusive of the “Care Process Management Plan” is established, the “Care Process Follow-Up Glaucoma Evaluation” button implements the disease management model explained above with reference to FIG. 11. An example of the “Care Process Follow-Up Glaucoma Evaluation” for POAG is shown at FIG. 13. This function employs follow-up evaluations to monitor the patient history and physical examination at the frequencies specified. Note that all treatment recommendations are ranked as set forth above. As an example, the following components of the physical examination should be performed at every follow-up visit:

[0088] Visual acuity (A:III)

[0089] IOP in both eyes (A:III)

[0090] Slit lamp examination (A:III)

[0091] In this manner, a complete prioritized follow-up management plan inclusive of surgical procedures and postoperative care, provider and setting, and counseling/referral is administered.

[0092] FIG. 14 is an example of the “Disease Management Pathways” screen button which is navigable by the respective button shown in FIG. 7. The “Disease Management Pathways” screen is designed as an overview of the various symptoms and management techniques for all forms of glaucoma.

[0093] Referring back to the home page of FIG. 2, the user can continue to navigate the primary tool bar by pressing the “Store Info” button, and this brings up the data entry screen of FIG. 15 by which member store or provider information can be entered. The illustrated information is saved to a database by pressing the “Save” button at bottom, or it can be reset via the “Reset” button.

[0094] Again referring back to the home page of FIG. 2, the user can depress the “Patient Database” button of the primary menu bar to access the patient medical database as compiled by the data submission and collection module 100. This provides direct access to the “Locate Existing Patient” screen show in FIG. 16, by which patient records in the database can be queried on the basis of a variety of data elements such as social security number, patient number, or name. If the user searches the database to no avail, a “no matches found” message is displayed and this automatically calls up the data entry screen of FIG. 17. Here, essential patient particulars can be entered efficiently by a combination of text entry boxes and drop-down menus. All patient information entered into the data entry screen and submitted by the “Save” button becomes a permanent record in the distributed patient information database.

[0095] If the user searches the database and a match is found, the Search Results screen of FIG. 18 is displayed. This indicates the record number and provides a link by which that record can be retrieved. The Search Results screen of FIG. 18 also provides a number of different keys by which records can be sorted (in either ascending or descending order). A disclaimer is provided at the bottom to make clear that records can become stale, and that outdated records should be reentered as new records. The option is given to call up the data entry screen of FIG. 17 for new records.

[0096] After essential patient particulars have been entered into the data entry screen of FIG. 17, and assuming that the patient has not been examined previously, the next step in completing the patient record is to conduct a “Medical Review.” Given entry of the patient particulars, three additional buttons are added to the primary menu bar at the top of the screen. The first, a “Medical Review” button, initiates a menu-driven form-based interview that guides the attending technician/physician through a review of a patient's medical history. The interview begins at the Past Ocular History Screen of FIG. 19 which prompts for information such as Prior History of Glaucoma, Perceived Visual Loss:, When Started, How Discovered, etc.

[0097] Once this is completed and the data is saved, the Past Medical History Screen of FIG. 20 appears and prompts the user for Past Medical History data such as Allergies to Medication, Asthma, Kidney Stones, Carotid Disease, etc.

[0098] Once this is completed and the data saved the Medications Screen of FIG. 21 appears and prompts the user to fill in a checklist of current medications such as Beta-Blockers, Diuretics, etc. A text box at the bottom leaves room for Other miscellaneous medications.

[0099] Once this is completed and the data saved the Review of Systems Screen of FIG. 22 appears and prompts the user to fill in free form bodily systems data as shown.

[0100] Once this is completed and the data saved the Social History Screen of FIG. 23 appears and prompts the user to fill in Social History data as shown such as Occupation, Hobbies, Visual Loss Interfering with Visual Function?, Smokes?, Drinks?, etc.

[0101] Finally, the Social History data is saved the Family History Screen of FIG. 24 appears and prompts the user to fill in Family History data as shown, inclusive of check boxes of all relative who have had related eye diseases.

[0102] Given entry of the Medical Review data, the technician can depress the “Examination” button to actually begin a physical examination of the patient as administered by a menu-driven form-based interview which guides the technician through the entire physical examination and diagnosis of the patient. The physical examination is structured as a comparative data analysis with computer-guided menu-driven medical diagnostic menus to guide clinicians to the right diagnosis based on a comparative analysis with visual fields and disk images. The “Examination” begins at the Physical Examination screen of FIG. 25. Here the technician is prompted to enter comprehensive observed data inclusive of Mental Status, Eye Examination data, Vision (20/20?) And Color Vision, Intraocular Pressure, and other data elements as shown.

[0103] Once this data is saved, the External Examination Screen of FIG. 26 arises, prompting the technician to observe and select the condition of external features such as Lids, Lashes, and Lacrimal Apparatus from drop-down selection boxes.

[0104] Once the foregoing data is saved, the Pupils Examination Screen of FIG. 27 arises, prompting the technician to observe and indicate whether the left and right pupils are Round, Symmetical, Reactive to Light and Accommodation? This is accomplished via check boxes.

[0105] The physical examination continues through the successive Motility, Slit Lamp Exam, and Gonioscopy Screens of FIGS. 28-30, respectively.

[0106] The technician then progresses to the Optic Nerve and Retina Screen of FIG. 31, which guides the technician through a diagnosis based on a comparative analysis with visual fields and disk images. The technician is prompted for disk information such as Disk Appearance, Cup/Disk Ratio, and Disk Features. Following this, a comprehensive comparative analysis is completed with reference to actual sample images. In this manner, the technician simply compares the condition of the patient to color images exemplifying various degrees of cup from Negligible Cup to Total Cup in 0.1 increments. Other conditions such as a Disk Hemorrhage may also be viewed and selected. In each case, a high resolution color image is provided alongside each incremental check box, and the technician has only to choose the most appropriate image. It has been found through clinical trials that this unique computer-guided examination approach elevates the acumen of a technician to that of a seasoned physician.

[0107] Once the foregoing Pupils Examination data is saved, the technician is presented with the final physical examination screen and this is the Perimetry Screen of FIG. 32. Here the technician is prompted to indicate the proper threshold as well as Perimetric Algorithm (either SITA or standard).

[0108] Once the Perimetry data is entered and saved, the technician is asked to authenticate the data per the Submission Screen of FIG. 33. This screen is also offered as a choice on the primary menu bar. Date and physician data are entered and are stored along with the actual data. This completes the guided physical exam and comparative analysis stage.

[0109] Given a patient record entered into the database in the above-described manner and coupled with a physical examination, a user can select the “Sample Reports” button from the primary menu bar (see home page of FIG. 2) to initiate the reporting module 300. Reporting module 300 is capable of generating a variety of structured patient diagnostic and management reports. An exemplary report is shown in the screen print of FIG. 34. The reporting function consolidates all directly relevant patient information into a readily comprehensible format. The report includes line items such as Past Ocular History, Past Medical History, Current Systemic Medications, and all aforementioned data elements entered during the Review of Systems, Social History, and Physical Examination. Importantly, the technician-selected nerve image sample is displayed as an integral part of the report side-by-side with the sample nerve images designated in FIG. 31 of the physical exam, and actual retinal scans. In addition, the reporting module generates a number of Cautions inclusive of systemic cautions, ocular cautions, prognostic risks, and follow-up recommendations. Finally, a Glaucoma Risk and Severity Chart is displayed as a means of graphically summarizing all of the interpreted data.

[0110] FIG. 35 is a perspective drawing of an exemplary network architecture that facilitates the integrated software solution described above to provide telemedical direct perimetry and ophthalmoscopy support to optometric providers in the screening, diagnosis, treatment and management of glaucoma patients. The network architecture allows the above-described information content to be created, distributed and managed by packet-based communication.

[0111] At the lowest layer, the Glaucoma administration service is delivered through a plurality of Physician Terminals 30-1, 2 . . . n.Each Physician Terminal 30-1, 2 . . . nis a high-end computer workstation that is remotely located for convenient access by physicians (for instance, in the provider workpplace). Groups of Physician Terminals 30-1, 2 . . . nare connected by existing dialup media 27 to an existing communication backbone 40 such as the internet. A dial-up Internet backbone is presently preferred because it is the most cost-effective. Access is statistically-based as determined by a conventional router 60-1.

[0112] The distributed database is managed and maintained by a conventional server system 42 equipped with storage such as RAID memory to serve as the repository for patient records and other data. The server system 42 is likewise connected by a router 60-2 to the internet communication backbone 40. All of the software including the data submission and collection module 100, data interpretation module 200, results reporting module 300, and disease management module 400 are resident on the central server system 42.

[0113] In operation, any remotely located physician can access the software modules 100-400 and/or enter patient data directly to the central server system 42.

[0114] The above-described architecture supports dynamic and unlimited scalability, and it supports the necessary quality of service and reliability required of a mission critical real-time communication network.

[0115] Having now fully set forth the preferred embodiments and certain modifications of the concept underlying the present invention, various other embodiments as well as certain variations and modifications of the embodiments herein shown and described will obviously occur to those skilled in the art upon becoming familiar with said underlying concept. It is to be understood, therefore, that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically set forth in the appended claims.