Electrophoretic display device

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to an electrophoretic display device in which charged electrophoretic particles in an insulating liquid are caused to migrate to make a display.

[0004] 2. Related Background Art

[0005] Various types of electrophoretic display devices in which charged electrophoretic particles in an insulating liquid are caused to migrate to make a display have been proposed. Such an electrophoretic display device will hereinafter be described.

[0006] With the development of information instruments, the need of display devices of low consumption power and the thin type is increasing, and research and development of display devices are more and more made according to the need. Among others, liquid crystal display devices are actively developed as display devices that can meet such need and commercially provided. However, the current liquid crystal display devices involve problems that characters on a screen become hard to see by an angle at which the screen is seen or reflected light, and that a burden on sight caused by glaringness, low luminance of a light source, or the like is heavy. These problems are not yet sufficiently solved. For this reason, it is expected to develop reflection type display devices from the viewpoints of low consumption of power, lightening of the burden on sight, etc. These problems are not yet sufficiently solved. For this reason, it is expected to develop reflection type display devices from the viewpoints of low consumption of power, lightening of the burden on sight, etc.

[0007] An electrophoretic display device has been proposed by Paul F. Evans et al. as one of them (U.S. Pat. No. 3,612,758).

[0008] FIG. 9A illustrates an example of the construction of the electrophoretic display device. This kind of electrophoretic display device comprises a pair of substrates 1a, 1barranged in a state spaced at a prescribed interval, an insulating liquid 2 filled between these substrates 1aand 1b, a great number of colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 dispersed in the insulating liquid 2 and display electrodes 15a, 15barranged at every pixel along the respective substrates 1a, 1b. Incidentally, reference numeral 7 indicates a partition wall provided between pixels to prevent colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 from transferring to another pixel so as to maintain uniform display. In this device, colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 are charged positively or negatively, and so they are adsorbed on any display electrode 15aor 15baccording to the polarities of voltage applied to display electrodes 15a, 15b. Since insulating liquid 2 and colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 are colored in different colors from each other, the color of the particles 3 is visually observed when colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 are adsorbed on display electrode 15aon the side of an observer (see FIG. 9B). When colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 are adsorbed on display electrode 15bon the other side, the color of insulating liquid 2 is visually observed (see FIG. 9A). Accordingly, the polarity of voltage applied controls every pixel, whereby various images can be displayed. The device of this type will hereinafter be referred to as “vertical migration type electrophoretic display device”.

[0009] In the electrophoretic display device of such a vertical migration type, however, a coloring material such as a dye or ion must be mixed into insulating liquid 2, and the presence of such a coloring material is easy to act as an unstable factor in an electrophoretic operation because transfer of a new electric charge is brought about, and so performance, life and/or stability as a display device may have been lowered in some cases.

[0010] As those for solving such a problem, electrophoretic display devices of the type shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B (hereinafter referred to as “horizontal migration type electrophoretic display device”) are disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 49-5598, 49-024695 and 11-202804. Such a horizontal migration type electrophoretic display device comprises a pair of substrates 1a, 1barranged in a state spaced at a prescribed interval, an insulating liquid 2 filled between these substrates 1aand 1b, a great number of colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 dispersed in the insulating liquid 2 and a pair of display electrodes 25a, 25barranged at every pixel. The pair of display electrodes 25a, 25bare arranged side by side along one substrate 1b, and arranged so as not to hold insulating liquid 2 between them unlike the above-described type. In the case of such a horizontal migration type electrophoretic display device, the problem described above can be avoided because it is only necessary for the insulating liquid 2 to be transparent and there is no need to mix any coloring material. In this device, one display electrode 25ais coated with a color layer of the same color (for example, black) as that of the charged electrophoretic particles 3, and the other display electrode 25bis coated with a color layer of any other color (for example, white). The colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 migrate horizontally (in a direction along the substrates) according to the polarities of voltage applied to display electrodes 25a, 25band are adsorbed on display electrode 25aor 25b. When colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 are adsorbed on display electrode 25a, the color of display electrode 25bis easier to be visually observed (see FIG. 10B). When colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 are adsorbed on display electrode 25b, the whole pixel is visually observed with the same color as that of the charged electrophoretic particles 3 (sec FIG. 10A). Accordingly, the polarity of voltage applied controls every pixel, whereby various images can be displayed.

[0011] When it is intended to achieve higher display contrast in such an electrophoretic display device as described above, it is required to narrow the area of electrode 25aand moreover cause all the charged electrophoretic particles 3 to be adsorbed on electrode 25a. However, there has been a limitation.

[0012] In addition, the system that display is conducted by voltage, such as electrophoretic display or liquid crystal display, has involved a problem that a leakage electric field occurs between various wirings and display electrodes to cause white skip or black skip in the vicinity of the wiring of a display pixel, thereby deteriorating display quality.

[0013] The present invention has been made with the foregoing circumstances in view and thus has as its object the provision of an electrophoretic display device which can achieve higher display contrast and prevent the deterioration of display quality.

[0014] The above object can be achieved by the present invention described below.

[0015] According to the present invention, there is provided an electrophoretic display device comprising first and second substrates arranged in opposed relation to each other with a space, an insulating liquid arranged into the space and a plurality of colored and charged electrophoretic particles dispersed in the insulating liquid, in which on the basis of arrangement of a stage along the second substrate in the space between the substrates, a first surface facing a thicker portion of the insulating liquid, a second surface facing a thinner portion of the insulating liquid and side wall of the stage, which connect the first surface to the second surface, are formed on the second substrate, a first electrode is arranged along the first surface, and a second electrode is arranged along the second surface, wherein the display device has a third electrode arranged along at least a part of the side wall of the stage and comprising an electrode face continuous with the first electrode.

[0016] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the construction of the electrophoretic display device according to the present invention.

[0017] FIG. 2 illustrates another example of the construction of the electrophoretic display device according to the present invention.

[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates a further example of the construction of the electrophoretic display device according to the present invention.

[0019] FIG. 4 illustrates a still further example of the construction of the electrophoretic display device according to the present invention.

[0020] FIG. 5 illustrates a yet still further example of the construction of the electrophoretic display device according to the present invention.

[0021] FIG. 6 illustrates a yet still further example of the construction of the electrophoretic display device according to the present invention.

[0022] FIGS. 7A and 7B are drawings for explaining the driving of the electrophoretic display device according to the present invention.

[0023] FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D illustrate exemplary production processes of the electrophoretic display device according to the present invention.

[0024] FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate an example of the construction of a conventional electrophoretic display device.

[0025] FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate an example of the construction of another conventional electrophoretic display device.

[0026] The embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6 and FIGS. 7A and 7B.

[0027] As illustrated in, for example, FIG. 1, the electrophoretic display device according to the present invention comprises first and second substrates 1aand 1barranged in a state spaced at a prescribed interval, an insulating liquid 2 arranged in the space between these substrates 1aand 1b, and a plurality of colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3 dispersed in the insulating liquid 2.

[0028] On the basis of arrangement of a stage 4 having a recessed part E (hereinafter distinguished by reference characters E₁to E₆as needed) along second substrate 1bin the space between these substrates 1aand 1b, a first surface F₁, i.e., a lower surface, which is a bottom of the recessed part E, and a second surface, i.e. an upper surface F₂of the stage 4, are formed so as to oppose to a thicker portion and a thinner portion of the insulating liquid 2, respectively. A side wall F₃having any of various sectional forms, which will be described subsequently, is formed between lower surface F₁and upper surface F₂.

[0029] Further, a first electrode 5ais arranged in such a manner that at least a part thereof extends along lower surface F₁, and a second electrode 5bis arranged in such a manner that at least a part thereof extends along upper surface F₂. More specifically, at least a part of first electrode 5a(a portion extending along lower surface F₁) is arranged at a position more close to second substrate 1bthan second electrode 5bis. The display device is so constructed that charged electrophoretic particles 3 are caused to migrate to first electrode 5aor second electrode 5bby applying voltage between first and second electrodes 5aand 5b. For example, when a region P₁in which first electrode 5ahas been formed is colored black, a region P₂in which second electrode 5bhas been formed is colored white, and charged electrophoretic particles 3 are colored black, a black display is made when the charged electrophoretic particles 3 are arranged so as to cover second electrode 5b(see FIG. 7A), while a white display is made when the charged electrophoretic particles 3 are arranged so as to cover first electrode 5a(see FIG. 7B). The first and second electrodes will hereinafter be referred to as first display electrode and second display electrode, respectively.

[0030] Incidentally, second display electrode 5bis only required that at least a part thereof is arranged along upper surface F₂, and may be supported on the side of either first substrate 1aor second substrate 1b. However, second display electrode 5bmay preferably be supported on the side of second substrate 1bfor lessening or losing the influence of a leakage electric field from wiring on driving of charged electrophoretic particles 3.

[0031] The form of recessed part E will hereinafter be described.

[0032] A recessed part E₁illustrated in FIG. 1 is formed in such a manner that an opening at an upper end is wider than lower surface F₁at the bottom. However, it may be formed in such a manner that the opening at the upper end is narrower than lower surface F₁at the bottom as shown by a reference character E₂in FIG. 2. In a case that it is formed as illustrated in FIG. 1, there is a problem that an effect for receiving charged electrophoretic particles 3 becomes deteriorated when the inclination of the side wall portion of the recessed part is blunt. When an overhang is great in the form illustrated in FIG. 2, there arise such problems that the migration of the particles 3 to display electrode 5btakes a longer time (migration of the particles is slowed), and a production process by a molding system or the like is difficult. Accordingly, it is necessary to determine the inclination angle of the side wall portion in view of such phenomena. Specifically, the inclination angle θ of the side wall portion in the construction shown in FIG. 1 may preferably be determined to be from 20° to 80°, particularly from 45° to 80°. The recessed parts E₁and E₂shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 are formed in such a manner that the inclination of the side wall portion is constant (namely, the side wall portion exhibits a conical surface). However, the inclination may be continuously changed so as to curve the side wall portion (see FIG. 3), or the side wall portion may be formed stepwise.

[0033] In the electrophoretic display devices illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, the recessed part E is arranged by only one at the almost central portion of a pixel P. However, the arrangement position and number thereof are not limited. A plurality of recessed parts may be formed at other positions than the central portion of the pixel. The form of the opening of the recessed part may be a circle, polygon or any other form.

[0034] An embodiment of the present invention has a feature that a third electrode 5cis provided as an electrode continuous with the first electrode 5aon the side wall F₃of the stage. In other words, the above-described first display electrode 5afeatures that it is provided so as to extend from a position along the lower surface F₁to the side wall portion of the recessed part E.

[0035] The electrode 5cis formed on the side wall F₃so as to extend to the electrode 5aon the lower surface, thereby it is made possible to prevent an electric field formed by voltage applied between first electrode 5aand second electrode 5bwhen causing charged electrophoretic particles 3 to migrate from first electrode 5ato second electrode 5bfrom leaking into a dielectric member forming the stage 4 outside the recessed part E. As a result, the electric field within the recessed part can be strengthened to facilitate the migration of the charged electrophoretic particles and prevent them from remaining on the bottom of the recessed part.

[0036] Although the above-described effect may be brought about even by halfway covering the side wall F₃with the extended portion of first display electrode 5a, i.e., third electrode 5c, the whole side wall portion may be covered with the third electrode so as to extend to the periphery of the recessed part at the upper surface F₂as illustrated in FIG. 1. In such a case, the effect is more markedly exhibited.

[0037] An electrode 5dmay also be provided on upper surface F₂so as to form an electrode face continuous with first display electrode 5aand third electrode 5c. An example thereof is illustrated in FIG. 4. It goes without saying that the electrode 5d(may hereinafter be referred to as fourth electrode) on the upper surface must be insulated from second display electrode 5b. The fourth electrode 5dhas an effect that the concentration of an electric field on upper surface F₂on the periphery of recessed part E is relieved compared with the case where no electrode is provided. Therefore, the migration of the charged electrophoretic particles to second display electrode 5bis not concentrated only in the vicinity of the periphery of recessed part E, but extends to a place close to a partition wall 7 distant from the recessed part. As a result, the charged electrophoretic particles can be uniformly distributed on the second display electrode.

[0038] As illustrated in FIG. 4, fourth electrode 5dmay be laterally arranged with a space on the same second surface F₂as the surface on which second display electrode 5bis provided. However, it may be arranged so as to overlap second display electrode 5bas illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. The overlapping has an effect that display contrast can be enhanced because the space, which is required of the lateral arrangement, can be eliminated to increase an effective area of display.

[0039] FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment that the fourth electrode is overlapped on the second display electrode, and FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment that the second display electrode is overlapped on the fourth electrode. There is no great difference in effect between both embodiments, and any embodiment may be suitable selected according to the easiness of a production process thereof.

[0040] In FIGS. 4 to 6, fourth electrode 5dnot covered with second display electrode 5bor a part thereof may preferably be formed with a constant width along the periphery of recessed part E, whereby the migration of the particles from first display electrode 5ato second display electrode 5boccurs uniformly in all directions. When the width thereof is made very wide, however, the area of second display electrode 5bis relatively narrowed, thereby impairing display contrast. A preferable range of the area is such that the sum total of areas of first display electrode 5a, and third electrode 5cand fourth electrode 5dcontinuous therewith is narrower than that of second display electrode 5b.

[0041] Incidentally, when the electrophoretic display device is provided as a horizontal migration type, the insulating liquid 2 may preferably be made transparent to an extent that the charged electrophoretic particles 3 can be visually observed, and a region P₁in which first display electrode 5ahas been formed and a region P₂in which second display electrode 5bhas been formed may preferably be colored in colors different from each other. It may be preferred that one region be colored in the same color as in the colored and charged electrophoretic particles 3, and the other region be colored in a different color. For example, charged electrophoretic particles 3 may be colored black, the region P₁in which first display electrode 5ahas been formed may be colored black, and the region P₂in which second display electrode 5bhas been formed may be colored white. However, it goes without saying that the present invention is not limited thereto, and the combination of colors is free. When a color display is intended, it may be preferred that charged electrophoretic particles 3 be colored black, one region be colored black, and the other region be suitably colored red, green or blue. Examples of a coloring method include:

[0042] a method of coloring each electrode itself;

[0043] a method of providing colored layers separate from the electrodes; and

[0044] a method of utilizing an insulating layer formed so as to cover the electrodes (for example, a method of utilizing the color of the insulating layer itself or mixing a coloring material into the insulating layer).

[0045] It may also be preferred that an insulating layer be formed so as to cover electrodes 5a, 5b. In the case where the insulating layer is formed, injection of an electric charge into charged electrophoretic particles 3 from the respective electrodes 5a, 5b, . . . , can be prevented. As a material of this insulating layer, is preferred a material hard to form pin holes even in a thin film and low in dielectric constant, specifically, an amorphous fluororesin, high-transparent polyimide, acrylic resin or the like. In particular, when fourth electrode 5dand second display electrode 5dare arranged so as to overlap each other as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, it is necessary that an insulating layer 9 be formed between these electrodes 5dand 5bto avoid short circuit therebetween.

[0046] It is preferred that the above-described stage 4, lower surface F₁, upper surface F₂, side wall F₃, first display electrode 5a, second display electrode 5band third electrode 5c(and also fourth electrode 5din some cases) be formed at every pixel, and signals are supplied to the first display electrode 5aand the electrode(s) continuous therewith in each pixel through a switching element 10. The switching element 10 may preferably be connected to first display electrode 5a, and the second display electrodes 5bin the respective pixels may preferably be connected to one another in such a manner that the same signal is supplied thereto. Besides, parts necessary for display, such as a driver IC may preferably be arranged around wirings or the display device.

[0047] FIGS. 7A and 7B are cross-sectional views illustrating a pixel of a simple matrix drive display device according to the present invention. In this display device, a control electrode 6 is formed between a first display electrode 5aand a second display electrode 5bin place of the switching element such as a thin-film transistor for active matrix drive display. Besides, parts necessary for display, such as a driver IC are arranged around wirings or the display device (not illustrated). Other forms are the same as in the active matrix drive display device.

[0048] Other constructions will be described.

[0049] The stage 4 may preferably be formed with a photo-setting resin, thermosetting resin, thermoplastic resin or the like.

[0050] A partition wall member 7 may be arranged so as to surrounding the periphery of each pixel, thereby preventing transfer of charged electrophoretic particles 3 between pixels. As a material of the partition wall, the same material as the substrates 1a, 1bmay be used, or a photosensitive resin such as an acrylic resin may also be used. Any process may be used for forming the partition wall. For example, a process of applying a photosensitive resin layer and then conducting exposure and wet development, a process of bonding a partition wall separately formed, a process of forming a partition wall by a printing method, or the like may be used.

[0051] Besides films of plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC) and poly(ether sulfone) (PES), glass, quartz and the like may be used in substrates 1a, 1b. A transparent material must be used for substrate 1aon the observer side, but a colored material such as polyimide (PI) may be used for substrate 1bon the other side.

[0052] As materials of display electrodes 5a, 5band control electrode 6, any material may be used so far as they are conductive material capable of patterning. For example, metals such as titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) or carbon and silver paste may be used. When first display electrode 5ais also used as a light reflection layer, a material high in light reflectance, such as silver (Ag) or aluminum (Al) may be suitably used. When this first display electrode 5ais used for white display, irregularities are given to the surface of the display electrode itself so as to undergo irregular reflection, or a light scattering layer is formed on the display electrode.

[0053] As insulating liquid 2, may preferably be used a transparent non-polar solvent such as isoparaffin, silicone oil, xylene or toluene.

[0054] As charged electrophoretic particles 3, may preferably be used a material which is colored and exhibits good positive or negative charge characteristics in the insulating liquid. For example, various kinds of inorganic pigments or organic pigments, carbon black, or resins containing them may be suitably used. The particle diameter of the particles used is generally about 0.01 to 50 μm, preferably about 0.1 to 10 μm.

[0055] A charge control agent may preferably be contained in the insulating liquid and charged electrophoretic particles for the purpose of controlling and stabilizing the charging of the charged electrophoretic particles. As such a charge control agent, may preferably be used a metal complex of a monoazo dye, salicylic acid, organic quaternary ammonium salt, nigrosine compound and so forth.

[0056] A dispersing agent may be added to the insulating liquid for the purpose of preventing aggregation among the charged electrophoretic particles to maintain a good dispersed state. As such a dispersing agent, may be used a polyvalent metal salt of phosphoric acid such as calcium phosphate and magnesium phosphate, a carbonate such as calcium carbonate, any other inorganic salt, an inorganic oxide, an organic polymeric material and so forth.

[0057] A production process of the electrophoretic display device will now be described with reference to FIGS. 8A to 8D.

[0058] A switching element 10, a stage 4, a first display electrode 5aand a second display electrode 5bare first formed at every pixel on a second substrate 1b(see FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C). Stage 4 may be formed either by a molding method using a mold or by a photolithographic method using a photosensitive resin. The order of the formation includes two methods. One of them is a method in which a pattern of second display electrode 5bis first formed, an insulating layer 11 is formed thereon, and a reverse tapered first display electrode 5ais then formed, and the other is a method in which a concave first display electrode 5ais formed, an insulating layer 11 is formed thereon, and a pattern of second display electrode 5bis then formed.

[0059] Thereafter, substrates 1aand 1bare laminated, and an insulating liquid 2 and charged electrophoretic particles 3 are filled.

[0060] As described above, according to the present invention, first display electrode 5ais arranged so as to extend from a position along the lower surface F₁to the side wall portion of the recessed part E (particularly, so as to cover the side wall portion with first display electrode 5a), and so an electric field for causing charged electrophoretic particles 3 to migrate is concentrated within the recessed part, whereby charged electrophoretic particles 3 can be efficiently driven. When the whole side wall portion of the recessed part E is covered with the third electrode, a leakage electric field leaked out of a boundary portion between first and second display electrodes 5aand 5bfrom wirings or the like can be completely shielded.

[0061] The recessed part E is combined with a role of a contact hole between the pixel switching element or driving wiring and first display electrode 5a, whereby the numerical aperture can be prevented from being lowered by the formation of contact.

[0062] The present invention will hereinafter be described in more detail by the following examples.

[0063] An electrophoretic display device shown in FIG. 1 was fabricated in this example. The actual number of pixels in the display device fabricated was 900 (30×30), and the size of one pixel was 600 μm×600 μm. The size P₁of one first display electrode 5aviewed from the display surface side was 60 μm×45 μm, and the size of the bottom of the recessed structure was 40 μm×25 μm. Such recessed parts were arranged by 25 within each pixel. In this display device, the proportion of an area P₂of the second display electrode to the display area in each display pixel, i.e., the so-called numerical aperture was 81%. A difference in level between an upper surface F₂and a lower surface F₁was 15 μm.

[0064] The production process of the electrophoretic display device according to this example will now be described.

[0065] A glass sheet having a thickness of 1.1 mm was used as a substrate 1b(hereinafter referred to as “back-side substrate”; and a substrate located on the upper side in FIG. 1 as “display-side substrate”) located on the lower side in FIG. 1. A thin-layer transistor 10, and besides wirings, IC and the like (not illustrated) necessary for driving were formed on this surface of the back-side substrate 1b.

[0066] A stage 4 was then formed by a photo-setting resin on the back-side substrate 1b. A first display electrode 5awas formed in a recessed part E₁, and at the same time a third electrode was formed on the side wall. A region from the surface of the electrode 5ato the surface of the stage was covered with an insulating layer 9. A second display electrode 5bformed of aluminum was formed on the surface (upper surface F₂) of this insulating layer 9. This electrode was covered with an acrylic resin layer 11 containing fine particles of titanium oxide. In this example, second display electrode 5breflects light, and acrylic resin layer 11 exhibits a light scattering effect.

[0067] A partition wall 7 was formed at a boundary portion between pixels, and an insulating liquid 2 and charged electrophoretic particles 3 were filled into each pixel. Isoparaffin (Isopar, trade name, product of EXSSON Company) was used as insulating liquid 2, and particles of a polystyrene-polymethacrylate copolymer resin containing carbon black having a particle diameter of about 1 to 2 μm were used as charged electrophoretic particles 3. Succinimide (OLOA 1200, trade name, product of Chevron Chemical Co.) was contained as a charge control agent in isoparaffin.

[0068] A display operation was performed by using the display device fabricated to determine display characteristics. As a result, none of deterioration of display by a leakage electric field from wirings or the like, and the like were observed at all.

[0069] Charged electrophoretic particles 3 were arranged within the recessed part E₁in a state adsorbed on first display electrode 5a, and not arranged on this side from second display electrode 5b, and did not remain in the recessed part in a state adsorbed on second display electrode 5b. The display contrast achieved was as high as 10:1.

[0070] An electrophoretic display device shown in FIG. 5 was fabricated in this example.

[0071] In this example, a fourth electrode was arranged in addition to a third electrode. An end portion of the fourth electrode overlapped a second display electrode 5bthrough an insulating layer. The fourth electrode was arranged nearer to a display-side substrate (first substrate) 1athan the surface of the second display electrode. The actual number of pixels in the display device fabricated was 900 (30×30), and the size of one pixel was 960 μm×960 μm. The size P₁of one first display electrode 5aviewed from the display surface side was 40 μm in diameter, and the size of the bottom of the recessed structure was 30 μm in diameter. Such recessed parts were arranged by 140 within each pixel. In this display device, the proportion of an area P₂of the second display electrode to the display area in each display pixel, i.e., the so-called numerical aperture was 80%. A difference in level between an upper surface F₂and a lower surface F₁was 18 μm.

[0072] A display operation was performed by using the display device fabricated to determine display characteristics. As a result, none of deterioration of display by a leakage electric field from wirings or the like, and the like were observed at all.

[0073] Charged electrophoretic particles 3 were arranged within the recessed part E₄in a state adsorbed on first display electrode 5a, and not arranged on this side from second display electrode 5b, and did not remain in the recessed part in a state adsorbed on second display electrode 5b. The display contrast achieved was as high as 11:1.

[0074] An electrophoretic display device shown in FIG. 3 was fabricated in this example. This display device was provided as the so-called direct drive type that wirings were separately made in respective pixels.

[0075] A polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin film having a thickness of 0.2 mm was used as a back-side substrate 1b, and wirings were formed on the surface of this back-side substrate 1b. The actual number of pixels in the display device fabricated was 150 (15×10), and the size of one pixel was 5 mm×5 mm. The size P₁of one first display electrode 5aviewed from the display surface side was 40 μm×4,900 μm, and the size of the bottom of the recessed structure was 20 μm×4,880 μm. Such recessed parts were arranged by 19 within each pixel. In this display device, the proportion of an area P₂of the second display electrode to the display area in each display pixel, i.e., the so-called numerical aperture was 85%. A difference in level between an upper surface F₂and a lower surface F₁was 18 μm.

[0076] A stage 4 was then formed by a thermoplastic resin on the back-side substrate 1b. A first display electrode 5aand a third electrode on the side wall were formed by titanium in a recessed part E₃. The surface of the electrode 5awas then covered with a black resist. An insulating layer 9 composed of an acrylic resin was formed from the surface of the first display electrode 5ato the surface of the stage 4. A second display electrode 5bcomposed of aluminum was formed on the surface (upper surface F₂) of this insulating layer 9. This electrode was covered with an acrylic resin layer 11 containing fine particles of titanium oxide. In this example, second display electrode 5breflects light, and acrylic resin layer 11 exhibits a light scattering effect.

[0077] A partition wall 7 was formed at a boundary portion between pixels, and an insulating liquid 2 and charged electrophoretic particles 3 were filled into each pixel. Isoparaffin (Isopar, trade name, product of EXSSON Company) was used as insulating liquid 2, and particles of a polystyrene-polymethacrylate copolymer resin containing carbon black having a particle diameter of about 1 to 2 μm were used as charged electrophoretic particles 3. Succinimide (OLOA 1200, trade name, product of Chevron Chemical Co.) was contained as a charge control agent in isoparaffin.

[0078] A display operation was performed by using the display device fabricated to determine display characteristics. As a result, none of deterioration of display by a leakage electric field from wirings or the like, and the like were observed at all.

[0079] Charged electrophoretic particles 3 were arranged within the recessed part E₃in a state adsorbed on first display electrode 5a, and not arranged on the surface of second display electrode 5b, and did not remain in the recessed part in a state adsorbed on second display electrode 5b. The display contrast achieved was as high as 11:1.

[0080] According to the present invention, the first display electrode is arranged so as to extend along the lower surface, which is a bottom of the recessed part, and a great number of charged electrophoretic particles can be received within the recessed part. Accordingly, the region occupied by the first display electrode can be narrowed (namely, an area ratio of the region occupied by the second display electrode can be made high) to enhance contrast. Since the charged electrophoretic particles are received in the recessed part lower than the upper surface, the whole area of the second display electrode can be visually observed (without causing portions not seen by shadows of the charged electrophoretic particles, even when visually observed from all directions such as an inclined direction), and no lowering of contrast occurs. Since the second display electrode is arranged so as to cover the display surface (upper surface) excluding the recessed part, a leakage electric field from wirings or the like arranged on the second substrate side can be shielded to improve display quality.

[0081] When the third electrode is provided on the side wall of the recessed part in such a manner that the first display electrode is arranged so as to extend from a position along the lower surface to the side wall portion of the recessed part (in particular, the side wall portion is covered with the first display electrode), electric fields for causing the charged electrophoretic particles to migrate are all directed from the bottom of the recessed part to the first substrate, whereby the charged electrophoretic particles can be efficiently driven.

[0082] When the fourth electrode is provided on the upper surface of the stage in such a manner that the first display electrode is arranged so as to extend from a position along the lower surface to a position between the second display electrode and the first substrate, an effect that the driving speed of the charged electrophoretic particles can be improved is brought about. When the first display electrode is arranged so as to extend from a position along the lower surface to a position between the second display electrode and the second substrate, contrast can be more enhanced. When the first display electrode is arranged so as to extend from a position along the lower surface to the same height as the second display electrode, the first and second display electrodes can be made at the same time upon the production of the device, thereby bringing about an effect on the reduction in production cost.

[0083] The recessed part is also combined with a role of a contact hole between the pixel switching element or driving wiring and the first display electrode, whereby the numerical aperture can be prevented from being lowered by the formation of contact.