Method and apparatus for detecting collisions on a network using multi-cycle waveform pulses

[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of data networking. More specifically, the present invention relates to the detection of collisions between transmitted signals on a network.

[0003] Ethernet networks implement a Carrier Sense, Multiple Access/Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) protocol to ensure that only one node (or station) of the relevant Ethernet network is propagating a signal over a carrier medium of the network at any given time. As implied by the “Carrier Sense” aspect of this protocol, prior to or during signal transmission, a station checks or listens on the relevant carrier medium to determine whether another station is transmitting. Merely for example, an inquiring station may sense a voltage on a network line, and then assume that another station is transmitting.

[0004] In view of the distances between stations on a network and finite signal propagation times, it often occurs that a station wishing to transmit will sample the relevant carrier medium, and sense no traffic thereon, even though another station may have begun transmitting. Accordingly, two stations will simultaneously transmit, resulting in a collision of transmitted signals. The delay in detection of transmission of a signal over the carrier medium because of the distance between stations coupled thereto has resulted in a so-called “slot time” being defined as a function of the time required for the transmission of a signal by a first station, the possible “Carrier Sense” detection of this signal by a second station of the network, and the return of a collision detect signal by the second station to the first station. It will be appreciated that the possibility of colliding transmission signals occurs during this slot time.

[0005] In Ethernet networks where the carrier medium comprises a regular and well-designed wiring system, constructed using a high-quality cable, the detection of collisions may be performed by detecting voltage swings on the carrier medium that exceed the voltage that can be generated by one transmitter alone. However, where the carrier medium of the network displays a number of undefined characteristics, the above collision detection methodologies may be unreliable. For example, where the carrier medium comprises existing telephone wiring within a residence (e.g., Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) wiring), the wiring may comprise unshielded, twisted-pair (UTP) telephone cable and may be either Category One or Category Two cable as defined by the EIA/TIA 568 specification. Accordingly, the wiring may be susceptible to noise. Further, the use of residential telephone wiring as the carrier medium for the network poses a number of problems as the transmission of data signals must occur over an arbitrary, unterminated wiring system with unknown electrical characteristics. This results in impedance mismatches, and the lack of termination contributes significantly to the persistence of reflections of signals and to unpredictable peaks and valleys in frequency response within a band of interest. The power-splitting effect of star configurations, which are commonly implemented in residential wiring, increases these problems.

[0006] According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of detecting a collision between transmissions on a carrier medium within a network. The method commences with the transmission of an identifier from the transmitter of a network device. This transmitted identifier has a predetermined duration, and includes a pulse comprising a multi-cycle waveform and having a temporal location which is specific to the transmitted identifier. A further identifier is received at a receiver of the network device. The received identifier similarly has a predetermined duration and includes a pulse at a temporal location. A determination is then made as to whether the temporal location of the pulse within the received identifier corresponds to the temporal location of the pulse within the transmitted identifier. If the temporal locations of these pulses do not correspond, a collision is detected on the network.

[0007] According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided apparatus for detecting a collision between transmissions on the carrier medium of the network. The apparatus comprises a transmitter, which is coupled to transmit a first identifier over the carrier medium, and a receiver, which is coupled to receive a second identifier. The first identifier includes a pulse comprising a multi-cycle waveform. The apparatus also includes a logic circuit, which is coupled to the receiver, that determines whether the temporal location of the pulse within the second identifier corresponds to the temporal location of the pulse within the first identifier. If not, the logic circuit then detects a collision on the network.

[0008] The invention extends to a network adapter, a Network Interface Card (NIC) and a transceiver incorporating the above apparatus.

[0009] Other features of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description which follows.

[0010] The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements.

[0011] FIGS. 1aand 1billustrate respective Local Area Networks (LANs) within which the present invention may be implemented.

[0012] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a mapping of networking device components to the OSI model.

[0013] FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a MAC-to-PHY interface according to the present invention.

[0014] FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a frame constructed according to the teachings of the present invention.

[0015] FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the relationship between the MAC frame, and a frame constructed according to the teachings of the present invention.

[0016] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a network station including a modem within which the present invention may be implemented.

[0017] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a modem, according to one embodiment of the present invention, for providing a connection between an Ethernet controller and POTS wiring.

[0018] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a 10BaseT-to-POTS adapter, according to one embodiment of the present invention, including the modem illustrated FIG. 7.

[0019] FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic representation of a signal transmitted from the modem of FIG. 7 and encoding an access identifier and packet data.

[0020] FIG. 10 illustrates a signal waveform resulting from the propagation of a pulse over the POTS wiring illustrated in FIG. 1a.

[0021] FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a method, according to one embodiment of the present invention, of generating an access identifier for a node within a network.

[0022] FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating a method, according to one embodiment of the present invention, of detecting a collision between signal transmissions on a carrier medium in a network.

[0023] FIG. 13 illustrates signal transmissions from two respective nodes of a network, and illustrates the detection of a collision utilizing these signals.

[0024] FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of one embodiment, according to the present invention, of the modem shown in FIG. 7.

[0025] FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of a master state machine included within the modem illustrated in FIG. 14.

[0026] FIG. 16 is a state diagram illustrating the various operational states of the modem shown in FIG. 14.

[0027] FIGS. 17 and 18 are schematic representations of three state machines which comprise a Media Access Controller (MAC) included within the modem shown in FIG. 14.

[0028] FIG. 19 is a representation of a pulse, according to one embodiment of the present invention, in the form of a pulse doublet.

[0029] FIG. 20 is a representation of a pulse, according to one embodiment of the present invention, in the form of a multi-cycle waveform.

[0030] FIG. 21 illustrates a spectral mask to which is the output power spectrum of a transmitter, according to one embodiment of the present invention, may conform.

[0031] FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating selected components that may be included within a transmitter, according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0032] FIG. 23 is a diagrammatic representation illustrating exemplary locations of pulses within a header portion of a transmission, according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] FIG. 24 is a diagrammatic representation of a synchronization interval, and two successive access identifier symbols as propagated from a transmitter according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0034] FIG. 25 is a block diagram illustrating selected components that may be included within a receiver, according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0035] FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating a waveform, comprising a series of symbols, received at a receiver as a result of the propagation of the waveform illustrated in FIG. 24 over POTS wiring.

[0036] A method and apparatus for detecting a collision between signals transmitted over a network are described. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details.

[0037] FIGS. 1aand 1beach illustrate a respective Local Area Network (LAN) 10 and 12 which may be implemented utilizing arbitrary topology POTS wiring 14, such as UTP wiring, within a residential building 16. The wiring 14 fans out from a central connection point 18, through which the wiring 14 is connected to a central office, to numerous phone jacks 20 located throughout the building 16. A number of LAN devices (also termed “stations” or “nodes”), such as computers 22, modems 24 or printers 26, may be coupled to the wiring 14 via the jacks 20. Regular telephones 28 are also shown to be coupled to the wiring 14 via respective jacks 20. A number of branches of the wiring 14 may furthermore terminate in jacks 20 into which LAN devices or telephones are not connected (i.e., open stubs), and are accordingly unterminated. As will be appreciated from FIG. 1a, the wiring 14 interconnecting the LAN devices has an irregular topology, and includes a number of unterminated branches. Impedance mismatches, the arbitrary topology, and the lack of termination within the LANs 10 and 12 result in the reflection of signals and unpredictable frequency responses within these LANs 10 and 12. Further, the star configuration illustrated in FIG. 1aserves to attenuate the levels of signal features whose duration is short compared to the propagation delay of the wire branches.

[0038] FIG. 2 illustrates two exemplary networking devices 1012 and 1014, which are coupled via a wire pair 1016 to a wiring network 1018. Each of the networking devices 1012 and 1014 includes a physical layer device (PHY) 1022 or 1028, a media access controller (MAC) 1024 or 1030, and a logical link controller (LLC) 1026 or 1032. The various layers comprising the Open System Interconnect (OSI) networking model are illustrated at 1020, and the PHY 1022 is shown to implement the physical layer 1020A, while the MAC 1024 and the LLC 1026 are shown to implement the data link layer 1020B. In one embodiment, the present invention may reside primarily in the PHY 1022, and may adapt frames received from the MAC 1024 into a form suitable for reliable transmission over the wiring network 1018 via the wire pair 1016.

[0039] FIG. 3 provides further details regarding an exemplary embodiment of the MAC to PHY interface. Specifically, the interface includes a receive data signal 1040, which comprises data to the MAC 1024 from the PHY 1022. A receive clock signal 1042 is utilized to clock the receive data signal 1040. A transmit data signal 1044 comprises data propagated from the MAC 1024 to the PHY 1022. A transmit clock signal 1046 is utilized to clock the transmit data signal 1044. A transmit enable signal 1048 comprises a request from the MAC 1024 to the PHY 1022 to begin the transmission of data to the PHY 1022. A carrier sense signal 1050 indicates to the MAC 1024 that the PHY 1022 is receiving a valid carrier signal from the wiring network 1018. Finally, a collision signal 1052 indicates that a collision was detected by the PHY 1022 on the wiring network 1018.

[0040] While the MAC controller 1024 and the PHY 1022 are shown to be discrete components in FIG. 3, it will readily be appreciated that the MAC controller 1024 and the PHY 1022 may be integrated into a single device, in which case the above described signals will not be required. However, the functionality embodied in these signals should still be provided by the PHY component of any such integrated device.

[0041] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a frame 1060 (or data packet) constructed by the PHY 1022, according to the teachings of the present invention, for transmission over the wire pair 1016 within a structure. The frame 1060 comprises a header portion 1062 and a data portion 1064, each of the header and the data portions 1062 and 1064 in turn comprising a series of symbols. Specifically, the header portion 1062 includes a series of access identifier symbols 1066, which may be of a fixed length. The data portion 1064 comprises a series of data symbols 1068, which are of a variable length and, in one exemplary embodiment, encode an IEEE 802.3 Ethernet data package received from the MAC layer.

[0042] FIG. 5 provides an exemplary illustration of the transformation of a transmission 1070 comprising a Ethernet packet 1070 having a preamble and delimiter 174 prefixed to the Ethernet packet 1072 into a transmission 1090 for propagation over the wire pair 1016. Specifically, the present invention proposes a method and apparatus whereby the PHY 1028 receives an Ethernet MAC frame (i.e., the transmission 1070) from the MAC controller 1024, strips away the eight octets comprising the preamble and delimiter 1074, and then replaces the preamble and delimiter 1074 with a header portion 1094 as described below. The present invention also proposes encoding both the header portion 1074 and the Ethernet packet 1072 as specific pulse sequences, as will be described in further detail below. In one exemplary embodiment, the step of transforming the transmission 1070 into the transmission 1090 comprises stretching the preamble and delimiter 1074 by introducing a “stretched clock” portion 1086 into the preamble to generate the intermediate header 1084, which comprises the contents of the delimiter and preamble 1074, but has a time duration of the header portion 1094.

[0043] Details on an exemplary embodiment on the invention, which implements the broad concepts discussed above with reference to FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5, will now be provided.

[0044] Turning now to FIG. 6, there is illustrated a network station 30 coupled to a LAN via uncharacterized, arbitrary topology wiring, such as the POTS wiring 14 illustrated in FIGS. 1aand b. While network station 30 is described below as implementing the Ethernet protocol, it will be appreciated that the teachings of the present invention can also be applied to other well-known networking protocols. Merely for example, the teachings of the present invention could be extended to any network implementing BISYNC or HDLC framing, Collision Detecting, Collision Avoiding, TDMA, and Polled or Token Passing access methods.

[0045] An overview of the various components of the network station 30 will now be provided. The station 30 comprises a network device 36 and an adapter 35. The adapter 35 includes a modem 32 that serves to adapt a communications controller 34 of the network device 36 (such as a computer) for communication over the arbitrary POTS wiring 14.

[0046] The communications controller 34 may be an Ethernet communications controller operating according to the IEEE 802.3 standard High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) serial controller. In an alternative embodiment, the communications controller may simply be a serial data interface or microprocessor, and the modem 32 may incorporate a Media Access Controller (MAC) 70 that interfaces a data stream from the controller 34 to circuitry within the modem 32 via an interface such as the General Purpose Serial Interface (GPSI) 60 described below.

[0047] The modem 32 provides medium interface, signal encoding and decoding (ENDEC), clock recovery and collision detection functions. To accommodate a variable bit rate encoding/decoding scheme, and to control the flow the data between the network device 36 and the wiring 14, the modem 32 controls the clocking of data to and from the communications controller 34. The modem 32 may further support Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) based Media Access Control (MAC) layers and accordingly provides carrier detect and collision indication signals, as is explained in further detail below. The modem 32 is furthermore shown to be coupled to a microprocessor system 38 of the network device 36 via a management interface, which allows the modem 32 to be controlled by software executing within the microprocessor system 38. The adapter 35 further incorporates a coupler module 40 by which the network station 30 is coupled to the jack 20 and POTS wiring 14. The coupler module 40 includes a pair of RJ-11 ports through which the wall jack 20 and the telephone 28 are coupled to the network device 36. The coupler module 40 is furthermore connected to the modem 32 via a transmit/receive connection 42.

[0048] A filter (not shown) is incorporated within the coupler module 40, and acts as a bandpass with a lower cutoff frequency of around 400 kHz and upper cutoff frequency around 4 MHz. The filter is AC coupled to the wiring 14 to prevent interference with POTS operations. Further details of the coupler module 40 are not pertinent to an understanding of the present invention.

[0049] Referring now to the network device 36, the communications controller 34 is typically responsible for Link-Layer protocol functions, such as framing, error detection, address recognition and media access. The microprocessor system 38 is responsible for the execution of software which controls the controller 34 and the modem 32. The microprocessor system 38 is furthermore shown to be coupled to the communications controller 34 via a data bus 44, and the communications controller 34 is similarly coupled to the modem 32.

[0050] The adapter 35 thus allows a network device 36 including a communications controller 34, such as an Ethernet controller, to be coupled to a LAN implemented using POTS wiring 14, and serves to encode data transmitted from the network device 36 onto the LAN into a format suitable for propagation over the wiring 14. Similarly, the adapter 35 decodes signals received via the POTS wiring 14 into a format suitable for reception by the controller 34. While the adapter 35 is shown in FIG. 6 to reside outside the network device 36, it will be appreciated that the adapter 35 could in fact be incorporated within the network device as, for example, part of a Network Interface Card (NIC). Alternatively, the adapter 35 may comprise a stand alone unit which is coupled between a serial port of the network device 36 and the wall jack 20.

[0051] FIG. 7 is a block diagram providing a more detailed view of the components of the modem 32. Specifically, the modem 32 comprises an encoder/decoder (ENDEC) 46 which is responsible for encoding a bit sequence as a symbol for transmission over a carrier medium such as the POTS wiring 14. Similarly, the ENDEC 46 is responsible for decoding a symbol received from the wiring 14 to generate a bit sequence. The encoding and decoding operations performed by the ENDEC 46 will be described in further detail below. The ENDEC 46 furthermore supplies both transmit and receive clocks to the communications controller 34 or, in an alternative embodiment, to a MAC within the modem 32. Overall operation of the ENDEC 46 is under the control of an access sequencer 48. The access sequencer 48 selects a general mode of operation for the ENDEC 46 and for the modem 32 as a whole, and controls the flow of data between the modem's subsystems and interfaces. The access sequencer 48 is also responsible for implementing collision detection within the modem 32.

[0052] The modem 32 further includes receiver/transmitter circuitry 50, which is responsible for the reception and transmission of access identifier symbols for use in collision detection, and data symbols that encode bit sequences. In one embodiment of the invention, such access identifiers and data symbols may be delimited by, or include, electrical pulses. A transmitter 50awithin the circuitry 50 receives symbol and polarity information, synchronized to a master clock, from the ENDEC 46. In one embodiment, the data symbol information received at the transmitter 50afrom the ENDEC 46 represents the variable-duration (or encoding) portion of a composite symbol to be propagated from the transmitter 50a. The transmitter 50aappends a fixed-duration (or buffer) portion to the variable-duration portion to generate the composite symbol. In one embodiment of the present invention, the transmitter 50athen generates data symbol delimiters, which determine the time duration and polarity of the composite symbol, in the form of pulse doublets. Each pulse doublet comprises first and second portions of approximately equal duration and opposite polarity, and has a fixed pulse width. The polarity of each pulse doublet is determined by information received from the ENDEC 46. As each pulse doublet comprises two equal portions of equal duration and opposite polarity, no Direct Current (DC) component is generated on the wiring 14 when the pulse doublet is transmitted thereon. Compliance with FCC Part 68 requires that the voltage levels of each pulse doublet be substantially less than would be generated when driving the coupler module 40 at Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) levels. A reduction in the voltage levels of each pulse may be accomplished by incorporating a series of resistors, or step-down windings, in a coupling transformer within the circuitry 50. In one embodiment, each pulse doublet comprises a single cycle of a 2 MHz sine wave. In an alternative embodiment, the data symbol delimiter may comprise a multi-cycle waveform. Similarly, an electrical pulse included within an access identifier symbol may comprise a pulse doublet, as described above, or a multi-cycle waveform as will be described in further detail below.

[0053] The circuitry 50 also includes a receiver 50b, which comprises gain elements, comparators and digital control circuitry. The receiver 50bproduces an output pulse, coincident with a first peak (i.e. the inflection point) of a complex waveform received by the wall jack 20 off the wiring 14. The complex waveform may be highly attenuated and distorted as a result of being propagated through a residential POTS wiring 14, and reflections can result in a peak amplitude occurring sometime after arrival of the incident energy. Without line terminations and with complex topologies, pulse energy can continue for many microseconds, decaying gradually.

[0054] Referring again to FIG. 7 the modem 32 also includes system interfaces in the form of a General Purpose Serial Interface (GPSI) 60 and a management interface 62. The GPSI 60 allows the modem 32 to control the clocking of data into and out of the communications controller 34. Table 1 below provides the details of the GPSI 60 signal lines:

[0055] The management interface 62 is a simple 4-wire serial interface for setting and reading management configuration information. A microprocessor within the communications controller 34 uses the interface 62 to establish the speed of operation, and to set the access sequencer's 48 mode of operation. In one embodiment the communications controller 34 is an Ethernet controller, and the management parameters for the modem 32 are stored in a serial EEPROM, and loaded automatically every time the controller 34 is reset or initialized. Table 2 below details the relevant signal pins and management configuration data:

[0056] The receiver 50bfurther includes an Analog Front End (AFE) circuit 50cand a Phase-Lock Loop (PLL) circuit 50d. The AFE 50cshapes transmit pulses, and finds and indicates to the receiver 50bthe time (temporal) location of the incident peak of a received waveform (pulse).

[0057] FIG. 8 illustrates the modem 32 included within an adapter 64 which allows a computer 22 including a 10BaseT Ethernet communications controller 34 to communicate over a LAN implemented using POTS wiring 14. The adapter 64 includes a filter/coupler module 66, a 10BaseT Media Access Unit (MAU), an ENDEC 68, an Ethernet MAC Controller 70, a buffer manager 72, and a Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) 74. The adapter 64 acts as a non-filtering bridge, and receives packets from either interface, buffers such packets temporarily, and transmits them to the opposite interface as soon as possible. Specifically, the buffer manager 72 uses the SRAM 74 to emulate two large First In, First Out (FIFO) memories buffering packets being transferred between 10BaseT and the POTS wiring 14. In one embodiment, the adapter 64 does not have a MAC LAN address. The adapter 64 further includes a RJ-45 connector 76 for 10BaseT access, and two RJ-11 connectors 78. A speed selector 80 allows a user to configure the transmission speed of the adapter, and the adapter 64 further includes an array of diagnostic Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 82.

[0058] The present invention proposes implementing a collision detection protocol over a network, such as those illustrated in FIGS. 1aand 1b, which has an arbitrary topology, and unterminated branches. In one exemplary embodiment, a network 10 implements the Ethernet protocol and thus a CSMA/CD mechanism is invoked for every transmission over the network 10. In such a network 10, each networks station 30 includes an Ethernet communications controller 34, which provides the CSMA/CD mechanism. However, as detailed above, an arbitrary topology renders traditional collision detection methodologies unreliable. Specifically, the occurrence of reflections and noise on a network using POTS wiring as a carrier medium render traditional “carrier sense” methodologies and techniques unreliable. Accordingly, the present invention proposes that the adapter 64, as shown in FIG. 8, provide a “front-end” for the communications controller 34 which allows the detection of collisions in a manner which compensates for the unpredictability and arbitrary nature of a carrier medium.

[0059] Merely for example, assuming that a maximum node separation of 500 feet is specified in the network 10, a “slot time” of no more than 2 microseconds may exist. The term “slot time” comprises twice the propagation delay between nodes (i.e., “round-trip” propagation delay), and indicates the maximum amount of time required by a node to capture the carrier medium. In order to facilitate the detection of signals transmitted by multiple stations within such a slot time, the present invention proposes assigning a unique access identifier 100 to each station. This access identifier 100 encodes a unique identifier, and is transmitted from each station as part of the header portion 4 prior to the transmission of the data portion 6 that includes a data packet 102. Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 9, a frame transmission commences when the communication controller 34 indicates to the modem 32 a desire to transmit by raising a transmission enable (TENA) signal. If the carrier medium is detected as being available (e.g., no transmitted pulses from other nodes have been seen on the POTS wiring for N microseconds), the access sequencer 48 causes the transmitter 50ato transmit the access identifier 100, which is unique to the network station 10. The access identifier 100 is substituted for a portion of a preamble transmission, which is conventionally transmitted from an Ethernet MAC controller at the beginning of a packet. The access identifier 100 encodes, for example, a unique 8-bit access identification number, which is encoded two bits at a time using, as shown in FIG. 9, four identifier portions 104b-eof a signal 105.

[0060] For the purposes of the specification, it is convenient to define a time unit in terms of which time intervals and temporal locations can be expressed. To this end, a time unit arbitrary termed a TIC is defined as comprising 0.1167 microseconds.

[0061] As shown in FIG. 9, in one exemplary embodiment, the access identifier 100 comprises (six) 6 symbols conveniently termed Access Identifier Symbols) 103a-103f. The symbol 103a(termed a SYNC symbol) is bounded by two electrical pulses which are 128 TICs apart. The next 4 symbols 103b-103eare of equal duration (e.g., 127 TICs) and each comprise a buffer or “dead time” portion 106 and an identifier portion 104. Each buffer portion 106 is twice the duration of an Intersymbol Blanking Interval (ISBI) which comprises 20 TICs. The ISBI is further defined and explained in co-pending application Ser. No. 08/925,205, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ENCODING AND DECODING A BIT SEQUENCE FOR TRANSMISSION OVER POTS WIRING”, filed Sep. 8, 1997, and assigned to the assignee of the present application. Each buffer portion 106 may conveniently be termed an Access Identifier (AID) blanking interval.

[0062] The two bits encoded in each identifier portion 104 are encoded in the temporal location of a pulse within that identifier portion 104. For example, a pulse transmitted in the 66th TIC of a symbol 103 encodes the bit sequence “00”. Similarly, the bit sequences “01”, “10”, and “11”, are encoded by pulses transmitted in the 86th, 106th and 126th TICs within a symbol 103. For example, the identifier portion 104bincludes a pulse transmitted in the 106th TIC of the symbol 103b, and thus encodes the bit sequence “10”.

[0063] The symbol 103fcomprises a “silence gap” or “silence interval” and contains no pulses. This silence gap is used for the detection of a “jam” pattern, as will be described below, and it is during this silence gap that all receivers 50battain maximum sensitivity.

[0064] The respective buffer portions 106 are required to separate the pulses included within the identifier portions 104 by a predetermined time duration so as to allow for proper detection thereof by a receiver 50b. To this end, reference made to FIG. 10, which shows a waveform 110 of a signal received at a receiver 50bin response to the transmission of a pulse over a carrier medium, such as the POTS wiring 14. The waveform 110 includes a primary pulse 112 having an incident peak 114, followed by a series of decaying reflections. It will be appreciated that, in order to properly identify an access identifier 100 received at a receiver 50b, it is important that the true incident peak 114 be detected. As is also shown in FIG. 10, it is conceivable that the reflections can result in a peak amplitude occurring sometime after the arrival of the incident energy. In order to allow the receiver 50bto determine the precise time of arrival of a first incident peak, sensitivity of the receiver 50bshould be lessened, or the receiver 50bdisabled, after detection of the incident peak. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the main receiver signal path comprises an amplifier followed by a differentiator (not shown). The amplifier may be necessary to compensate for the lower transmit levels required for compliance with FCC Part 68, and gain is accordingly fixed at about 15 dB. The output of the amplifier is fed to the differentiator whose output changes polarity whenever the input waveform's slope changes sign. The output of the differentiator is gated by both time and amplitude processing circuits within the receiver 50b. To further qualify the output of the differentiator, two (2) comparators and a threshold voltage generating circuit (not shown) detect the polarity of an incoming pulse. The comparators take as inputs the amplified waveform and a threshold voltage generated by the threshold voltage generating circuit. The comparators each receive an opposite phase of the amplified input waveform so that one comparator's output is active when the waveform exceeds the threshold voltage in a positive direction, and the other comparator's output is active when the waveform exceeds the threshold voltage in a negative direction. The threshold voltage generated by the threshold voltage generating circuit tracks the amplitude the incident peak, and is allowed to decay exponentially as shown in FIG. 9 and in a manner that roughly models the expected lowered amplitude responses of the received reflection pulses. A bias ensures that the threshold voltage can only sink to a minimum value representing the maximum sensitivity of the receiver 50b.

[0065] Regarding the initial setting of the threshold voltage, when a new waveform arrives at the receiver 50b, the amplified line voltage rises above, or falls below, the threshold voltage and causes one of the two comparators to again become active. This then sets a latch which remembers the polarity of the incident waveform, and disables the output of the other comparator until the receiver 50bis re-armed. The setting of the latch causes the threshold voltage to be driven to the peak voltage of the incident wave. The latch also arms an edge detector circuit (not shown) which is looking for a transition from the peak detector, indicating the arrival of a first incident peak. While waiting for the next pulse, the threshold voltage generating circuit output is in a high impedance state, allowing a capacitor to hold this threshold voltage. A bleed resistor causes this voltage to drain off, effectively increasing the sensitivity of the receiver 50bwith the passing of time.

[0066] A further impediment to detecting pulses transmitted over an arbitrary topology carrier medium may result from the AGC action of the receiver 50b, which creates difficulties in the simultaneous transmission and reception of signals.

[0067] For the above reasons, the present invention proposes encoding identifiers using pulses separated by a minimum period comprising with the “dead time” buffer portion 106 (or AID banking interval) of an interval 103. Specifically, each of the buffer portions 106 is of sufficient duration so as to allow the reflections of an incident pulse to decay below the above discussed threshold voltage, as illustrated FIG. 10.

[0068] Turning now to FIG. 11, there is illustrated a method 120 of automatically allocating an unique access identifier to each of the stations (or nodes) of the network 10. The method 120 is performed by each of the nodes included within such a network 10. After start step 122, the method 120 requires initializing the node with a predetermined access identifier at step 124. Specifically, each node maintains a pre-assigned access identifier within an internal register. At step 126, the node transmits this access identifier over the network 10 for detection by all other nodes of the network 10. At step 128, the node receives access identifiers propagated over the network 10 by other nodes, and then decodes these access identifiers to reveal identifier numbers encoded therein. At decision box 130, the node compares the number encoded into the access identifier with which it was initialized to the numbers decoded from the access identifiers received from other nodes in the network 10. If it is determined that any one of the access identifiers received from another node is identical to the access identifier with which is was initialized, the node generates a new, random 8-bit number from which is generated a new access identifier at step 132. The method loops from step 132 back to step 124, wherein the node is again initialized with this newly-generated identifier. Alternatively, should it be determined at decision box 130 that the internally-stored identifier number is unique on the network, the access identifier is maintained in step 134. The method 120 the loops back to step 126. Accordingly, during the course of normal network activity, nodes within the network will randomly change their access identifiers until all are unique. It will be appreciated that the access identifiers discussed above are required only for the purposes of collision detection among transmissions occurring from two nodes within the slot time.

[0069] One exemplary embodiment of the present invention implements both transmit mode and receive mode collision detection, as required for operation of an Ethernet network over twisted-pair wiring. Specifically, transmit mode collision detection is performed by the nodes transmitting signals, whereas receive mode collision detection is performed by non-transmitting nodes of the network. Receive mode collision detection is also required for detection of collisions across various segments, connected by repeaters, of the network. It will also be appreciated that the present invention may optionally be implemented in a network supporting only transmit mode collision detection.

[0070] Referring now to FIG. 12, there is illustrated a method 140, accordingly to one embodiment of the present invention, of detecting collisions between transmission signals on a carrier medium in a network. The method 140 is performed by each individual node of a network prior to transmission of the data portion of a frame 2. The method 140 commences at step 142, and then proceeds to step 144, where a first access identifier 100A is propagated from the transmitter 50aof the modem 32 of a first node onto the wiring 14, and then “looped back” and received at the receiver 50bof the transmitting modem 32. At step 146, a second node transmits a second access identifier 100B on the wiring 14, within a predetermined slot time, the second access identifier 100B then being received at the receiver 50bof the first node. In one embodiment of the invention, the slot time is defined to be 2 microseconds. It is unlikely that an access identifier 100 will be received at the receiver 50bafter the expiration of the slot time, as other nodes would by this time have detected that the subject node is transmitting

[0071] The respective first and second access identifiers 100A and 100B each have a predetermined and fixed duration, and include a number of pulses which encode a numeric identifier, as detailed above. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that pulses of the second access identifier 100B will be received at the receiver 50bof the first node together with the pulses of the “looped back” first access identifier. The pulses of the first and second identifiers 100A and 100B will be perceived by the receiver 50bas being interspersed, and to comprise a single “received” access identifier 100C.

[0072] At decision box 148, a determination is made as to whether the temporal locations of the pulses within the transmitted and received access identifiers 100 correspond. If the temporal locations of the pulses within the respective transmitted and received access identifiers 100 do correspond (i.e., the pulses of a second access identifier 100B are not interspersed with those of the first access identifier 100A), the method proceeds to step 150, at which a “no collision” occurrence is detected as this indicates that only the first access identifier 100A was received and that no second access identifier 100B was transmitted. The subject node then proceeds to transmit the message packet at step 152, and the method terminates at step 154.

[0073] On the other hand, should it be determined at decision box 148 that the temporal locations of pulses within the transmitted and received access identifiers 100 do not correspond (i.e., pulses from a second access identifier 100B are interspersed with those from the first access identifier 100A), the method proceeds to step 156, at which a “collision” occurrence is detected. Thereafter, the method proceeds to step 158, wherein the subject node transmits a jamming signal so as to facilitate receive mode collision detection by idle nodes of the network. The jamming signal is transmitted by the transmitter 50auntil signaled by the communications controller 34 to cease transmission of this signal.

[0074] The method 140 will now be further described with reference to FIG. 13, which provides an illustrative example of a collision between respective signals 160 and 162 transmitted by two nodes, namely Node 1 and Node 2, within a network. Node 1 begins transmission of the signal 160 by propagation of an access identifier 100 identifying Node 1. Within a predetermined slot time, Node 2 similarly begins transmission of the signal 162 by propagation of an access identifier 100 identifying Node 2. As shown, the identifier portions 104 of the first and second intervals 103 of signals 160 and 162 are identical, and accordingly no collision is detected by Node 1 on receipt of these first or second intervals 103. However, it will be noted that the respective third intervals 103 of the signals 160 and 162 differ, in that the temporal locations of the pulses included within the identifier portions 104 differ. Accordingly, on reception of the third interval 103 of signal 162, Node 1 detects a collision as the pulse of this third interval 103 is located, for example, in the 66th TIC, whereas the pulse of the third interval 103 of signal 160 is located in the 126th TIC. It will be noted that the buffer portion 106 included within each interval 103 provides time for the ringing from the previous pulse to completely die out before the next pulse is sent. Node 2 does not detect a collision on receipt of pulse 168, as the “dead time” or blanking interval (comprising twice the ISBI) has not as yet expired and the receiver is not sensitive (or is switched OFF) during the blanking interval. Accordingly, a collision is detected when a signal pulse is received from another node during a period of receiver sensitivity (i.e., immediately prior to transmitting the next symbol of an access identifier). After Node 1 detects the collision, a jamming signal 170, comprising a continuous and evenly-spaced sequence of pulses, is transmitted from the transmitter 50aof Node 1. The first pulse 172 of the jamming signal 170 causes Node 2 to detect a collision, as the receiver 50bthereof is again re-enabled after the blanking interval. After detection of the collision, Node 2 similarly begins to transmit a jamming signal 170. The jamming signals 170 allow non-transmitting (or passive) nodes within the network 10 to detect the collision when they receive pulses during the interval 103f(i.e., the “silence gap”), which is silent in the absence of a collision.

[0075] FIGS. 14-18 illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the modem 32 implemented using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The access sequencer 48 is shown to comprise a Master State Machine (MSTM) 48aand a Media Access Controller (MAC) 48b. Referring now specifically to FIGS. 15 and 16, the basic function of the MSTM 48ais to control the flow of data between the wire 14 and an Ethernet communications controller 34. The MSTM 48areceives the number of inputs 180 from an encoder 46a, a decoder 46b, the receiver 50aand the transmitter 50b, and outputs a master state signal (MS[7:0]) 182, which indicates one of eight operational states illustrated in FIG. 16, to other functional units of the modem 32. Referring to the state diagram shown in FIG. 16, when the modem is in an idle state (IDLE) 184, the modem 32 waits for the Ethernet communications controller 34 to being packet transmission or for a packet to be received off the wire 14. Should the controller 34 begin packet transmission, the modem 32 enters a transmit access identifier (TX_AID) state 186, in which the MAC 48bcauses an access identifier 100, as detailed above, to be transmitted over the wiring 14. If a collision is sensed, then a transmit jam (TX_JAM) state 188 is entered. In the state 188, the MAC 48bsends the above described jamming signal 170, until the Ethernet controller 34 stops transmitting. Once the MAC 48bterminates transmission of the jam signal 170 and the wire is clear, the modem enters an interframe gap (IFG) state 190. In the IFG state 190, the GPSI 60 runs the Ethernet communications controller 34 at a relatively high clock speed, so as to shrink a minimum interframe gap seen on the wire 14. This has the advantage of saving time which is used by the access identifier transmission.

[0076] Returning to state 186, if no collision is detected, then the modem 32 enters the transmit packet (TX₁₃PKT) state 192. In state 192, the modem 32 begins transmission of a frame 2 and remains in this state until no carrier is sensed in the wire, meaning that the last bit of the frame 2 has been found and encoded, and that all looped back symbols have cleared the receiver 50b. The modem 32 then moves from state 192 to the IFG state 190.

[0077] The receive access identifier (RC_AID) state 194 is entered into when an incoming frame 2 is detected. For example, an incoming frame 2 may be detected by detecting two pulses 14.93 microseconds apart. If a jamming signal 170 is detected during the above described silence interval of the access identifier 100, a receive jam (RC_JAM) state 196 is entered. The modem 32 remains in the receive jam state 196 until the wire 14 is quiet. Thereafter, the IFG state 190 is entered.

[0078] Alternatively, when in the receive access identifier state 194, should the Ethernet communications controller 34 begin to transmit, the transmit jam state 188 is entered. Alternatively, should a collision not be signaled by the MAC 48bwhen in the receive access identifier state 194, the modem enters a receive packet (RC_PKT) state 198. When in the receive packet state 198, an incoming frame 2 is decoded and sent to the Ethernet communications controller 34. The modem 32 then progresses from state 198 to the IFG state 190 when no more pulses are detected on the wire 14.

[0079] Referring now to FIGS. 17 and 18, the MAC 48bincludes a MAC control state machine 200, a transmit access identifier state machine 202 and a check access identifier state machine 204. The MAC control state machine 200 acts as an intermediary between, and controller for, the state machines 202 and 204. The state machine 200 further receives the inputs 206, including the inputs 206afrom the check access identifier state machine 204, and generates the outputs 208, including the outputs 208ato the transmit access identifier state machine 202 and the outputs 208bto the master state machine 48a. Further details regarding the inputs 206 and the outputs 208 of the MAC control state machine 200 are provided below in Tables 3 and 4.

[0080] The PICK signal mentioned above is used when the MAC 48bsenses a transmission by another node using the same access identifier 100. Assertion of the PICK signal causes a new and substitute access identifier 100 to be generated by a pseudo-random number generator.

[0081] The transmit access identify state machine 202 is coupled to receive the inputs 212 and to output the signal MT_PULSE 214, which comprises pulses encoding the access identifier 100 on the wiring 14. Specifically, the output signal 214 comprises in part the access identifier 100, in the form of series of pulses which are spaced far enough apart so that two nodes transmitting at the same time, but with different access identifiers 100, can detect one another as described above. The access identifier 100 included in the output signal 214 is encoded as described above with reference to FIG. 9.

[0082] The check access identifier state machine 204 is coupled to receive the input signals 216, which include RD_PULSE signal 216a. The RD_PULSE signal 126amay include a series of pulses, received at the receiver 50bwhich encode an access identifier 100. The state machine 204 provides the outputs 218 to the MAC control state machine 200, as described above.

[0083] In one embodiment of the present invention, the pulses included within the access identifier symbols 1066, and which comprises the delimiters of the data symbols 1068, may comprises pulse doublets, as discussed below and shown at 300 in FIG. 19. The pulse doublets 300 comprises two equal portions of equal duration and opposite polarity, so that no direct current (DC) component is generated on a wiring pair when the pulse doublet is transmitted thereon.

[0084] In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the pulse may take the form illustrated in FIG. 20. Specifically, each pulse may comprise a multi-cycle waveform 302. The waveform 302 may be a 7.5 MHz waveform that is propagated from the transmitter 50A, and may include four cycles per pulse. In one embodiment the waveform 302 is formed from an integer number of cycles of a square wave having a frequency of 7.5 MHz that has been filtered using a bandpass filter, such as for example a five pole Butterworth filter having a passband of between 5.5 and 9.5 MHz. FIG. 21 illustrates a spectral mask 306 to which the output power spectrum of a transmitter 50amay conform. The power level requirements specified by the spectral mask are below 1.1 MHz to allow the modem 32 to interoperate with Analog Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and Carrier Digital Subscriber Line (CDSL) modems.

[0085] FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating selected components that may be included within a transmitter 50afor the purpose of generating the multi-cycle waveform 302 shown in FIG. 20. Specifically, an amplifier 310 receives encoded pulse signals, these signals being propagated through the amplifier 310 to a square-wave generator 312, which generates a four-cycle square wave having a frequency of 7.5 MHz. The four-cycle square wave is then propagated from the square-wave generator 312 through a Butterworth filter 314, which implements the spectral mask shown in FIG. 21, to generate the multi-cycle waveform 302.

[0086] FIG. 23 provides a diagrammatic representation showing further details regarding the header portion 1094 of a transmission 1090. The transformation of the transmission 1070, which includes an Ethernet packet 170 having a preamble and delimiter 174, is described with reference to FIG. 5. The header portion 1094 includes a synchronization (SYNC) interval 1096, an access identifier (ID) portion 1098 and a silence interval 2000. As detailed below with reference to FIG. 9, the access identifier portion 1098 includes six access identifier symbols 103a-103f, each of which includes a blanking interval portion 106 which may, in one exemplary embodiment, have a period of 60 TICs, and an identifier portion 104. Each identifier portion 104 includes a pulse 107, the temporal location of which encodes a bit sequence. For example, a pulse located at the 66th TIC of symbol 103 incurs bit sequence “00”, while pulses transmitted in the 86th, 106th and 126th TICs within an interval 103 encode the bit sequences “01”, “10”, and “11”. Each symbol has a total length of 128 TICs.

[0087] FIG. 24 is a diagrammatic representation of an exemplary synchronization interval 1096, and two exemplary access identifier symbols 103, as propagated from the transmitter 58 shown in FIG. 22. Specifically, it will be noted that the pulses which demarcate the beginning and the end of the synchronization interval 1096 at 2010 and 2012 comprise multi-cycle waveforms, corresponding in shape to the multi-cycle waveform 302 shown in FIG. 20. Similarly, the pulses which demarcate temporal locations within the access identifier symbols 103 comprise multi-cycle waveforms. As described above with reference to FIG. 20, each of the multi-cycle waveforms comprising a pulse have, in one exemplary embodiment, a frequency of above 1.1 MHz, and most specifically, a frequency of between 5.5 and 9.5 MHz, and more specifically, a frequency of approximately 7.5 MHz. The temporal location within a symbol 103 is marked by the transcendence of a predetermined threshold voltage by a first cycle of the multi-cycle waveform. Pulses in the form of the multi-cycle waveforms illustrated in FIG. 24 are advantageous in that transmissions from the receiver 58a, for example, at 7.5 MHz may inter-operate with modems implementing an xDSL protocol, which typically operates at below 1.1 MHz.

[0088] FIG. 25 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 50b, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention, showing selected components for use in the embodiment of the present invention utilizing multi-cycle waveform pulses. The receiver 50bis shown to receive a signal from the wiring 14 via the coupler module (not shown) at an amplifier 360, from where the received signal is propagated to a filter 361 that limits the bandwidth of the received signal to between 5.5 and 9.5 MHz. The filtered signal is then propagated to an envelope detector 362. The output of the envelope detector 362 is an envelope waveform comprising a series of single pulses, which are propagated to a noise comparator 364, which in turn generates pulse signals to the decoder 46b. A threshold voltage generator 366 provides an input reference voltage to the noise comparator 364, so as to enable the noise comparator 364 to detect symbol delimiters in a precise manner. Specifically, the noise comparator 364 detects a transcendence of the reference voltage by the envelope signal as being a precise delimiter of a symbol.

[0089] In summary, the receiver 50bperforms the following functions to decoder a received waveform:

[0090] 1. Rejects noise pulses.

[0091] 2. Rejects decaying signal remnants of current or previous pulses.

[0092] 3. Selects a distinctive feature of the waveform for timing measurement.

[0093] 4. Accurately measures the time delay from the previous pulse.

[0094] 5. Maximizes noise rejection during data symbol intervals.

[0095] By designing the electrical characteristics of the receiver 50bto bandlimit the incoming waveform to between 5.5 and 9.5 MHz, band noise and harmonic power may be effectively rejected. The detected signal may then effectively be “slice” by the noise comparator 364. In order to reject noise impulses and the decaying remnants of a previous pulse, the threshold voltage generated by the threshold voltage generator 366 may be set at a level below that at which all pulses are ignored, but not at a level at which impulses and decaying remnants are detected. Accordingly, the threshold voltage should be set at a “sweet spot” at which only true pulses are detected upon transitioning the threshold voltage.

[0096] FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating a waveform, comprising a series of symbols, received at the receiver 50bas a result of the propagation of the waveform illustrated in FIG. 24 over POTS wiring 14 within a structure from the transmitter 50a. The first symbol comprises the synchronization interval 1096, which delineates the beginning of a transmission frame, and is composed of a SYNC_START pulse 2020, followed by a SYNC_END pulse 2022 after a fixed time interval. The SYNC_END pulse 2022 is shown to start at the 126th TIC within the silence interval 1096. At the 128th TIC of the silence interval 1096, the next symbol (i.e., access identify symbol 103) begins, and a symbol timing reference is reset to 0 (i.e., TIC=0). As soon as the SYNC_START pulse 2020 is detected, the receiver 50bdisables further detection of any signals on the POTS wiring for a predetermined time (e.g., until the END_RCV_BLANK is located at the 61th TIC, as indicated at 2024.

[0097] The access identifier symbols 103 are utilized, as described below, to enable reliable collision detection by individual devices. The synchronization interval 1096 is followed by six access identifier symbols 103, two of which are illustrated in FIG. 26. As described above, data is encoded in the relative position (or temporal location) of each of the pulses 226 and 228. As soon as a pulse is detected within an access identifier symbol 103, the receiver 50bdisables further detection of any signals on the POTS wiring until the 61th TIC of the following access identifier symbol. Accordingly, the total duration of the blanking period is dependent upon the location of the pulse within a preceding symbol 103.

[0098] Referring now specifically to the propagation of signals through the receiver 50bshown in FIG. 25, a multi-cycle waveform will be received from the carrier medium, for example the POTS wiring 14, and propagated through the amplifier 360 and the filter 361 to generate the multi-cycle waveform 380 shown in FIG. 25. The multi-cycle waveform is then outputted from the filter 361 to the envelope detector 362, which outputs an envelope signal, 382. The noise comparator 364 then detects points at which the envelope signal 382 transcends a threshold voltage level outputted from the threshold voltage generator 366 as indicating the location of a pulse. Immediately after detecting such a threshold crossing, the receiver 50bdisables further detection for a blanking interval as described above. Following the ending of the blanking interval, the receiver 50bis then re-enabled for pulse detection.

[0099] In summary, as describe above, a collision is detected only during reception of one of the access identifier symbols 103, or during the silence interval 2000. A collision is detected by a transmitting network device when an access identifier portion 1098 is received, and includes a pulse at a temporal location which indicates that an access identifier value encoded within the access identifier portion 1098 does not correspond to an access identify value for the transmitting network device. Specifically, if the respective temporal locations of all pulses within the access identifier portion 1098 do not correspond to the temporal locations of pulses within an access identifier portion 1098 transmitted from the transmitting network device, a collision is detected. The transmitting network device then recognizes a collision, and alerts other stations utilizing the above-described jam signal. Non-transmitting stations may also detect such collision by interpreting non-conforming pulses as collisions.

[0100] It will also be appreciated that when two transmitting network devices collide, the receiver 50bis disabled immediately after the transmitter 50atransmits a pulse. Thus, a transmitting network device will only recognize a pulse transmitted by another station and then signal the collision when the transmitting network device receives pulses in a position earlier than the position of pulse that it has just transmitted. For this reason, it will be appreciated that guaranteed collision detection is only possible as long as the spacing between successive possible pulse positions within the access identifier portion 1098 is greater than the round trip delay between colliding nodes. Merely for example, assuming a 1.5 ns propagation delay per foot of POTS wiring 14, the maximum distance between nodes in a network in which the carrier medium comprises such POTS wiring 14 should not be greater than approximately 500 feet to guarantee collision detection.

[0101] Thus, a method and apparatus for detecting collisions between signals on a network have been described. Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.