Vaporizer using electrical induction to produce heat

[0002] The present invention relates generally to a vapor generator. It finds particular application in conjunction with steam and hydrogen peroxide vapor systems used in connection with medical device disinfection and sterilization and in the sanitation, disinfection, and sterilization of rooms, buildings, large enclosures, and bottling, packaging, and other production lines and will be described with particular reference thereto. It should be appreciated, however, that the invention is also applicable to other chemical vaporization systems such as those employing other peroxides, peracids, and the like.

[0003] A variety of microbial decontamination processes employ sterilizing vapors, such as steam or a mixture of water with another antimicrobial (e.g., hydrogen peroxide vapor), in relatively large quantities. Steam sterilizers, for example, employ pressurized high temperature dry steam as a sterilizing vapor. Unvaporized water droplets can shield microbes or prions from the steam. Hydrogen peroxide vapor systems use a flow of vapor, typically at around atmospheric pressure or below. Again, water droplets can shield microbes and prions from the peroxide.

[0004] Medical, pharmaceutical, dental, and food packaging items are often sterilized prior to use or reuse, in such systems. Vapors are also used in the decontamination of sterile enclosures and other clean rooms used by hospitals and laboratories for conducting tests in a microorganism-free environment, areas that have been microbially contaminated, and the like. Processing equipment for pharmaceuticals and food, freeze driers, and meat processing equipment are also advantageously disinfected or sterilized with a vapor.

[0005] In the case of steam, for example, microbial decontamination systems often create the steam by boiling water inside a reservoir of a steam generator, such as a boiler. A large heating element is usually located over the bottom surface of the reservoir to maintain a supply of boiling water.

[0006] In the case of other water-based antimicrobial vapors, such as hydrogen peroxide vapor, a vaporizer outside the chamber generates a flow of vapor. Typically, a solution of about 35% hydrogen peroxide in water is injected into the vaporizer as fine droplets or a mist through injection nozzles. The droplets contact a heated surface which heats the droplets to form the vapor, without breaking it down to water and oxygen. A carrier gas is circulated over the heat transfer surface to absorb the peroxide vapor.

[0007] Such vapor generation methods have disadvantages when large quantities of vapor are desired or vapor is needed at short notice. Boilers tend to be relatively large pieces of equipment, which work best when the wattage is spread out over a large heating element surface area. This keeps the watt density low and extends the life of the heating element. The large heating element surface area, however, takes up considerable space. Additionally, to avoid damage to the heating element, it is completely immersed in water. Thus, it takes some time to heat the large volume of water to steam temperature in order for steam generation to begin. It is expensive to maintain a supply of over 100° C. water ready for a demand. Any unused heated water generally has to be cooled in a heat exchanger before it is disposed of in a municipal waste water system.

[0008] Vaporized hydrogen peroxide is a particularly useful vapor sterilant for both vacuum sterilizing systems and rooms and other large enclosures. It is effective at or close to room temperature, which reduces the potential for thermal degradation of associated equipment and items to be sterilized or disinfected within the sterilizer enclosure. In addition, hydrogen peroxide readily decomposes to water and oxygen, thus simplifying disposal.

[0009] As the size of the sterilizer or enclosure increases, or the demand for hydrogen peroxide is increased, the efficiency of the vaporization system becomes more significant. The capacity of the vaporizer is limited in a number of ways. First, the vaporization process creates a pressure increase, reducing the flow of air through the vaporizer. Second, to maintain sterilization efficiency, the pressure at which the vapor is generated is limited to that at which the hydrogen peroxide is stable in the vapor state. Third, the time taken to generate the hydrogen peroxide is dependent on the time taken to heat the heated surface to vaporization temperature.

[0010] One solution has been to increase the size of the vaporizer, the injection rate of hydrogen peroxide into the vaporizer, and the flow rate of carrier gas. However, the carrier gas tends to cool the heating surface, disrupting the vaporization process. Heating the heating surface to a higher temperature breaks down the hydrogen peroxide.

[0011] Yet another solution is to use multiple vaporizers to feed a single enclosure. The vaporizers may each be controlled independently, to allow for variations in chamber characteristics. However, the use of multiple vaporizers adds to the cost of the system and requires careful monitoring to ensure that each vaporizer is performing with balanced efficiency. None of these solutions addresses the initial warm up time needed for raising the temperature of the vaporizer to vaporization temperature.

[0012] The present invention provides a new and improved vaporization system and method which overcomes the above-referenced problems and others.

[0013] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a vapor decontamination system is provided. The system includes a vaporizer for vaporizing a liquid which includes an antimicrobial compound into vapor. The vaporizer includes means for generating a changing magnetic field and an induction vessel which intercepts the changing magnetic field, causing it to heat up. The induction vessel supplies heat to the liquid to convert the liquid to the vapor. A duct is connected with an outlet of the vaporizer for supplying the vapor to a defined region.

[0014] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of microbially decontaminating a defined area or an item within the defined area is provided. The method includes inductively heating a vessel and passing a liquid into the vessel. The inductively heated vessel vaporizes the liquid to form an antimicrobial vapor. The vapor is flowed out of the vessel to the defined area to microbially decontaminate at least one of the defined area and the item.

[0015] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a vaporization system is provided. The system includes an induction coil which generates an oscillating magnetic field. An induction vessel is positioned to intercept the magnetic field and which is heated by the magnetic field. An interior passage having an inlet and an outlet is defined within the induction vessel and is heated thereby. A source of liquid is fluidly connected with the inlet to the passage, the liquid being converted to vapor as it passes through the passage.

[0016] One advantage of the present invention is that a high output of sterilant vapor is achieved.

[0017] Another advantage of the present invention is that it enables sterilant vapor to be generated “on demand” at short notice.

[0018] Another advantage resides in reduced resistive electrical power loads.

[0019] Another advantage of the present invention is that it enables vapor concentration levels to be raised rapidly, particularly when used with smaller enclosures, thereby reducing the conditioning time.

[0020] Still further advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments.

[0021] The invention may take form in various components and arrangements of components, and in various steps and arrangements of steps. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating a preferred embodiment and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.

[0022] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a first embodiment of a vaporization system in accordance with the present invention;

[0023] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a second embodiment of a vaporization system according to the present invention;

[0024] FIG. 3 is a side sectional view of a second embodiment of a vaporizer;

[0025] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a third vaporizer embodiment;

[0026] FIG. 5 is a side sectional view of a fourth embodiment of a vaporizer;

[0027] FIG. 6 is a side sectional view of a fifth embodiment of a vaporizer;

[0028] FIG. 7 is a side sectional view of a sixth embodiment of a vaporizer;

[0029] FIG. 8 is a side sectional view of a seventh embodiment of a vaporizer; and

[0030] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an eighth embodiment of a vaporizer.

[0031] With reference to FIG. 1, a system for providing an antimicrobial vapor to a sterilization chamber or for microbially decontaminating a room or other defined area with an antimicrobial vapor is shown. While the system is described with particular reference to steam and to hydrogen peroxide in vapor form, other antimicrobial vapors are also contemplated, such as vapors comprising peracetic acid or other peroxy compounds, aldehydes, such as formaldehyde vapors, and combinations of vapors, such as hydrogen peroxide with peracetic acid, and the like.

[0032] While particular reference is made to sterilization, which refers to the destruction of all microorganisms, whether harmful or not, it is to be appreciated that the antimicrobial vapor is alternatively used to provide lesser levels of microbial decontamination, such as disinfection or sanitization. The term “microbial decontamination” and similar terms, as used herein, include the destruction of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. The term is also intended to encompass the degradation or deactivation of other harmful microorganism-sized biological species, and smaller replicating species, particularly those capable of undergoing conformational changes, such as prions.

[0033] FIG. 1 illustrates a system particularly suited to the generation of steam under pressure for a steam sterilizer 10. The system includes a vapor generator, such as a flash vaporizer 12, in close proximity to a chamber 14 of the sterilizer 10. Items to be microbially decontaminated are loaded into the chamber 14 through an opening 16 closed by a door 18. Steam from the generator 12 is supplied both to the interior chamber 14 and to a heating jacket 20, which surrounds the chamber. The system is supplied via piping, such as thermally insulated tubes or passageways 22 and 24, respectively.

[0034] The generator 12 includes an induction vessel 28, which is positioned in a magnetic field and is heated by electric currents inductively generated in the induction vessel by the magnetic field. The induction vessel 28 transfers heat generated to the liquid to be vaporized, either by conduction, radiation, or convection, which causes the liquid to be converted to vapor.

[0035] In a first embodiment, shown in FIG. 1, the induction vessel 28 comprises a heating tube 30. The heating tube 30 has a hollow tube wall 32 defining an interior passage or bore 34, which is preferably cylindrical in shape. The tube 30 is formed from an electrically and thermally conductive material, such as iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, brass, bronze, electrically conductive ceramic and polymer composites, or other materials capable of being inductively heated. As further described below, the bore 34 provides a chamber for receiving a liquid, such as water, to be converted to a vapor, such as steam. The bore 34 is sized to receive a volume of water that is sufficiently small to be vaporized rapidly as it enters and contacts walls of the bore in a flash vaporization process. While the bore 34 is shown in FIG. 1 as being vertically aligned along its axis, it is to be appreciated that the bore is alternatively horizontally aligned or have portions of the bore which are arranged in different orientations, as is discussed in further detail below. An induction coil 36 is wrapped around an outer surface 38 of the tube 30 in a helix, along all or a majority of the tube length. The coil 36 is preferably spaced from the tube by a layer 40 of thermal insulation material. An electrically insulative housing 42 surrounds the coil and insulation material.

[0036] An upper end or outlet 44 of the heating tube 30 is fluidly connected with the tubes 22, 24. Valves 46, 48 in the tubes 22, 24 variably adjust the amount of steam passing to the chamber 14 and heating jacket 20, respectively. The tubes, 22, 24, or a fitting (not shown) connecting the piping with the heating tube 30, may be formed of materials, such as copper, brass, or polymeric pipes.

[0037] An AC source 50 supplies an alternating current to the coil 36. In response to the applied current, the coil 36 produces an alternating magnetic field, which passes through the heating tube 30, causing eddy currents which heat the tube. The heat passes through to an inner surface 52 of the tube 30 in contact with the water droplets moving through the bore 34. The electrical current, and hence the rate of heating of the heating tube 30, is adjustable, for example, by the provision of an adjustment means 54, such as a pulse width modulator, a variable resistor, or the like in an electrical circuit 56 connecting the AC source 50 and the induction coil 36. Alternatively, or additionally, the adjustment means includes a simple on/off switch 58 in the circuit 56.

[0038] The current adjustment means 54, 58 are preferably under the control of a control system 60, which also controls other aspects of the sterilization system. For example, the control system 60 receives steam temperature measurements from a temperature monitor 62, such as a thermocouple, positioned adjacent the outlet end of the heating tube, or elsewhere in the system such as in the passages 22, 24. The controller 60 controls the current adjustment means 54, 58 in response to the measured temperature to maintain a preselected steam temperature. The controller 60 is preferably also connected with one or more of temperature monitors 64 and pressure monitors 66, 68 positioned within the chamber 14, the heating jacket 20, or elsewhere in the system. The controller regulates the generator 12 to maintain desired sterilization temperature and pressure, as is described in greater detail below.

[0039] Fresh water or other liquid to be vaporized from a water source 70 such as mains water or purified water from a tank, is supplied to the generator via a liquid inlet tube or line 72, regulated by an adjustable inlet valve 74, such as a solenoid valve, which is preferably under the control of the controller 60. The inlet tube 72 is connected to a second end or inlet end 76 of the heating tube 30. As with the outlet tubes 22, 24, the inlet tube 72, or a fitting (not shown) connecting the inlet tube 72 with the heating tube 30, is preferably formed from copper, brass, or polymeric pipe. A check valve 78 in inlet line 72 is preferably provided to prevent the backflow of water out of the steam generator 12.

[0040] The inductively generated heat flash vaporizes the water located in the bore 34 to produce steam. The water is preferably introduced to the bore as a continuous stream of liquid water under pressure. The water is changed to steam as it traverses a two-phase region from a saturated liquid to a saturated gas. As steam is produced, the pressure inside the bore 34 increases. The steam is forced under pressure out of the bore and through the fluid pathway 24 connecting the generator 12 to the chamber 14. The process continues in this manner, producing more steam from the series of water injections.

[0041] In an alternative embodiment, the water, or other liquid to be vaporized, is introduced as a continuous stream.

[0042] If mains water is used, the water is preferably passed through a filter system (not shown) to remove particulate material, dissolved minerals, and/or organic matter. Purity can be expressed as the resistance between two electrodes spaced one centimeter apart in a sample of water to be tested, one meg-ohm being a resistance of 1×10⁶ohm per centimeter. Preferably, the filtered or otherwise purified water has a purity of 1 meg-ohm, or higher, which may be achieved with a reverse osmosis (RO) filter followed by an ion-exchange bed. Optionally, a pump 80 pressurizes the water in the inlet line 72.

[0043] Spent steam or liquid water exits the sterilizer chamber 14 through a line 90. A steam trap 92 in the line 90 opens when condensate is present to release the condensate. Spent steam or liquid water from the jacket 20 leaves by an interconnected drain line or by a separate second drain line 94 and trap 96. Thermal insulation 98, optionally supplemented by heating tape or other heating means (not shown) where appropriate, preferably surrounds the pathways 22, 24, the heating jacket 20, and may also cover the door 18.

[0044] Optionally, a suction means 100, such as a vacuum pump or water ejector, is used to withdraw air or steam from the chamber 14, via a vacuum line 102, prior to a sterilization cycle, during the cycle, or to remove spent vapor after the sterilization cycle.

[0045] A typical sterilization process proceeds as follows. Items to be microbially decontaminated, such as medical, dental, or pharmaceutical instruments, or the like, are loaded into the chamber 14 and the door 18 closed. Steam is introduced to the chamber 14 to displace air, which passes downward and out of the chamber via the drain line 90. The controller 60 optionally controls the vacuum pump or water ejector 100 to withdraw air from the chamber 14. The controller 60 then closes a valve 104 in the vacuum line 102. Optionally, several pulses of steam are applied to the chamber 14, each one followed by or preceded by a vacuum pulse. Fr example, steam is introduced until a preselected pressure is achieved. The pump or water ejector 100 is then operated until a preselected vacuum is achieved. The pressurizing and evacuating steps are preferably repeated several times (usually about four times), ending with a steam pressurizing step.

[0046] The controller also controls the heating of the interior of the chamber by controlling operation of the generator and valve 48. Specifically, the controller receives temperature measurements from the temperature monitors 64, 68 and controls the water inlet valve 74 and/or variable resistor 54 to generate steam, which passes along the line 24 to the jacket. Once the chamber 14 is at a suitable temperature, preferably above the condensation temperature of the steam, the controller 60 opens the valve 46, allowing steam to enter the chamber. The controller 60 controls operation of the resistor 54 and various valves 46, 48, 74, 96, 104, in response to temperature and pressure measurements received from the monitors 62, 64, 66, 68, to maintain preselected sterilization conditions (e.g., temperature and pressure) for a period of time considered sufficient to effect the desired level of antimicrobial decontamination. Once the period of time has elapsed, valve 46 is closed and the steam is withdrawn from the chamber 14 by the vacuum pump 100. Fresh or filtered air is then allowed to enter the chamber 14.

[0047] In an alternative embodiment, shown in FIG. 2, the sterilization system 10 is shown adapted for microbial decontamination with hydrogen peroxide or other multi-component vapor. In this embodiment, the generator 12 is analogous to that of FIG. 1 but is used for the production of a multi-component vapor, such as a hydrogen peroxide and water vapor mixture. A liquid to be vaporized, such as an aqueous mixture of hydrogen peroxide in water, is pumped from a reservoir or tank 70 to the generator via the inlet line 72. More specifically, a means for introducing liquid hydrogen peroxide, such as an injection pump 80, pressurized container, gravity feed system, or the like, deposits hydrogen peroxide, preferably in the form of a liquid flow or spray, from the reservoir 70 into the generator 12 via an injection nozzle 108.

[0048] The liquid hydrogen peroxide includes a mixture of hydrogen peroxide in a diluent, such as water, preferably an aqueous mixture comprising about 30-40% by weight hydrogen peroxide in water.

[0049] The hydrogen peroxide vapor generated when the liquid contacts the heated wall 32 of the heating tube 30 is preferably mixed with a carrier gas. In one embodiment, a carrier gas, such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, or a combination of carrier gases, is fed into the flash vaporizer 12 concurrently with the hydrogen peroxide liquid to assist in propelling the peroxide vapor through the vaporizer. The air enters the heating tube 30 via a carrier gas line 110, which may be connected with the liquid inlet line 72, as shown in FIG. 2, or pass directly into the bore 34. Alternatively, or additionally, a carrier gas line 112 is connected with the outlet line 22, such that the carrier gas mixes with the already formed vapor. Mixing all or most of the carrier gas with the vapor after vapor formation increases the throughput of the vaporizer. Valves 114, 116 in the carrier gas lines 110, 112 are used to regulate the flow rate of carrier gas through the lines 110, 112, respectively.

[0050] The carrier gas may be air at atmospheric pressure or supplied from a tank or other reservoir (not shown) of the carrier gas. Preferably, the incoming carrier gas is passed through a filter 120, such as an HEPA filter, to remove airborne particulates, through a dryer 122 to remove excess moisture, and is heated by a heater 124 to raise the temperature of the carrier gas.

[0051] The preferred pressure of the carrier gas supplied to lines 110, 112 varies with the production rate of hydrogen peroxide and the length and restrictiveness of passages in the flash vaporizer 12, and typically varies from 1.0-2.0 atmospheres absolute (1.013×10⁵-2.026×10⁵Pascals absolute), i.e., about 0-1 atm. gauge (0-1.013×10⁵Pascals gauge), more preferably, about 6-14×10³Pa.

[0052] The carrier gas ensures that the hydrogen peroxide/water mixture does not puddle in the vaporizer, thereby causing a higher concentration of peroxide. The higher concentration results because water tends to boil off before the peroxide. Another advantage of using such a carrier gas to carry the liquid and vapor through the generator 12 arises because the liquid hydrogen peroxide is likely to continuously impinge on the same point in the vaporizer 12. The more dispersed the liquid hydrogen peroxide is within the vaporizer, the more readily the peroxide will be vaporized. In addition, with a well-dispersed hydrogen peroxide injection, it is less likely that specific regions of the vaporizer will experience undue cooling thereby hindering the vaporization process.

[0053] The carrier gas tends to cool the vaporizer, reducing the rate at which the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is vaporized. Consequently, it is desirable to maintain the carrier gas at or slightly above a minimum flow rate needed to carry the vaporized hydrogen peroxide through the vapor generator 12 without significant degradation of the peroxide vapor, but at a flow rate which is low enough such that appreciable cooling of the vaporizer by the carrier gas does not occur. Accordingly, the flow rate of carrier gas through the vapor generator 12 is preferably lower than the flow rate of carrier gas which does not pass through the vapor generator 12. The majority of the carrier gas thus travels through the passage 112 and is injected into the second carrier gas stream at a mixing zone 126 downstream of the vaporizer 12, where both the carrier gas stream and the vapor are combined prior to entering the chamber 14.

[0054] The mixture of carrier gas and vapor hydrogen peroxide passes through line 22 and into the chamber 14. A sensor 128, such as a hydrogen peroxide sensor, optionally detects the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and/or water vapor in the chamber 14. The controller receives the detected concentration measurements or signals indicative thereof and temperatures and pressures from monitors 64, 66 and regulates the supply of fresh hydrogen peroxide vapor to the chamber or other operating conditions accordingly. Alternatively, the controller is preprogrammed with expected concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or other data which allows the controller to maintain selected chamber conditions by controlling and/or measuring various parameters of the system, such as chamber temperature and pressure, hydrogen peroxide and carrier gas flow rates, and the like.

[0055] Spent vapor exits the chamber 14 via an outlet line 102 and is preferably passed through a destroyer 130, such as a catalytic converter, to convert remaining hydrogen peroxide to air and water, before releasing it to the atmosphere.

[0056] Alternatively, the outlet line 102 is coupled with the carrier gas inlet line(s) 110, 112 as a recirculating flow through system, whereby the spent vapor, preferably after passing through the catalytic converter, is returned to the inlet line 110, intermediate the filter 120 and dryer 122, or prior to the filter, such that the spent vapor is dried and heated before mixing once more with the hydrogen peroxide liquid or vapor.

[0057] In this embodiment, the sterilizing vapor, hydrogen peroxide and water in the preferred embodiment, is effective at room temperature or above room temperature and at atmospheric, subatmospheric, or above atmospheric pressures. The steam heating jacket 20 and line 24 are preferably eliminated, and, if it is desired to heat the chamber 14, a heater 131, such as a resistance heater, surrounds all or part of the chamber. The heater 131 is preferably under the control of the controller 60. It is generally desirable to maintain the hydrogen peroxide below its saturation point to avoid condensation on the items to be sterilized. Thus, the controller 60 preferably controls the chamber conditions, such as temperature, pressure, vapor introduction rate, and so forth to maintain the hydrogen peroxide concentration close to but slightly below, its saturation level. For example, the control system 60 includes a comparator 132 for comparing the monitored condition signals from the monitors 128, 64, 66 with preselected ideal hydrogen peroxide vapor concentration and other conditions as indicated by reference signals. Preferably, the comparator determines a deviation of each monitored condition signal from the corresponding reference signal or a reference value. Preferably, a plurality of the conditions are sensed and multiple comparators are provided. A processor 134 addresses an algorithm implementing program or pre-programmed look up table 136 with each deviation signal (or combination of deviations of different conditions) to retrieve a corresponding adjustment for the flash vaporizer 12. Other circuits for converting larger deviations to larger adjustments and smaller deviations to smaller adjustments are also contemplated. Alternately, the error calculation can be made at very short intervals with constant magnitude increases or decreases when the monitored condition is below or above the reference points.

[0058] The adjustment values are used by the controller 60 adjust the hydrogen peroxide metering pump 80 and the carrier gas regulators 114, 116 to bring the monitored conditions to the reference values. For example, vapor injection rates are increased when a lower than desirable vapor concentration, higher temperatures, higher pressure, or the like is detected. Vapor production rates are reduced in response to higher sensed vapor concentration, lower sensed temperatures, lower pressure, and the like.

[0059] The vapor hydrogen peroxide system can be operated as an ambient or above atmospheric pressure system, in which the carrier gas and hydrogen peroxide vapor within the chamber is continually or intermittently replenished. Or, the system may be operated as a deep vacuum system, in which the chamber 14 is evacuated to a pressure of, for example about 10 torr or below, prior to introduction of hydrogen peroxide. As with the steam vapor system, one or more pulses of vapor may be introduced to the chamber 14, with vacuum pulses between them. In other respects, the system of FIG. 2 is analogous to the system of FIG. 1 and is operated in a similar manner. For sterilizing larger enclosures 14, such as rooms, additional vaporizers 12 may be employed, each one separately under the control of the controller 60.

[0060] It will be appreciated that while the multi-component vapor has been described with particular reference to hydrogen peroxide, other single component and multi-component vapors are also contemplated. Other suitable sterilizing vapors include peracids, such as peracetic acid with water, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide with peracetic acid, and the like.

[0061] With reference now to FIG. 3, an alternative embodiment of a vapor generator 12 is shown. Similar components are identified by the same numerals and new components are given new numbers. In this embodiment, in place of a heating tube, the induction vessel 28 includes a bore 34 which is formed by drilling or otherwise forming a passage in a block 140 of an electrically conductive material, such as graphite, aluminum, copper, brass, bronze, steel, or the like. A coil 36 inductively heats the block 140 when an AC current is passed through the coil. Alternatively, the bore 34 is defined within tubing 142 mounted within the block 140 and in thermal contact therewith. The tubing 142 may be formed from a thermally-conductive material such as copper, brass, a polymer or a filled polymer. Alternatively, in place of tubing, the walls of the bore 34 defined by the block 140 may be coated with a layer (not shown) of a thermally conductive, protective material such as stainless steel, TEFLON™, glass, or the like, which is resistant to the liquid and vapor passing through the bore but need not be inductively heated by the coil 36. In these embodiments, heat passes from the block to the liquid by conduction through the tubing 142 or thermally conductive layer.

[0062] The induction coil 36 encircles the block 140 or a portion thereof and induces the block to heat up in a similar manner to the heating tube 30 of FIG. 1. Heat flows from the block 140 and through the tubing 142, where present. As with the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2, the liquid to be vaporized, e.g., aqueous hydrogen peroxide or water, either alone or with a carrier gas, passes through the generator bore 34 and is vaporized when it comes into contact with the heated walls 54 of the bore. As with the prior embodiments, thermal insulation material 40 is packed between the coil 36 and the block 140 and between the coil and the housing 42. In the case of hydrogen peroxide, the block 140 is maintained by operation of the induction coil 36 at a temperature below that at which significant dissociation of the hydrogen peroxide occurs. Optionally, an overtemperature device 144 is mounted on or in the block 140 and shuts down the power to the coil 36 in the event the coil is energized without sufficient vaporizable liquid in the block 140. In addition, a pressure release valve 146 is provided between the block 140 and the sterilization chamber 14, which releases excess pressure to protect the block and the chamber 14 from overpressure conditions.

[0063] In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the bore 34 comprises a series of elongate bore portions 150, 152, 154, 156, and 158 (four are shown in FIG. 3, although fewer or greater than four bore portions are also contemplated), which pass generally longitudinally back and forth through the block 140. The bore portions are connected by connecting or end portions 160, 162, 164, which may be positioned outside the block 140 for convenience of manufacture. End walls 168 of the end portions 160, 162, 164 are positioned generally at right angles to the direction of flow of the liquid in the bore portions. The greater inertia of flowing liquids and droplets thrown against the end walls 168, with each turn, thereby increases the rate of vaporization and reduces the chance that unvaporized droplets will be discharged from the vaporizer.

[0064] Optionally, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the bore 34 increases in diameter along its length, either stepwise, with each successive bore portion 152, 154, 156 (FIG. 4), or progressively, along its length (FIG. 5), thus creating an increasing area of contact and internal volume per unit length. The liquid hydrogen peroxide contacts the wall surfaces 52 of the bore 34 and is vaporized. The increasing volume of the vapor/liquid mixture passing through the bore 34 is accommodated by the increasing diameter of the bore portions 150, 152, 154, 156, etc.

[0065] In each of the embodiments, the bore 34 may make several turns within the block 140. For example, starting at the bore inlet 76, the bore 34 makes a U-turn adjacent one end 170 of the block, returns to an inlet end 172 of the block, and optionally makes one, two, or more such turns before reaching the outlet 44. Preferably, the turns are formed by sharp, “L-shaped” rather than rounded turns. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, each turn includes two approximately 90° corners adjoining the end wall 168, which turn the bore through approximately 180°. Having generally sharp, rather than rounded corners encourages the flowing liquid/vapor mixture to hit the walls, thereby improving the rate of vaporization.

[0066] Other arrangements are contemplated, such as a spiral bore 34, as shown in FIG. 6. At each turn, inertia tends to propel fine, suspended droplets into the walls resulting in the vaporization of the droplets. In this manner, any fine droplets of mist or fog are turned to vapor. Preferably, at least two substantially 180° turns are provided in the flowpath to ensure this increased contact.

[0067] Other arrangements for progressively increasing the bore diameter are also contemplated. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, the number of bore portions increases with each pass through the block. For example, a single longitudinal bore portion 150 defines the first pass, and two or more bore portions 152A, 152B define the second pass. Each of the second bore portions 152A, 152B is preferably connected with two more bore portions 154A, 154B or 154C, 154D for a third pass, and so forth. In this way, as for the earlier embodiments, the cross sectional area of the fluid pathway 34 created by the bore portions increases as the hydrogen peroxide travels from the inlet 76 to the outlet 44 (in this case, a plurality of outlets).

[0068] Other methods for increasing the heated surface area and/or creating turbulence which brings the liquid into contact with the heated surface are also contemplated. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, a deflecting member or insert 180 in the shape of a helix or auger is axially mounted within the bore 34. The insert 180 is preferably inductively heated as well as or in place of the tube 30 (or block 140, where present). For example, the helix 180 is formed from stainless steel or other electrically conductive material which is not susceptible to degradation by the liquid or vapor passing through the bore. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, turns 181 of the corkscrew increase in diameter in the direction of flow. For example, the last turn is close to or touching the tube 30.

[0069] In an alternative embodiment, shown in FIG. 9, an insert 180 is axially mounted in the bore 34 and includes axially spaced disks or plates 182 mounted to a central shaft 184. In yet another embodiment, baffles or fins may be provided to reduce the available flow space while increasing the heated surface area. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, baffles 186 extend from the walls of the tube into the bore. The baffles may transfer heat by conduction and/or may be inductively heated in the same manner as the tube 32.

[0070] To increase heat flow to the insert 180 in the embodiments of FIGS. 8 and 9, the insert is preferably attached to the tube 30 by thermally conductive members 188, such as metal screws (FIG. 8). For example, threads are tapped in the tube 30 and adjacent ends of the insert 180. Thermally conductive screws are then inserted through corresponding tapped threads and thus create a path for travel of heat to the insert. Countersinking the heads of the screws and/or soldering or brazing over the screw heads creates a smooth surface which allows the induction coil 36 to be closely spaced from the tube 30.

[0071] The water, liquid hydrogen peroxide, or other vaporizable liquid, vaporizes as it contacts the wall surface 52 of the bore 34 and is progressively converted from a liquid, spray, or mist to a vapor. The increasing pressure which would normally result from this conversion is substantially eliminated by the increase in size of the bore and/or by an increase in flow velocity such that the flow through the bore is maintained. At the end of the series of passes through the bore 34, the water and/or hydrogen peroxide is preferably entirely in vapor form at a temperature and pressure which maintain the vapor below the dew point, such that condensation of the vapor does not occur.

[0072] The vaporizer 12 is capable of achieving a higher vapor output than conventional, drip-type vaporizers which are heated by a resistance-type heater. The heating rate which can be achieved using an induction coil 36 is significantly higher than that which can be achieved with resistance heaters. Obviously, as the heat supplied increases, correspondingly higher outputs can be achieved.

[0073] It will be appreciated that the vapor generator of any of the above embodiments is alternatively coupled with a large enclosure, such as a room, or temporary enclosure surrounding a large item to be microbially decontaminated. This is particularly true when a sterilant vapor, such as hydrogen peroxide, is used which is effective at or about room temperature (i.e., from about 15-30° C.) and at or close to atmospheric pressure.

[0074] Sterilizable enclosures include microorganism-free work areas, freeze dryers, and pharmaceutical or food processing equipment. Whether high sterilization temperatures and/or evacuation of the enclosure during sterilization are feasible depends on the construction of the enclosure and the nature of its contents. For example, sterilizable work areas are, in some instances, constructed of non-rigid plastic materials which do not withstand high temperatures and large pressure gradients. Food processing equipment, in contrast, is often required to withstand high temperatures and pressures during processing operations and is more easily adapted to achieving optimal sterilization conditions through evacuation and heating. Using one or more of such vaporizers 12, a high speed bottling line (e.g., about 1000 bottles/min) can be decontaminated.

[0075] For example, the chamber 14 may be a room having a volume on the order of 1,000-4,000 cubic meters. In this embodiment, the combined carrier gas streams may have a flow rate of about 20,000 liters/minute, while the carrier gas stream flowing through the vaporizer 12 is 100 liters/min or less, more preferably, about 20 liters/min or less, most preferably, about 1-10 liters/min.

[0076] Optionally, the pathways 22, 24, 102 include all or a portion of the duct work of a pre-existing HVAC system. Upon initiating a decontamination process, air from the room is circulated through the dryer 122 for a sufficient duration to bring the relative humidity in the room down to an acceptable level, preferably below 20% relative humidity. For sealed enclosures, pressure control within the enclosure may be appropriate. For decontamination of clean rooms and the like, where drawing potentially contaminated air into the room is to be avoided, the pressure in the room is preferably maintained above ambient pressure. Where hazardous materials have been used or exposed in the room to be treated, a below atmospheric pressure is preferably maintained in the room 14 to ensure that the hazardous materials do not escape prior to decontamination.

[0077] Once the room 14 has been brought to a sufficiently low relative humidity, an antimicrobial vapor is injected into the air. The antimicrobial vapor includes hydrogen peroxide vapor in the preferred embodiment, although other antimicrobial vapors or mixtures of antimicrobial vapors are also contemplated.

[0078] The controller 60 is connected with one or more peroxide concentration sensors 128 in the room. The controller optionally controls fans (not shown) or other devices in the room 10 for adjusting the distribution of hydrogen peroxide vapor for better uniformity.

[0079] When the air recirculation ducts are larger in diameter and have a higher air moving capacity, a second flash vaporizer 12 and a second injection pump 80 are connected with the liquid peroxide source 70 and with the air source. For larger enclosures, one or more additional air circulation lines with flash vaporizers are provided.

[0080] While described with particular reference to hydrogen peroxide, it will be appreciated that the system is also applicable to vaporization of other solutions and pure liquids, such as peracetic acid, other peroxy compounds, and the like.

[0081] The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.