US 6,716,964 B1Grant
CtIP, a novel protein that interacts with CtBP and uses therefor
Issue Date:2004-04-06
•2 Claims
•11 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A novel human protein, CtIP, that interacts with the human cellular protein CtBP, and the nucleotide sequence encoding CtIP are provided. CtIP is useful in diagnostic methods for determining malignancy of cells and in methods for inhibiting neoplasia in patients. Use of CtIP in a method for identifying agents that can inhibit neoplasia of cells is also disclosed.
Metadata
Assignee
- Saint Louis University
Inventor
- Govindaswamy Chinnadurai
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/581,094
Filing Date:2000-08-18
Priority Date:1997-12-12
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
C07K 100C07K 200C07K 400C07K 1400C07K 1700
Field of Search:
530300530350435 691
Patent Drawings (11 sheets)
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims priority to, and incorporates herein by reference, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/069,362 filed Dec. 12, 1997.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] (1) Field of the Invention
[0005] This invention generally relates to the field of cancer and, more particularly, to a method and compositions for diagnosing the malignancy of a tumor as well as to compositions and methods for suppressing tumor growth.
[0006] (2) Description of Related Art
[0007] The E1 a region of human adenovirus types 2 and 5 encodes two major proteins of 289 amino acids and 243 amino acids (289k and 243R) that differ only by an internal 46 amino acid region unique to the 289R protein. These E1A proteins immortalize primary animal cells and cooperate with other cellular and viral oncogenes in oncogenic transformation. These activities are dictated by the binding of several cellular proteins with the E1A proteins. For example, the N-terminal half of E1A proteins, which is encoded by exon 1 of the E1a gene, interacts with cellular growth-regulatory proteins such as the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and related proteins (p107 and p130), as well as p300, a CREB binding protein-related transcription factor implicated in transcriptional repression of certain genes (Moran, supra; Eckner et al., Genes Dev. 8:867-884, 1993; Arany et al., Nature374:81-84, 1995; Lundblad et al., Nature374:85-88, 1995). The interaction between E1A proteins and the cellular proteins pRb, p107 and p130 cause these cellular proteins to release the E2F transcription factor, thus activating gene expression. For review, see Dyson and Harlow, Cancer Surveys12: 161-195, 1992; Nevins, J. R., Science258: 424-429, 1992; Moran, E., Curr. Op. Gen. Dev. 3, 63-70, 1993; Mymryk, J. S., et al., Int. J. Onc. 4, 2131-2141, 1994. Interaction of E1A proteins with p300 releases C-CAF, a cellular acetyl transferase, from the p300/C-CAF complex resulting in activation of transcription by chromatin remodeling (Yang et al., Nature382:319-324, 1996). Thus, the transforming activities encoded by exon 1 of the adenovirus E1a region appear to be linked to interactions with cellular proteins and the resulting regulation of transcription.
[0008] Although the functions of exon 2-encoded domains of E1A proteins have been studied less intensively, these domains have been implicated in certain positive and negative transcriptional regulatory activities (Linder et al., Oncogene7:439-443, 1992; Bondesson et al., EMBO J. 11:3347-3354, 1992; Mymryk, J. S. et al., J. Virol. 67 6922-2928, 1993). Exon 2 is required for immortalization (Subramanian, T., et al., Oncogene4:415-520, 1989; Quinlan, M. P. et al., J. Virol. 66:2020-2040, 1992) and induction of Ad2/5-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes (Urbanelli et al., Virol. 173:607-614, 1989). In addition, exon 2 influences the extent of oncogenic transformation. Deletions within the C-terminal 67 amino acids of the E1A 243R protein enhance E1A/T24 ras cooperative transformation (Subramanian, supra; Douglas, J. L., et al., Oncogene6:2093-2103, 1991), and tumorigenesis of transformed cells in syngeneic and athymic rodent models (Subramanian, supra). Importantly, exon 2 also plays a role in tumor metastasis. Expression of wt E1A efficiently suppresses the metastatic potential of tumor cells (Pozzatti, R. et al., Science232:223-227, 1986; Pozzatti, R., et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2984-2988, 1988, Steeg et al., Cancer Res. 48:6550-6554, 1988). In contrast, cells expressing E1A proteins lacking the C-terminal 67 amino acids are highly metastatic (Linder et al., supra; Subramanian, supra). Thus, the E1A protein region encoded by exon 2 appears to negatively modulate in vitro transformation, tumorigenesis and metastasis. These activities have been localized within a 14 amino acid region (residues 225 to 238) near the C-terminus of the 243R protein (Boyd, J. M., et al., EMBO J. 12:469-478, 1993). These transformation restraining activities of the C-terminal region of E1A correlate with the interaction of a 48 kD cellular phosphoprotein termed CtBP (E1A C-terminal Binding Protein) (Boyd et al., supra). CtBP binds to E1A proteins via a 5 amino acid motif, PLDLS, which corresponds to residues 233-237 of the 243R protein. E1A mutants having amino acid substitutions within this motif do not form complexes with CtBP (Schaeper, U., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:10667-10671, 1995) and do not have oncogenesis-restraining activities (Schaeper et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273:8549-8552, 1998).
[0009] Although interaction of adenovirus E1A proteins with the cellular protein CtBP appears to lead to suppression of tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis of cells transformed with E1A and activated T24 Ras oncogene over expression of CtBP by itself does not appear to exert a significant effect on tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. One explanation for the inability to detect the effect of CtBP activity could be the fact that expression levels of endogenous CtBP are relatively high. CtBP was found to be abundantly expressed in a variety of human and mouse tissues as well as tissue culture cell lines (Boyd et al., supra). If CtBP functions in a complex with other cellular proteins, overexpression of recombinant CtBP may not cause an effect if cellular cofactors are rate limiting. Thus, to understand the role of CtBP in modulating oncogenesis it would be useful to identify and characterize cellular proteins that interact with CtBP.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] Briefly, therefore, the present invention is directed to the identification and isolation of substantially purified proteins that bind to the cellular protein CtBP. Accordingly, the inventor herein has succeeded in discovering a novel human CtBP-binding protein, which is designated CtIP for CtBP-Interacting Protein. The inventor herein has also discovered that CtIP contains the same five amino acid motif (PLDLS) found in adenovirus E1A proteins to which CtBP binds and that deletion of this binding motif in CtIP abolishes its binding to CtBP.
[0011] The invention thus provides isolated and purified CtIP polypeptides. A preferred CtIP polypeptide identified herein comprises the human CtIP amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:2).
[0012] The present invention also provides isolated polynucleotides encoding a CtIP polypeptide. Preferred polynucleotides identified herein encode the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 3. A particularly preferred polynucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO:3.
[0013] A recombinant cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding for expression a CtIP polypeptide is also within the scope of this invention. The recombinant cell can be used in a method for producing CtIP.
[0014] In another embodiment, the invention provides isolated polynucleotides comprising a human nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence encoding a CtIP polypeptide or CtIP fragment. A preferred complementary sequence is SEQ ID NO:4 (FIG. 2B, bottom strand). The invention also provides isolated polynucleotides that specifically hybridize to polynucleotides consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4. These complementary and hybridizing polynucleotides can be used in methods for detecting the CtIP gene and transcription products thereof, as well as in isolating CtIP-encoding polynucleotides from other mammalian and nonmammalian species.
[0015] In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising a CtIP polypeptide or fragment and a carrier that facilitates delivery of the CtIP polypeptide or fragment into a target cell.
[0016] The present invention also provides polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that specifically react with CtIP or CtIP fragments and methods for purifying CtIP or detecting its expression using such antibodies.
[0017] A method for determining malignancy of a cell in a patient is also provided. The method comprises detecting CtIP expression in the cell, wherein an amount of CtIP expression that is lower than the amount in normal cell indicates the cell is malignant. In one embodiment, the method comprises detecting a CtIP polypeptide with an antibody that specifically reacts with CtIP or a fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the method comprises detecting CtIP mRNA with a polynucleotide probe or by amplifying a target sequence in CtIP mRNA.
[0018] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for inhibiting neoplasia of target cells in a patient which comprises treating the patient with an effective amount of a CtIP polypeptide or fragment. The patient may be treated by administering the CtIP polypeptide or biologically active fragment to the patient or by administering to the patient a polynucleotide encoding the CtIP polypeptide or fragment, through which CtIP or fragment is expressed in the target cells.
[0019] The invention also provides a method for identifying agents that inhibit neoplasia of cells which involves determining whether a candidate agent disrupts binding of CtIP and CtBP.
[0020] Among the several advantages found to be achieved by the present invention, therefore, may be noted the provision of a new protein, CtIP, which is useful in a method for inhibiting neoplasia of cells; the provision of polynucleotides encoding CtIP; the provision of methods for obtaining CtIP by recombinant techniques; the provision of methods for determining the malignancy of a target cell in a patient; the provision of methods for identifying agents that inhibit neoplasia, and the provision of methods that can detect alterations in the CtIP gene.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates expression of CtIP in human cancer cell lines showing a northern blot of RNA prepared from human cancer cell lines (Clontech) analyzed using [32P]-labeled probes derived from the cDNA clone pGAD#15 or Actin cDNA.
[0022] FIG. 2A illustrates the nucleotide sequence of a CtIP cDNA (SEQ ID NO:1).
[0023] FIGS. 2B-1, 2B-2, and 2B-3 illustrate the nucleotide sequence encoding CtIP and its complementary sequence (SEQ ID NOs:3 and 4, respectively).
[0024] FIG. 3 illustrates the predicted amino acid sequence of CtIP.
[0025] FIG. 4 illustrates that CtBP binds to immobilized GST-CtIP protein.
[0026] FIG. 5 illustrates a sequence alignment of CtIP with E1A proteins from different adenoviruses, with the boxed residues designating the PLDLS sequence motif that is conserved among E1A proteins and essential for CtBP interaction.
[0027] FIG. 6 illustrates the effect of a PLDLS mutation on CtBP interaction, showing in FIG. 6A the substitution of residues 490 to 494 of CtIP (PLDLS) with non conserved residues (LASQC) in a CtIP mutant (CtIPΔ) and in FIG. 6B an autoradiograph of binding products detected in an in vitro binding assay and analyzed by SDS/polyacrylamide gel (10%) electrophoresis.
[0028] FIG. 7 illustrates coimmunoprecipitation of CtBP and CtIP from BSC40 cells co-expressing T7-epitope tagged CtBP and CtIP or CtIPΔ in BSC40 cells showing an autoradiograph of proteins precipitated with T7 mAb (Novagen) or CtIP antiserum (anti-CtIP) and analyzed by SDS/polyacrylamide gel (8%) electrophoresis.
[0029] FIG. 8 illustrates that E1A and CtIP compete for CtBP interaction showing an autoradiograph of bound proteins analyzed by SDS/polyacrylamide gel (10%) electrophoresis.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0030] The present invention is based upon the identification, isolation and sequencing of cDNA clones that encode a novel human protein that binds the cellular protein CtBP, which the inventor has named CtIP. As described in more detail below, CtIP was discovered by yeast-two hybrid screening of a cDNA library for GAL4 fusion proteins that bind to CtBP which identified a partial cDNA encoding a human cellular protein that binds to CtBP. The 5′ end of the CtIP cDNA sequence was obtained by rapid amplification of the 5′ ends of the human mRNA. The composite cDNA sequence consists of 3247 bp (FIG. 2) and contains a nucleotide sequence (FIG. 2A) which encodes the CtIP protein of 897 amino acids (FIG. 3).
[0031] As shown in the examples below, CtIP binds with CtBP and this binding is disrupted by adenovirus E1A proteins binding to CtBP. As the CtBP-binding region of E1A has been implicated in transcriptional regulatory activity encoded by exon 1 (Sollerbrant, et al., Nucl. Acids. Res., 24:2578-2584, 1996), it is believed that CtIP has a transcriptional regulatory activity that plays a role in the observed oncogenesis-restraining activity of the C-terminal region of E1A proteins. A data bank search based on sequence properties (PROPSEARCH, Hobohm et al., J. Mol. Biol251:390-399, 1995) has revealed that CtIP shares similarities with certain mammalian proteins involved in DNA repair. Thus, it is believed that CtIP may suppress neoplasia or oncogenesis through DNA repair and/or transcriptional regulatory activities.
[0032] In onc embodiment, the invention provides CtIP polypeptides and fragments thereof. As used herein, the term “CtIP” means both CtIP polypeptides and CtIP fragments. Reference to a CtIP polypeptide herein is intended to be construed to include polypeptides of any origin which are substantially homologous to and which are biologically equivalent to the human CtIP characterized and described herein. Such substantially homologous polypeptides may be native to any tissue or species and, similarly, biological activity can be characterized in any of a number of biological assay systems.
[0033] The term “biologically equivalent” is intended to mean that a CtIP polypeptide of the present invention is capable of demonstrating some or all of the tumor suppressing or CtBP-binding properties in a similar fashion, although not necessarily to the same degree, as the recombinantly produced human CtIP identified herein. By “substantially homologous” it is meant that the degree of sequence identity between human CtIP and a CtIP ortholog from another mammalian species is at least about 75% sequence identity and between human and non-mammalian orthologs is at least about 65% identity.
[0034] Sequence identity or percent identity is intended to mean the percentage of same residues between two sequences aligned using the Clustal method (Higgins et al, Cabios8:189-191, 1992) of multiple sequence alignment in the Lasergene biocomputing software (DNASTAR, INC, Madison, Wis.). In this method, multiple alignments are carried out in a progressive manner, in which larger and larger alignment groups are assembled using similarity scores calculated from a series of pairwise alignments. Optimal sequence alignments are obtained by finding the maximum alignment score, which is the average of all scores between the separate residues in the alignment, determined from a residue weight table representing the probability of a given amino acid change occurring in two related proteins over a given evolutionary interval. Penalties for opening and lengthening gaps in the alignment contribute to the score. The default parameters used with this program are as follows: gap penalty for multiple alignment=10; gap length penalty for multiple alignment=10; k-tuple value in pairwise alignment=1; gap penalty in pairwise alignment=3; window value in pairwise alignment=5; diagonals saved in pairwise alignment=5. The residue weight table used for the alignment program is PAM250 (Dayhoff et al., in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, Dayhoff, Ed., NBRF, Washington, Vol. 5, suppl. 3, p. 345, 1978).
[0035] To determine percent sequence identity between two sequences, the number of identical amino acids in the aligned sequences is divided by the total number of amino acids in the reference sequence. As used herein, the reference sequence is human CtIP when determining its percent identity with an ortholog from another species or with an engineered CtIP polypeptide. Percent conservation is calculated by adding the number of identical residues to the number of positions at which the two residues represent a conservative substitution (defined as having a log odds value of greater than or equal to 0.3 in the PAM250 residue weight table) and dividing by the total number of amino acids in the reference sequence. Preferred conservative amino acid changes are: R-K; E-D, Y-F, L-M; V-I, Q-H.
[0036] Also included within the meaning of substantially homologous is any CtIP polypeptide isolated by virtue of cross-reactivity with antibodies specific to human CtIP or whose encoding nucleotide sequences, including genomic DNA, mRNA or cDNA, may be isolated through hybridization with the complementary sequences shown in FIG. 2B or fragments thereof. It will also be appreciated by one skilled in the art that naturally occurring allelic variants of the human CtIP sequence disclosed herein may exist and such allelic variants are also intended to be included in the present invention.
[0037] Conservatively substituted CtIP proteins retaining the biological activity of naturally occurring CtIP are also within the scope of the present invention. Conservative amino acid substitutions refer to the interchangeability of residues having similar side chains. Conservatively substituted amino acids can be grouped according to the chemical properties of their side chains. For example, one grouping of amino acids includes those amino acids have neutral and hydrophobic side chains (A, V, L, I, P, W, F, and M); another grouping is those amino acids having neutral and polar side chains (G, S, T, Y, C, N, and Q); another grouping is those amino acids having basic side chains (K, R, and H); another grouping is those amino acids having acidic side chains (D and E); another grouping is those amino acids having aliphatic side chains (G, A, V, L, and I); another grouping is those amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains (S and T); another grouping is those amino acids having amine-containing side chains (N, Q, K, R, and H); another grouping is those amino acids having aromatic side chains (F, Y, and W); and another grouping is those amino acids having sulfur-containing side chains (C and M). Preferred conservative amino acid substitutions groups are: R-K; E-D, Y-F, L-M; V-I, and Q-H.
[0038] As used herein, a CtIP polypeptide can also include modifications of the human CtIP amino acid sequence identified herein, including sequences in which one or more amino acids have been inserted, deleted or replaced with a different amino acid or a modified or unusual amino acid, as well as modifications such as glycosylation or phosphorylation of one or more amino acids so long as the polypeptide containing the modified sequence retains the biological activity of CtIP. Inserted or deleted amino acid(s) can be added to or removed from the N-terminus, C-terminus or within the naturally-occurring amino acid sequence. By retaining the biological activity, it is meant that the modified polypeptide can suppress neoplasia when expressed in a cell although not necessarily to the same degree as that of naturally occurring human CtIP. As used herein “neoplasia” means the conversion of normal cells into benign or malignant tumor cells and thus includes tumorigenesis, oncogenesis and related terms, and is also intended to include metastasis.
[0039] Fragments of CtIP are also encompassed by the present invention. Such fragments may be of any length but preferably retain the biological activity of CtIP or are antigenic. The minimum length of such biologically active or antigenic fragments can readily be determined by those skilled in the art using known techniques. Antigenic fragments are capable of eliciting CtIP-specific antibodies when administered to a host animal and includes those smaller fragments that require conjugation to a carrier molecule to be immunogenic. Typically, antigenic fragments will be at least 5 or 6 amino acids in length and may be any length up to the length of human CtIP. Preferably, an antigenic fragment comprises 10 to 12 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2 and more preferably, an antigenic fragment will comprise at least 15 to 20 amino acids, or more, or SEQ ID NO:2.
[0040] It is also believed that particular discrete fragments of CtIP comprising the CtBP-binding motif PLDLS, or analogues thereof, can serve to inhibit CtBP from binding to CtIP, thereby making more unbound CtIP available to suppress neoplasia of cells. Such CtBP-binding inhibitor fragments are also included within the scope of the invention. One preferred binding inhibitor fragment is shown in FIG. 5 and consists of SEQ ID NO:11. Another preferred fragment consists of the pentapeptide PLDLS (SEQ ID NO:12).
[0041] The present invention also includes non-peptidal substances such as peptide mimetics which possess the binding-inhibiting activity of CtIP fragments. The techniques for development of peptide mimetics are well known in the art. (See for example, Navia and Peattie, Trends Pharm Sci14:189-195, 1993; Olson et al, J Med Chem36:3039-3049 which are incorporated by reference). Typically this involves identification and characterization of the interaction between a protein target and its peptide ligand using X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance technology. For example, it is believed that at least one target protein for CtIP peptides is CtBP. Using information on a normal peptide-protein complex along with computerized molecular modeling, a pharmacophore hypothesis is developed and analogue compounds are made and tested in an assay system.
[0042] A preferred CtIP polypeptide according to the present invention is prepared by recombinant DNA technology although it is believed that CtIP can be isolated in purified form from human cells. By “pure form” or “purified form” or “substantially purified form” it is meant that a CtIP composition is substantially free of other proteins which are not CtIP. Preferably, a substantially purified CtIP composition comprises at least about 50 percent CtIP on a molar basis compared to total proteins or other macromolecular species present. More preferably, a substantially purified CtIP composition will comprise at least about 80 to about 90 mole percent of the total protein or other macromolecular species present and still more preferably, at least about 95 mole percent or greater.
[0043] Recombinant CtIP may be made by expressing the DNA sequences encoding CtIP in a suitable transformed host cell. Using methods well known in the art, the DNA encoding CtIP may be linked to an expression vector, transfected into a host cell and conditions established that are suitable for expression of CtIP by the transfected cell.
[0044] Any suitable expression vector may be employed to produce recombinant CtIP such as, for example, the mammalian expression vector pCB6 (Brewer, Meth Cell Biol43:233-245, 1994) or the E. colipET expression vectors, specifically, pET-30a (Studier et al., Methods Enzymol185:60-89, 1990). Other suitable expression vectors for expression in mammalian and bacterial cells are known in the art as are expression vectors for use in yeast or insect cells. Baculovirus expression systems can also be employed.
[0045] A number of cell types may be suitable as host cells for expression of recombinant CtIP. Mammalian host cells include, but are not limited to, monkey COS cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, human kidney 293 cells, human epidermal A431 cells, human Colo 205 cells, 3T3 cells, CV-1 cells, other transformed primate cell lines, normal diploid cells, cell strains derived from in vitro culture of primary tissue, primary explants, HeLa cells, mouse L cells, BHK, HL-60, U937, HaK and Jurkat cells. Yeast strains that may act as suitable host cells include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces strains, Candida, and any other yeast strain capable of expressing heterologous proteins. Host bacterial strains include Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonlella typhimuriumand any other bacterial strain capable of expressing heterologous proteins. If the polypeptide is made in yeast or bacteria, it may be necessary to modify the polypeptide, for example, by phosphorylation or glycosylation of the appropriate sites using known chemical or enzymatic methods, to obtain a biologically active polypeptide.
[0046] A polypeptide according to the invention may also be expressed in transgenic animals, e.g., cows, goats, pigs, or sheep whose somatic or germ cells contain a nucleotide sequence encoding human CtIP or variant thereof.
[0047] The expressed CtIP polypeptide can be purified using known purification procedures, such as gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Purification may also include affinity chromatography using an agent that will specifically bind the CtIP polypeptide, such as a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody raised against CtIP or fragment thereof. Other affinity resins typically used in protein purification may also be used such as concanavalin A-agarose, heparin-toyopearl® or Cibacrom blue 3GA Sepharose®. Purification of CtIP can also include one or more steps involving hydrophobic interaction chromatography using such resins as phenyl ether, butyl ether, or propyl ether.
[0048] It is also contemplated that a CtIP polypeptide may be expressed as a fusion protein to facilitate purification. Such fusion proteins, for example, include a CtIP amino acid sequence fused to a histidine tag such as when expressed in the pET bacterial expression system as well as the CtIP amino acid sequence fused to the amino acid sequence of maltose binding protein (MBP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) or thioredoxin (TRX). Similarly, the polypeptide of the invention can be tagged with a heterologous epitope and subsequently purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using an antibody that specifically binds such epitope. Kits for expression and purification of such fusion proteins and tagged proteins are commercially available.
[0049] CtIP and fragments thereof may also be produced by chemical synthesis using methods known to those skilled in the art.
[0050] The present invention also encompasses isolated polynucleotides comprising nucleotide sequences that encode any of the CtIP polypeptides described herein. As used herein, a polynucleotide includes DNA and/or RNA and thus the nucleotide sequences recited in the Sequence Listing as DNA sequences also include the identical RNA sequences with uracil substituted for thymine residues. Preferred nucleotide sequences included in the invention are those encoding the human CtIP amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 3. Particularly preferred polynucleotides comprise SEQ ID NO:3. It is understood by the skilled artisan that degenerate nucleotide sequences can encode the CtIP amino acid sequences described herein and these are also intended to be included within the present invention. Such degenerate nucleotide sequences include modifications of naturally-occurring sequences in which at least one codon is substituted with a corresponding redundant codon preferred by a given host cell, such as E. colior insect cells, so as to improve expression of recombinant CtIP therein. Polynucleotides within the scope of this invention do not include isolated chromosomes.
[0051] The present invention also encompasses vectors comprising an expression regulatory element operably linked to any of the CtIP-encoding nucleotide sequences included within the scope of the invention. This invention also includes host cells, of any variety, that have been transformed with such vectors.
[0052] In yet another embodiment, a polynucleotide which specifically hybridizes to a human CtIP-encoding polynucleotide or to its complement is provided. Specific hybridization is defined herein as the formation of hybrids between a polynucleotide, including oligonucleotides, and a specific reference polynucleotide (e.g., a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding human CtIP ) wherein the polynucleotide preferentially hybridizes to the specific reference polynucleotide over other non CtIP polynucleotides. Specifically hybridizing oligonucleotides are typically at least 15 nucleotides in length and are preferably at least 17 to at least 20 nucleotides long. Other preferred lengths include at least 22 to at least 25 nucleotides. Specific hybridization is preferably done under high stringency conditions which, as well understood by those skilled in the art, can readily be determined by adjusting several factors during hybridization and during the washing procedure, including temperature, ionic strength, length of hybridization or washing times, and concentration of formamide (see for example, Sambrook et al., 1989, supra).
[0053] The present invention also includes nucleic acid sequences which encode for CtIP polypeptides that have CtBP binding activity and that preferentially bind anti -human CtIP antibodies over other antibodies that do not bind to human CtIP.
[0054] Methods are also provided herein for producing recombinant CtIP polypeptides. The method involves culturing a cell which contains an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a CtIP polypeptide and isolating the expressed CtIP polypeptide.
[0055] The present invention also includes therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a CtIP polypeptide in an effective amount for suppressing neoplasia of target cells in a patient and a method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the CtIP polypeptide to a cell ex vivo or in vivo. The compositions and methods are useful for treating a variety of diseases including but not limited to hyperplasia, neoplasia, lymphoproliferative diseases, autoimmune disorders, transplant rejection, and the like.
[0056] In certain circumstances, it may be desirable to modulate or decrease the amount of CtIP expressed. Thus, in another aspect of the present invention, CtIP anti-sense oligonucleotides can be made and a method utilized for diminishing the level of expression of CtIP, respectively, by a cell comprising administering one or more CtIP anti-sense oligonucleotides. By CtIP anti-sense oligonucleotides reference is made to oligonucleotides that have a nucleotide sequence that interacts through base pairing with a specific complementary nucleic acid sequence involved in the expression of CtIP such that the expression of CtIP is reduced. Preferably, the specific nucleic acid sequence involved in the expression of CtIP is a genomic DNA molecule or mRNA molecule that contains sequences of the CtIP gene. Thus, the invention contemplates CtIP anti-sense oligonucleotides that can base pair to flanking regions of the CtIP gene, untranslated regions of CtIP mRNA or the coding sequence for CtIP. The term complementary to a nucleotide sequence in the context of CtIP antisense oligonucleotides and methods therefor means sufficiently complementary to such a sequence as to allow hybridization to that sequence in a cell, i.e., under physiological conditions. The CtIP antisense-oligonucleotides preferably comprise a sequence containing from about 8 to about 100 nucleotides and more preferably the CtIP antisense oligonucleotides comprise from about 15 to about 30 nucleotides. The CtIP antisense oligonucleotides can also contain a variety of modifications that confer resistance to nucleolytic degradation such as, for example, modified internucleoside linkages (Uhlmann and Peyman, Chemical Reviews90:543-548, 1990; Schneider and Banner, Tetrahedron Lett31:335, 1990), modified nucleic acid bases and/or sugars and the like.
[0057] The therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered by any suitable route known in the art including for example intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal, intrathecal or intracerebral. Administration can be either rapid as by injection or over a period of time as by slow infusion or administration of slow release formulation. For treating tissues in the central nervous system, administration can be by injection or infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). When it is intended that CtIP be administered to cells in the central nervous system, administration can be with one or more agents capable of promoting penetration of CtIP across the blood-brain barrier.
[0058] CtIP can also be linked or conjugated with agents that provide desirable pharmaceutical or pharmacodynamic properties. For example, CtIP can be coupled to any substance known in the art to promote penetration or transport across the blood-brain barrier such as an antibody to the transferrin receptor, and administered by intravenous injection. (See for example, Friden et al., Science259:373-377, 1993). Furthermore, CtIP can be stably linked to a polymer such as polyethylene glycol to obtain desirable properties of solubility, stability, half-life and other pharmaceutically advantageous properties. (See for example Davis et al. Enzyme Eng4:169-73, 1978; Burnham, Am J Hosp Pharm51:210-218, 1994).
[0059] Preferably, CtIP is administered with a carrier such as liposomes or polymers containing a targeting moiety to facilitate delivery of CtIP to targeted cells. Examples of targeting moieties include but are not limited to antibodies, ligands or receptors to specific cell surface molecules. The CtIP polypeptide or fragment can also be modified to include a specific transit peptide that facilitates delivering CtIP into the cytoplasm of cells. Examples of such transit peptides include but are not limited to the TAT protein from HIV-1 (Frankel et al., Cell55:1189-1193, 1988; Fawell et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91:664-668, 1994; Ezhevsky Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA94:10699-10704, 1997), the third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain (Derossi et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:18188-18193, 1996), and penetratins, which are 16 mer peptides derived from the Antennapedia homeodomain (Derossi ct al., Trends Cell Biol. 8:84-87, 1998). Alternatively, CtIP can be delivered directly into target cells by microinjection.
[0060] For nonparenteral administration, the compositions can also include absorption enhancers which increase the pore size of the mucosal membrane. Such absorption enhancers include sodium deoxycholate, sodium glycocholate, dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin, lauroyl-1-lysophosphatidylcholine and other substances having structural similarities to the phospholipid domains of the mucosal membrane.
[0061] The compositions are usually employed in the form of pharmaceutical preparations. Such preparations are made in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art. One preferred preparation utilizes a vehicle of physiological saline solution, but it is contemplated that other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as physiological concentrations of other non-toxic salts, five percent aqueous glucose solution, sterile water or the like may also be used. It may also be desirable that a suitable buffer be present in the composition. Such solutions can, if desired, be lyophilized and stored in a sterile ampoule ready for reconstitution by the addition of sterile water for ready injection. The primary solvent can be aqueous or alternatively non-aqueous. CtIP can also be incorporated into a solid or semi-solid biologically compatible matrix which can be implanted into tissues requiring treatment.
[0062] The carrier can also contain other pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients for modifying or maintaining the pH, osmolarity, viscosity, clarity, color, sterility, stability, rate of dissolution, or odor of the formulation. Similarly, the carrier may contain still other pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients for modifying or maintaining release or absorption or penetration across the blood-brain barrier. Such excipients are those substances usually and customarily employed to formulate dosages for parenteral administration in either unit dosage or multi-dose form or for direct infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid by continuous or periodic infusion.
[0063] Dose administration can be repeated depending upon the pharmacokinetic parameters of the dosage formulation and the route of administration used.
[0064] It is also contemplated that certain formulations containing CtIP are to be administered orally. Such formulations are preferably encapsulated and formulated with suitable carriers in solid dosage forms. Some examples of suitable carriers, excipients, and diluents include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, gelatin, syrup, methyl cellulose, methyl- and propylhydroxybenzoates, talc, magnesium, stearate, water, mineral oil, and the like. The formulations can additionally include lubricating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preserving agents, sweetening agents or flavoring agents. The compositions may be formulated so as to provide rapid, sustained, or delayed release of the active ingredients after administration to the patient by employing procedures well known in the art. The formulations can also contain substances that diminish proteolytic degradation and promote absorption such as, for example, surface active agents.
[0065] The specific dose is calculated according to the approximate body weight or body surface area of the patient or the volume of body space to be occupied. The dose will also be calculated dependent upon the particular route of administration selected. Further refinement of the calculations necessary to determine the appropriate dosage for treatment is routinely made by those of ordinary skill in the art. Exact dosages are determined in conjunction with standard dose-response studies. It will be understood that the amount of the composition actually administered will be determined by a practitioner, in the light of the relevant circumstances including the condition or conditions to be treated, the choice of composition to be administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the chosen route of administration.
[0066] The invention also provides a method for determining malignancy of at least one cell in a patient which comprises detecting CtIP expression in the cell. Typically, the method involves detecting CtIP expression in a sample obtained from a patient tissue known or suspected to be cancerous. The term “determining malignancy” as used herein in the context of a patient with neoplastic disease is intended to include the estimation of prognosis in terms of probable outcome of the disease and prospect for recovery, the monitoring of the disease status or the recurrence of the disease, or the determining of a preferred therapeutic regimen for the patient. For example, as discussed above, it is believed that Adenovirus E1A proteins compete with CtIP for interaction with CtBP and the resulting increase in the amount of CtIP that is free of CtBP plays a role in the oncogenesis-restraining activity of E1A proteins. Thus, the amount of CtIP that is unbound to CtBP in a cancer cell relative to the amount in normal cells would be expected to be indicate whether a cell is malignant and/or the degree of malignancy. For example, a cancer which contains no detectable or only low amounts of CtIP as compared to normal cells would be expected to be more malignant and thus the prognosis poorer than for cancers in which the amount of CtIP detected is closer to or equal to the amount present in normal cells. Thus the term “detecting CtIP expression” as used herein in the context of determining malignancy of cells means detecting and/or quantifying CtIP and/or mRNA encoding CtIP, although quantifying does not require actual measurement of amounts of the protein or mRNA and may include qualitative comparisons.
[0067] In one embodiment of the method, CtIP expression in a cell is detected by contacting proteins from the cell with an antibody which specifically reacts with CtIP or a CtIP fragment and detecting binding of the antibody to CtIP. Any method known in the art for detecting specific proteins can be used. Such methods include, but are not limited to immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, immunochemical methods, binder-ligand assays, immunohistochemical techniques, agglutination and complement assays. (for example see Basic and Clinical Inmmunology, Sites and Terr, eds., Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn. pp 217-262, 1991).
[0068] Preferred methods for detecting CtIP are binder-ligand immunoassay methods using an antibody to human CtIP or fragment thereof. Numerous competitive and non-competitive protein binding immunoassays are well known in the art. Antibodies employed in such assays may be unlabeled, for example as used in agglutination tests, or labeled for use in a wide variety of assay methods. Labels that can be used include radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescers, chemiluminescers, enzyme substrates or co-factors, enzyme inhibitors, particles, dyes and the like for use in radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassays, e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescent immunoassays and the like.
[0069] Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to CtIP or to an epitope thereof can be made for use in immunoassays by any of a number of methods known in the art. By epitope reference is made to an antigenic determinant of a polypeptide. An epitope could comprise 3 amino acids in a spatial conformation which is unique to the epitope. Methods of determining the spatial conformation of amino acids are known in the art, and include, for example, x-ray crystallography and 2 dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. Generally an epitope comprises at least 6 contiguous amino acids of a polypeptide.
[0070] In another embodiment, malignancy of a cell is determined by detecting CtIP mRNA in the cell. CtIP mRNA may be detected by hybridizing a polynucleotide probe to mRNA of the cell or to cDNA prepared from this mRNA. High stringency conditions can be used in order to prevent false positives, that is hybridization to non-CtIP nucleotide sequences. When using sequences that are not perfectly complementary to a CtIP-encoding polynucleotide or a fragment thereof, less stringent conditions could be used, however, this would be a less preferred approach because of the likelihood of false positives. The stringency of hybridization is determined by a number of factors during hybridization and during the washing procedure, including temperature, ionic strength, length of time and concentration of formamide. These factors are outlined in, for example, Sambrook et al. (Sambrook, et al., 1989, supra).
[0071] In order to increase the sensitivity of detection of CtIP mRNA in a cell, a target CtIP sequence in cDNA prepared from mRNA of the cell can be amplified using any technique known in the art. Such techniques include reverse transcription/polymerization chain reaction (RT/PCR), ligase chain reaction methods, including gap LCR (G-LCR) and other variations, or self-sustained sequence replication (3SR) and its various modifications. In addition, the CtIP mRNA can be detected directly by asymmetric gap LCR (AG-LCR). See, e.g., Leckie et al., “Infectious Disease Testing by Ligase Chain Reaction” in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, R. A. Myers, ed., pp. 463-466, VCH Publishers, 1995.
[0072] In some instances it is desirable to determine whether the CtIP gene is intact in the patient's genome or in a particular tissue within the patient. For example, a number of cancers are caused by or are made more malignant by the inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene such as p53, NF1, MCC, and the retinoblastoma (RB) gene. By an intact CtIP gene it is meant that there are no alterations in the gene such as point mutations, deletions, insertions, chromosomal breakage, chromosomal rearrangements and the like wherein such alteration might alter production of CtIP or alter its biological activity, stability or the like to cause cancer or make the patient more susceptible to neoplastic diseases. Conversely, by a non-intact CtIP gene it is meant that such alterations are present.
[0073] Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention a method is provided for detecting and characterizing any alterations in the CtIP gene. The method comprises providing a polynucleotide that specifically hybridizes to a CtIP cDNA, genomic DNA or a fragment thereof. Typically, patient genomic DNA is isolated from a cell sample from the patient and digested with one or more restriction endonucleases such as, for example, TaqI and AluI. Using the Southern blot protocol, which is well known in the art, this assay determines whether a patient or a particular tissue in a patient has an intact CtIP gene or an abnormality in the CtIP gene. Hybridization to the CtIP gene would involve denaturing the chromosomal DNA to obtain a single-stranded DNA; contacting the single-stranded DNA with a gene probe associated with the CtIP gene sequence; and identifying the hybridized DNA-probe to detect chromosomal DNA containing at least a portion of the human CtIP gene.
[0074] The term “probe” as used herein refers to a structure comprised of a polynucleotide which forms a hybrid structure with a target sequence, due to complementarity of probe sequence with a sequence in the target region. The probes need not contain the exact complement of the target sequence, but must be sufficiently complementary to selectively hybridize with the strand being detected. By selective hybridization or specific hybridization it is meant that a polynucleotide preferentially hybridizes to a target polynucleotide. Oligomers suitable for use as probes may contain a minimum of about 8-12 contiguous nucleotides which arc complementary to the targeted sequence and preferably a minimum of about 15 or 17 nucleotides although polynucleotide probes of about 20 to 25 nucleotides and up to about 100 nucleotides or even greater are within the scope of this invention.
[0075] The CtIP gene probes of the present invention can be DNA or RNA oligonucleotides and can be made by any method known in the art such as, for example, excision, transcription or chemical synthesis. Probes may be labeled with any detectable label known in the art such as, for example, radioactive or fluorescent labels or enzymatic marker. Labeling of the probe can be accomplished by any method known in the art such as by PCR, random priming, end labeling, nick translation or the like. One skilled in the art will also recognize that other methods not employing a labeled probe can be used to determine the hybridization. Examples of methods that can be used for detecting hybridization include Southern blotting, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and single-strand conformation polymorphism with PCR amplification.
[0076] Hybridization is typically carried out at 25-45° C., more preferably at 32-40° C. and more preferably at 37-38° C. The time required for hybridization is from about 0.25 to about 96 hours, more preferably from about one to about 72 hours, and most preferably from about 4 to about 24 hours.
[0077] CtIP gene abnormalities can also be detected by using the PCR method or any other known DNA amplification method which uses oligonucleotides to identify a target sequence within a longer sequence to be amplified. The term “oligonucleotide” as used herein refers to a short strand of DNA or RNA typically ranging in length from about 8 to about 30 bases and are preferably bout 15 nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides. The primers are selected to be substantially complementary to the strand of DNA being amplified. Therefore, the primers need not reflect the exact sequence of the template, but must be sufficiently complementary to selectively hybridize or specifically hybridize with the strand being amplified. By selective hybridization or specific hybridization it is meant that a polynucleotide preferentially hybridizes to a target polynucleotide. After amplification, the amplification product may be sequenced and the sequence analyzed by comparison with the CtIP nucleotide sequences disclosed herein to identify alterations which might change activity or expression levels or the like.
[0078] The invention also provides methods for inhibiting neoplasia of target cells in a patient comprising treating the patient with CtIP. In one embodiment, the treating step comprises administering to the patient a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CtIP operably linked to a promoter that produces expression of CtIP in the target cells. The polynucleotide can comprise an expression plasmid, a retrovirus vector, an adenovirus vector, an adenovirus associated vector (AAV) or other vector used in the art to deliver genes into cells. Alternatively, the polynucleotide can be administered to the cell by microinjection. It is also contemplated that CtIP-encoding polynucleotide can be administered by coinfection with a replication-defective adenovirus expressing CtIP and another replication competent adenovirus that complements the replication defective virus to increase the expression of CtIP in the infected cells.
[0079] Preferably, the polynucleotide is selectively delivered to target cells within the patient so as not to affect other tissues. Targeted delivery of the polynucleotide can be done for example by using delivery vehicles such as polycations, liposomes or viral vectors containing targeting moieties that recognizes and binds a specific marker on the target cell. Such methods are known in the art, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,383. Another targeted delivery approach uses viral vectors that can only replicate in specific cell types which is accomplished by placing the viral genes necessary for replication under the transcriptional control of a response element for a transcription factor that is only active in the target cell. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,443.
[0080] In another embodiment, the patient is treated with CtIP by administering a CtIP polypeptide or CtIP fragment to the patient. Preferably, the CtIP polypeptide or CtIP fragment is administered with a carrier that facilitates its delivery into the cell, such as liposomes. The liposomes may have targeting moieties exposed on the surface such as antibodies, ligands or receptors to specific cell surface molecules to limit delivery of CtIP to targeted cells. Liposome drug delivery is known in the art (see, e.g., Amselem et al., Chem. Phys. Lipid64:219-237, 1993). Alternatively, one or more of the polypeptides of the complex can be modified to include a specific transit peptide that is capable of delivering CtIP into the cytoplasm of a cell or CtIP can be delivered directly into a cell by microinjection.
[0081] Also included within the invention is a method for identifying agents that inhibit neoplasia of cells. The method comprises determining whether a candidate agent disrupts binding of CtIP and CtBP. Any binding assay known in the art may be used. Typically, binding assays involve one of two formats: an immobilized CtIP polypeptide can be used to bind labeled CtBP, or conversely, immobilized CtBP can be used to bind labeled CtIP polypeptides. In each case, the labeled polypeptide is contacted with the immobilized polypeptide under conditions that permit specific binding of the polypeptide to form a CtIP:CtBP complex in the absence of the candidate agent. Particular conditions may be selected by the skilled artisan according to conventional methods. The method can be used for high-throughput screening of agent banks such as compound libraries, peptide libraries and the like. Alternatively, the binding assay is performed in vivo in a cell, such as a yeast two-hybrid system in which a reporter gene is expressed when a complex between CtIP and CtBP is formed. Such assays are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,209. An agent that inhibits binding would reduce the amount of reporter gene expression as compared to the amount of reporter gene expression in the absence of the agent.
[0082] Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the following examples. Other embodiments within the scope of the claims herein will be apparent to one skilled in the art from consideration of the specification or practice of the invention as disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification, together with the examples, be considered exemplary only, with the scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the claims which follow the examples.
Brief Description of the Materials and Methods Used in the Examples
[0083] Yeast Two Hybrid Screening.
[0084] Screenings were carried out using the yeast stain Y153 (MATa, gal4, gal80, leu2, ura3, trp1, his3, ade2, URA3::GAL1-lacZ, Lys2::GAL-HIS3) (Durfee et al., Genes Dev. 7:555-569, 1993). Yeast cells were grown in YPD medium (1% yeast extract, 2% bactopeptone, 2% sucrose), or selective minimal medium, SD medium lacking specified amino acids (2% sucrose, 0.67% nitrogen base plus amino acid dropout solution; Rose et al., 1990).
[0085] Yeast two hybrid screens were carried out as described previously (Durfee et al., supra; Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA88:9578-9582, 1991). A plasmid (pGb-CtBP) expressing a fusion protein consisting of the DNA binding domain of GAL4 (amino acids 1-147) and the entire CtBP protein was used as the bait. A GAL4 activation domain tagged HeLa cell cDNA library (Clontech) was used as the prey. The yeast cells (strain Y153) were cotransformed with the bait plasmid and the cDNA library (prey) by the Li/Ac method (Rose et al., 1990). The transformants were selected for growth in SD medium that lacked histidine and leucine and also supplemented with 25 mM 3AT. After incubation at 30° C. for 3 to 5 days, yeast colonies were transferred onto nitrocellulose filters and screened for β-galactosidase activity by X-gal blue/white filter lift assay (Breeden and Nasmyth, 1985). Positive colonies were subcultured in selective media and plasmid DNA was recovered (Hoffmann and Winston, 1987). cDNA plasmids were identified by their ability to complement the leuB mutation of E. coliHB101 (Chien et al., 1991). HB101 cells transformed by electroporation were grown on M9 plates supplemented with 40 μg/ml proline, 1 mM thiamine and 100 μg/ml ampicillin. cDNA plasmids recovered by this method were retested individually by yeast two hybrid studies for interaction with CtBP and various heterologous protein baits (Boyd et al., 1994; Kamine et al., 1996). cDNA clones that interacted only with the CtBP bait were chosen for further studies.
[0086] 5′ RACE Reactions
[0087] 5′ sequences of CtIP cDNA were isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) reaction using a commercially available kit (Gibco/BRL). First strand cDNA synthesis was carried out with the CtIP specific primer AS2 using poly(A) RNA from Raji cells (provided by Eric Uhlmann) as template. PCR reactions were performed with CtIP specific primers Cip-RACE1 or Cip-RACE-2 and anchor primers provided by the manufacturer (Gibco/BRL). PCR conditions were modified to optimize results: 35 cycles, 1 min at 94° C., 30 s at 63° C., 2 min at 72° C. For sequence analysis, the final PCR products were cloned into Bluescript KS+ (Stratagene) between SpeI and EcoR1 (taking advantage of the internal EcoRI site present in the cDNA of CtIP).
[0088] DNA Sequence Analysis
[0089] Both strands of various cDNA clones were sequenced by dideoxy chain termination method using Sequenase version 2.0 (United States Biochemical Corporation) or the fmol sequencing system (Promega).
[0090] Northern Blot Analysis
[0091] Human multiple tissue northern (MTN) blots or human cancer cell line MTN blots (Clontech), containing approximately 2 μg of poly(A) RNA per lane, were probed with 32P-labeled cDNA probes (CtBP, CtIP, or human Actin) under high stringency conditions. Mouse (MTN) blots were probed under low stringency conditions following the instructions of the manufacturer (Clontech). 32P-dCTP labeled probes were prepared using a random primer extension labeling kit (DuPont/NEN). cDNA fragments isolated from pGAD#9 (BamH1/BglII fragment) served as template for labeling reactions.
[0092] Expression and Purification of GST-fusion Proteins
[0093] Fresh overnight cultures of E. coliB121 cells (Promega) transformed pGEX-5X3 or pGST-CtBP or pGST-CtIP or GST-Cter (Boyd et al., supra) or GST-Cter (dl1135). Transformed cells were diluted 1/10 in LB medium plus 0.2 mM IPTG and 100 μg/ml ampicillin and grown at 25° C. for 12-16 hours. Bacterial cultures were collected by centrifugation at 4° C. and the pellets were resuspended in 1/100 of original volume NETN buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% NP40) containing 0.5% milk. Bacterial cultures expressing GST-CtBP (GST-30) were resuspended in 1/20 of culture volume and stored at −70 C. prior to purification (to reduce proteolysis of GST-CtBP). Cells expressing GST-CtIP were resuspended in 1/20 volume NETN plus 1% Triton X100. All cells were lysed by sonication (2X 1 min pulses) and precleared by centrifugation at high speed (15 min at 10000 rpm). Glutathione agarose beads (Sigma) were prewashed in NETN buffer and incubated with bacterial lysate for 15 min at 4° C. Beads were then washed 3X with NETN buffer and stored at 4° C. An aliquot of the beads was resuspended in 2X SDS sample buffer (0.125 M Tris/HCl, pH 6.8, 4% SDS, 20% glycerol, 2% β-mercaptoethanol, 10 μ/ml Bromophenol Blue), boiled for two min, and the supernatant analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Gels were stained with coomassie blue solution (0.1% coomassie brilliant blue, 40% methanol) to estimate protein concentrations. 1 ml of protein-conjugated beads was prepared from 500 ml to 2000 ml of bacterial culture depending on protein expression and recovery. Protein concentrations ranged from 20 mg/ml beads for GST to approximately 0.2 mg/ml beads for GST-CtIP. For binding experiments, protein concentrations of GST-beads were normalized by mixing with glutathione agarose beads.
[0094] Preparation of Polyclonal Antisera
[0095] Polyclonal antisera were raised against GST-CtIP as described by Harlow and Lane (1988). Affinity purified GST-fusion proteins were eluted by boiling in 2 X SDS-electrophoresis sample buffer and separated on SDS-polyacrylamide (8%) gels. Gels were rinsed in H2O and stained with coomassie blue (0.2% in H2O). Protein bands were excised and mixed with Freund's adjuvant prior to injection. New Zealand rabbits were injected subcutaneously with 50 to 100 μg protein every three to four weeks. Serum was collected 10-14 days after injection and stored at −20° C. The IgG fraction was purified from GST-CtBP antiserum by protein A column chromatography (Pierce).
[0096] In vitro Protein Binding and Affinity Chromatography
[0097] Proteins expressed by in vitro transcription/translation (using TNT transcription/translation expression system, Promega) were labeled by incorporation of [35S]-methionine. The translation mixtures (50 μl) were clarified and diluted in 1 ml of respective binding buffer (E1A lysis buffer: 250 mM NaCl, 0.1% NP40, 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.0; buffer A: 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% NaCl, 0.1% NP40, 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5 containing protease inhibitors aprotinin (20 μ/ml) and leupeptin (200 μg/ml) and preincubatcd with GST beads for 1 to 2 hours at 4° C. on rotor. For binding experiments using labeled cell extracts, lysates were preincubated with GST and glutathione agarose beads for 12 to 16 hours. The precleared lysates were divided equally among the immobilized GST or GST-fusion proteins (5 μg protein, 15 μl beads per binding reaction). After incubation at 4° C. for 1 to 2 hours, beads were washed six times with binding buffer, resuspended in 2X electrophoresis sample buffer and boiled for 2 min. Beads were pelleted and the supernatant was analyzed by SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gels were soaked in 1 M sodium salicylate as a fluorographic enhancer, dried and analyzed by autoradiography.
[0098] Competition Binding Experiments
[0099] Soluble E1A peptides representing the C-terminal 67 amino acids of E1A 243R or dl1135 were prepared from immobilized GST-Cter and GST-dl1135 by cleavage with factor Xa(New England Biolabs). Beads containing 1 mg of protein (200 to 400 μl) were resuspended in 400 μl factor Xabuffer (20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2) containing 8 units of factor Xa(New England Biolabs) and incubated for 6 to 12 hours at room temperature. Beads and supernatants were analyzed for cleavage products by SDS-PAGE and visualized by coomassie blue staining to estimate peptide concentrations. The supernatant (containing cleaved E1A peptides) was mixed with in vitro labeled CtBP and added to GST-Cter and GST-CtIP immobilized on glutathione beads. Binding experiments were then carried out as described above.
[0100] Coimmunoprecipitation
[0101] For in vivo coimmunoprecipitation analyses, recombinant proteins (CtIP and CtBP) were coexpressed in BSC40 cells using the vaccinia virus/T7 RNA polymerase system (Ausubel, et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992). BSC40 cells (5X 106cells/T75 cm2flask) were infected with recombinant vaccinia virus vTF7-3 (which expresses T7 RNA polymerase; Fuerst et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA83:8122-8126, 1986) in serum free medium (DMEM) at 10 PFU per cell and then transfected with 10 μg of appropriate expression plasmids using LipofectAMINE (Gibco/BRL). Five hours later cell culture medium was supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. At 18 to 20 hours post infection, cells were labeled with 35S-methionine/cysteine mixture (500 μCi/T75 cm2flask). After labeling, all procedures were carried out on ice or at 4° C. Cells were rinsed twice with PBS and lysed by addition of E1A lysis buffer (1 ml/T75 cm2flask) supplemented with protease inhibitors aprotinin (20 μg/ml) and leupeptin (200 μg/ml). Cells were incubated for 30 min in lysis buffer to solubilized proteins. Lysates were clarified by centrifugation in an eppendorf centrifuge at high speed for 15 min and preincubated with protein A sepharose beads (Sigma) for at least one hour. The precleared lysate was then divided and mixed with respective monoclonal antibodies (MAb) or polyclonal antiserum and incubated for at least one hour. Protein A sepharose beads (Sigma) were then added and the incubation continued for one to two hours. Beads were pelleted and washed at least seven times with E1A lysis buffer. Samples were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and fluorography as described previously (Boyd et al., supra).
EXAMPLE 1
[0102] This example illustrates isolation of the cDNA clone.
[0103] The cDNA clones that code for proteins which bind with CtBP were cloned by two hybrid screening in yeast. The yeast reporter strain Y153 (Durfee et al., supra) was transformed with the bait plasmid (pGB-CtBP), expressing the entire coding sequence of CtBP fused in frame with the Gal4 DNA binding domain together with a Gal4-activation domain tagged HeLa cell cDNA library (Clontech). To identify putative CtBP interacting cDNA clones the yeast transformants were grown in selective media and screened for activation of the LacZ reporter gene by X gal filter lift assays. Six cDNA clones were isolated by this method. They were further tested for interaction with heterologous baits in yeast. Three clones, pGad#8, -#9 and #15 interacted specifically with CtBP, but not with the vector pGBT9 or three heterologous baits including E1A exon 2 (data not shown), suggesting that the proteins encoded by these cDNA clones interact specifically with CtBP. Sequence analysis revealed that clone #8 encoded the C-terminus of a known protein, the 70 kD subunit of KU (Reeves and Sthoeger, 1989), while pGAD#9 and pGAD#15 represent partial cDNA clones of a novel protein, the CtBP interacting protein, CtIP (CtBP-Interacting Protein).
EXAMPLE 2
[0104] This examples illustrates the isolation of full length cDNA of CtIP.
[0105] The cDNAs of the two other CtBP interacting cDNA clones, pGAD#9 and pGAD#15, were identical except for 153 base pair 5′ coding sequences unique to clone #9, suggesting that they represent partial cDNA clones of the same protein, referred to as CtBP Interacting protein, CtIP. This was confirmed by northern blot analysis using multiple tissue blots (Clonetech). A 32P-labeled probe specific for the cDNA of clone #15 hybridized to a single mRNA species present in preparations from several tumor cell lines (FIG. 1). However, the transcript size of 3.7 kb was about 800 bp larger than the cDNA represented by clone #9. The predicted reading frame of clone #9 and clone #15, established in relation to the coding sequence of the GAL4 DNA binding domain contained several stop codons 3′ to the coding region, suggesting that both cDNA clones encoded the carboxy-terminus of CtIP. To isolate additional 5′ coding sequences of CtIP, 5′ RACE reactions were performed using a commercially available kit (Clontech, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. 5′ cDNA sequences were isolated that encoded an additional 31 amino acids in frame with the cDNA of clone #9 with a putative ATG start codon at position 300. The complete cDNA sequence is presented in FIG. 2A. The reading frame upstream of this ATG contains several stop codons, indicating that the ATG initiates the open reading frame. Thus, this sequence contains the complete 5′ coding sequence of CtIP. The coding sequence of CtIP (FIG. 2B) codes for a protein of 897 aminoacids (FIG. 3), while clone #9 and clone #15 encode the C-terminal 864 and 835 residues of CtIP respectively.
EXAMPLE 3
[0106] This example illustrates in vitro binding of CtBP and CtIP.
[0107] To confirm that CtIP could directly bind with CtBP, in vitro binding experiments were carried out. The cDNA of pGAD-#15 encoding residues 70 to 897 of CtIP was cloned into the expression vector pGEX-5X3 (Pharmacia) in frame with the GST gene. Bacterially expressed and affinity purified GST-CtIP as well as GST control were immobilized on glutathione agarose beads and tested for interaction with in vitro translated 35S-labeled CtBP. Bound proteins were eluted in SDS sample buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and fluorography (FIG. 4). CtBP interacted specifically with GST-CtIP but not with GST, confirming that it could directly associate with CtIP in vitro.
EXAMPLE 4
[0108] This example illustrates the effect of PLDLS mutation on CtIP interaction with CtBP.
[0109] Comparison of CtIP coding sequences with DNA sequences in the data base using BLAST analysis (Altschul et al., 1990) did not reveal significant sequence homologies to known proteins. However, upon close examination it was discovered that CtIP shares a five amino acid motif, PLDLS, with E1A (FIG. 5). These five residues are well conserved among E1A proteins of various adenovirus serotypes. By mutational analysis of Ad2 E1A, it had been previously shown that this region is required for efficient interaction with CtBP. To determine if these five residues are also essential for interaction of CtIP with CtBP, a CtIP mutant, CtIPΔ, was constructed in which PLDLS was substituted to LASQC (FIG. 6A). CtIP was expressed as GST-fusion protein and tested for interaction with in vitro translated CtBP (FIG. 6B). Binding of CtBP to CtIPΔ was significantly reduced compared to the interaction with wild type GST-CtIP, suggesting that the PLDLS sequence constitutes the CtBP binding motif of CtIP as well as E1A.
EXAMPLE 5
[0110] This example illustrates the in vivo interaction of CtIP and CtBP.
[0111] To verify that CtIP could interact with CtBP in vivo a coimmunoprecipitation analysis was carried out. A T7 epitope tagged CtBP and full length CtIP (CtIP wt or mutant CtIPΔ) were coexpressed in BSC40 cells using the recombinant vaccinia virus/T7 expression system. After metabolic labeling with 35S-methionine/cysteine, cells were lysed in E1A lysis buffer (Harlow et al., 1986). The precleared lysate was divided and subjected to immunoprecipitation with either T7 mAb (Novagen) or CtIP antiserum (raised against GST-CtIP). As seen in FIG. 8 the majority of CtIP protein migrated with an apparent molecular weight of 125 kD on SDS gels, which is slightly larger than the predicted molecular weight of 100 kD. In addition, smaller CtIP products were also detected. Most likely they represent degradation products of the 125 kD CtIP protein. Importantly, CtIP but not CtIPΔ, which lacks the CtBP binding motif, coprecipitated with CtBP. CtBP migrated with a molecular weight (48 kD) close to that of some of the smaller CtIP products, but could be detected coprecipitating with CtBP antibody, but not with CtIP antibody (marked as dot in FIG. 7). These data confirm that CtBP interacts with full length CtIP and that this interaction can occur in vivo.
EXAMPLE 6
[0112] This example illustrates that E1A competes with CtIP for CtBP interaction.
[0113] Since CtIP contains the same CtBP binding motif as E1A, an experiment was performed to determine if E1A would compete with CtIP for CtBP interaction. It had been shown in earlier experiments that the GST-E1A fusion protein, GST-Cter, containing only the C-terminal 67 amino acids of E1A is capable of binding CtBP (Boyd et al., supra). Soluble E1A peptides were generated by proteolytic cleavage of immobilized GST-Cter fusion protein and utilized in competition binding experiments. CtBP was expressed by in vitro transcription/translation and then analyzed for binding to immobilized GST-CtIP or GST-Cter in the presence or absence of E1A peptide competitors. As demonstrated in FIG. 9, CtBP interacts well with GST-CtIP or the E1A fusion protein, GST-Cter. However, these interactions were significantly reduced in the presence of 200 fold molar concentration of wt E1A peptide (Cter), but not E1A dl135 which lacks the C6BP binding region. This result demonstrates that CtIP and E1A, which carry identical CtBP binding motifs, can compete for CtBP interaction.
EXAMPLE 7
[0114] This example illustrates the construction of AD-CtIP, an adenovirus vector for expressing CtIP.
[0115] The starting vector for the virus construction is pAd5LendCMV. This plasmid contains the Xho I C fragment (nucleotide number 1 to 5788 of adenovirus 5 (Ad5) with a deletion of the E1A gene and most of the E1B coding regions [Sac II (354) to Bgl II (3328)]. As a result of this deletion, this construct will not make any E1 polypeptides. The deleted region is substituted with the CMV immediate early (IE) promoter and a multiple cloning site containing Hind III, Kpn I and BamH I sites (other sites are not available because their multiple occurrence in the vector). The transcript from the CMV promoter will use the E1B polyadenylation site. Normally this vector is used for making recombinant adenoviruses that express proteins under the control of CMV promoter. For making AD-CtIP, an Apa I blunt-Kpn I fragment of pcDNA3-CtIP (CtIP cDNA) is cloned into BamH I blunt-Hind III digested pAd5Lend CMV and 5 μg of the resultant plasmid is transfected into human 293 cells (60 mm dish) along with 5 μg of pBHGE3 (Bett et.al., 1994) by the calcium phosphate method. The transfected cells are overlaid with growth medium containing 0.8% noble agar after 5 hours of transfection. After 7 days, the visible plaques are picked up, and screened for the expression of CtIP by western blot using rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against CtIP. After confirming, the correct virus (AD-CtIP) is amplified and titrated in 293 cells by plaque assay method. (Bett, A. J., Haddara, W., Prevec, L. and Graham, F. L. (1994). An efficient and flexible system for construction of adenovirus vectors with insertions or deletions in early regions 1 and 3, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91:8802-8806).
[0116] In view of the above, it will be seen that the several advantages of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
[0117] As various changes could be made in the above methods and compositions without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
[0118] All references cited in this specification, including patents and patent applications, are hereby incorporated by reference. The discussion of references herein is intended merely to summarize the assertions made by their authors and no admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. Applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of the cited references.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An isolated and purified CtBP Interacting Protein (CtIP) polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:2.
2. A composition comprising the isolated and purified CtIP polypeptide of claim 1 and a carrier that facilitates delivery of the CtIP polypeptide into a target cell.
Patent Citations (3)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US6030832(A) | 2000-02-01 | Wong et al. | Examiner |
| WO92/20803 | 1992-11-01 | Examiner | |
| WO97/06250 | 1997-02-01 | Examiner |
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