US 6,700,760 B1Grant
Tunneling magnetoresistive head in current perpendicular to plane mode
Issue Date:2004-03-02
•18 Claims
•6 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A tunneling magnetoresistive head according to the present invention includes a tunneling magnetoresistive stack having a free layer, a barrier layer, a pinned layer and a pinning layer. The tunneling magnetoresistive stack is configured to operate in a current perpendicular to plane (CPP) mode, wherein a sense current flows substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal plane of the barrier layer. The tunneling magnetoresistive head includes a first shield and a second shield coupled to opposing sides of the tunneling magnetoresistive stack. The first and the second shields act as electrodes to couple the sense current to the tunneling magnetoresistive stack. The first shield has a concave shape and substantially surrounds the free layer. The tunneling magnetoresistive head also includes a spacer layer and a layer of antiferromagnetic material. The spacer layer is formed on the free layer. The layer of antiferromagnetic material is formed on the second spacer layer.
Metadata
Assignee
- Seagate Technology LLC
Inventor
- Sining Mao
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/694,634
Filing Date:2000-10-23
Priority Date:2000-04-27
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
G11B 5127G11B 533
Field of Search:
3603242360319
Patent Drawings (6 sheets)
Description
Cross-Reference to Related Application(s)
[0002] This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/200,713 entitled “A NOVEL DESIGN OF SPIN DEPENDENT TUNNELING (TMR) HEAD TO REDUCE THE SIDE READING AND IMPROVE MAGNETIC STABILITY”, which was filed Apr. 27, 2000.
Background of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates generally to magnetoresistive read sensors for use in magnetic read heads. In particular, the present invention relates to a current perpendicular to plane (CPP) tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) head with reduced side reading and improved magnetic stability.
[0004] A magnetic read head retrieves magnetically-encoded information that is stored on a magnetic medium or disc. The magnetic read head is typically formed of several layers that include a top shield, a bottom shield, and a read sensor positioned between the top and bottom shields. The read sensor is generally a type of magnetoresistive sensor, such as a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) read sensor. The resistance of a GMR read sensor fluctuates in response to a magnetic field emanating from a magnetic medium when the GMR read sensor is used in a magnetic read head and positioned near the magnetic medium. By providing a sense current through the GMR read sensor, the resistance of the GMR read sensor can be measured and used by external circuitry to decipher the information stored on the magnetic medium.
[0005] A common GMR read sensor configuration is the GMR spin valve configuration in which the GMR read sensor is a multi-layered structure formed of a ferromagnetic free layer, a ferromagnetic pinned layer and a nonmagnetic spacer layer positioned between the free layer and the pinned layer. The magnetization direction of the pinned layer is fixed in a predetermined direction, generally normal to an air bearing surface of the GMR spin valve, while a magnetization direction of the free layer rotates freely in response to an external magnetic field. An easy axis of the free layer is generally set normal to the magnetization direction of the pinned layer. The resistance of the GMR read sensor varies as a function of an angle formed between the magnetization direction of the free layer and the magnetization direction of the pinned layer. This multi-layered spin valve configuration allows for a more pronounced magnetoresistive effect than is possible with anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) read sensors, which generally consist of a single ferromagnetic layer.
[0006] Typically, the magnetization of the pinned layer is fixed in the predetermined direction by exchange coupling an antiferromagnetic layer to the pinned layer. The antiferromagnetic layer is positioned upon the pinned layer such that the antiferromagnetic layer and the free layer form distal edges of the GMR spin valve. The spin valve is then heated to a temperature greater than a Néel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer. Next, a magnetic field oriented in the predetermined direction is applied to the spin valve, thereby causing the magnetization direction of the pinned layer to orient in the direction of the applied magnetic field. The magnetic field may be applied to the spin valve before the spin valve is heated to the temperature greater than the Néel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer. While continuing to apply the magnetic field, the spin valve is cooled to a temperature lower than the Néel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer. Once the magnetic field is removed from the spin valve, the magnetization direction of the pinned layer will remain fixed, as a result of the exchange with the antiferromagnetic layer, so long as the temperature of the spin valve remains lower than the Néel temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer.
[0007] A TMR head is similar in structure to a spin valve head, but the physics of the device are different. For a TMR head, rather than using a spacer layer, a barrier layer is positioned between the free layer and the pinned layer. Electrons must tunnel through the barrier layer.
[0008] The free layer of a TMR sensor must be stabilized against the formation of edge domain walls because domain wall motion results in electrical noise, which makes data recovery impossible. One method of achieving stabilization is with a permanent magnet abutted junction design. Permanent magnets have a high coercive field (i.e., are hard magnets). The field from the permanent magnets stabilizes the free layer and prevents edge domain formation, and provides proper bias.
[0009] However, there are several problems with permanent magnet abutted junctions. To properly stabilize the free layer, the permanent magnets must provide more flux than can be closed by the free layer. This undesirable extra flux stiffens the edges of the free layer so that the edges cannot rotate in response to flux from the media, and may also cause shield saturation which adversely affects the ability of the sensor to read high data densities. The extra flux from the permanent magnets may produce multiple domains in the free layer and may also produce dead regions which reduce the sensitivity of the sensor. For very small sensors, which are needed for high density recording, the permanent magnet bias severely reduces the sensitivity of the free layer.
[0010] Tabs of antiferromagnetic material or “exchange tabs” have also been used to stabilize the free layer of magnetic sensors. Exchange tabs are deposited upon the outer regions of the free layer and are exchange coupled thereto. Functions of the exchange tabs include pinning the magnetization of the outer regions of the free layer in the proper direction, preventing the formation of edge domains and defining the width of an active area of the free layer by preventing free layer rotation at the outer regions of the free layer.
[0011] Additional stabilization techniques are desirable, particularly for ultra high density heads with small sensors. For 100 Gbit/in2and beyond magnetic recording storage, the track and linear densities are both very demanding. A typical design for a 100 Gbit/in2head should have a linear density of about 700 kilobits per inch (KBPI) and a track density of about 145 kilotracks per inch (KTPI). The written track cell for such a head is about 1,000 angstroms by 250 angstroms (i.e., an aspect ratio of about 4). High linear density requires a narrow shield-to-shield spacing. In order to meet the track density requirement, a small sensor size is needed (e.g., 0.1 by 0.1 micrometers). A larger sensor will produce side readings from adjacent tracks.
[0012] A novel design is needed to deal with such ultra-high density recording, while maintaining a stable free layer dynamic response and good cross-track characteristics.
Brief Summary of the Invention
[0013] A tunneling magnetoresistive head according to the present invention includes a tunneling magnetoresistive stack having a free layer, a barrier layer, a pinned layer and a pinning layer. The tunneling magnetoresistive stack is configured to operate in a current perpendicular to plane (CPP) mode, wherein a sense current flows substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal plane of the barrier layer. The tunneling magnetoresistive head includes a first shield and a second shield coupled to opposing sides of the tunneling magnetoresistive stack. The first and the second shields act as electrodes to couple the sense current to the tunneling magnetoresistive stack. The first shield has a concave shape and substantially surrounds the free layer. The tunneling magnetoresistive head also includes a spacer layer and a layer of antiferromagnetic material. The spacer layer is formed on the free layer. The layer of antiferromagnetic material is formed on the spacer layer.
[0014] The tunneling magnetoresistive head of the present invention senses ultra-high density recording, while maintaining a stable free layer dynamic response and good cross-track characteristics. The need for permanent magnet bias is eliminated, allowing a small sensor to be used to meet high track density requirements. The concave wrapped shield configuration reduces the side reading of the head.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0015] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a magnetic read/write head and magnetic disc taken along a plane normal to an air bearing surface of the read/write head.
[0016] FIG. 2 is a layer diagram of an air bearing surface of a magnetic read/write head.
[0017] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a prior art GMR stack.
[0018] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a prior art GMR spin valve stack with permanent magnet abutted junctions.
[0019] FIG. 5A shows an ABS view of a CPP type of TMR head according to the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 5B shows a cross-sectional view of a CPP type of TMR head according to the present invention.
[0021] FIG. 6 shows typical M-H loops of an exchange biased NiFe free layer with a structure NiFe/Cu(10 Å)/IrMn.
Detailed Description
[0022] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of magnetic read/write head 100 and magnetic disc 102 taken along a plane normal to air bearing surface 104 of read/write head 100. Air bearing surface 104 of magnetic read/write head 100 faces disc surface 106 of magnetic disc 102. Magnetic disc 102 travels or rotates in a direction relative to magnetic read/write head 100 as indicated by arrow A. Spacing between air bearing surface 104 and disc surface 106 is preferably minimized while avoiding contact between magnetic read/write head 100 and magnetic disc 102.
[0023] A writer portion of magnetic read/write head 100 includes top pole 108, insulator layer 110, conductive coils 112 and top shield 114. Conductive coils 112 are held in place between top pole 108 and top shield 114 by use of insulator 110. Conductive coils 112 are shown in FIG. 1 as two layers of coils but may also be formed of more layers of coils as is well known in the field of magnetic read/write head design.
[0024] A reader portion of magnetic read/write head 100 includes top shield 114, top gap layer 115, metal contact layer 116, bottom gap layer 117, bottom shield 118, and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) stack 120. Metal contact layer 116 is positioned between top gap layer 115 and bottom gap layer 117. GMR stack 120 is positioned between terminating ends of metal contact layer 116 and bottom gap layer 117. Top gap layer 115 is positioned between top shield 114 and metal contact layer 116. Bottom gap layer 117 is positioned between metal contact layer 116 and bottom shield 118. Top shield 114 functions both as a shield and as a shared pole for use in conjunction with top pole 108.
[0025] FIG. 2 is a layer diagram of air bearing surface 104 of magnetic read/write head 100. FIG. 2 illustrates the location of magnetically significant elements in magnetic read/write head 100 as they appear along air bearing surface 104 of magnetic read/write head 100 of FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, all spacing and insulating layers of magnetic read/write head 100 are omitted for clarity. Bottom shield 118 and top shield 114 are spaced to provide for a location of GMR stack 120. GMR stack 120 has two passive regions defined as the portions of GMR stack 120 adjacent to metal contact layer 116. An active region of GMR stack 120 is defined as the portion of GMR stack 120 located between the two passive regions of GMR stack 120. The active region of GMR stack 120 defines a read sensor width.
[0026] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a prior art GMR stack 130. GMR stack 130 has free layer 132, spacer layer 134, pinned layer 136, and antiferromagnetic layer 138. Spacer layer 134 is positioned between free layer 132 and pinned layer 136. A magnetization of pinned layer 136 is fixed in a predetermined direction, generally normal to air bearing surface 140 of GMR stack 130, while a magnetization of free layer 132 rotates freely in response to an external magnetic field (not shown in FIG. 3). Antiferromagnetic layer 138 is positioned on GMR stack 130 such that pinned layer 136 is between spacer layer 134 and antiferromagnetic layer 138. The magnetization of pinned layer 136 is pinned by exchange coupling pinned layer 136 with antiferromagnetic layer 138.
[0027] The resistance of GMR stack 130 varies as a function of an angle that is formed between the magnetization of pinned layer 136 and the magnetization of free layer 132. The magnetization of pinned layer 136 remains fixed in one direction, while the magnetization of free layer 132 rotates in response to a magnetic field emanating from a magnetic media or disc. The angle formed between the magnetization of free layer 132 and the magnetization of pinned layer 136 is, therefore, directly related to the magnetic field emanating from a magnetic media or disc. Consequently, the resistance of GMR stack 130 is directly related to the magnetic field emanating from the magnetic media or disc.
[0028] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of prior art GMR spin valve stack 142 with permanent magnet abutted junctions. GMR stack 142 includes permanent magnets 145A and 145B, pinning layer 146, pinned layer 147, spacer layer 148 and free layer 149. Pinned layer 147 is positioned over pinning layer 146. Spacer layer 148 is positioned over pinned layer 147. Free layer 149 is positioned over spacer layer 148. Permanent magnets 145A and 145B are placed on each side of GMR stack 142. Junction 144A is located between permanent magnet 145A and a first edge of layers 146-149. Junction 144B is positioned between permanent magnet 145B and a second edge of layers 146-149.
[0029] The field from permanent magnets 145A and 145B stabilizes free layer 149 and prevents edge domain formation, and provides proper bias. However, there are several problems with the permanent magnet abutted junction design shown in FIG. 4. To properly stabilize free layer 149, permanent magnets 145A and 145B must provide more flux than can be closed by free layer 149. This undesirable extra flux stiffens the edges of free layer 149 and may also cause shield saturation. The extra flux from permanent magnets 145 may produce multiple domains in free layer 149 and may also produce dead regions which reduce the sensitivity of the sensor. These undesirable effects are particularly problematic for very small sensors, which are needed for high density recordings.
[0030] FIG. 5A shows an ABS view of a CPP type of TMR head according to the present invention. TMR head 150 includes top shield 152, insulation layers 154A and 154B, bias layer 156, spacer layer 158, free layer 160, barrier layer 162, pinned layer 163, pinning/seed layer 170 and bottom shield 174. Top shield 152 also acts as a shared pole in merged read/write heads. Bias layer 156 is preferably IrMn, PtMn, NiMn, RhMn, RuRhMn or similar anti ferromagnetic material. Spacer layer 158 is preferably Cu, although other materials including Au, Ag, NiFeCr, Al, and Ru can alternatively be used. Free layer 160.is a ferromagnetic layer such as NiFe. Barrier layer 162 is preferably Al2O3, although other materials including Y2O3, CeO2, TaO, SiN, AlN and CrO2may alternatively be used. The magnetization of free layer 160 is shown by an arrow on that layer. Pinned layer 163 is preferably a synthetic antiferromagnet or SAF, which includes two CoFe layers separated by an Ru spacer layer. When two ferromagnetic layers, such as two CoFe layers, are separated by an Ru spacer of an appropriate thickness, the two ferromagnetic layers couple strongly with magnetic moments anti-parallel. The use of a synthetic antiferromagnet for pinned layer 163 provides a reduced demagnetization field, and provides better magnetic stability. Alternatively, pinned layer 163 could be a single soft magnetic layer, such as CoFe, with a magnetization out of the paper as represented by the circled dot on that layer. Pinning/seed layer 170 is preferably IrMn, PtMn, NiMn, RhMn, RuRhMn or similar antiferromagnetic material, formed on a seed layer. Insulation layers 154A and 154B are preferably alumina or SiO2.
[0031] Top shield 152 has a concave shape and is wrapped around free layer 160. Since there are no permanent magnet layers positioned adjacent to the edges of free layer 160, top shield 152 may be positioned close to the ends of free layer 160 and thereby reduce any side reading. A reduction in the side reading helps to improve the TPI resolution of TMR head 150. Top shield 152 and bottom shield 174 act as electrodes for conducting a sense current. The sense current flows between top shield 152 and bottom shield 174 and through layers 156-170. This mode of operation, where the sense current flows perpendicular to the plane of barrier layer 162, is referred to as current perpendicular to plane or CPP mode.
[0032] Layers 156-170 include end regions 155A and 155B. Since the area near end regions 155A and 155B is free of any metallic layers, like contact and permanent magnet layers, the ends of free layer 160 may be positioned close to top shield 152, which confines the bit flux lateral conduction and reduces the side reading when head 150 is off track. Layers 156 and 158 serve to stabilize free layer 160.
[0033] The antiferromagnetic materials used for layers 156 and 170 preferably have a high blocking temperature. However, since layer 156 is in contact with shield 152, which is highly conductive, the requirement of a high blocking temperature is relaxed.
[0034] FIG. 5B shows a cross-sectional view of TMR head 150. As shown in FIG. 5B, top shield 152 and bottom shield 174 extend away from the ABS farther than layers 156-170, and act as leads to couple layers 156-170 to a sense current. The magnetization of pinned layer 163 is represented by an arrow, and the magnetization of free layer 160 is out of the paper as indicated by the circled dot on that layer.
[0035] The sensitivity of free layer 160 can be adjusted to a desirable value using layers 156 and 158. Free layer 160 should be pinned to a certain degree to ensure stability, but must also be allowed to rotate in response to flux from magnetic media. When an antiferromagnetic layer (like bias layer 156) is coupled to a ferromagnetic layer (like free layer 160), the ferromagnetic layer has an induced anisotropy along the unidirectional exchange coupling field direction, which is characterized by an open hysteresis loop with an offset from zero field. FIG. 6 shows an example of such a loop. One-half of the width of hysteresis loop 200 is referred to as the coercivity, or Hc. The amount that hysteresis loop 200 is offset from the zero field point is represented by Hex, which is the exchange field or pinning field. Bias layer 156 preferably provides a pinning field in a direction parallel to the ABS, although the pinning field may alternatively be canted away from the ABS at an angle of, for example, 10 degrees.
[0036] FIG. 6 also shows hard axis loop 202, which is very closed with a purely rotational reversal process. The hard axis is perpendicular to the pinning field. The hard axis anisotropy field, Hk, is the field magnitude that is needed to drive the ferromagnetic layer (e.g., free layer 160) into saturation along the hard axis. In FIG. 6, the value of Hkis given by the intersection of line 204 with easy axis loop 200. Line 204 is tangent to hard axis loop 202. Hkis approximately equal to Hex+Hcalong the easy axis (i.e., along the pinning field). The sum of Hexand Hcis referred to as the effective Hk. The permeability of an exchange biased soft magnetic layer is inversely proportional to the effective Hk.
[0037] By introducing a highly conductive metallic layer like Cu between layers 156 and 160, the exchange field (Hex), the effective Hk and the permeability can be finely tuned to a desirable value. The following three tables show the exchange field, coercivity and Hkfor IrMn, PtMn, and NiMn antiferromagnets coupled to a NiFe layer with a varying thickness Cu spacer layer. Data are shown for two cases—as made, and after annealing.
| TABLE 1 |
|---|
| (IrMn/Cu/NiFe) |
| TABLE 2 |
|---|
| (PtMn/Cu/NiFe) |
| TABLE 3 |
|---|
| (NiMn/Cu/NiFe) |
[0038] No data is shown above for the “As-made” case for PtMn because annealing is required to induce pinning for this material. It is clear from the above tables that the effective Hk can be adjusted. It is also evident from the above tables that annealing can be used to modify and further optimize the sensitivity of free layer 160. In the finished head, the sensitivity of free layer 160 is dominated by the shape anisotropy of free layer 160, which is proportional to “mst/h”. The letters “ms” in “mst/h” represent the saturation magnetization of free layer 160, “t” represents the thickness of free layer 160, and “h” represents the stripe height. The exchange coupling induced anisotropy is a small term in the effective anisotropy.
[0039] Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the tunneling magnetoresistive sensor can be either a top or a bottom tunneling magnetoresistive stack. The shield that wraps around the tunneling magnetoresistive stack can either be the top shield or the bottom shield, and a different contact lead layout can be used to reduce the lead resistance. Other modifications are also possible.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A tunneling maagnetoresistive head comprising:
a tunneling magnetoresistive stack including a free layer, a barrier layer, a pinned layer and a pinning layer, the tunneling magnetoresistive stack configured to operate in a current perpendicular to plane (CPP) mode wherein a sense current flows substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal plane of the barrier layer;
a first shield and a second shield, the first shield and the second shield coupled to opposing sides of the tunneling magnetoresistive stack, the first and the second shields acting as electrodes to couple the sense current to the tunneling magnetoresistive stack, wherein the first shield has a concave shape and substantially surrounds the free layer; and
stabilization means for stabilizing the free layer and controlling the sensitivity thereof.
2. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 1, wherein the stabilization means comprises a spacer layer and a layer of antiferromagnetic material, the spacer layer formed on the free layer, the layer of antiferromagnetic material formed on the spacer layer.
3. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 2, wherein the layer of antiferromagnetic material is one of IrMn, PtMn, NiMn, RhMn, and RuRhMn.
4. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 2, wherein the spacer layer is one of Cu, NiFeCr, Au, Ag, Al and Ru, and wherein the barrier layer is one of Al2O3, Y2O3, CeO2, TaO, SiN, AlN, and CrO2.
5. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 1, wherein the pinned layer is a synthetic antiferromagnet.
6. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 5, wherein the synthetic antiferromagnet includes a first and a second layer of CoFe separated by a layer of Ru.
7. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 1, wherein the first shield has a concave shape and substantially surrounds the stabilization means, the free layer, the barrier layer and the pinned layer.
8. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 7, wherein the first and the second shields each include a first and a second outer region separated by a central region at an air bearing surface of the tunneling magnetoresistive head, the first and the second shields separated by only an insulation layer at the outer regions and separated by the tunneling magnetoresistive stack at the central region.
9. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 1, wherein the stabilization means is formed over the free layer, and wherein the stabilization means provides a pinning field canted away from an air bearing surface of the head.
10. A tunneling magnetoresistive head comprising:
a top shield and a bottom shield, each shield having a first and a second outer region separated by a central region;
an insulation layer positioned between the top and the bottom shields at the first and the second outer regions; and
a tunneling magnetoresistive stack coupled between the top and the bottom shields in the central region, the tunneling magnetoresistive head having a smaller shield-to-shield spacing at the outer regions than at the central region.
11. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 10, wherein the top and the bottom shields act as electrodes to couple a sense current to the tunneling magnetoresistive stack.
12. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 10, wherein the tunneling magnetoresistive stack includes a free layer, a barrier layer, a pinned layer and a pinning layer.
13. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 12, wherein the tunneling magnetoresistive stack further includes a spacer layer and a layer of antiferromagnetic material, the spacer layer formed on the free layer and the layer of antiferromagnetic material formed on the spacer layer.
14. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 13, wherein the layer of antiferromagnetic material is one of IrMn, PtMn, NiMn, RhMn, and RuRhMn.
15. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 13, wherein the barrier layer is one of Al2O3, Y2O3, CeO2, TaO, SiN, AlN, and CrO2.
16. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 13, wherein the pinned layer is a synthetic antiferromagnet.
17. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 16, wherein the synthetic antiferromagnet includes a first and a second layer of CoFe separated by a layer of Ru.
18. The tunneling magnetoresistive head of claim 13, wherein the pinning layer is formed on a seed layer.
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