High-contrast display system with scanned conformal grating device

[0002] This invention relates to a display system with a linear array of electromechanical grating devices that is scanned in order to generate a two-dimensional image. More particularly, the invention relates to a high-contrast laser display system containing electromechanical conformal grating devices.

[0003] Spatial light modulators based on electromechanical grating devices are important for a wide range of applications, including display, data storage, spectroscopy and printing. Such systems require large numbers of individually addressable devices in either a linear or area array, with over a million addressable devices desirable for an area modulator array in a high-quality display.

[0004] Recently, an electromechanical conformal grating device consisting of ribbon elements suspended above a substrate by a periodic sequence of intermediate supports was disclosed by Kowarz in U.S. Pat. No. 6,307,663, entitled “Spatial Light Modulator With Conformal Grating Device” issued Oct. 23, 2001. The electromechanical conformal grating device is operated by electrostatic actuation, which causes the ribbon elements to conform around the support substructure, thereby producing a grating. The device of '663 has more recently become known as the conformal GEMS device, with GEMS standing for grating electromechanical system. The conformal GEMS device possesses a number of attractive features. It provides high-speed digital light modulation with high contrast and good efficiency. In addition, in a linear array of conformal GEMS devices, the active region is relatively large and the grating period is oriented perpendicular to the array direction. This orientation of the grating period causes diffracted light beams to separate in close proximity to the linear array and to remain spatially separated throughout most of an optical system.

[0005] While ideal conformal GEMS devices have perfectly planar ribbon elements, fabrication, processing, and material selection can result in actual ribbon elements having an appreciable curvature. Since the ribbon elements are periodic, the ribbon curvature is also a periodic sequence. In a display system, this periodic ribbon curvature produces unintended diffracted light beams that can potentially reduce image contrast if allowed to pass through the optical system and reach the display screen. These unintended beams, referred to as diffracted cross-orders, reduce contrast because they are present even when the conformal GEMS device is in the non-actuated state. There is a need, therefore, for a high-contrast display system, based on conformal GEMS devices, that does not allow diffracted cross-orders to pass through the optical system.

[0006] The need is met according to the present invention by providing an improved projection system that includes a conformal grating electromechanical system (GEMS) device for forming an image on a medium, and also including: a light source providing illumination; a linear array of conformal GEMS devices receiving the illumination; an obstructing element for blocking a zeroth order reflected light beam from reaching the medium; a cross-order filter placed substantially near a Fourier plane of a lens system for blocking a plurality of diffracted cross-order light beams from reaching the medium; a scanning element for moving non-obstructed diffracted light beams relative to the medium; and a controller for providing a data stream to the individually operable devices.

[0007] FIG. 1 is a perspective, partially cut-away view of two conformal GEMS devices in a linear array, FIG. 2 is a top view of four conformal GEMS devices in a linear array;

[0008] FIGS. 3aand 3bare cross-sectional views through line 3,5—3,5 in FIG. 2, showing the operation of a conformal GEMS device in an unactuated state and an actuated state, respectively;

[0009] FIGS. 4aand 4bare cross-sectional views through line 4—4 in FIG. 2 showing the conformal GEMS device in an unactuated state and an actuated state, respectively;

[0010] FIG. 5ais a cross-sectional view through line 3,5—3,5 in FIG. 2, showing an unactuated conformal GEMS device that contains residual ribbon curvature;

[0011] FIG. 5bis a cross-sectional view through line 4—4 in FIG. 2, showing an unactuated conformal GEMS device that contains residual ribbon curvature;

[0012] FIG. 6 is a top view of four conformal GEMS devices in a linear array, wherein each of the devices contains two ribbon elements;

[0013] FIG. 7 is a topographical representation of residual ribbon curvature in conformal GEMS devices;

[0014] FIG. 8 is a three-dimensional plot of residual ribbon curvature in a single cell of FIG. 7;

[0015] FIG. 9 is a schematic illustrating a line-scanned display system with high contrast according to the present invention;

[0016] FIG. 10 shows a linear array of conformal GEMS devices illuminated by a line of light;

[0017] FIG. 11 is a view of the projection screen that illustrates the formation of a two-dimensional image by scanning a line image across the screen;

[0018] FIGS. 12a-12dare density plots of the light distribution in different planes of FIG. 9 between the linear array of conformal GEMS devices and the projection lens, wherein the devices are actuated;

[0019] FIGS. 13a-13dare density plots of the light distribution in different planes of FIG. 9 after the projection lens, wherein the conformal GEMS devices are actuated;

[0020] FIGS. 14a-14dare density plots of the light distribution in different planes of FIG. 9 after the projection lens, wherein the conformal GEMS devices are not actuated and the ribbons have residual curvature;

[0021] FIG. 15 is a schematic illustrating a three-color embodiment of a line-scanned display system with high contrast;

[0022] FIG. 16 is a schematic illustrating a second three-color embodiment of a line-scanned display system with high contrast;

[0023] FIG. 17 is a schematic illustrating a third three-color embodiment of a line-scanned display system with high contrast; and

[0024] FIG. 18 illustrates the spatial filter used in the third three-color embodiment of FIG. 17.

[0025] The conformal Grating Electromechanical System (GEMS) devices are illustrated in FIGS. 1-3. FIG. 1 shows two side-by-side conformal GEMS devices 5aand 5bin an unactuated state. The conformal GEMS devices 5aand 5bare formed on top of a substrate 10 covered by a bottom conductive layer 12, which acts as an electrode to actuate the devices 5a, 5b. The bottom conductive layer 12 is covered by a dielectric protective layer 14 followed by a standoff layer 16 and a spacer layer 18. On top of the spacer layer 18, a ribbon layer 20 is formed which is covered by a reflective layer and conductive layer 22. The reflective and conductive layer 22 provides electrodes for the actuation of the conformal GEMS devices 5aand 5b. Accordingly, the reflective and conductive layer 22 is patterned to provide electrodes for the two conformal GEMS devices 5aand 5b. The ribbon layer 20, preferably, comprises a material with a sufficient tensile stress to provide a large restoring force. Each of the two conformal GEMS devices 5aand 5bhas an associated elongated ribbon element 23aand 23b, respectively, patterned from the reflective and conductive layer 22 and the ribbon layer 20. The elongated ribbon elements 23aand 23bare supported by end supports 24aand 24b, formed from the spacer layer 18, and by one or more intermediate supports 27 that are uniformly separated in order to form equal-width channels 25. The elongated ribbon elements 23aand 23bare secured to the end supports 24aand 24band to the intermediate supports 27. A plurality of square standoffs 29 is patterned at the bottom of the channels 25 from the standoff layer 16. These standoffs 29 reduce the possibility of the elongated ribbon elements 23aand 23bsticking when actuated.

[0026] A top view of a four-device linear array of conformal GEMS devices 5a, 5b, 5cand 5dis shown in FIG. 2. The elongated ribbon elements 23a, 23b, 23c, and 23d(respectively) are depicted partially removed over the portion of the diagram below the line A—A in order to show the underlying structure. For best optical performance and maximum contrast, the intermediate supports 27 should preferably be completely hidden below the elongated ribbon elements 23a, 23c, and 23d. Therefore, when viewed from the top, the intermediate supports 27 should not be visible in the gaps 28 between the conformal GEMS devices 5a-5d. Here, each of the conformal GEMS devices 5a-5dhas three intermediate supports 27 with four equal-width channels 25. The center-to-center separation A of the intermediate supports 27 defines the period of the conformal GEMS devices in the actuated state. The elongated ribbon elements 23a-23dare mechanically and electrically isolated from one another, allowing independent operation of the four conformal GEMS devices 5a-5d. The bottom conductive layer 12 of FIG. 1 can be common to all of the conformal GEMS devices 5a-5d.

[0027] FIG. 3ais a side view, through line 3,5—3,5 of FIG. 2, of two channels 25 of the conformal GEMS device 5b(as shown and described in FIGS. 1 and 2) in an unactuated state. FIG. 3bshows the same view for an actuated state. For operation of the device, an attractive electrostatic force is produced by applying a voltage difference between the bottom conductive layer 12 and the reflective and conductive layer 22 of the elongated ribbon element 23b. In the unactuated state (see FIG. 3a), with no voltage difference, the ribbon element 23bis suspended flat between the supports. In this state, an incident light beam 30 is primarily reflected into a 0th order light beam 32, as in a simple planar mirror. To obtain the actuated state, a voltage is applied to the conformal GEMS device 5b, which deforms the elongated ribbon element 23band produces a partially conformal GEMS with period A. FIG. 3bshows the device 5b(as shown and described in FIGS. 1 and 2) in the fully actuated state with the elongated ribbon element 23bin contact with standoffs 29. The height difference between the bottom of element 23band the top of the standoffs 29 is chosen to be approximately ¼ of the wavelength λ of the incident light. The optimum height depends on the specific conformal shape of the actuated device. In the actuated state, the incident light beam 30 is primarily diffracted into the +1st order light beam 35aand −1st order light beam 35b, with additional light diffracted into the +2nd order 36aand −2nd order 36b. A small amount of light is diffracted into even higher orders and some light remains in the 0th order. In general, one or more of the various beams can be collected and used by an optical system, depending on the application. When the applied voltage is removed, the forces to tensile stress and bending restores the ribbon element 23bto its original unactuated state, as shown in FIG. 3a.

[0028] FIGS. 4aand 4bshow a side view through line 4—4 of FIG. 2 of the conformal GEMS device 5bin the unactuated and actuated states, respectively. The conductive reflective ribbon element 23bis suspended by the end support 24band the adjacent intermediate support 27 (not shown in this perspective). The application of a voltage actuates the device as illustrated in FIG. 4b.

[0029] In one embodiment, a linear array of conformal GEMS devices is formed by arranging the devices as illustrated in FIGS. 1-2 with the direction of the grating period A perpendicular to the axis of the array. The planes containing the various diffracted light beams then intersect in a line at the linear array and are distinct away from the linear array. Even with a large linear array consisting, possibly, of several thousand devices illuminated by a narrow line of light, the diffracted light beams become spatially separated in close proximity to the linear array. This feature simplifies the optical system design and allows for the selection of specific diffracted light beams without the use of Schlieren optics.

[0030] The conformal GEMS devices illustrated in FIGS. 1-4 would, when actuated, produce non-zero diffracted orders (+1^storder 35a, −1^storder 35b, +2^ndorder 36aand −2^ndorder 36b) that have very high contrast. This ideal situation arises if, in the unactuated state, the ribbon elements 23a, 23b, 23cand 23dare suspended perfectly flat between the intermediate supports 27 and, hence, do not cause any diffraction of light into non-zero diffracted orders. In practice, ribbon elements 23a, 23b, 23cand 23dwill have a certain amount of curvature because of stress differences between the ribbon layer 20, which is typically silicon nitride, and the reflective and conductive layer 22, which is typically aluminum. This problem is illustrated in FIGS. 5aand 5b, which are similar to FIGS. 3aand 4a, respectively. FIG. 5ais a side view, through line 3,5—3,5 of FIG. 2, of two channels 25 of the conformal GEMS device 5b, with the addition of ribbon curvature. FIG. 5bshows a rotated side view of the same device along the direction of the ribbon width w. The ribbon curvature causes a weak grating to be present even when the conformal GEMS device 5bis not actuated, thus reducing system contrast. For high-quality projection displays, such as digital cinema projectors, a contrast above 1000:1 is often required. (Contrast is defined as the ratio of diffracted light intensity with the device actuated to diffracted light intensity with the device unactuated.)

[0031] An alternate embodiment of conformal GEMS devices is shown in FIG. 6, which depicts a top view of a four-device linear array similar to FIG. 2. Each of the conformal GEMS devices 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5dnow has an associated pair of subdivided elongated conductive reflective ribbon elements (51a, 52a), (51b, 52b), (51c, 52c), and (51d, 52d), respectively. This subdivision of each conformal GEMS device 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5dpermits fabrication of wider conformal GEMS devices, without significantly impacting optical performance. The preferred method of fabrication is to etch a sacrificial layer (not shown) from the channel 25, thus releasing the elongated conductive ribbon elements (51a, 52a), (51b, 52b), (51c, 52c), and (51d, 52d). The subdivided gaps 55 between the elongated conductive elements (51a, 52a), (51b, 52b), (51c, 52c), and (51d, 52d) allow the etchant to access this sacrificial layer. Increasing the number of subdivided gaps 55 can therefore improve the etching process. In practice, it may be necessary to further subdivide the conformal GEMS devices 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5dinto more than two. The elongated-conductive reflective ribbon elements (51a, 52a), (51b, 52b), (51c, 52c), and (51d, 52d) are depicted partially removed over the portion of the diagram below the line A—A in order to show the underlying structure. For best optical performance and maximum contrast, the intermediate supports 27 should be completely hidden below the elongated-conductive reflective ribbon elements 51a, 52a, 51b, 52b, 51c, 52c, 51d, and 52d. Therefore, when viewed from the top, the intermediate supports 27 should not penetrate into the subdivided gaps 55. In general, the ribbon elements within a single conformal GEMS device are mechanically isolated, but electrically coupled. They therefore operate in unison when a voltage is applied.

[0032] FIG. 7 is a top view illustration of an unactuated linear array of conformal GEMS devices 5a-5d, similar to FIG. 6, with a contour map overlay of the ribbon elements' surface profile showing ribbon curvature. Each cell 54 within the elongated-conductive ribbon elements 51a, 52a, 51b, 52b, 51c, 52c, 51d, and 52dhas a saddle-like shape, shown in more detail in the three-dimensional plot of FIG. 8. As visible in the top view of FIG. 7, cells 54 form a two-dimensional periodic pattern that acts as a reflective crossed grating. Typically, in manufactured conformal GEMS devices, the peak-to-peak height of the crossed grating is less than 40 nm, i.e., less than a tenth of a wavelength for visible wavelengths. The period of the crossed grating along the length of the elongated-conductive reflective ribbon elements 51a-51dand 52a-52dis equal to the conformal GEMS period Λ, as determined by the placement of the intermediate supports 27. The period of the crossed grating in the perpendicular direction is the ribbon period p.

[0033] As described in co-pending U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 10/158,516, filed May 30, 2002, by Marek W. Kowarz et al., and titled “Method For Manufacturing A Mechanical Conformal Grating Device With Improved Contrast And Lifetime,” the saddle-like shape of each cell 54 can be significantly flattened by careful refinement of the manufacturing process, thus reducing the peak-to-peak height of the weak crossed grating. A display system based on a linear array of conformal GEMS devices was described by Kowarz et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,411,425, issued Jun. 25, 2002, entitled “Electrochemical Grating Display System with Spatially Light Beam.” However, when conformal GEMS devices with appreciable ribbon curvature are used in the display system of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/671,040, the diffracted cross-orders reduce image contrast. To further improve image contrast in a system, the diffracted light (cross-orders) generated by the crossed grating can be prevented from reaching the image plane.

[0034] FIG. 9 shows a high-contrast display system 900 containing a linear array 85 of conformal GEMS devices that eliminates the contrast-reducing cross-orders. Light emitted from a source 70 is conditioned by a pair of lenses 72 and 74, before hitting a turning mirror 82 and illuminating the linear array 85. The display system 900 forms an entire two-dimensional scene from a scan of a one-dimensional line image of the linear array 85 across the screen 90. The conformal GEMS devices of the linear array 85 are capable of rapidly modulating incident light to produce multiple lines of pixels with gray levels. The controller 80 selectively activates the linear array 85 to obtain the desired pixel pattern for a given line of a two-dimensional scene. If a particular conformal GEMS device is actuated, it reflects the incident light beam primarily into the 0th order light beam, which is directed back towards the source 70 by the turning mirror 82. If a particular conformal GEMS device is actuated, it diffracts the incident light beams primarily into +2^nd, +1^st, −1^stand −2nd order light beams. These diffracted light beams pass around the turning mirror 82 and are projected on the screen 90 by the projection lens system 75. A cross-order filter 110 placed near the Fourier (focal) plane “f” of the projection lens system 75 prevents the undesirable diffracted cross-orders from reaching the screen 90. The function of the cross-order filter 110 is described later in more detail. The scanning mirror 77 sweeps the line image across the screen 90 to form the two-dimensional scene. The controller 80 provides synchronization between the sweep of the scanning mirror 77 and a data stream that provides the scene content.

[0035] FIG. 10 depicts a linear array 85 of conformal GEMS devices (P1 . . . P1080) illuminated by a line of light 88 parallel to the long axis of the linear array 85. For illustration purposes, there are 1080 individually operable conformal GEMS devices shown, labeled P1 through P1080. The grating period Λ (not shown) is preferably perpendicular to the long axis of the linear array 85 and to the line of light 88. FIG. 11 is a view facing the screen 90 of the display system 900, shown in FIG. 9, and depicts the formation of the two-dimensional scene. In this illustration, HDTV resolution is obtained by scanning the image of the linear array 85 of 1080 conformal GEMS devices to generate 1920 sequential lines, thereby producing a scene with 1080 by 1920 pixels.

[0036] FIGS. 12a-12dillustrate the propagation of the diffracted light beams through the display system 900 of FIG. 9 in several planes prior to the projection lens system 75. Continuing, FIGS. 13a-13dshow the light distribution after the projection lens system 75. In this example, the light source 70 is a laser, the lens has a focal length f of 50 mm, the linear array is 1 cm long and all of the conformal GEMS devices on the linear array 85 are turned on. As the various diffracted light beams propagate from one plane to the next, they spread out in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the linear array 85. Here D refers to the distance between the linear array 85 to the plane of interest. The diffracted beams become spatially separated within a few millimeters from the linear array 85 and remain spatially separated throughout the display system 900, except near the screen 90 (and any intermediate image planes of the linear array 85). FIG. 12dshows the light distribution at the turning mirror 82, which is located close to the projection lens system 75. The turning mirror 82 blocks the unwanted 0^thdiffracted order and reflects it back towards the source 70. In this example, six diffracted orders from −3^rdto −1^stand +1^stto +3^rdare allowed to pass through the projection lens system 75. FIGS. 13a-13dshow these diffracted orders after they have gone through the projection lens system 75. Near the Fourier plane (D=100 mm), the diffracted orders are tightly focused into six spots. It is, therefore, preferable to place the scanning mirror 77 close to the Fourier plane to minimize its size and weight. Eventually, as the six diffracted orders continue propagating towards the screen 90, they again become overlapping spatially near the image plane at the screen 90.

[0037] FIGS. 12a-12dand 13a-13ddescribe light propagation through the display system 900 of FIG. 9 when all of the conformal GEMS devices of the linear array 85 are turned on. Obviously, when the conformal GEMS devices are turned off, any light that is not obstructed will reduce the contrast and quality of the image on the screen 90. FIGS. 14a-14dillustrate the off-state light distribution in several planes after the projection lens system 75 of FIG. 9. The conformal GEMS devices modeled in FIGS. 14a-14dhave ribbon curvature that produces a weak crossed grating. Some light is still present in the primary +1^stand −1^storders. However, because the conformal GEMS devices are off, the intensity of these orders is substantially less, often by a factor of 1000 or more, than the corresponding orders in FIGS. 12a-12dand 13a-13d. The higher orders, −3^rd, 2^nd, +2^ndand +3^rd, are now reduced to the point that they are not visible in the figures. The crossed grating generates four dominant diffracted cross-orders labeled (+1,+1), (+1,−1), (−1,+1) and (−1,−1) in FIGS. 14band 14c. As shown in FIG. 14c, by placing a cross-order filter 110 substantially near the Fourier plane of the projection lens system 75, the aforementioned four cross-orders can be separated and blocked while leaving the desired diffracted orders unaffected. In order to effectively separate the diffracted cross-orders from the primary +1^stand −1^storders, the cross-order filter should be placed at a distance less than approximately (f²λ)/(L Λ) from the Fourier plane, where λ is the wavelength and L is the length of the linear array 85. The cross-order filter 110 increases system contrast without substantially decreasing optical efficiency. The contrast improvement enabled by the addition of the cross-order filter 110 depends on the exact profile of the crossed grating, i.e., on the specific saddle-like shape of each cell 54.

[0038] Clearly, there are two kinds of light beams in display system 900: (1) those that are blocked by obstructing elements from reaching the screen 90, and (2) those that pass around obstructing elements to form an image on the screen 90. In the system of FIG. 9, the obstructing elements are the turning mirror 82 that blocks the 0^thorder light beam and the cross-order filter 110 that blocks the (+1,+1), (+1,−1), (−1,+1) and (−1,−1) diffracted cross-orders. In subsequent embodiments, similar obstructing elements are used to prevent unwanted diffracted light beams from reaching the screen. As is well known to those skilled in the art, a variety of elements may be used for this purpose. For example, cross-order filter 110 could be an absorbing stop or a pair of tilted mirrors. Alternatively, the scanning mirror 77 could be designed so that the diffracted cross-orders pass above and below the mirror edges, therefore, never becoming part of the image. This appropriately-sized scanning mirror 77 would then also function as a cross-order filter.

[0039] In general, to effectively separate and obstruct the various diffracted light beams, the light illuminating the linear array of conformal GEMS devices needs to have a relatively small spread in angles of incidence. For example, if the conformal GEMS devices have a period of 30 microns and the illuminating wavelength is 532 nm, the angular separation between the 0^thorder light beam and the +1^storder light beam is approximately 1 degree. Therefore, the total angular spread of the light incident upon the linear array should be less than 1 degree, in the plane perpendicular to the linear array. Similarly, in order to create distinct diffracted cross-orders at the Fourier plane of the projection lens, the angular spread of the incident light should also be sufficiently narrow in the plane parallel to the linear array. A coherent laser is the most optically efficient for generating light with such a narrow range of incident angles. For incoherent sources, such as filament lamps and light emitting diodes, a vast majority of the optical power would be wasted by the illumination system in the process of generating the required illumination.

[0040] The embodiment of FIG. 9 can be used either for single color or for color-sequential display systems. For a color-sequential display, the light source 70 produces a plurality of colors that are sequential in time and the controller 80 is synchronized with the light source 70. For example, if the light source 70 consists of three combined red, green, and blue lasers, these are turned on sequentially to produce overlapping red, green, and blue images on the screen 90. The image data sent by the controller 80 to the linear array 85 is synchronized with the respective turned-on laser color.

[0041] Color-sequential display systems waste two-thirds of the available light because only one color is used at a time. FIGS. 15, 16, and 17 depict embodiments of the invention that project three colors simultaneously, (for example, red, green, and blue). In FIG. 15, three separate light sources 70r, 70g, 70b, each with their own illumination optics 72r, 72g, 72b, 74r, 74g, 74b, provide light to the three linear arrays 85r, 85g, 85bvia three turning mirrors 82r, 82g, 82b. Red light illuminates linear array 85r, green light linear array 85gand blue light linear array 85b. The −3^rd, −2^nd, −1^st, +1^st, +2^nd, and +3^rdorder light beams emerging from the three linear arrays 85r, 85g, 85b, are combined by a color-combining element, shown as a color-combining cube 100 in FIG. 15. The 0^thorder light beams are directed towards their respective sources by the turning mirrors 82r, 82g, 82b. A single projection lens system 75 forms a three-color line image of the three linear arrays 85r, 85g, 85bon the screen 90 (not shown in figure). As before, the sweep of the scanning mirror 77 (not shown in figure) generates a two-dimensional image from the line image. To increase system contrast, cross-orders are removed by the cross-order filter 110 at the Fourier plane of the projection lens 75.

[0042] FIG. 16 shows an alternate color-simultaneous embodiment in which the three turning mirrors 82r, 82g, 82bof FIG. 15 are replaced by polarization beam splitters 114r, 114g, 114bwith ¼ wave plates 116r, 116g, 116band 0^thorder stops 118r, 118g, 118b. The combination of polarization beam splitter, ¼ wave plate and 0^thorder stop provides easier alignment tolerances than when the illumination and obstruction functions are combined, as in the turning mirror solution. For further system flexibility, the system of FIG. 16 contains three separate projection lenses 75r, 75g, 75b.

[0043] FIG. 17 shows a variation of the system in FIG. 16 in which a single spatial filter 111 placed at the Fourier plane of the projection lenses 75r, 75g, 75breplaces the three 0^thorder stops 118r, 118g, 118band the cross-order filter 110. As shown in FIG. 18, the spatial filter 111 has a 0^thorder portion 111bto block 0^thorder light beams and a cross-order portion 111ato block cross-orders.

[0044] Although the above embodiments describe display systems, the same principles can be used to implement high-contrast printing systems based on linear arrays of conformal GEMS devices. Instead of a screen 90, the image medium would be a light reactive material, such as photographic paper, thermally activated media, or thermal transfer media. Furthermore, the scanning mirror 77 would typically be replaced by a paper transport system that serves as the scanning element. A more detailed description of conformal GEMS printing systems is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,411,425.

[0045] The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0046] 5aconformal GEMS device

[0047] 5bconformal GEMS device

[0048] 5cconformal GEMS device

[0049] 5dconformal GEMS device

[0050] 10 substrate

[0051] 12 bottom conductive layer

[0052] 14 dielectric protective layer

[0053] 16 standoff layer

[0054] 18 spacer layer

[0055] 20 ribbon layer

[0056] 22 reflective and conductive layer

[0057] 23aelongated ribbon element

[0058] 23belongated ribbon element

[0059] 23celongated ribbon element

[0060] 23delongated ribbon element

[0061] 24aend support

[0062] 24bend support

[0063] 25 channel

[0064] 27 intermediate support

[0065] 28 gap

[0066] 29 standoff

[0067] 30 incident light beam

[0068] 32 0^thorder light beam

[0069] 35a+1^storder light beam

[0070] 35b−1^storder light beam

[0071] 36a+2^ndorder light beam

[0072] 36b−2^ndorder light beam

[0073] 51aelongated conductive ribbon element

[0074] 51belongated conductive ribbon element

[0075] 51celongated conductive ribbon element

[0076] 51delongated conductive ribbon element

[0077] 52aelongated conductive ribbon element

[0078] 52belongated conductive ribbon element

[0079] 52celongated conductive ribbon element

[0080] 52delongated conductive ribbon element

[0081] 54 cell

[0082] 55 subdivided gaps

[0083] 70 light source

[0084] 70rlight source

[0085] 70glight source

[0086] 70blight source

[0087] 72 lens

[0088] 72rillumination optics

[0089] 72gillumination optics

[0090] 72billumination optics

[0091] 74 lens

[0092] 74rillumination optics

[0093] 74gillumination optics

[0094] 74billumination optics

[0095] 75 projection lens system

[0096] 75rprojection lens

[0097] 75gprojection lens

[0098] 75bprojection lens

[0099] 77 scanning mirror

[0100] 80 controller

[0101] 82 turning mirror

[0102] 82rturning mirror

[0103] 82gturning mirror

[0104] 82bturning mirror

[0105] 85 linear array

[0106] 85rlinear array

[0107] 85glinear array

[0108] 85blinear array

[0109] 88 line of light

[0110] 90 screen

[0111] 100 color-combining cube

[0112] 110 cross-order filter

[0113] 111 spatial filter

[0114] 111across-order portion of spatial filter

[0115] 111bzeroth-order portion of spatial filter

[0116] 114rpolarization beam splitter

[0117] 114gpolarization beam splitter

[0118] 114bpolarization beam splitter

[0119] 116r¼ waveplate

[0120] 116g¼ waveplate

[0121] 116b¼ waveplate

[0122] 118rzeroth-order stop

[0123] 118gzeroth-order stop

[0124] 118bzeroth-order stop

[0125] 900 display system