US 6,670,333 B2Grant
Methods and compositions for inhibiting angiogenesis
Issue Date:2003-12-30
•6 Claims
•7 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
The present invention provides a method of inhibiting angiogenesis within a tissue by providing exogenous SLED to cells associated with the tissue. The presence of exogenous SLED inhibits angiogenesis within the tissue, in part by interfering with the ability of vascular endothelia to expand within the tissue. The invention also provides a method for determining the severity of a tumor be assaying for the presence of SLED within the tumor. To facilitate the inventive methods, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions including sources of SLED.
Metadata
Assignee
- Northwestern University
Inventors
- Noel P. Bouck
- David W. Dawson
- Paul R. Gillis
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/875,114
Filing Date:2001-06-06
Priority Date:1997-07-23
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
A61K 31711C12N 1563C12N 1585
Field of Search:
4353201435455435 691514 44
Patent Drawings (7 sheets)
Description
Cross-Reference to Related Applications
[0002] This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/122,079, filed on Jul. 23, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,024, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/899,304, filed on Jul. 23, 1997, now abandoned.
Background of the Invention
[0004] Angiogenesis is the fundamental process by which new blood vessels are formed. The process involves the migration of vascular endothelial cells into tissue, followed by the condensation of such endothelial cells into vessels. Angiogenesis may be induced by an angiogenic agent or be the result of a natural condition. The process is essential to a variety of normal body activities, such as reproduction, development and wound repair. Although the process is not completely understood, it involves a complex interplay of molecules that stimulate and molecules that inhibit the growth and migration of endothelial cells, the primary cells of the capillary blood vessels. Under normal conditions, these molecules appear to maintain the microvasculature in a quiescent state (i.e., without capillary growth) for prolonged periods which can last for several years or even decades. The turnover time for an endothelial cell is about 1,000 days. Under appropriate conditions, however (e.g., during wound repair), these same cells can undergo rapid proliferation and turnover within a much shorter period, and five days is typical under these circumstances. (Folkman and Shing, J. Biol. Chem.,267(16), 10931-34 (1989); Folkman and Klagsbrun, Science,235, 442-47 (1987)).
[0005] Although angiogenesis is a highly regulated process under normal conditions, many diseases (characterized as “angiogenic diseases”) are driven by persistent unregulated angiogenesis. In such disease state, unregulated angiogenesis can either cause a particular disease directly or exacerbate an existing pathological condition. For example, ocular neovascularization has been implicated as the most common cause of blindness and underlies the pathology of approximately 20 eye diseases. In certain previously existing conditions such as arthritis, newly formed capillary blood vessels invade the joints and destroy cartilage. In diabetes, new capillaries formed in the retina invade the vitreous humor, causing bleeding and blindness.
[0006] Both the growth and metastasis of solid tumors are also angiogenesis-dependent (Folkman, J. Cancer Res.,46, 467-73 (1986); Folkman, J. Nat. Cancer Inst.,82, 4-6 (1989); Folkman et al., “Tumor Angiogenesis,” Chapter 10, pp. 206-32, in The Molecular Basis of Cancer, Mendelsohn et al., eds. (W. B. Saunders, 1995)). It has been shown, for example, that tumors which enlarge to greater than 2 mm. in diameter must obtain their own blood supply and do so by inducing the growth of new capillary blood vessels. After these new blood vessels become embedded in the tumor, they provide nutrients and growth factors essential for tumor growth as well as a means for tumor cells to enter the circulation and metastasize to distant sites, such as liver, lung or bone (Weidner, New Eng. J. Med.,324(1), 1-8 (1991)). When used as drugs in tumor-bearing animals, natural inhibitors of angiogenesis can prevent the growth of small tumors (O'Reilly et al., O'Reilly et al., Cell,79, 315-28 (1994)). Indeed, in some protocols, the application of such inhibitors leads to tumor regression and dormancy even after cessation of treatment (O'Reilly et al., Cell,88, 277-85 (1997)). Moreover, supplying inhibitors of angiogenesis to certain tumors can potentiate their response to other therapeutic regimens (e.g., chemotherapy) (see, e.g., Teischer et al., Int. J. Cancer,57, 920-25 (1994)).
[0007] Although several angiogenesis inhibitors are currently under development for use in treating angiogenic diseases (Gasparini, Eur. J. Cancer,32A(14), 2379-85 (1996)), there are disadvantages associated with several of these proposed inhibitory compounds. For example, suramin is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, but, at doses required to reach antitumor activity, causes severe systemic toxicity in humans. Other compounds, such as retinoids, interferons and antiestrogens appear safe for human use but have only a weak anti-angiogenic effect. Still other compounds may be difficult or costly to make. In view of these problems, there exists a need for methods and compositions for inhibiting angiogenesis.
Brief Summary of the Invention
[0008] The present invention provides a method of inhibiting angiogenesis within a tissue by providing exogenous SLED (an antiangiogenic protein) to endothelial cells associated with the tissue. The presence of exogenous SLED will inhibit angiogenesis within the tissue, in part by interfering with the ability of vascular endothelia to expand within the tissue. The invention also provides a method for determining the prognosis of a tumor by assaying for the presence of SLED within the tumor. To facilitate the inventive method, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions including sources of SLED.
[0009] The methods and compositions of the present invention are clinically useful for treating a host of diseases associated with angiogenesis, and for interfering with angiogenesis associated with reproductive functions. The methods and compositions are also diagnostically useful for assessing the prognosis of tumors and other disorders associated with angiogenesis. Furthermore, the methods and compositions are useful reagents for investigation of angiogenesis in the laboratory setting. These and other advantages of the present invention, as well as additional inventive features, will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and in the following detailed description.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0010] FIG. 1 graphically illustrates the ability of SLED to inhibit the migration of endothelial cells.
[0011] FIGS. 2A-2D demonstrates the specificity of SLED for vascular endothelia by graphically representing the inability of various doses of SLED to inhibit the migration of cells other than vascular endothelial cells. FIG. 2A depicts data concerning WI-38 cells. FIG. 2B depicts data concerning human foreskin fibroblasts. FIG. 2C depicts data concerning vascular smooth muscle cells. FIG. 2D depicts data concerning neutrophils.
[0012] FIG. 3 is a dose-response curve representing the antiangiogenic activity of one type of SLED polypeptide (full length PEDF).
[0013] FIG. 4 is a dose response curve representing the antiangiogenic activity of one type of SLED polypeptide (a fragment of PEDF).
Detailed Description of the Invention
[0014] Within the context of the inventive method, SLED is a protein having potent antiangiogenic properties, and it includes any antiangiogenic derivative of pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF, Steele et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA), 90(4), 1526-30 (1993)), such as those described herein. One form of SLED polypeptide (Full length PEDF) is set forth at SEQ ID NO:1; however, the invention is not limited to the use of this exemplary sequence. Indeed, other PEDF sequences are known in the art (see, e.g., published international patent applications WO 95/33480 and WO 93/24529), and genetic sequences can vary between different species and individuals, and this natural scope of allelic variation is included within the scope of the invention. Additionally and alternatively, a SLED polypeptide can include one or more point mutations from the exemplary sequence or another naturally occurring SLED polypeptide. Thus, a SLED polypeptide is typically at least about 75% homologous to all or a portion of SEQ ID NO:1 and preferably is at least about 80% homologous to all or a portion of SEQ ID NO:1 (e.g., at least about 85% homologous to SEQ ID NO:1); more preferably the SLED polypeptide is at least about 90% homologous to all or a portion of SEQ ID NO:1 (such as at least about 95% homologous to all or a portion of SEQ ID NO:1), and most preferably the SLED polypeptide is at least about 97% homologous to all or a portion of SEQ ID NO:1. Indeed, the SLED polypeptide can also include other domains, such as epitope tags and His tags (e.g., the protein can be a fusion protein).
[0015] Within the context of the present invention, a SLED polypeptide can be or comprise insertion, deletion, or substitution mutants of a known PEDF sequence or derivative thereof. Preferably, any substitution is conservative in that it minimally disrupts the biochemical properties of the SLED polypeptide. Thus, where mutations are introduced to substitute amino acid residues, positively-charged residues (H, K, and R) preferably are substituted with positively-charged residues; negatively-charged residues (D and E) preferably are substituted with negatively-charged residues; neutral polar residues (C, G, N, Q, S, T, and Y) preferably are substituted with neutral polar residues; and neutral non-polar residues (A, F, I, L, M, P, V, and W) preferably are substituted with neutral non-polar residues. Moreover, the SLED polypeptide can be an active fragment of a known PEDF protein or fragment thereof. Indeed, it has been found that truncated fragments derived from SEQ ID NO:1 are active SLED polypeptides. For example, it is believed that residues 1 through 20 of SEQ ID NO:1 are cleaved during secretion and thus are dispensable for SLED activity. Moreover, other active SLED polypeptides comprise sequences derived from residues 21 through 382 of SEQ ID NO:1, such as residues 44 through 157 of SEQ ID NO:1 (e.g., residues 45 through 121 of SEQ ID NO:1). Of course, while insertion, deletion, or substitution mutations can affect glycosylation of the protein, a SLED polypeptide need not be glycosylated to possess the requisite antiangiogenic properties for use in the inventive method.
[0016] SLED polypeptides inhibit angiogenesis, in part, by attenuating the migration of endothelial cells, thus reducing the ability of endothelia to expand within the tissue. Thus, the invention provides a method of inhibiting endothelial cell migration by providing exogenous SLED to such cells. Aside from attenuating angiogenesis, the method is useful for treating disorders associated with stimulation of endothelial cell migration such as intestinal adhesions, Crohn's disease, atherosclerosis, scleroderma and hypertrophic scars (e.g., keloids).
[0017] In accordance with the inventive method, SLED is provided to endothelial cells associated with the tissue of interest. Such cells can be cells comprising the tissue of interest, exogenous cells introduced into the tissue, or neighboring cells not within the tissue. Thus, for example, the cells can be cells of the tissue, and SLED is provided to them in situ such that the SLED contacts the cells. Alternatively, the cells can be cells introduced into the tissue, in which case the SLED can be transferred to the cells before they are so introduced into the tissue (e.g., in vitro), as well as being transferred in situ after introduction into the tissue.
[0018] The tissue with which the endothelial cells are associated is any tissue in which it is desired to inhibit the migration or expansion of endothelia, (e.g., for inhibiting angiogenesis). In one application, the tissue can be eye tissue, in which case the presence of exogenous SLED will inhibit novel angiogenesis associated with a variety of disorders of the eye. For example, the inventive method is useful for treating eye injury, hypoxia, infection, surgery, laser surgery, diabeties, retinoblastoma or other diseases or disorders of the eye. In this respect, the method is useful for preventing blindness or retarding loss of vision associated with a variety of eye diseases.
[0019] In another application, the tissue is skin tissue, in which case the presence of exogenous SLED prevents neovascularization associated with several skin diseases. For example, the inventive method is useful for treating diseases and disorders such as psoriasis, scleroderma, tumors of the skin, neovascularization as a consequence of infection (e.g., cat scratch disease, bacterial ulceration, etc.) or other skin disorders. Where SLED is provided to the skin, it can be provided to the surface of the skin or to skin tissue beneath the skin's surface. Furthermore, transfer of SLED to skin of a mammal can also stimulate the growth of hair in the skin. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that SLED affects hair growth by mediating angiogenesis within the hair follicle.
[0020] In other embodiments, the tissue is a tumor (e.g., a cancerous tumor), in which case the inventive method will inhibit the growth of blood vessels within and to the tumor. Inhibiting the growth of blood vessels within tumors prevents sufficient nutrients and oxygen from being supplied to the tumor to support growth beyond a given size. Thus, the inventive method can prevent the nucleation of tumors from cancerous cells already present due to genetic predisposition (e.g., BRCA-1 mutation carriers, Li Fraumeni patients with p53 mutations, etc.) or the presence of external carcinogens (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, industrial solvents, etc.). Aside from preventing tumerogenesis, the inventive method can retard the growth of existing tumors, thus rendering them more easily contained and excised. This application is highly advantageous for treating tumors that are difficult to operate on (e.g., brain or prostate tumors). Moreover, minimizing the number of blood vessels within existing tumors lessens the probability that the tumor will metastasize. In treating tumors, the method can be used alone or in conjunction with other treatments, to control the growth of tumors. Indeed, employing the inventive method can potentiate the response of some tumors to other therapies. For example, the inventive method optionally can be employed as a pretreatment for (e.g., for about a week in advance of), and continued during, a chemotherapeutic or radiation regimen.
[0021] Where the inventive method is applied to other tissues, the prevention of neovascularization effectively treats a host of disorders. Thus, for example, the inventive method can be used as part of a treatment for disorders of blood vessels (e.g., hemangiomas and capillary proliferation within atherosclerotic plaques), muscle diseases (e.g., myocardial angiogenesis or angiogenesis within smooth muscles), joints (e.g., arthritis, hemophiliac joints, etc.), and other disorders associated with angiogenesis (e.g., Osler-Webber Syndrome, plaque neovascularization, telangiectasia, angiofibroma, wound granularization, etc.).
[0022] Aside from treating disorders and symptoms associated with neovascularization, the inhibition of angiogenesis can be used to modulate or prevent the occurrence of normal physiological conditions associated with neovascularization. Thus, for example the inventive method can be used as a birth control. In accordance with the inventive method, the presence of SLED within the ovaries or endometrium can attenuate neovascularization associated with ovulation, implantation of an embryo, placenta formation, etc.
[0023] Within the context of the inventive method, SLED can be supplied alone or in conjunction with other known antiangiogenic factors. For example, SLED can be used in conjunction with antibodies and peptides that block integrin engagement, proteins and small molecules that inhibit metalloproteinases (e.g., marmistat), agents that block phosphorylation cascades within endothelial cells (e.g., herbamycin), dominant negative receptors for known inducers of angiogenesis, antibodies against inducers of angiogenesis or other compounds that block their activity (e.g., suramin), or other compounds (e.g., retinoids, IL-4, interferons, etc.) acting by other means. Indeed, as such factors modulate angiogenesis by different mechanisms, employing SLED in combination with other antiangiogenic agents can potentiate a more potent (and potentially synergistic) inhibition of angiogenesis within the desired tissue.
[0024] As discussed herein, SLED is a proteinatious factor. Thus, in one protocol, the method involves providing SLED by supplying a SLED polypeptide to the cells (e.g., within a suitable composition). Any suitable method can be employed to obtain a SLED polypeptide for use in the present invention. Many suitable SLED polypeptides can be purified from tissues which naturally produce SLED or from media conditioned by a variety of SLED-producing cells (e.g., retinoblastoma cell line WER127). For example, it is known that SLED is produced by all types of muscle, megakaryocytes of the spleen, fibroblasts, kidney tubules, cerebellar Purkinje cells, piliosebaceous glands of hair follicles, and retinal cells. A particularly good source of naturally occurring SLED is vitreous and aqueous humors extracted from the eye. One protocol for purifying SLED from protein extracts of these (or other sources) is by concentration/dialysis using a 30 kDa ultrafiltration membrane followed by protein precipitation in a range of about 65% to about 95% ammonium sulfate, followed by a lentil lectin sepharose column at 0.5M methyl-α-D-mannopytanoside, followed by gradient/isocratic elution at 0.5 M NaCl from a PHARMACIA HiTrap heparin column. Other protocols for purifying SLED polypeptides are known in the art (see, e.g., published international patent applications WO 95/33480 and WO 93/24529). The native SLED polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO:1 is identified via SDS-PAGE as a protein of about 45 kDa. Other SLED polypeptides can be synthesized using standard direct peptide synthesizing techniques (e.g., as summarized in Bodanszky, Principles of Peptide Synthesis(Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg: 1984)), such as via solid-phase synthesis (see, e.g., Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,85, 2149-54 (1963); Barany et al., Int. J. Peptide Protein Res.,30, 705-739 (1987); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,398). Of course, as genes for SLED polypeptides are known (see, e.g., published international patent applications WO 95/33480 and WO 93/24529); see also GenBanc accession no. U29953), or can be deduced from the polypeptide sequences discussed herein, a SLED polypeptide can be produced by standard recombinant methods.
[0025] In other protocols, SLED polypeptide can be provided to the tissue of interest by transferring an expression cassette including a nucleic acid disclosing SLED to cells associated with the tissue of interest. The cells produce and secrete the SLED polypeptide such that it is suitably provided to endothelial cells within the tissue to inhibit their migration and, thus, to attenuate angiogenesis within the tissue of interest. Coding sequences for SLED polypeptides are known (see, e.g., published international patent applications WO 95/33480 and WO 93/24529); see also GenBanc accession no. U29953), and others can be deduced from the polypeptide sequences discussed herein. Thus, SLED expression cassettes typically employ coding sequences homologous to these known sequences, e.g., they will hybridize to at least a fragment of the known sequences under at least mild stringency conditions, more preferably under moderate stringency conditions, most preferably under high stringency conditions (employing the definitions of mild, moderate, and high stringency as set forth in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,2d edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989)).
[0026] In addition to the SLED coding sequence, an expression cassette includes a promoter, and, in the context of the present invention, the promoter must be able to drive the expression of the SLED gene within the cells. Many viral promoters are appropriate for use in such an expression cassette (e.g., retroviral ITRs, LTRs, immediate early viral promoters (IEp) (such as herpesvirus IEp (e.g., ICP4-IEp and ICP0-IEp) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) IEp), and other viral promoters (e.g., late viral promoters, latency-active promoters (LAPs), Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) promoters, and Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) promoters)). Other suitable promoters are eukaryotic promoters, such as enhancers (e.g., the rabbit β-globin regulatory elements), constitutively active promoters (e.g., the β-actin promoter, etc.), signal specific promoters (e.g., inducible and/or repressible promoters, such as a promoter responsive to TNF or RU486, the metallothionine promoter, etc.), and tumor-specific promoters.
[0027] Within the expression cassette, the SLED gene and the promoter are operably linked such that the promoter is able to drive the expression of the SLED gene. As long as this operable linkage is maintained, the expression cassette can include more than one gene, such as multiple genes separated by ribosome entry sites. Furthermore, the expression cassette can optionally include other elements, such as polyadenylation sequences, transcriptional regulatory elements (e.g., enhancers, silencers, etc.), or other sequences.
[0028] The expression cassette must be introduced into the cells in a manner suitable for them to express the SLED gene contained therein. Any suitable vector can be so employed, many of which are known in the art. Examples of such vectors include naked DNA vectors (such as oligonucleotides or plasmids), viral vectors such as adeno-associated viral vectors (Berns et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,772, 95-104 (1995)), adenoviral vectors (Bain et al., Gene Therapy,1, S68 (1994)), herpesvirus vectors (Fink et al., Ann. Rev. Neurosci.,19, 265-87 (1996)), packaged amplicons (Federoff et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA,89, 1636-40 (1992)), pappiloma virus vectors, picornavirus vectors, polyoma virus vectors, retroviral vectors, SV40 viral vectors, vaccinia virus vectors, and other vectors. In addition to the expression cassette of interest, the vector can also include other genetic elements, such as, for example, genes encoding a selectable marker (e.g., β-gal or a marker conferring resistance to a toxin), a pharmacologically active protein, a transcription factor, or other biologically active substance.
[0029] Once a given type of vector is selected, its genome must be manipulated for use as a background vector, after which it must be engineered to incorporate exogenous polynucleotides. Methods for manipulating the genomes of vectors are well known in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra) and include direct cloning, site specific recombination using recombinases, homologous recombination, and other suitable methods of constructing a recombinant vector. In this manner, the expression cassette can be inserted into any desirable position of the vector.
[0030] The vector harboring the SLED expression cassette is introduced into the cells by any means appropriate for the vector employed. Many such methods are well-known in the art (Sambrook et al., supra; see also Watson et al., Recombinant DNA, Chapter 12, 2d edition, Scientific American Books (1992)). Thus, plasmids are transferred by methods such as calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, liposome-mediated transfection, gene gun, microinjection, viral capsid-mediated transfer, polybrene-mediated transfer, protoplast fusion, etc. Viral vectors are best transferred into the cells by infecting them; however, the mode of infection can vary depending on the virus.
[0031] Cells into which the SLED gene has been transferred can be used in the inventive method as transient transformants. Alternatively, where the cells are cells in vitro, they can be subjected to several rounds of clonal selection (if the vector also contains a gene encoding a selectable marker, such as a gene conferring resistance to a toxin) to select for stable transformants.
[0032] Within the cells, the SLED gene is expressed such that the cells express and secrete the SLED polypeptide. Successful expression of the gene can be assessed via standard molecular biological techniques (e.g., Northern hybridization, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, enzyme immunoassay, etc.). Reagents for detecting the expression of SLED genes and the secretion of SLED from transfected cells are known in the art (see, e.g., published international patent applications WO 95/33480 and WO 93/24529); Steele et al., supra).
[0033] Depending on the location of the tissue of interest, SLED can be supplied in any manner suitable to provide it to endothelial cells within the tissue of interest. Thus, for example, a composition containing a source of SLED (i.e., a SLED polypeptide or a SLED expression cassette, as described herein) can be introduced into the systemic circulation, which will distribute the source of SLED to the tissue of interest. Alternatively, a composition containing a source of SLED can be applied topically to the tissue of interest (e.g., injected as a bolus within a tumor or intercutaneous or subcutaneous site, applied to all or a portion of the surface of the skin, dropped onto the surface of the eye, etc.).
[0034] Where the source of SLED is a SLED polypeptide (e.g., within a suitable composition), it is provided in a concentration and for a time sufficient to inhibit angiogenesis within the tissue. Where SLED is produced naturally, it can be present in concentrations as high as about 250 nM. Because SLED is non-toxic, it can be supplied to tissues in a far more concentrated form. However, given SLED's potency, it can be employed in the inventive method at far reduced concentrations, such as about 50 nM or less (e.g., about 10 nM or less). Indeed, in some protocols, about 2 nM SLED or less effectively inhibits angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration. Depending on the formulation of a composition comprising the protein, it is supplied over a time course sufficient to retard angiogenesis within the desired tissue. In some protocols (e.g., where the SLED is supplied to the surface of skin or to the eye), repeated application enhances the antiangiogenic effect and may be required in some applications. Where the source of SLED is a SLED expression cassette, the cells expressing the cassette produce an effective amount of the protein (i.e., sufficient to inhibit angiogenesis in the tissue).
[0035] To facilitate the inventive method, the invention provides a pharmacological composition comprising a source of SLED and a suitable diluent. In addition to the source of SLED, the composition includes a diluent, which includes one or more pharmacologically-acceptable carriers. Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention can be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmacologically or physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients, as well as optional auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Thus, for systemic injection, the source of SLED can be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers. For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art. For oral administration, the source of SLED can be combined with carriers suitable for inclusion into tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, diposomes, suspensions and the like. For administration by inhalation, the source of SLED is conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebuliser, with the use of a suitable propellant. The source of SLED can be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Such compositions can take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. For application to the skin, the source of SLED can be formulated into a suitable gel, magma, creme, ointment, or other carrier. For application to the eyes, the source of SLED can be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers. The source of SLED can also be formulated into other pharmaceutical compositions such as those known in the art.
[0036] Because it is known that SLED is absent from some tumors, the invention also provides a method for determining the prognosis of a tumor by assaying for the presence of SLED within the tumor. The method involves obtaining tissue or fluid from the tumor and detecting the presence or absence of SLED within the tissue or fluid. Greater the SLED concentration within the tumor correlates with a lesser likelihood that the tumor is undergoing angiogenesis. Thus, higher SLED concentration within the tumor is indicative of a relatively early stage of tumerogenesis and is, thus, an optimistic indication. Conversely, the absence of SLED within a given tumor is indicative of a more advanced stage of tumerogenesis. The method can employ an assay for the presence of PEDF gene expression (e.g., via rtPCR, Northern hybridization, in situ hybridization etc.). Alternatively, the method can employ an assay for the presence of secreted SLED (e.g., immunological assays, SLED purification and PAGE analysis, etc.). Reagents for detecting the presence of SLED within such tumors are known in the art (see, e.g., published international patent applications WO 95/33480 and WO 93/24529).
[0037] While it is believed that one of skill in the art is fully able to practice the invention after reading the foregoing detailed description, the following examples further illustrate some of its features. As these examples are included for purely illustrative purposes, they should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention in any respect.
[0038] The procedures employed in these examples, such as cell culture, manipulation of protein and DNA, etc. are well known in the art (see generally Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989)). Accordingly, in the interest of brevity, the experimental protocols are not discussed in detail.
Example 1
[0039] This example demonstrates that SLED prevents endothelial cell migration.
[0040] The migration of different vascular endothelial cell types was determined by adding SLED to cultured endothelial cells. Specifically, endothelial cells isolated from bovine adrenal capillaries, human umbilical chords, and human dermal microvascular tissue.
[0041] The cells were plated on gelatinized Nucleopore membranes (5 μm pores for bovine capillary cells and 8 μm pores for other cells) in an inverted modified Boyden chamber. After two hours, the chamber was reinverted and test substances added to the top wells of each. Specifically, populations were exposed to either culture medium alone (control), 10 ng/ml bFGF, 2 nM SLED (full length PEDF), or both 10 ng/ml bFGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor) and 10 nM SLED. The cells were then permitted to migrate for 3-4 hours. Following this, the membranes were fixed and stained, and the number of cells that had migrated were counted.
[0042] The results of the assay are presented in FIG. 1 as a percentage of maximal migration (error bars represent standard error measurement, n=4). As is depicted, all three types of vascular endothelial cells exhibited nearly 100% migration in the presence of bFGF. However, in the presence of SLED, considerably less migration was observed. These results demonstrate that SLED inhibits endothelial cell migration. These results are surprising, given that the PEDF protein is known to induce neural differentiation of cultured retinoblastoma tumor cells, to be a neurotrophic factor for cerebellar granular cells and a cytostatic factor for glial cells (Taniwaki et al., J. Neurochem.,68, 26-32 (1997); Sugita et al., J. Neurosci. Res.,49, 710-18 (1997); Tombran-Tink et al., Exp. Eye Res.,53, 411-14 (1991); Becerra, “Structure-Function Studies on PEDF,” Chapter 21, in Chemistry and Biology of Serpins, Church et al., eds. (Plenum Press, 1997)).
Example 2
[0043] This example demonstrates that the prevention of cell migration by SLED is specific for endothelial cells.
[0044] The ability of SLED to prevent migration of fibroblasts or smooth muscle was tested using cells obtained from human diploid fibroblast cell line WI-38, human foreskin fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle, and normal human neutrophils.
[0045] The assay was performed as indicated in Example 1, except that the dose of SLED varied from 0.01 nM to about 50 nM and that the migration assay was performed without inverting the chambers. Moreover, the inducer of migration varied with the cell type (IL-8 was used at 1 μg/ml and PDGF was used at 250 pg/ml).
[0046] The results of this experiment are presented in FIGS. 2A-2D. As indicated in these figures, SLED did not inhibit migration of any of the cell lines. This result indicates that the antimigratory activity of SLED is specific for vascular endothelial cells.
Example 3
[0047] This example demonstrates that SLED is among the most potent inhibitors of endothelial cell migration.
[0048] Using a protocol similar to that outlined in Example 1, bovine adrenal capillary endothelial cells were exposed to bFGF, SLED, and several known antiangiogenic factors. The amount of a given factor necessary to achieve 50% of migration was determined and is reported here as ED50. A smaller ED50measurement indicates a more potent antiangiogenic factor. The results of this experiment, presented in Table 1, indicate that SLED is a highly potent antiangiogenic factor.
| TABLE 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Agent | ED | |
| SLED | 0.1-0.5 | |
| Thrombospondin | 0.5 | |
| Endostatin | 3.0 | |
| Angiostatin | 3.5 | |
| Retinoic Acid | 15 | |
| Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 | 3500 | |
| Captopril | 10,000 | |
Example 4
[0049] This example demonstrates that SLED inhibits the angiogenic activity of known angiogenic agents.
[0050] Using a protocol similar to that outlined in Example 1, bovine adrenal capillary endothelial cells were exposed to five known angiogenic agents alone or in combination with 0.1 μg/ml SLED. In particular, aFGF was employed at a concentration of 50 ng/ml, bFGF was employed at a concentration of 10 ng/ml, IL-8 was employed at a concentration of 40 ng/ml, PDGF was employed at a concentration of 250 pg/ml, and VEGF was employed at a concentration of 100 pg/ml.
[0051] The results of the assay are presented in FIG. 3. As is depicted, the migration of the cells was considerably inhibited by SLED, regardless of the angiogenic agent. These results demonstrate that SLED-mediated inhibition of vascular endothelial migration is not specific for bFGF induction, but that SLED acts generally to inhibit migration of these cells.
Example 5
[0052] This example demonstrates that SLED inhibits neovascularization in vivo.
[0053] Pellets containing various proteins were implanted in the avascular corneas of rats. Pellets either contained or lacked bFGF, and the pellets also contained either SLED or bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a control. After seven days, the corneas of the rats were examined to note whether angiogenesis had occurred.
[0054] The results of this assay are presented in Table 2. As indicated, no vascularization was observed from injecting pellets lacking bFGF. However, vascularization was observed in all eyes implanted with bFGF and BSA. Co-injection of bFGF and SLEF, however, resulted in no neovascularization in any cornea. These results indicate that SLED is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in vivo.
| TABLE 2* | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Without bFGF | With bFGF | |
| SLED (8 nM) | 0/3 | 0/3 | |
| BSA | 0/2 | 4/4 | |
Example 6
[0055] This example demonstrates that SLED polypeptides other than the full PEDF protein are active antiangiogenic agents.
[0056] Trypsin digestion of the complete PEDF protein cleaves the protein at amino acid 352 of SEQ ID NO:1, removing the approximately 3-5 kDa carboxy- terminal portion of the protein (Becerra et al., J. Biol. Chem.,270, 25992-99 (1995)). This procedure was employed to generate the fragments, and the truncated N-PEDF fragment (representing amino acids 21-382 of SEQ ID NO:1) was purified from trypsin by heparin affinity chromatography.
[0057] Using a protocol similar to that outlined above, various concentrations of either full length PEDF or the truncated peptide were assayed for their respective abilities to affect endothelial cell migration. Data generated for the truncated peptide are indicated in FIG. 4. Comparison of these data with the activity of the full length PEDF (see FIG. 3) reveals both proteins to be similarly potent at inhibiting endothelial cell migration. These results indicate that peptides other than full length PEDF are active SLED polypeptides.
Example 7
[0058] This example demonstrates that exogenous SLED applied to the skin promotes the growth of hair therein.
[0059] In this example, the ability of SLED to induce hair growth is investigated using an established mouse model. In particular, in the C57BL/6 mouse strain, a change in skin pigmentation correlates with the physiology of the skin being in anagen (growing), catagen (transitional), or telogen (resting) phase (see, e.g., Jiang et al., J. Invest. Dermatol.,104, 523-25 (1995); Slominski et al., J. Invest. Dermatol.,102, 862-69 (1994); Paus et al., Lab. Invest.,71, 134-40 (1994); and Paus et al., Lab. Invest.,60, 365-69 (1989)). Six or seven week old C57BL/6 mice have pink skin, indicating telogen phase. Depilation of these mice triggers hair growth and skin darkening.
[0060] To test for the effect of SLED on hair growth, six or seven-week-old C57BL/6 mice are inspected for the absence of skin pigmentation to verify that their skin is in telogen (resting) stage. Following this, they are anesthetized and their hair is removed by clipping (rather than shaving) so as not to trigger anagen. A plasmid having a SLED expression cassette is precipitated onto gold particles. Similarly, a control plasmid having a β-galactosidase expression cassette is also precipitated onto gold particles. To avoid significant trauma to the skin (which could trigger anagen), the plasmids are transferred to the prepared skin of the mice at 250 psi using a gene gun (see, e.g., Rakmilevich et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA), 93, 6291-96 (1996)).
[0061] At weekly intervals following gene transfer, animals are sacrificed and the presence of circulating levels of administered gene product are assessed by Western blotting. Additionally, skin from the prepared and transfected skin is assayed for the presence of gene product within the skin by immunohistochemistry. The mice are also visually observed weekly for the presence of coloration within the treated areas of skin.
[0062] Results indicate that transfer of the β-galactosidase or SLED expression cassette leads to detectable product in the animals. However, skin transfected with the β-gal expression cassette does not progress to anagen any more rapidly than untreated skin. Conversely, skin treated with the SLED expression cassette becomes pigmented more rapidly than untreated skin. The results indicate that transfer of exogenous SLED to the skin promotes the growth of hair.
[0063] All of the references cited herein, including patents, patent applications, and publications, are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference.
[0064] While this invention has been described with an emphasis upon preferred embodiments, it will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations of the preferred embodiments may be used and that it is intended that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.
| # SEQUENCE LISTING |
| <160> NUMBER OF SEQ ID NOS: 2 |
| <210> SEQ ID NO 1 |
| <211> LENGTH: 362 |
| <212> TYPE: PRT |
| <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens |
| <400> SEQUENCE: 1 |
| Met Gln Ala Leu Val Leu Leu Leu Cys Ile Gl |
| #y Ala Leu Leu Gly His |
| 1 5 |
| # 10 |
| # 15 |
| Ser Ser Cys Gln Asn Pro Ala Ser Pro Pro Gl |
| #u Glu Gly Ser Pro Asp |
| 20 |
| # 25 |
| # 30 |
| Pro Asp Ser Thr Gly Ala Leu Val Glu Glu Gl |
| #u Asp Pro Phe Phe Lys |
| 35 |
| # 40 |
| # 45 |
| Val Pro Val Asn Lys Leu Ala Ala Ala Val Se |
| #r Asn Phe Gly Tyr Asp |
| 50 |
| # 55 |
| # 60 |
| Leu Tyr Arg Val Arg Ser Ser Met Ser Pro Th |
| #r Thr Asn Val Leu Leu |
| 65 |
| # 70 |
| # 75 |
| # 80 |
| Ser Pro Leu Ser Val Ala Thr Ala Leu Ser Al |
| #a Leu Ser Leu Gly Ala |
| 85 |
| # 90 |
| # 95 |
| Glu Gln Arg Thr Glu Ser Ile Ile His Arg Al |
| #a Leu Tyr Tyr Asp Leu |
| 100 |
| # 105 |
| # 110 |
| Ile Ser Ser Pro Asp Ile His Gly Thr Tyr Ly |
| #s Glu Leu Leu Asp Thr |
| 115 |
| # 120 |
| # 125 |
| Val Thr Ala Pro Gln Lys Asn Leu Lys Ser Al |
| #a Ser Arg Ile Val Phe |
| 130 |
| # 135 |
| # 140 |
| Glu Lys Lys Leu Arg Ile Lys Ser Ser Phe Va |
| #l Ala Pro Leu Glu Lys |
| 145 1 |
| #50 1 |
| #55 1 |
| #60 |
| Ser Tyr Gly Thr Arg Pro Arg Val Leu Thr Gl |
| #y Asn Pro Arg Leu Asp |
| 165 |
| # 170 |
| # 175 |
| Leu Gln Glu Ile Asn Asn Trp Val Gln Ala Gl |
| #n Met Lys Gly Lys Leu |
| 180 |
| # 185 |
| # 190 |
| Ala Arg Ser Thr Lys Glu Ile Pro Asp Glu Il |
| #e Ser Ile Leu Leu Leu |
| 195 |
| # 200 |
| # 205 |
| Gly Val Ala His Phe Lys Gly Gln Trp Val Th |
| #r Lys Phe Asp Ser Arg |
| 210 |
| # 215 |
| # 220 |
| Lys Thr Ser Leu Glu Asp Phe Tyr Leu Asp Gl |
| #u Glu Arg Thr Val Arg |
| 225 2 |
| #30 2 |
| #35 2 |
| #40 |
| Val Pro Met Met Ser Asp Pro Lys Ala Val Le |
| #u Arg Tyr Gly Leu Asp |
| 245 |
| # 250 |
| # 255 |
| Ser Asp Leu Ser Cys Lys Ile Ala Gln Leu Pr |
| #o Leu Thr Gly Ser Met |
| 260 |
| # 265 |
| # 270 |
| Ser Ile Ile Phe Phe Leu Pro Leu Lys Val Th |
| #r Gln Asn Leu Thr Leu |
| 275 |
| # 280 |
| # 285 |
| Ile Glu Glu Ser Leu Thr Ser Glu Phe Ile Hi |
| #s Asp Ile Asp Arg Glu |
| 290 |
| # 295 |
| # 300 |
| Leu Lys Thr Val Gln Ala Val Leu Thr Val Pr |
| #o Lys Leu Lys Leu Ser |
| 305 3 |
| #10 3 |
| #15 3 |
| #20 |
| Tyr Glu Gly Glu Val Thr Lys Ser Leu Gln Gl |
| #u Met Lys Leu Gln Ser |
| 325 |
| # 330 |
| # 335 |
| Leu Phe Asp Ser Pro Asp Phe Ser Lys Ile Th |
| #r Gly Lys Pro Ile Lys |
| 340 |
| # 345 |
| # 350 |
| Leu Thr Gln Gly Gly Thr Pro Gly Trp Leu |
| 355 |
| # 360 |
| <210> SEQ ID NO 2 |
| <211> LENGTH: 22484 |
| <212> TYPE: DNA |
| <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens |
| <220> FEATURE: |
| <221> NAME/KEY: Unsure |
| <222> LOCATION: 1...22484 |
| <223> OTHER INFORMATION: “n” means either a, |
| # c, t, or g |
| <400> SEQUENCE: 2 |
| gcggccgcag ggtggactgt gctgaggaac cctgggccca gcaggggtgg ca |
| #gcccgcgc 60 |
| agtgccacgt ttggcctctg gccgctcgcc aggcatcctc caccccgtgg tc |
| #ccctctga 120 |
| cctcgccagc cctcccccgg gacacctcca cgccagcctg gctctgctcc tg |
| #gcttcttc 180 |
| ttctctctat gcctcaggca gccggcaaca gggcggctca gaacagcgcc ag |
| #cctcctgg 240 |
| tttgggagaa gaactggcaa ttagggagtt tgtggagctt ctaattacac ac |
| #cagcccct 300 |
| ctgccaggag ctggtgcccg ccagccgggg gcaggctgcc gggagtaccc ag |
| #ctccagct 360 |
| ggagacagtc agtgcctgag gatttggggg aagcaggtgg ggaaaccttg gc |
| #acagggct 420 |
| gacaccttcc tctgtgccag agcccaggag ctggggcagc gtgggtgacc at |
| #gtgggtgg 480 |
| gcacgcttcc ctgctggggg tgcagggggt ccacgtggca gcggccacct gg |
| #agccctaa 540 |
| tgtgcagcgg ttaagagcaa gcccctggaa gtcagagagg cctggcatgg ag |
| #tcttgctt 600 |
| cttgcaaacg agccgtgtgg agagagagat agtaaatcaa caaagggaaa ta |
| #catggtct 660 |
| gtccgaggat gagctgccgg agagcaatgg tgaaagtgaa gtgggggagg gg |
| #gcggggct 720 |
| gggaggaaaa gccttgtgag aaggtgacac gagagcacgg ccttgaaggg ga |
| #agaaggag 780 |
| ggcactatgg aggtcccggc gaagcgtggc ctggccgagg aacggcatgt gc |
| #agaggtcc 840 |
| tgccgaggag ctcaagacaa gtaggggacg gtggggctgg agtggagaga gt |
| #gagtggga 900 |
| ggaggagtag gagtcagaga ggagctcagg acagatcctt taggctctag gg |
| #acacgata 960 |
| aacacagtgt tttttgtctt gtcaagtgtg tcctttttat ttttttgaaa ga |
| #gtctcgct 1020 |
| ctgtagccca ggctggagtg cagcggtgcg acctcggctc actgcaacct ct |
| #gcctcccg 1080 |
| ggtccaagca attctcctgc ctcagcctcc cgagtagctg ggattacagg ca |
| #cccgccac 1140 |
| cacgcactgc taatttttgt attttagtag agaccgggtt ttgccatgtt gg |
| #tcaggctg 1200 |
| gtctcgaact cctgacctca ggtgatccgc ccgcctcggc ctcccagagt gg |
| #tgtgagcc 1260 |
| actatgccct gcagcacttg tcaagtcttt ctcagcgttc ccctcctctc ca |
| #ctgcagct 1320 |
| cccagtgccc cagtctgggc ctcgtcttca cttcctggga tccctgacat tg |
| #cctgctag 1380 |
| gctctccctg tctctggtct ggctgccttc actgtaacct ccacccagca gg |
| #tacctctt 1440 |
| cagcacctcc catgaaccca gcagaatacc aagccctggg gatgcagcaa cg |
| #aacaggta 1500 |
| gacgctgcac tccagcctgg gcgacagagc aagactccgc ctgaagaaaa aa |
| #aaaaggac 1560 |
| caggccgggc gcggtggctc acgcctgtaa tcccagcact ttgggaggcc ga |
| #ggtgggtg 1620 |
| gatcatgagg tcaggagttc aagaccagcc tggccaaaat ggtgaaaccc cg |
| #tctctact 1680 |
| gaaaaataca aaaattagct gggtgcagtg gcgggcgcct gtagtctcag ct |
| #actcagga 1740 |
| ggctgaggca ggataattgc ttgaccccag gaggcagagg ttgcagtgaa cc |
| #gagatcac 1800 |
| gccactgcac tccagcctgg gcgacagagc aagactctgc ctcaaaaaaa ag |
| #aataaaaa 1860 |
| taaaaaaaag gaccagatac agaaaacaga aggagacgta ctatgaagga aa |
| #ttggagag 1920 |
| cttttgggat actgagtaac tcagggtggc ctttcccagg ggacatttag ct |
| #gagagata 1980 |
| gacggtatga agacctgacc gttcagaaac aggggaagag gcagcagccc gg |
| #gcaaaggc 2040 |
| ctttggggca ggaaagggct tggatcactg gagaagcaga aagatggcca gt |
| #gtgaccag 2100 |
| agtgtgacaa agtcagagaa aaccaggaag atggagctgg agacacaggc gg |
| #ggccagat 2160 |
| cacgagggtc ctcgcagacc agagcaaggg tttggatttt attccaagta tg |
| #aagggaag 2220 |
| ctgctgaagt gtgttttcct ttacaatttg tagttgaaat ataatatgca aa |
| #gtacacaa 2280 |
| gtcttaacta tatgtaagct taatgaatgt ttccatgaac caaataccgc tg |
| #tgcaacca 2340 |
| tcaccagctc aagagacgaa cccttctccc tcctcctgac tgccagtaac at |
| #agtggttc 2400 |
| agctcaagaa acagaactct tctgacttcc cctaacatag cgggttttct tt |
| #tttgtttt 2460 |
| gttttttgtt gttttttaag agacaatgtc tttattattt ttattttttt tt |
| #atttttga 2520 |
| gacggagtct tgctgtcgcc caggctggag tgcagtggtg cgatctcggc tc |
| #actgcagg 2580 |
| ctctgccccc cggggttcat gccattctcc tgcctcagcc tccctagcag ct |
| #gggactac 2640 |
| aggtgcccgc cacctcgccc ggctattttt ttgtattttt agtggagacg gg |
| #gtttcacc 2700 |
| gtgttagcca ggatggtctc gatctcctga cctcgtgatc cgcccacctc gg |
| #cctcccaa 2760 |
| agtgctggga ttacaggcat gagccaccgc gcccagccaa gagacacggt ct |
| #tgctctgt 2820 |
| cgcccaggct ggatggagtg ccgtggtgcg atcacagctc gcggcagcct tg |
| #acatcctg 2880 |
| ggctcaagca accttcctgc cttggcctcc caaatgttgg gattataggc at |
| #gagccact 2940 |
| gtgcttggca tctattcatc tttaatgtca agcaggcaat tgaatatttg at |
| #cagggata 3000 |
| gaattgtcta tttgggggta tgcagatgtg cttcatgtca tggaactggg cc |
| #gggcgcgg 3060 |
| tggctcatgc ctataatccc agcactttgg gaggccgagg caggcggatc at |
| #aaggtcag 3120 |
| gagatcgaga ccatccgggc caacacggtg aaaccccgtc tctactaaaa at |
| #acaaaaat 3180 |
| taggcaggtg tggtggtgcg tgcctgtagt cccagctact cagggaggct ga |
| #gacaggag 3240 |
| aattgattga acctgggagg cagaggttgt agtgagccaa gatcgcgcca ct |
| #gcactcca 3300 |
| gcctgggcga catgagcgag actccgtctc aaaaataaac aaaaaaaagt ca |
| #tggaattg 3360 |
| atggaaattg cctaagggga gatgtagaag aaaaggggtc tcaggatcaa gc |
| #cagcagag 3420 |
| aaggcagaaa aggtaaggtg tgtgaggtgg cagaaaaagg gaagagtgtg ga |
| #cagtgagg 3480 |
| gtttcaagga ggaggaactg tctactgcct cctgccaagg acggaggtgt cc |
| #actgccag 3540 |
| ttgacataag gtcacccatg aacttggtga caggaatttc agtggagaag tg |
| #gccacaga 3600 |
| cacaagtcta gaattgaaat gggagccgag gcagcgtaga caaaagagga aa |
| #ctgctcct 3660 |
| tccagagcgg ctctgagcga gcaccgagaa atgggcagtg gctttagggg at |
| #gtagcgtc 3720 |
| aaggaagtgt cttttaaaga agtcgggggc cgggcacggt ggctcacgcc tg |
| #tagtccca 3780 |
| gcactttggg aggccgaggc aggcagatca cttgaggtca ggagttcgag ac |
| #cagcctgg 3840 |
| ctaacacgat gaaaccccgt ctctactaaa aatacaaaaa attagctggg ca |
| #cggtggct 3900 |
| cgtgcctgta atcccagcac tttgggaggc agaggtgggc agatcacttg ag |
| #gtcaggag 3960 |
| tttgagacca gcctagccaa catggtgaaa ccccatctct actaaaacta ca |
| #aaaattag 4020 |
| ccgggagtgg tggcacgtgc ctgtaatccc agccagtcag gaggctgagg ca |
| #ggagaatc 4080 |
| actggaatcc tggaggtgga ggtggcagtg agccgagatg gtacctctgt ac |
| #tccagcct 4140 |
| gggggacaga gtgagactcc gtctcaaaaa aaaaagaagg tggggaagga tc |
| #tttgaggg 4200 |
| ccggacacgc tgaccctgca ggagaggaca cattcttcta acaggggtcg ga |
| #caaaagag 4260 |
| aactcttctg tataatttat gattttaaga tttttattta ttattatttt tt |
| #atagaggc 4320 |
| aagcattttt caccacgtca cccaggctgg tctccaactc ctgggctcaa gt |
| #gtgctggg 4380 |
| attatagcca tgagtcacca cacctggccc agaaacttta ctaaggactt at |
| #ttaaatga 4440 |
| tttgcttatt tgtgaatagg tattttgttc acgtggttca caactcaaaa gc |
| #aacaaaaa 4500 |
| gcacccagtg aaaagccttc ctctcattct gatttccagt cactggattc ta |
| #ctcttggg 4560 |
| atgcagtgtt tttcatctct tttttgtatc cttttggaaa tagtattctg ct |
| #ttaaaaag 4620 |
| caaatacagg ccaggtatgg tggctcactc ctgtaatccc agcactttgg ga |
| #ggccgagg 4680 |
| caggtgatca cctaaggtca ggagttcaag accagcctgg ccaatatggt ga |
| #aaccctgt 4740 |
| ctgtaccaaa acacaaaaac aaaaacaaaa acaaaaatta gccgggcgtg gt |
| #ggcgtgct 4800 |
| cctgtaatcc cagctactca ggaggctgag gcaggagaat cgcttgaacc tg |
| #ggaggcag 4860 |
| aggttgcagt gagccgagat tgtgccactg tactccagcc tgggccacag ag |
| #caaggttc 4920 |
| catctcaaac aaaacaaaac aaaacaaaca aaaaaacaaa acaaaagcta at |
| #acaaacac 4980 |
| atatacaata gacaaaactg taaatatttt attattttta ttttttttag ta |
| #gagacagg 5040 |
| gtttcaccat gttggccagg atggtctcaa actcctgacc tcaggtgatc ca |
| #cccacctc 5100 |
| agcctcccga tagttaggat tacaggcatg agccaccaca cccggcctaa aa |
| #ttgtaaac 5160 |
| gttttagaag aaagtataga tgaatccctt cgtgatctcg gggaagaaga ga |
| #ttttttaa 5220 |
| aaaagatacc aaaagaagca caaattataa aagaaaagat tgaaaatgtt gg |
| #tgttaaaa 5280 |
| ttaaaaactt gttttaaaac aagcttgtgt aacccatgac ccacaggctg ca |
| #tgtggccc 5340 |
| agaaaagctt tgactgcagc ccaacacaaa ttcgtaaact ttcctaaaac at |
| #tatgagat 5400 |
| tttttttgag attttgtttt gttttgtttt ttgttttttt agctcattcg gt |
| #atcattaa 5460 |
| tgttagcata ttttacgtgg ggcccaagac aattcttctt ccaatgtgtc tc |
| #aggggagc 5520 |
| caaaagattg gacacccctg ccataaacat gaaaagacaa tggccgggca cg |
| #gtggctca 5580 |
| cgcctgtaat cccagcactt tgggaggctg aggggggcgg gatcacctga gg |
| #tcaggagt 5640 |
| ttgagacaag cgtgaccaat gtggtgaaac cctgtctcta ctaaaaatac aa |
| #aaattagc 5700 |
| cgggcatgct cgtgcacacc tatagtccca actactcagc agggtgaggc ag |
| #gagaacct 5760 |
| cttgaacccg ggaagcggag gttgcagtga gccgacattg cacccctgca ct |
| #ccagcctg 5820 |
| ggtgacagag tgagtctcca ctggaaaaaa aaaaaaaaga acagtgtgat ac |
| #attgacct 5880 |
| aaggtttaag aacatgcaaa ctgatactat atatcactta gggacaaaaa ct |
| #tacatggt 5940 |
| aaaagtaaaa agaaatgtac gaaaataata aaaatcaaat tcaagatggt gg |
| #ttatggtg 6000 |
| acgggaaaga actgaggcgg aaatataagg ttgtcactat attgagaaat tt |
| #ttctatct 6060 |
| ttttttcttt tttctttttt tgagacgggg tctcgctctg tcgcccagga tg |
| #gagtgcag 6120 |
| tggtgtgatc tcagctcact gcaacctccg cctcccaggt ttaagtgatt ct |
| #cctgcctc 6180 |
| agactcccaa gtagctggga ctacaggtgc gcgccaacac acctgggtaa tt |
| #ttgtttgt 6240 |
| atttttagta gagatggggt ttcaccgtgt tgactaggct ggtctcgaac tc |
| #ctgacctc 6300 |
| aggtgatccc ccggcctcgg tctcccaaag tgctgggata acaagcgtga gc |
| #cactgcgc 6360 |
| ccagctttgt ttgcattttt aggtgagatg gggtttcacc acgttggcca gg |
| #ctggtctt 6420 |
| gaactcctga cctcaggtga tgcacctgcc tcagtctccc aaagtgctgg at |
| #tacaggcg 6480 |
| ttagcccctg cgcccggccc ctgaaggaaa atctaaagga agaggaaggt gt |
| #gcaaatgt 6540 |
| gtgcgcctta ggcgtaatgg atggtggtgc agcagtgggt taaagttaac ac |
| #gagacagt 6600 |
| gatgcaatca cagaatccaa attgagtgca ggtcgcttta agaaaggagt ag |
| #ctgtaatc 6660 |
| tgaagcctgc tggacgctgg attagaaggc agcaaaaaaa gctctgtgct gg |
| #ctggagcc 6720 |
| ccctcagtgt gcaggcttag agggactagg ctgggtgtgg agctgcagcg ta |
| #tccacagg 6780 |
| taaagcagct ccctggctgc tctgatgcca gggacggcgg gagaggctcc cc |
| #tgggctgg 6840 |
| ggggacaggg gagaggcagg ggcactccag ggagcagaaa agaggggtgc aa |
| #gggagagg 6900 |
| aaatgcggag acagcagccc ctgcaatttg ggcaaaaggg tgagtggatg ag |
| #agagggca 6960 |
| gagggagctg gggggacaag gccgaaggcc aggacccagt gatccccaaa tc |
| #ccactgca 7020 |
| ccgacggaag aggctggaaa ggcttttgaa tgaagtgagt gggaaacagc gg |
| #aggggcgg 7080 |
| tcatggggag gaaaggggag ctaagctgct gggtcgggtc tgagcagcac cc |
| #caagactg 7140 |
| gagcccgagg caaggaggct cacgggagct gcttccacca agggcagtca gg |
| #aaggcggc 7200 |
| cgccctgcag cccagccctg gcccctgctc cctcggctcc ctgctacttt tt |
| #caaaatca 7260 |
| gctggtgctg actgttaagg caatttccca gcaccaccaa accgctggcc tc |
| #ggcgccct 7320 |
| ggctgagggc tgggatggag gacagctggg tccttctagc cagcccccac cc |
| #actctctt 7380 |
| tggctacatg agtcaaggct gggcgaccaa tgaggttgtg gcctccggca aa |
| #caatgacc 7440 |
| actatttagg ccggcaggtg tatagggcgt gggggcccag ctgccagtgc tg |
| #gagacaag 7500 |
| ggctgtccga gatgaaccct ttctgctgcc tgccaagcca ctgggagggg ta |
| #ggtctcag 7560 |
| caggattccc agaaaccccg cccctgtcca gcctaggccc cccacccggt gt |
| #tagctaac 7620 |
| ccaacgttag cccccaggtt ccgtggggtt ggggggcagg gagtcctatt ct |
| #tggggctg 7680 |
| ctgcttctgg ggtgtgggga agtgcaactc cacggcaccc tgggctgact ca |
| #ttcagctt 7740 |
| ctaaagcttc aggaaacatt gtttggggct gggtcaccat gggtgggcca ga |
| #gaggaccc 7800 |
| ctcaatcccc tccggagagc caggggaggg ggaggtgccc ttccccatgc ta |
| #tctccgag 7860 |
| gcccactgcc atgtggctga aggctgtgcg gttctgggaa gagggggagg tg |
| #gcggtgga 7920 |
| ggctgtttgt ctcctaactg ggcttaatct gaaacacatg tattggcttg ag |
| #ttgatccg 7980 |
| cctcacgtgg aggcaagatc acaaaagctt ctgtgtttct tgatgtgggc aa |
| #ttgtcaga 8040 |
| aaataaggcc tgaccttggc ccagcaggga gggtatctac ctctccctga gc |
| #cctccccc 8100 |
| gcctgctagg acgagagcgg ggcttggata ctgccctttg gacaggatgg ca |
| #tcattgtc 8160 |
| tgtggctgca gccagccagc ggtcgcctgc tcagcccatg agcaaccact gt |
| #ggacaggg 8220 |
| tattgcgtgt gtgctgaggg gcgtccatgc agacccccac gcttgccctc tc |
| #actgccct 8280 |
| tgtagggttt tcaatcatct ctcctcttcc cttatccaga tggcttgaag tg |
| #gaggattc 8340 |
| agacttgccg ttaatactct gggtccctgt gtctagctcg gggccacctt tg |
| #gacccatg 8400 |
| tcccttccct gccaggctcc ctcacctcac ctcagcctac ccacattgtg ac |
| #aatcatct 8460 |
| accacctgat ctggggtttg ggcttagatt ctgtaggcac caagactaaa gt |
| #cgctcctt 8520 |
| caagtccatt tgaattgtga ctttagtttc cttaaatact atgccaggat aa |
| #tggccagg 8580 |
| gatggtggct cacgcctgta ctcctggcac tttgggatgc tggtggatca cc |
| #tgagatca 8640 |
| ggattccagg ccagcctggc caacacggtg aaaccccatc tctactaaaa ca |
| #taaaaatt 8700 |
| aaccaggtgt ggtggcgggc acctgtaatc ccagctactc aggagactga gg |
| #caggagaa 8760 |
| ttgcttgaac ccgggaggtg gaagttgcac tgagctgaga tcgcgccact gc |
| #actttagc 8820 |
| ctgggcgaca agagtgaaac tctgtctcaa aaacaaaaaa aactatgccg gg |
| #atgagcct 8880 |
| gtctcctccc ttaatttctt acttgggcca gaggaactag aactaacaac tt |
| #ctcttcta 8940 |
| gccttgcctc ctgtgtacct cactgaattt ttggtctcta ataaaccagt ct |
| #gcagaggc 9000 |
| tcaggggagg caggctcctg gcagctgggt ggggctggcc ccagccgggt gg |
| #agaccagc 9060 |
| tgtaggcctg gatggtggtg aggcctctgt cttgcactgc agaaagcttt tc |
| #ctgttgtc 9120 |
| tacacgaaag ttttctccct gcatgtcagg gcagccacgt gcaagagcag ct |
| #ggctggga 9180 |
| acgcagaggt ctgcggctcg aggcggggtt tagaaagaaa accaggctgc tt |
| #cctgctgc 9240 |
| ccgtcctgcc ttaagctgag taaactcaaa ggcaatcttc tttcatgcct ca |
| #cgatattg 9300 |
| tccagtggat tatctgattt aatttgaagg acgagagcca acaatcacac aa |
| #cgtcctcc 9360 |
| caaattttct gatccacttt gttctgggaa gtcaaaaagt gcgtgtgctg tg |
| #tgggtgga 9420 |
| tgtttgtgta tataaatgga taatgaagga tgatgtgttg ggggccaggg ca |
| #ggggagac 9480 |
| aacgctgttc agattctaca tttttttttc cttttttttt tttttttgag at |
| #ggagtctt 9540 |
| gctctgttgc ccagcctgga gtgcagtggc gcgatctcag ctcactgcaa cc |
| #tccacttc 9600 |
| ctggattcaa gtgattctcc tgccttagcc tcccaagtag ctgggattac ag |
| #gcatgcgc 9660 |
| caccacaccc ggctaatttt tgtattttta gtagagatgg ggtttctcca tg |
| #ttggccag 9720 |
| gatggtctca aactcctgac ctcaggtgat ctacccgcct cggcctctca aa |
| #gtgctggg 9780 |
| attacaggtt tgagccactg cgcctggcct tttttttttt ttttgagatg ga |
| #gttttcac 9840 |
| tcttgttgcc caggctggag tgcagtggtg cgatcttggc tcactgcaac ct |
| #ccacctcc 9900 |
| caagttcaag tgattctcca gccttagccc tccaagtagc tgggactaca gg |
| #tgtgtgcc 9960 |
| accatgcctg gctattttat tttattttat tttatttatt tatttttgag ac |
| #taagtctt 10020 |
| gctctgttgc ccaggctgga gtgcagtggc ataatcggct cactgcaacc tc |
| #tgcctccc 10080 |
| aggttcaagt gattctcctg cctcagcctc ctgagtaact gggattacag gg |
| #gcctgcca 10140 |
| ccacgcctgg ctactttttg tatttttagt atagatgggg tttcaccatg tt |
| #ggccaggc 10200 |
| tggtctcgaa ctcctgacct caggctatcc gcctgcctca gcctcccaaa gt |
| #gctgggat 10260 |
| tacaggcatg agccactgtg ctcggtagtt gttttatttt aatagtaggt ta |
| #ttttattt 10320 |
| ccattttaca agagaaaaaa tggtgattta aagagctact aagacacagc ac |
| #tgagacca 10380 |
| tgtgtgatgg catgcgcctg cagtcccagc tactcacgag gctgaggcag ga |
| #ggatcaca 10440 |
| tgaggtcagg agttccaggc tgtggagtgc tatggttgtg tagtgaatag cc |
| #actacact 10500 |
| ccagcctggg cagcacagca agatcttgtc tcccaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aa |
| #aaatttca 10560 |
| aatgtgaacc caggatctct gaccctaggc cctgcactcc taaccatggg ag |
| #gaagagct 10620 |
| cttgaaaggg aactgtggga gaagggaatg agctgccttg tgaggccaca ga |
| #agtccaaa 10680 |
| gacagcttga gaatttggag ggacagcacg tgccggactg ggtgcctcta tg |
| #cttggtat 10740 |
| ccggtgattc catggaggag acctgggttc tgccccattc tcctgggagg gg |
| #ttgcccaa 10800 |
| agtcttatca ccggagtggg tcagctgcct ccaggacaaa gctttagcat ac |
| #acttgtgc 10860 |
| tgggccatac tccacgtgga gaagccctgc tggggctggg gccccactgc tc |
| #tggatctt 10920 |
| taaaagctat tggttcaggg gccaggtgta atggctcaca cctataaccc ta |
| #gcactttg 10980 |
| ggaggctgaa gcaggtggat agcctgaggt caggagtttg agacaagcct ga |
| #tgaacgtg 11040 |
| gtgaaacccc atcgctatta aaatacaaaa aattagccgg gcatggtggc ag |
| #gtgcctgt 11100 |
| aattccagct acttgggagg ctgaggcggg agaatcgctt gaacccagga gg |
| #cggaggtt 11160 |
| gcagtgagcc aagatcgctc cactgtactc cagcctgggc gacagagcca ga |
| #ctctgttt 11220 |
| caaaaaataa aatataaata aataaataaa taaataaata aataaataaa ag |
| #ctttaggc 11280 |
| ttaaaggagg gtcccctgac gcagacagtg gaacaaaagc acaagcttat gg |
| #tatgactg 11340 |
| tgggccctga ggcaggggga ggggcgggag aaccttgctg ggagggatgg gc |
| #catcaagc 11400 |
| tgagggtcca cttctggggg cctggagggg tgaggggtgg tcgctgcagg gg |
| #gtggggga 11460 |
| aagtgactag ccctgcccaa cccctgggtc ctggctgggg tggccaggaa gg |
| #ggtagcgg 11520 |
| ggcagtgcag tgtcggggga gagcggcttg ctgcctcgtt cttttcttgc ag |
| #gccccagg 11580 |
| atgcaggccc tggtgctact cctctgcatt ggagccctcc tcgggcacag ca |
| #gctgccag 11640 |
| aaccctgcca gccccccgga ggaggtcagt aggcaggcgg ggagggcgtg gt |
| #cagcattc 11700 |
| cccgcccctc cttggcaggc agcacgggaa acaggacagg gaacccggac cc |
| #aggttcca 11760 |
| ggccaggctt gggcctttat ttctctaggg ctggagtttc tccagcagca aa |
| #acagagag 11820 |
| aaaatgtctt gccttgcctt tcaggggatg gagtagggac atgaataaga tc |
| #ccaaaaga 11880 |
| gtaaaaatct gaagcacttt taacaagtcc agggcaattc tcctgcctca gc |
| #ttcccaag 11940 |
| cagctgggat tacaggcatg caccaccaag cccggctcat tttgtatttt ta |
| #gtagagac 12000 |
| ggggtttctc catgttggtc aggctggtct cgaactcccg acctcaagtg at |
| #tctcctgc 12060 |
| ctcggcctcc caaagtgccg ggatgacagg tgtgagccac cgcacctggc ca |
| #ggatcttt 12120 |
| tctcattacc ttgtcttcct agtgggggct ccactgagca ggtcatgttc cc |
| #ggacattt 12180 |
| gttcggatac tgaccaggct gtggcaggga gtgagggtat ggagtgacct ct |
| #ctcctgcc 12240 |
| cagaaagggc gcagctgggt tcccaaggca gatacaggca catggaggga ag |
| #cctgggcc 12300 |
| atatgagtgt tatggggtga gtgttggcgg aggcccaccc ttgagggaca ag |
| #agcagctg 12360 |
| ggcatcttgg cgagagccct ggactttcgt gaggtcagag tatgaattct gc |
| #gtctccct 12420 |
| cttcctagct ttgtgaccct agacaaccct tacctcagtc tttgcttcct tg |
| #cctatgaa 12480 |
| atgggataaa aacacccatt ctacagggcc atgtggccac tcatttattt ct |
| #catctacc 12540 |
| aaacacctac tcgacagggg ctggcaatgg gcggaaataa aaactcagtt ct |
| #gccgggtg 12600 |
| cggtggctca cacctgtaat cccagcagtg tgggaggcgg agcaggacga tc |
| #ccttgaat 12660 |
| ccaggagttt gagaccagca taggcaacat agtgagaccc ctgtctctac ac |
| #aaaagcaa 12720 |
| aaattaccag gcgtggtggc aagtgcttgt ggtactacct acttgggaag ct |
| #gaggtggg 12780 |
| aggatcactt gagcccagga gattaagact gcagtgaggg gccgggcgcg gt |
| #ggctcacg 12840 |
| cctgtaatcc cagcactttg ggaggtggag gtgggtggat cacgaggtca gg |
| #agatcgag 12900 |
| accatcctgg ctaacacggt gaaaccccgt ctctactaaa aatacaaaaa at |
| #tagctggg 12960 |
| tgtggtgggg ggcgcctgta gtcccagcta ctcgggaggc tgaggcagga ga |
| #atggcgtg 13020 |
| aacccgggag gtggaggttg cagtgagctg agctcgcacc actgcactcc ag |
| #cctgggcg 13080 |
| acagagtgag actccgtctc aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa gaaagaaaga aa |
| #aactgagt 13140 |
| tctttttttt aactttcttt ttttagagac agagtctcac tccatcaccc at |
| #gctggagt 13200 |
| acagtggtgc gatcttggct cactgcaatc ttggcctcct gagttcaacc aa |
| #ttctcatg 13260 |
| cctcagcctc ccaaatagct gggaccacag gcacgtgcca ccacgcccag ct |
| #aatttttt 13320 |
| gggtattttt agtagagatg gggcctcacc atgttgctca ggttggtctg aa |
| #actcctga 13380 |
| gctcaagtga tccatcttcc tcggcctgcc aaagtgctgg gattataggc at |
| #aagccact 13440 |
| gcacctagct cccaattttt atatttatat ttatttttat ttacttattt at |
| #tttttgag 13500 |
| acagggtctc actctgtcac ccaggctgga gtacagtggc actatctcag ct |
| #cactgcaa 13560 |
| cctctgcctc ctgggttcaa gcgaatctcg tgcctcagcc tcctgagtag ct |
| #gggattac 13620 |
| aggcatgcac caccatgccc cgttaatttt tttgtatttt tagtagagac gg |
| #gtttcacc 13680 |
| gtgttgccca ggatggtctc gaactcctga cctcaagtga ttcacccacc tc |
| #agcctccc 13740 |
| aaagtgctgg gattataggt gtgagccact cggctgatgg tttttaaaaa gt |
| #gggtcatg 13800 |
| gggctgggcg cggtggctca tgcctgtaat cccagcactt tggtagaccg ag |
| #gcgggtgg 13860 |
| atcacaaggt caggagatcg agaccatcct gcctaacacg gtgaaacccc gt |
| #ctctacta 13920 |
| aaaatacaaa aaattaccca ggcatggtgg tgggcgcctg tagtcccagc ta |
| #ctcgggag 13980 |
| gctgaggcag gagaatggcg tgaacctggg aggcggagct tgcagtgagc cg |
| #agatcacg 14040 |
| ccaccgtact ccagcctgag cgacagagcg agactccgtc tcaaaaaaaa aa |
| #aaaaaaag 14100 |
| tgggtcatag gtttcggctt ataggtcaca agtgtttaaa cctggccatg ag |
| #gccaggcg 14160 |
| cagtggcgca tgcctgtaat cccagccatt tgggaggcta aggcaggaaa at |
| #cgcttgaa 14220 |
| ccggggaggt ggaggttgca gtgagctgag atcgcgccac tgaactctag cc |
| #tgggtgac 14280 |
| acagtaagac tctgtctcaa ataaaaaaaa aaacagctga tctctcttct gc |
| #gctgtctc 14340 |
| tccacagaga gctcatgcgt gatcagggag taaaactcat tcccgtttta gg |
| #ccaaacac 14400 |
| agaaaaatta ggaaggacag ccccaagggg ccagaaccac caccctacac aa |
| #agccgtga 14460 |
| ggagacagtc cctgtgcatc tctgcgagtc cctgaactca aacccaagac tt |
| #cctgtctc 14520 |
| ctgccagggc tccccagacc ccgacagcac aggggcgctg gtggaggagg ag |
| #gatccttt 14580 |
| cttcaaagtc cccgtgaaca agctggcagc ggctgtctcc aacttcggct at |
| #gacctgta 14640 |
| ccgggtgcga tccagcatga gccccacgac caacgtgctc ctgtctcctc tc |
| #agtgtggc 14700 |
| cacggccctc tcggccctct cgctgggtga gtgctcagat gcaggaagcc cc |
| #aggcagac 14760 |
| ctggagaggc cccctgtggc ctctgcgtaa acgtggctga gtttattgac at |
| #ttcagttc 14820 |
| agcgaggggt gaagtagcac caggggcctg gcctgggggt cccagctgtg ta |
| #agcaggag 14880 |
| ctcaggggct gcacacacac gattccccag ctccccgaaa ggggctgggc ac |
| #cactgaca 14940 |
| tggcgcttgg cctcagggtt cgcttattga cacagtgact tcaaggcaca tt |
| #cttgcatt 15000 |
| ccttaaccaa gctggtgcta gcctaggttc ctgggatgta actgcaaaca ag |
| #caggtgtg 15060 |
| ggcttgccct caccgaggac acagctgggt tcacagggga actaatacca gc |
| #tcactaca 15120 |
| gaatagtctt ttttttttnt ttttttnnnc tttctgagac ggagtctcgc tt |
| #tgtcncca 15180 |
| aggctggagt gcagtggtgt gatctcagct cactgcaacc tctgcctccc tg |
| #gttcaagg 15240 |
| aattctcctg cctcagcctc cagagtagct gggattacag gcacctgcca tc |
| #atgcccag 15300 |
| ctaatttttg tatttttagt agagacgggg tttcaccatg ttgcctaggc tg |
| #gtctcaaa 15360 |
| ctcccgggct caagcgatcc acccgccttg gcctcccaaa gtgctgggat ta |
| #caggcgtg 15420 |
| agccaccgcg cctggccaga ataatcttaa gggctatgat gggagaagta ca |
| #gggactgg 15480 |
| tacctctcac tccctcactc ccaccttcca ggcctgatgc ctttaaccta ct |
| #tcaggaaa 15540 |
| atctctaagg atgaaaattc cttggccacc tagattgtct tgaagatcag cc |
| #tacttggg 15600 |
| ctctcagcag acaaaaaaga tgagtatagt gtctgtgttc tgggaggggg ct |
| #tgatttgg 15660 |
| ggccctggtg tgcagttatc aacgtccaca tccttgtctc tggcaggagc gg |
| #agcagcga 15720 |
| acagaatcca tcattcaccg ggctctctac tatgacttga tcagcagccc ag |
| #acatccat 15780 |
| ggtacctata aggagctcct tgacacggtc actgcccccc agaagaacct ca |
| #agagtgcc 15840 |
| tcccggatcg tctttgagaa gagtgagtcg cctttgcagc ccaagttgcc tg |
| #aggcatgt 15900 |
| gggctccatg ctgcaggctg ggggggtctt tttttttttt ggggaaagac gg |
| #agtctcgc 15960 |
| tctgttgccc aggttggagt gaagtggcgt gatctcggtt cactgaaacc cc |
| #cacctccc 16020 |
| gggttcacac catcctcctg cctcagcctc ccgagtagct gggactgcag gn |
| #gcccagct 16080 |
| aatctttntt gtatttttag cagagacggg gtttcaccgt gtttgccagg at |
| #agtctcga 16140 |
| tctcctgacc tggtgttctg cccgcctcga cctcccaaag tgctgggatt ac |
| #aggtgtga 16200 |
| gccaccgcgc tcggcccgtt tctaaacaat agatcatgtg tgcccaggcc tg |
| #gcctggca 16260 |
| ctggtgtgga ggaagggccc gtgagcccaa agaggctcag aaagaggaag tg |
| #ggctgcag 16320 |
| gagacggtgg gaggggcagg gagggcagtg gcgcgatgtg gggaaatctg ct |
| #gcccccct 16380 |
| ggccagtgcc tggggatgcc agcagaagtc ctggcaagtc acaggaagat gc |
| #tggctggg 16440 |
| aagtcagggc ctgctgagcg ctaaaccaga acccgagcct ggcaggctct ca |
| #aagacggg 16500 |
| atgcttgtcg tcgagtctca tacgctaacc tctgctccgc ctcttctcag ag |
| #ctgcgcat 16560 |
| aaaatccagc tttgtggcac ctctggaaaa gtcatatggg accaggccca ga |
| #gtcctgac 16620 |
| gggcaaccct cgcttggacc tgcaagagat caacaactgg gtgcaggcgc ag |
| #atgaaagg 16680 |
| gaagctcgcc aggtccacaa aggaaattcc cgatgagatc agcattctcc tt |
| #ctcggtgt 16740 |
| ggcgcacttc aagggtgagc gcgtctccaa ttctttttca tttattttac tg |
| #tattttaa 16800 |
| ctaattaatt aattcgatgg agtcttactc tgtagcccta actggagtgc ag |
| #tggtgcga 16860 |
| tctcagctca atgcaacctc cgcctcccag gttcaagcaa ttcttgtgcc tc |
| #agcctccc 16920 |
| gagtagctgg gattacaggg atgtaccacc actcccggct aattttttgt at |
| #ttaataga 16980 |
| catggggttt caccatgttg gccaggctgg tctcgaactc ctgagctcag gt |
| #ggtctgcc 17040 |
| cgcctcagcc tcccaaagtg ctaggattac aagcttgagc caccacgccc ag |
| #cccttttt 17100 |
| atttttaaat taagagacaa ggtgttgcca tgatgcccag gctggtctcg aa |
| #ctcctggg 17160 |
| ctcaagtaat cctcccacct tggcctccca aagtgctggg attacaggca tg |
| #agccaccg 17220 |
| cgcccggccc ttttacattt atttatttat tttttgagac agagtcttgc tc |
| #tgtcaccc 17280 |
| aggctggagt gcagtggcgc gatctcggct cactgcaagc tctgccttcc ag |
| #gttcacac 17340 |
| cattctcctg cctcgacctc ccgagtagct gggactacag gcgcccgcca ct |
| #gcgcccta 17400 |
| ctaatttttt gtatttttag tagagacggg gtttcaccgt ggtctcgatc tc |
| #ctgacctc 17460 |
| gtgatccacc cgcctcagcc tcccaaagtg ctgggattac aggcgtgagc ca |
| #ctgcgccc 17520 |
| ggccctttta catttatttt taaattaaga gacagggtgt cactatgatg cc |
| #gaggctgg 17580 |
| tctcgaactc ctgagctgaa gtgatcctcc cacctcggcc tcccaaaatg ct |
| #gggattac 17640 |
| catgtccaac tttccacttc ttgtttgacc aaggatggat ggcagacatc ag |
| #aaggggct 17700 |
| tggaaaggga ggtgtcaaag accttgccca gcatggagtc tgggtcacag ct |
| #gggggagg 17760 |
| atctgggaac tgtgcttgcc tgaagcttac ctgcttgtca tcaaatccaa gg |
| #caaggcgt 17820 |
| gaatgtctat agagtgagag acttgtggag acagaagagc agagagggag ga |
| #agaatgaa 17880 |
| cactgggtct gtttggggct ttcccagctt ttgagtcaga caagatttat tt |
| #atttattt 17940 |
| aagatggagt ctcattctgt tgcccaggct ggagtgcagt ggtgccatct tg |
| #gctcacta 18000 |
| cagcctcccc acctcccagg ttcaagtgct tctcctgcct cagcctcccg ag |
| #tagttggg 18060 |
| attacaggcg cccgccacca cacccagcta atttttgtat tttcagtaga ga |
| #tggggttt 18120 |
| cgccatgctg gccaggctgt tctcgaaaac tcctgacctc agatgatcca cc |
| #cgcctcgg 18180 |
| cctcccacag tgctgggatt acaggcgtga gccactgcgc tggccaaatc ag |
| #acaaggtt 18240 |
| taaatcccag ctctgcctgt actagctgag gaactctgca cacatttcat aa |
| #cctttctg 18300 |
| ggcctacgtt ctcaccttta acgtgaggat aatatatcta cttcatagac ac |
| #ctttttat 18360 |
| gttgtctcca agttttctaa cagctctagt tctgtaccca agacatggca gg |
| #tggccaac 18420 |
| gacatccttc taggctgtgg tgatgtgttt ggagcttgtt ccacgggtct tg |
| #tgtggggc 18480 |
| cagccctgtt cagataaggc cttgtggggt ggcctggggt agggggaggg gt |
| #tgggcaaa 18540 |
| ctctccctta aaacgctttg taaccatctg aggcaccagc aagagcggcc cc |
| #cgagcctg 18600 |
| gacaaaatcc aaacggcttc ctacttcaag cactgatgtc tagtgagtga ag |
| #gaacagct 18660 |
| ctgggtccag gatattatag gtcacattaa actaaagggg cttggccatc ag |
| #ctggcttc 18720 |
| cagagcgtca gccagttact tcacctcttt ggctttggcc tgttttcagc ta |
| #caagagga 18780 |
| cttaatccag aggacctcag aggtccttcc cagctcagac cttctttgac tg |
| #tctcccag 18840 |
| agacactgct gtaggagtgc acaccagttt acttttcttt cttttgtttt tg |
| #agatggag 18900 |
| tttcgctctt tttgcctagg ctggagtgct gtggtgtgat ctcagctcac tg |
| #caacctct 18960 |
| ggctcccagg ttcaagtgat tctcctgtct ctgcctcccg agtagctggg at |
| #tacagaca 19020 |
| cccaccactg cacccggcta gtttttgtat tttcagtaga gatggggttt cg |
| #ccatgctg 19080 |
| gccaggctgt tctcgaaaac tcctgacctc agatgatcca tccgccttgg cc |
| #tcccaaag 19140 |
| tgctgagatt acagatgtga ggcaccacac ccggccattt ttgtattttt ag |
| #tagagacg 19200 |
| gggttttgcc atgttggcca cgctggtctc aaactcctga cctcaagtga tc |
| #tgcccacc 19260 |
| ttggcctcct gaagggctgg gactacaggc gtgagtcacc gtgcccggcc at |
| #ttttgtat 19320 |
| ttttaggaca gcgttttttc atgttggcca ggctggtctc aaactcctga cc |
| #tcaagtga 19380 |
| tccacccacc ccggcctccc aatatgctgg gattccaggt gtgagttacc at |
| #gcccggct 19440 |
| accactttac ttttcctgca ggctatcaca gaacgtgtac aatctagact ct |
| #aatcaacc 19500 |
| aaatcaacgt cttgccatcg gagtttgctg gtgaagggca cttggggtcc tg |
| #gaaataac 19560 |
| tgtaggctcc aagccacaca cactgagata ggcctattcc ctgaggcctc ag |
| #agcccctg 19620 |
| acagctaagc tcccttgagt cgggcaattt tcaacaacgt gctctgggga ca |
| #cagcatgg 19680 |
| cgccactgtc tttctggtct cctggggctc agactatgtc atacacttct tt |
| #ccagggca 19740 |
| gtgggtaaca aagtttgact ccagaaagac ttccctcgag gatttctact tg |
| #gatgaaga 19800 |
| gaggaccgtg agggtcccca tgatgtcgga ccctaaggct gttttacgct at |
| #ggcttgga 19860 |
| ttcagatctc agctgcaagg tctgtgggga taggggcagg gtggggggtg ga |
| #tggaggga 19920 |
| gaggatagag aagcaaaaca gggtagtggg aataaaatga cctttgagat cc |
| #gacagctg 19980 |
| tctacatgtc gcctgctgtg tgactttgag caggttaata acatgtctga gc |
| #tttcctcc 20040 |
| tcttaagatg gggcagggga tcgttaccaa cacttaccct cccagggttt gt |
| #tgtaagga 20100 |
| cgaataaggt aataggaaat gggccctcag cactgggcac ccacatgttt gt |
| #tctcttga 20160 |
| gactcctatt tctagaattt aaagccaaac tttgaaaaat aatgacaaac tc |
| #caaatcgt 20220 |
| tggcatcttt tttttttttt gagacagtct cgctctgtcg gccaggctgg ag |
| #tccagtgg 20280 |
| cacgatctcg gctcaccaca acctccgccc ccgctgggtt aaagcgattc tc |
| #ttgcctca 20340 |
| gcctcctgag tagctgggat tacaggcgtg tgcctccatg cctggctaat tt |
| #tatacaga 20400 |
| cggggtttct ccatgttggt caggctggtc tcaaactccc aaactcaggt ga |
| #tccgcctg 20460 |
| cctcggtctc ccaaaacaca ggggattcca ggcatgagcc accacgcttg gc |
| #caatcgtt 20520 |
| ggcattctaa ggctttcagt gtacctgact tcttttagtt ctaagtctgt aa |
| #ctgttaac 20580 |
| ctttcttggg ccacggctat cacacggatc tctctgggaa tctgacgaca gt |
| #gcctcaaa 20640 |
| cccgagggag caccgccagg tgtgcacaca cgtttctgtc aacgatttcg ga |
| #ggactctt 20700 |
| gggatccctg aacaccatct gttccatggg accttaggtt aagagcctct gt |
| #tcaaagga 20760 |
| ggcttttgct cttggtgggt ggatggggtg aagtctccaa gccctcttrc gg |
| #scccttcg 20820 |
| gtattcctat nccccggttc tgccctgtct tagtccagtg ctctctattt aa |
| #caaatgag 20880 |
| cagtaaatgt acaccgatgg actttgggag acaataaaga cctgatattc aa |
| #ttctagct 20940 |
| ccttaaacca caggagaaca ttctttcagc agacaacttc agttggtatt ag |
| #gccaaggt 21000 |
| aagaaaggcc aacagcatcc ttttctgaag aaacctcagg agatggctct ct |
| #gccagaaa 21060 |
| gctataacct ggaaggggaa ttgtaaaata gatgaggggc tggatgaagg ac |
| #gagaccag 21120 |
| ggccccgtca cgggagaggg aaggcagctc ctggctgtgt ctgtcccccg gc |
| #ttttgggc 21180 |
| tctgaaggac taaccacatg ctttctcact tgtctcagat tgcccagctg cc |
| #cttgaccg 21240 |
| gaagcatgag tatcatcttc ttcctgcccc tgaaagtgac ccagaatttg ac |
| #cttgatag 21300 |
| aggagagcct cacctccgag ttcattcatg acatagaccg agaactgaag ac |
| #cgtgcagg 21360 |
| cggtcctcac tgtccccaag ctgaagctga gttacgaagg cgaagtcacc aa |
| #gtccctgc 21420 |
| aggagatgag tatgtctgaa gaccctttcg ctcttggtgg gtggatgggg tg |
| #gggcaggg 21480 |
| tctttgggcc ttccactgtg ctaagcagaa cgcaagggct ccacaggctt gt |
| #aggggggc 21540 |
| cgtggatgag tccttaatcc tcatcgtgcc agaagggaag gctgaactgc ct |
| #tctctcat 21600 |
| cagactcatt cctcagcctc acgagcagac ctccctgaca ggcgctcaca ac |
| #actgcctc 21660 |
| tcaagacgag tctgtctgac ctgttttctc atcttgacct aacttgctaa at |
| #gctcctgg 21720 |
| gcaagtcact ccaccctcgg tcagctcaga cctcttcagg cctcagagaa ag |
| #tcaacagt 21780 |
| gctgcgccat cccagcttgc ttgcaaaggg atcccttggt tggggtgttg gg |
| #gaaggcag 21840 |
| ggttttaacg gaaatctctc tccatctcta cagagctgca atccttgttt ga |
| #ttcaccag 21900 |
| actttagcaa gatcacaggc aaacccatca agctgactca aggtggaaca cc |
| #gggctggc 21960 |
| tttgagtgga acgaggatgg ggcgggaacc acccccagcc cagggctgca gc |
| #ctgcccac 22020 |
| ctcaccttcc cgctggacta tcaccttaac cagcctttca tcttcgtact ga |
| #gggacaca 22080 |
| gacacagggg cccttctctt cattggcaag attctggacc ccaggggccc ct |
| #aatatccc 22140 |
| agtttaatat tccaataccc tagaagaaaa cccgagggac agcagattcc ac |
| #aggacacg 22200 |
| aaggctgccc ctgtaaggtt tcaatgcata caataaaaga gctttatccc ta |
| #acttctgt 22260 |
| tacttcgttc ctcctcctat tttgagctat gcgaaatatc atatgaagag aa |
| #acagctct 22320 |
| tgaggaattt ggtggtcctc tacttctagc ctggttttat ctaaacactg ca |
| #ggaagtca 22380 |
| ccgttcataa gaactcttag ttacctgtgt tggataaggc acggacagct tc |
| #tctgctct 22440 |
| gggggtattt ctgtactagg atcagtgatc ctcccgggag ggcg |
| # 22484 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of inhibiting angiogenesis within a tissue, said method comprising providing exogenous SLED to endothelial cells associated with said tissue under conditions sufficient for said SLED to inhibit angiogenesis within said tissue, wherein said SLED is provided to said cells by transfecting said cells with a vector, said vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding SLED, whereby said cells express and secrete SLED polypeptide.
2. A method of inhibiting angiogenesis within a tissue, said method comprising providing exogenous SLED to endothelial cells by transfecting into a population of other cells a vector, said vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding SLED, whereby said SLED is expressed in and secreted from said other cells, so as to contact said endothelial cells.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said isolated nucleic acid is SEQ ID NO:2.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said isolated nucleic acid is a biologically active fragment of SLED.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein transfection of said isolated nucleic acid into said population of other cells results in expression of SLED from non-integrated or stably integrated DNA in said other cells.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein said biologically active fragment of SLED is encoded by a fragment of SEQ ID NO:2.
Patent Citations (3)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US4996159(A) | 1991-02-01 | Glaser | Applicant |
| WO93/24529 | 1993-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO95/33480 | 1995-12-01 | Applicant |
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