Flexion extension exerciser

[0002] This application claims the benefit of Provisional application Ser. No. 60/187,914, filed Mar. 8, 2000.

[0003] This invention relates to exercise devices which provide total body resistance to action of both extension and flexion muscle groups.

[0004] The importance of exercise in maintenance of human health is well established in the prior art. The primary benefits include cardiovascular conditioning, strength development, and flexibility development. For cardiovascular conditioning the most efficient exercises are so-called total body type in which oxygen is metabolized throughout the body, so total oxygen uptake is not limited by fatigue in any individual muscle group. For strength development efficiency requires convenient means to vary loads in both directions. Development of flexibility requires that an exercise be performed a wide range of motion. Also established in the prior art is the value of a so called kinesthetic momentum effect in providing an enjoyable continuous exercise.

[0005] In the prior art many total body exercisers providing a kinesthetic momentum effect only offer significant resistance in one direction, for example rowing machines utilizing a one-way clutch to drive a flywheel. They provide extension resistance in the legs but minimal flexion resistance, and vice-versa in the arms. Several devises which do provide extension and flexion resistance employ pivoting frame members, including Bolf (U.S. Pat. No. 5,9913,752) and Scott (U.S. Pat. No. 5,178,599). These however do not provide a kinesthetic momentum effect or a wide range of motion. Others, such as Olschansky et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,145,479 and 5,284,462) utilized foot and/or hand driven rotary crank means, which also do not provide a wide range of motion. Other extension/flexion devices, such as Krukowski (U.S. Pat. No. 4,628,910) do not provide total body exercise. Mastropaolo (U.S. Pat. No. 3,572,700) describes a devise providing total body extension/flexion exercise over a wide range of motion which utilizes a sliding carriage for supporting the body and a one-way clutch means for switching direction of load which is not integral to the load means.

[0006] The object of the present invention is to provide a device for total body exercise which may be performed over a wide range of motion with provision for independent control of load over a wide range in both extension and flexion directions. A further object is to provide a device with a fixed seat so that work done by the upper body is independent of work done by the lower body. Another object is to provide a load control means which provides both a means to reduce shock loads at the beginning of each phase of operation and a simulated kinesthetic momentum effect not requiring a mechanical energy storage means such as a flywheel. Another object is to provide a load control means which provides an integral capability of measuring work output so that it may be economically recorded and summarized. A final object of the invention is to provide a device providing the above benefits which may be economically manufactured.

[0007] FIG. 1 shows a top perspective view of the exerciser.

[0008] FIG. 2ais a side view of the exerciser in a beginning body position with components removed to show detail of power transmission.

[0009] FIG. 2bis another side view of the exerciser in an ending body position with components removed to show detail of power transmission.

[0010] FIG. 3ashows a perspective view of the footrest subassembly with manual resistance adjustment.

[0011] FIG. 3bshows another perspective view of the footrest subassembly with manual resistance adjustment.

[0012] FIG. 3cis a detail view of the manual resistance adjustment subassembly.

[0013] FIG. 3dis a side view of the footrest subassembly with components removed to show arrangement of manual resistance subassemblies.

[0014] FIG. 4ais a detail view of the automatic resistance adjustment subassembly.

[0015] FIG. 4bis another detail view of the automatic resistance adjustment subassembly.

[0016] FIG. 4cis a side view of the footrest subassembly with components removed to show arrangement of the automatic resistance adjustment subassembly.

[0017] FIG. 5ashows the handle subassembly isolated from the exerciser with handles in the operating position.

[0018] FIG. 5bis a detail view of the exerciser with handles in their storage position.

[0019] FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of the exerciser in a vertical standing position with the handles and the display in their respective storage positions.

[0020] FIG. 7ashows a functional layout of electrical components in the automatic resistance adjustment subassembly.

[0021] FIG. 7bis a flowchart of logic used in the automatic resistance adjustment subassembly to control resistance within each phase of operation.

[0022] FIG. 7cis logic sequence describing operation of the automatic resistance adjustment subassembly during an entire workout.

[0023] First referring to FIG. 1, a footrest subassembly 100 is slidably mounted on a first frame member 50aand a handle subassembly 300 is slidably mounted on a second frame member 50b. Frame members 50aand 50bare supported at a first end by a pair of supports 52aand 52b. Frame members 50aand 50bare supported at their opposite end by a support 62. As seat 58 is mounted on a first end of supports 52aand 52b. The opposite end of supports 52aand 52bconnect to a base member 54. At a first end of base member 54 are attached a first set of floor bumpers 62anot shown and a first dolley wheel 56a. At the opposite end of base member 54 are attached a second set of floor bumpers 62band a second dolley wheel 56b. Integral to seat 58 are alternate floor bumpers 60aand 60b. A tensile element 64 links footrest subassembly 100 to handle subassembly 300 in a manner further described below with reference to FIG. 2aand FIG. 2b.

[0024] Now referring to FIG. 2aand FIG. 2b, in which support 52bis removed for clarity, tensile element 64 attaches to a pin 68 mounted between supports 52aand 52b. Tensile element 64 then runs substantially parallel to frame member 50ato where it turns about a pulley 72arotatably mounted to footrest subassembly 100. Pulley 72ais concentric to but here concealed by wheel 106bdesignated below. From pulley 72atensile element 64 then runs back again substantially parallel to frame member 50ato where it turns about a pulley 66awhich is rotatably mounted between supports 52aand 52b. From pulley 66atensile element 64 then runs substantially parallel to frame member 50bto where a clamp 70 connects it to handle subassembly 300. From clamp 70 tensile element 64 then continues substantially parallel to frame member 50bto where it turns about a pulley 66brotatably mounted within support 62. Tensile element 64 then returns substantially parallel to frame member 50ato a pulley 72brotatably mounted to footrest subassembly 100. Pulley 72bis concentric to but here concealed by wheel 106ddesignated below. From pulley 72btensile element 64 then runs back again substantially parallel to frame member 50ato where it terminates at a tension bracket 74 which is adjustably linked to support 62.

[0025] The positions of footrest subassembly 100 and handle subassembly 300 indicated in FIG. 2areflect the respective positions of a user's feet and hands at the beginning of the exerciser's “drive” phase. The positions of those subassemblies indicated in FIG. 2breflect the end of the drive phase which begins the exerciser's “recovery” phase, which returns them to their FIG. 2apositions. During both phases of motion handle subassembly 300 slides along frame member 50bin the opposite direction from and for substantially twice the distance that footrest subassembly 100 slides along frame member 50a.

[0026] Now referring to FIG. 3aand FIG. 3b, which show the preferred manual resistance adjustment embodiment of the exerciser, footrest subassembly 100 includes a footrest support housing 102 within which are suspended a pair of manual resistance adjustment subassemblies 170 and 172 pictured in FIG. 3c.

[0027] Further referring to FIG. 3aand FIG. 3b, a set of upper wheels 104aand 104brotate on an axle 105awhich is positioned within a first end of housing 102 so wheels 104aand 104bmay roll on the top surface of frame member 50a. Similarly a second set of upper wheels 104cand 104drotate on an axle 105bwhich is positioned within a second opposite end of housing 102 so wheels 104cand 104dmay also roll on the top surface of frame member 50a. Likewise a group of lower wheels 106a, 106b, 106c, and 106dis rotatably mounted within housing 102 where they may roll on the bottom surface of frame member 50a. Pulley 72adesignated above is rotatably mounted concentric to and between lower wheels 106aand 106b. Pulley 72bdesignated above is rotatably mounted concentric to and between lower wheels 106cand 106d. Also mounted within housing 102 are a set of anti-friction pads 108a, 108b, 108c, and 108d, located where they may contact the side surfaces of frame member 50a. A set of access holes 110a,110b,and 112 pierce both opposing sides of housing 102. A support rod 124 projects from both sides of housing 102 and supports a left footboard 120aand a right footboard 120b. Footboard 120ais further fastened to housing 102 by a screw 126aand footboard 120bis further fastened to housing 102 by a screw 126bnot shown. Pivotably mounted to rod 124 is a left Bootstrap 122aand a right Bootstrap 122b. A display device 130 is mounted to resistibly pivot about axle 105b. In this embodiment display 130 shows elapsed time, drive/recovery cycles per minute and total cycle count. A switch not shown connects to display 130 and detects the change in rotation direction of wheels 104cand 104dto signal drive/recovery cycle frequency.

[0028] Manual resistance adjustment subassemblies 170 and 172 are identical in the preferred embodiment of the exerciser. Depicted in FIG. 3c, they include a friction pad 180 mounted on a brake bracket 182 which is in turn is pivotably suspended by a pin 184 which connects lower portions of a link plate 186aand an identical link plate 186b. Upper portions of link plates 186aand 186bare connected by a pin 188. Upper portions of link plates 186aand 186balso contain holes 190aand 190brespectively. Pivotably mounted on pin 188 is an inverted U-shaped bracket 192 from which projects a thumb screw 194. Interior to bracket 192 thumb screw 192 passes through a compression spring 196 and then threads into a nut 198 which is restrained from turning by the sides of bracket 192.

[0029] FIG. 3dshows the arrangement of manual resistance adjustment subassemblies 170 and 172 in footrest subassembly 100 in the manual resistance adjustment embodiment of the exerciser. Footboards 120aand 120band footstraps 122aand 122bare here removed for clarity. Subassembly 170 is positioned so that axle 105aof footrest subassembly 100 passes through holes 190aand 190bof subassembly 170, with pin 188 of subassembly 170 oriented towards the center of housing 102. Taken together, pin 184, link plate 186a, link plate 186b, and axle 105aform a pivot frame coupling bracket 182 to housing 102.

[0030] An acute angle “A” between the contact surface of friction pad 180 when in contact with frame member 50aand a plane containing the axes of axle 105aand pin 184 (the plane of said pivot frame) of subassembly 170 is equal to 50 to 80 degrees. Manual resistance adjustment subassembly 172 is positioned so that axle 105bof footrest subassembly 100 passes through holes 190aand 190bof subassembly 172, with pin 188 of subassembly 172 also oriented towards the center of housing 102, so pin 188 of subassembly 172 is adjacent to pin 188 of subassembly 170. An acute angle “B” between the contact surface of friction pad 180 when in contact with frame member 50aand a plane containing the axes of axle 105band pin 184 of subassembly 172 is equal to 50 to 80 degrees. In the preferred embodiment angles “A” and “B” are both equal to 67 degrees. In both subassemblies 170 and 172, thumb screw 194 bears against the exterior surface of housing 102. Pin 184 of subassembly 170 and pin 184 of subassembly 172 are located to allow their removal through access holes 110aand 110brespectively, in order to service friction pad 180 of both subassemblies 170 and 172.

[0031] One skilled in the art will recognize that the optimum angle for angles A and B is a function of the coefficient of friction of the material selected for brake pad 180. For a given adjustment subassembly, if such angle is too large that subassembly will effectively lock itself to frame member 50a. As such angle decreases a more powerful spring 196 is required to generate a given level of working resistance. A more powerful spring would then raise the minimum friction level which can be generated by that subassembly.

[0032] FIG. 4aand FIG. 4bdepict complimentary views an automatic resistance adjustment subassembly 200, which contains the same friction pad 180 mounted on brake bracket 182 pivotably suspended by pin 184 as in subassemblies 170 and 172. Here pin 184 connects to a link bracket 206 which in turn connects to an axle 208. A pair of wheels 210aand 210brotate on axle 208. Also mounted on axle 208 is a strain gauge 212 incorporating a rear hole 213. An electrical generator 214 sidably attached to link bracket 206 has a pair of drive wheels 216anot shown and 216b. A compression spring 218 exerts a force from link bracket 206 against generator 214 so that drive wheels 216aand 216bbear against wheels 210aand 210brespectively. A force exerting device 220 is mounted at the end of link bracket 206 opposite pin 184. In the preferred embodiment force exerting device 220 is a push type solenoid. The distance between force exerting device 220 and axle 208 is greater than the distance between axle 208 and pin 184 to leverage the effect of force exerting device 220. Also mounted on link bracket 206 is circuit board 222 containing a heart rate receiver 224 which receives a signal from a heart rate transmitter 225 not shown worn by the user, and a controller 232. Circuitry connecting the above components is not shown but will be described with reference to FIG. 7a.

[0033] FIG. 4cshows footrest subassembly 100 equipped with the above automatic resistance adjustment subassembly 200, representing the automatic resistance adjustment embodiment of the exerciser. In footrest subassembly 100 footboards 120aand 120band footstraps 122aand 122bare here removed for clarity. In this embodiment automatic resistance adjustment subassembly 200 replaces both manual adjustment subassemblies 170 and 172 of the manual adjustment embodiment. Here subassembly 200 links to housing 102 where axle 105apasses through hole 213 of strain gauge 212. Also incorporated in footrest subassembly in this embodiment are a pair of bumpers 250aand 250bwhich occupy the holes in housing 102 through which thumb screw 194 of subassemblies 170 and 172 passed in the manual adjustment embodiment. A battery 252 connects to circuit board 222 and generator 214 by connectors and wires not shown. Projecting from display 130 is an antenna 254 for communication with a remote computer 256 not shown. Pin 184 of subassembly 200 is located to allow its removal through access hole 110ain order to service friction pad 180. Access hole 112 allows cleaning of the rolling surfaces of wheels 210aand 210band drive wheels 216aand 216b. An acute angle “C” between the contact surface of friction pad 180 of subassembly 200 when in contact with frame member 50aand a plane containing the axes of axle 208 and pin 184 of subassembly 200 is equal to 50 to 80 degrees. In the preferred embodiment angle “C” is equal to 64 degrees.

[0034] Now referring FIG. 5aand 5b,handle subassembly 300 consists of a left grip 302aand a right grip 302bmounted on the first ends of a left tube 304aand a right tube 304b. The second opposite end of tube 304afeatures a 90 degree bend after which it is rotatably mounted in a pivot block 306awith freedom to rotate about an axis D. Likewise the second opposite end of tube 304bmay rotate in a pivot block 306babout an axis D′. Pivot blocks 306aand 306bin turn rotate within a housing 308 about an axis E and an axis E′ respectively. Mounted within housing 308 are a pair of parallel support panels 310aand 310bwhich support a set of wheels 312aand 312bpositioned so they may roll on the top surface of frame member 50b. Another set of wheels 314aand 314bare positioned so they may roll on the bottom surface of frame member 50b. Also mounted on housing 308 opposite wheels 312aand 312bare a group of anti-friction pads 316a, 316b, and 316clocated to contact the top surface of frame member 50b. Mounted below these pads and opposite wheels 314aand 314bare another group of anti-friction pads 318anot shown, 318bnot shown, and 318cnot shown located to contact the bottom surface of frame member 50b.Also supported by support panels 310aand 310bare a group of anti-friction pads 320anot shown, 320b, 320c, and 320dnot shown located to contact the left and right side surfaces of frame member 50b. Clamp 70 is mounted on top of housing 308 located to connect to tensile element 64.

[0035] FIG. 5ashows handle sub-assembly 300 with handles 304aand 304bdeployed in their operating position. FIG. 5bshows handle sub-assembly 300 with handles 304aand 304brotated about axes D, D′, E and E′ into their storage position.

[0036] FIG. 6 shows the exerciser in a vertical storage position supported by dolley wheels 56aand 56band alternate floor bumpers 60a(not shown) and 60b. Here handles 304aand 304bare in their storage position and display 130 is rotated about the axis of pin 105bto a storage position where it does not project through a plane defined by the tops of seat 58 and support 62.

[0037] FIG. 7aillustrates the electrical and data connections employed by automatic resistance adjustment subassembly 200. Generator 214 transmits electrical power when driven by wheels 210aand 210bto controller 232 which in turn transmits a non-reversing charging current to battery 252. Controller 232 measures the power output from generator 214, which is proportional to both the speed of rotation of generator 214 and, by common rolling contact with wheels 210aand 210b, the speed of linear displacement of the entire footrest subassembly 100 with respect to frame member 50a. Strain gauge 212 measures the force resisting the linear displacement of footrest subassembly 100 with respect to frame member 50aand passes this information to controller 232. The means to convert analog signals from generator 214 and strain gauge 212 into digital form are integral to controller 232. Using the above displacement and force inputs controller 232 then calculates the energy expended by the user in moving housing 102 with respect to frame member 50aduring a predefined iteration time interval. Subject to control objectives described below, controller 232 then controls the amount of force which force exerter 220 applies against link bracket 206 when pushing away from bumper 250b. Battery 252 supplies operating power to controller 232 and display 130, and well as the excitation energy used by force exerter 220. By tending to pivot about axle 208 link bracket 206 magnifies the force applied by exerter 220 and brings it to bear as a normal force acting through brake bracket 182 and brake pad 180 against frame member 50a. Subject to the coefficient of friction of brake pad 180, this normal force controls the predominant component of the above resisting force measured by strain gauge 212. The remaining lesser components of the resisting force measured by strain gauge 212 represent the force required to drive generator 214 and other friction forces generated by the exerciser's other moving parts. Controller 232 accumulates and stores in memory data representing user energy expenditure during successive time intervals.

[0038] Further referring to FIG. 7a, heart rate transmitter 225 transmits data to heart rate receiver 224. In the preferred embodiment transmitter 225 is carried in a chest strap worn by the user in the known way, and signal transmission is by magnetic resonance. Receiver 224 then relays heart rate data to controller 232 where it is accumulated and stored in memory.

[0039] Periodically controller 232 passes data representing user energy expenditure, operating cadence, and user heart rate to display 130, where it is displayed graphically and/or numerically in appropriate units during the workout. At the end of each workout session this data is then relayed to remote computer 256 by antenna 254 where it is recorded in a database format in digital storage media. Using this user workout data computer 256 then prepares reports documenting user fitness levels. Antenna 254 also can receive communications from remote computer 256, for example of new workout programs, which antenna 254 then passes to controller 232. Also integral to display 130 are buttons which communicate with controller 232 with which the user can manually initiate, define, modify, and terminate workout programs.

[0040] The long term control objectives of controller 232 consist of managing entire workout programs, including: (1) Drive and recovery resistance balanced according to relative muscle group strength with work load adjustment to maintain target user heart rate, (2) Switch between (a) high drive/low recovery resistance and (b) low drive/high recovery resistance when controller 232 senses power drop due to user fatigue, (3) Balanced low resistance steady state aerobic work, (4) Balanced high resistance strength training work, (5) Balanced with alternating high/low resistance intervals, (6) Repeating pattern of balanced low resistance, followed by high resistance on drive only, followed again by balanced low resistance, followed by high resistance on recovery only. The means by which controller 232 executes these workout programs are described below.

[0041] The short term control objectives of controller 232 relate to managing resistance within a single operating phase (drive or recovery). These include: (1) Reduction of dynamic shock loading at the beginning portion of each operating phase, and (2) Creation of a desirable kinesthetic momentum or flywheel effect during the remaining portion of each phase.

[0042] FIG. 7bis a flow chart illustrating how controller 232 achieves these short term objectives on either a drive or recovery phase. A step 402 assigns zero value to a variable “XB” representing the linear displacement of subassembly 100 during a prior iteration interval. A step 404 assigns zero value to a variable “XC” representing the cumulative linear displacement of subassembly 100 since the beginning of the current drive or recovery phase. In a pause 406 controller 232 pauses for an iteration interval “TI”. A step 408 records a value “XA” representing the linear displacement of subassembly 100 during pause 406. A step 410 provides workout program data either stored in controller 232 memory, previously input directly by the user or previously transmitted from remote computer 256. A data element 412 provided by workout program 410 is an inertial factor “I” representing acceleration of a virtual mass to generate the above momentum effect. Another data element 414 provided by workout program 410 is a drag factor “D” representing a drag force proportional to displacement XA. A third data element 416 provided by workout program 410 is a constant force value “FC” representing a constant component of the force applied by force exerter 220. A calculation step 418 is an equation of motion which then computes an output force “F” based upon I, D, and FC, assuming the common time interval TI. Here the first term “I*(XA−XB)” represents the virtual mass times its acceleration. In the second term “D*XA³” the quantity XA is raised to the third power to better simulate a viscous resistance.

[0043] Further referring to FIG. 7b, controller 232 acts to reduce shock loading in a step 420, a step 422, and a step 424. Step 420 increments XC by the current value of XA. Step 422 retrieves from memory a soft start distance “XS”. Step 424 proportionally reduces the value of F to the extent XC is less than XS. In the preferred embodiment XS is equal to two inches. In a step 426 Controller 232 then applies output force F to exerter 220. A step 428 then retrieves from memory a glide factor “G” which is a scalar quantity representing the rate at which the virtual mass slows down during interval TI due to external drag. A step 430 then calculates a new value for XB equal to G times the current value of XA. In this way, during each such iteration, in calculation step 418 the XA value represents current iteration displacement and the XB value represents prior iteration displacement adjusted by glide factor G. Finally in a step 432 controller 232 returns to step 406 if the current phase or workout is not over.

[0044] FIG. 7cis a logic sequence which applies the short term methods described in FIG. 7bin the larger context of a complete workout. Here controller 232 manages output force F independently on the drive and recovery. A virtual mass generating drive momentum and a separate virtual mass generating recovery momentum have the effect of simultaneously moving in opposite directions. In this logic sequence workout programs are defined by the following variables:

[0045] P=Workout program type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;

[0046] ID=Inertial factor on drive, analogous to I of FIG. 7b;

[0047] IR=Inertial factor on recovery, analogous to I of FIG. 7b;

[0048] D(N)=Drag factor for drive N, scaled to reflect the force magnification resulting from the effect of angle C noted above, analogous to D of FIG. 7b;

[0049] R(N)=Drag factor on recovery N, analogous to D of FIG. 7b;

[0050] TEND=Total workout time;

[0051] WEND=Total workout work.

[0052] D(N) and R(N) are data series wherein a zero value indicates the end of the series. For example, workout type 5 is represented as: D(N)=(low value, high value, low value, low value, zero) and R(N)=(low value, low value, low value, high value, zero). Special forms for workout types 1 and 2 are described below. Other variables used in the FIG. 7clogic sequence are:

[0053] DD=Current drive phase drag factor D(N)

[0054] DR=Current recovery phase drag factor R(N)

[0055] F=Control force applied by exerter 220, as in FIG. 7b

[0056] FC=Base constant force, as in FIG. 7b;

[0057] G=Glide factor, as in FIG. 7b;

[0058] HR=Current user heart rate;

[0059] FM=Force measured by strain gauge 212, where (+) designates compression (drive) and (−) designates tension (recovery);

[0060] N=Drive/recovery cycle count;

[0061] TI=Iteration time interval, as in FIG. 7b;

[0062] TC=Time elapsed from beginning of workout;

[0063] X1=Drive displacement during current iteration time interval, analogous to XA of FIG. 7b;

[0064] X2=Drive displacement during prior iteration interval, analogous to XB of FIG. 7b;

[0065] X3=Cumulative drive displacement from beginning of drive phase, analogous to XC of FIG. 7b;

[0066] X4=Recovery displacement during current iteration time interval, analogous to XA of FIG. 7b;

[0067] X5=Recovery displacement during prior iteration interval, analogous to XB of FIG. 7b;

[0068] X6=Cumulative recovery displacement from beginning of recovery phase, analogous to XC of FIG. 7b;

[0069] XS=Soft start distance, as in FIG. 7b;

[0070] WC=Work done in current drive/recovery cycle,

[0071] WMAX=Work done in maximum work drive/recovery cycle;

[0072] WT=Total work done since beginning of workout.

[0073] Now referring to FIG. 7c, a series of lines 500, 510, 520, 530, and 540 assign a zero initial value to TC, WC, WMAX, X2, and X5. Setting X2=0 here is analogous to step 402 of FIG. 7b. A line 550 sets N=1. A line 580 is the beginning of a drive/recovery cycle iteration loop setting WC=0. A line 585 resets N=1 if the series D(N) yields a zero value indicating end of series. A line 600 is the beginning of a drive phase iteration loop setting X3=0, analogous to step 404 of FIG. 7b. At a line 605 controller 232 pauses for time interval TI, analogous to step 406 of FIG. 7b. A line 610 reads the current value of FM. A line 615 then skips ahead to a line 700 if the user is in a recovery phase rather than a drive phase. A line 620 records X1, representing the linear displacement of subassembly 100 during the pause at line 605, analogous to step 408 of FIG. 7b. A line 625 then increments WC by the quantity FM*X1, representing the amount of work done during displacement X1. A line 630 retrieves a DD value from a subroutine at a line 900, analogous to step 414 of FIG. 7b. An equation 635 is the drive phase equation of motion analogous to step 418 of FIG. 7b. A line 640 then increments X3 by X1, analogous to step 420 of FIG. 7b. A line 645 then implements the soft start feature of steps 422 and 424 of FIG. 7b, so that if X3 is less than XS then F is reduced by a factor X3/XS, but not to less than FC. Line 650 applies the resulting value of F to exerter 220, analogous to step 426 of FIG. 7b. While X2 was initially set equal to zero at line 530, a line 655 then sets X2=G*X1, a value which will apply in subsequent iterations through equation 635, analogous to steps 428 and 430 of FIG. 7b. Line 660 then sets X5=G*X5, having the effect of decelerating the recovery virtual mass during the drive phase. A line 665 skips to a line 850 if workout time has expired and a line 670 skips to a line 850 if workout work has expired. At a line 675 controller 232 then skips to a line 700 if the absolute value of FM is less than a minimum quantity, indicating the user is at a phase transition. A line 680 then returns to line 600 completing the drive phase iteration loop.

[0074] A recovery phase iteration loop at a series of lines 700-780 corresponds numerically to the above drive phase iteration loop at lines 600-680, except there is no line corresponding to line 615. In the line 700-780 loop variables DD, X4, X5, and X6 replace DR, X1, X2, and X3, and vice-versa, respectively. Line 760 sets X2=X2*G, having a reciprocal effect of decelerating the drive virtual mass during the recovery phase. The phase transition test at line 775 skips to a line 800.

[0075] For the case of workout program type 2, line 800 sets WMAX equal to the highest value of WC generated since initialization or reset of WMAX=0. A line 805 then increments WT by WC. A line 810 then displays WC and HR for the just ended drive/recovery cycle. A line 815 records in memory the current TC, WC and HR value for later reporting. For workout types other than 1 and 2 a line 820 then increments N by 1. A line 825 marks the end of the drive/recovery cycle and returns to line 580 to begin the next cycle. At the end of the workout line 850 then displays all workout results on display 130. Finally, a line 855 transmits those results to remote computer 256.

[0076] For workout programs other than type 1 and type 2 the subroutine beginning at line 900 goes to a line 950 and returns DD=D(N) and DR=R(N).

[0077] In the special case of workout type 1, workout drag factors are in the form D(N)=(base drag factor on drive, drag adjustment coefficient for drive, heart rate minimum) and R(N)=(base drag factor on recovery, drag adjustment coefficient for recovery, heart rate maximum). Here, if HR is greater than or equal to the heart rate minimum D(3) and less than or equal to the heart rate maximum R(3), then a line 905 returns DD=D(1) and DR=R(1). For heart rates below the minimum D(3) value, a line 910 returns DD adjusted by factor D(2) and the quantity D(3)/HR and DR adjusted by factor R(2) and the quantity D(3)/HR. Similarly, for heart rates above the maximum R(3) value, a line 915 returns DD adjusted by factor D(2) and the quantity R(3)/HR and DR adjusted by factor R(2) and the quantity R(3)/HR.

[0078] Workout type 2 reverses drive and recovery intensity levels when user work output falls below defined threshold levels. In this case workout drag factors are in the form D(N)=(high value, low value, fatigue threshold percent) and R(N)=(low value, high value, zero). For this workout type, if WMAX=0, a line 930 goes to line 950, indicating it is in an initial drive phase following WMAX initialization or reset. Then a line 935 also goes to line 950 if controller 232 is in the drive phase (FM>0), so that intensity reversal only occurs following a complete drive/recovery cycle. Finally, in a line 940, if WC is less than WMAX times threshold D(3) the value of N switches from 1 to 2 and vice-versa to reverse drive and recovery intensity levels. Line 950 then returns DD=D(N) and DR=R(N).

[0079] In its operating position the exerciser is supported by bumpers 62aand 62band support 62. The user sits on seat 58 and places his/her feet on footboards 120aand 120bwithin footstraps 122aand 122b. The user's hands grasp grips 302aand 302b. During the drive phase of operation the user extends his/her legs so footrest subassembly 100 moves away from seat 58 and pulls with his/her hands so handle subassembly 300 moves towards seat 58. As noted above, handle subassembly 300 moves in the opposite direction and substantially twice the distance as footrest subassembly 100. The drive phase employs the user's extension muscle groups in the legs and lower torso and flexion muscle groups in the upper torso and arms. The recovery phase is the reverse, so it employs the user's flexion muscle groups in the legs and lower torso (abdominals) and extension muscle groups in the upper torso and arms.

[0080] In the manual resistance adjustment embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3d, thumb screw 194 of adjustment subassembly 172 substantially controls resistance during the drive phase. Here, with reference to components of adjustment subassembly 172, thumb screw 194 adjusts the force compression spring 196 applies to generate a small initial torque on link plates 186aand 186bwhich tends to rotate them about axle 105bso brake pad 180 is brought to bear against the underside of frame member 50a. The orientation and magnitude of angle B greatly compound this initial torque in response to the user moving footrest subassembly 100 in the drive direction. This positive feedback effect occurs because the friction force transmitted through brake pad 180 during the drive phase acts in concert with that of compression spring 196, thus further increasing the normal force on brake pad 180, which in turn further increases the friction force itself. However during the recovery phase the friction force reverses direction and tends to rotate link plates 186aand 186bthe other way so brake pad 180 is pulled away from frame member 50, in opposition to spring 196 force. Therefor during the recovery phase friction force generated by adjustment subassembly 172 does not exceed that which results from spring 196 force alone.

[0081] In similar fashion thumb screw 194 of adjustment subassembly 170 substantially controls resistance during the recovery phase. Here link plates 186aand 186btend to rotate about axle 105arather than 105b, and the orientation and magnitude of angle A govern the positive feedback effect.

[0082] Because the muscle groups used during the drive phase are typically stronger than those used during the recovery phase, a user typically sets adjustment subassembly 172 for higher resistance than subassembly 170. At low levels this will provide a balanced total body workout for maximum cardiovascular benefit. However a user may wish to vary these settings in accordance with other training goals. For example, setting subassembly 170 for high resistance provides a strength training exercise isolating the abdominal muscles.

[0083] Referring again to FIG. 4c, in the automatic resistance adjustment embodiment of the exerciser subassembly 200 controls resistance during both the drive and recovery phases. Here the acute angle C faces in the same direction as angle B of manual resistance adjustment subassembly 172 in order to most efficiently provide more resistance during the drive phase than the recovery phase, in accordance with the relative strength of different muscle groups. An alternative embodiment of the exerciser may contain two subassemblies 200 facing in opposite directions as do subassemblies 170 and 172 in the manual adjustment embodiment. Controller 232 independently adjusts resistance during the drive and recovery phases. Here the action of force exerter 220 is analogous to spring 196 of the manual adjustment subassemblies. Controller 232 also functions to reduce startup shock loading at the beginning of each phase, provide a desirable kinesthetic momentum effect, and provide a drag force which simulates viscous resistance.

[0084] While the above description of the exerciser illustrates its preferred embodiments numerous alternative methods and structures falling within the scope of the invention can be developed by those skilled in the art. Such alternative methods and structures include:

[0085] A. The ratio of footrest subassembly 100 movement to handle subassembly movement may be other than 2:1.

[0086] B. Exerter 220 may be a piezo-electric element rather than a solenoid.

[0087] C. Some or all functions ascribed to controller 232 may reside in display 130.

[0088] D. The spring rate of spring 196 in manual resistance adjustment subassembly 170 may differ from that in subassembly 172.

[0089] E. In a lower cost embodiment, strain gauge 212 in automatic resistance adjustment subassembly 200 may be eliminated. In this case for calculation of work done FM would be defined as a empirical function F and workout program type 2 would be eliminated. Generator 214's signal would be used to determine phase and phase changes.

[0090] F. In a further automatic resistance adjustment embodiment, footrest subassembly 100 may comprise two automatic resistance adjustment subassemblies oriented to maximize resisting force in opposite directions as do manual resistance adjustment subassemblies 170 and 172 in the manual resistance embodiment.

[0091] G. Glide factor G may be variably defined by alternative workout programs rather than constant.

[0092] H. The equation of motion at lines 635 and 735 of FIG. 7cmay be replaced by other functional means, for example a lookup table defining F as a function of X1 and X2 on the drive or X3 and X4 on the recovery.

[0093] I. The drag term D*(XA)³at step 418 of FIG. 7b. may raise XA (or X1 at line 635 and X4 at line 735 of FIG. 7c) to a power other than three.

[0094] J. Resistance means mounted on handle subassembly 300.

[0095] K. Frame member 50bnot parallel to frame member 50a.

[0096] L. Frame member 50babove frame member 50a.

[0097] M. Where pulley 66amay be driven by tensile element 64, one skilled in the art may construct analogous resistance subassemblies opposing rotary motion of pulley 66a.

[0098] The scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents rather than by the above examples.