US 6,535,324 B1Grant
Bi-directional wavelength-selective optical data apparatus
Issue Date:2003-03-18
•49 Claims
•8 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An optical data apparatus has a first polarization splitter configured to receive an input and split the input into first and second orthogonal polarizations. A second polarization splitter is included and configured to combine the first and second orthogonal polarizations. A non-reciprocal phase rotator is positioned between the first and second polarization splitters. At least one birefringent crystal is positioned between the first and second polarization splitters to create wavelength dependent bi-directionality.
Metadata
Assignee
- Novera Optics, Inc.
Inventors
- In-Kag Hwang
- Myung-Soo Lee
- Byoung Yoon Kim
- Wayne V. Sorin
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/677,378
Filing Date:2000-09-26
Priority Date:2000-05-23
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
G02F 109H04B 1012
Field of Search:
359283359341359282359484359495359497359900
Patent Drawings (8 sheets)
Description
[0002] This application claims benefit of the filing date of provisional patent application U.S. Serial No. 60/207,045 filed May 23, 2000.
Field of the Invention
[0003] This invention relates generally to optical isolators, circulators and interleavers, and more particularly to wavelength dependent optical isolators, wavelength dependent circulators and non-reciprocal wavelength interleavers with wavelength dependent bi-directionality.
Description of the Related Art
[0004] Optical communications systems, as well as other optical technologies, require devices that manipulate optical signals that are in the form of light rays. One of the best known apparatus for such manipulation is the silica based optical fiber which is widely used for both short and long distance optical transmission. Additionally, other well known apparatus include couplers and multiplexers that have been developed to couple one or more optical signals into one or more optical fibers or waveguides. Some applications for transmission of optical signals also desirably use non-reciprocal apparatus or devices, where the propagation characteristics of light within the apparatus depends upon the direction of light propagation within the apparatus.
[0005] One type of such a non-reciprocal device is an optical circulator. An optical circulator has 3 or more. ports which permit light to pass from a first to a second port, for example, but not from the second port to the first port; instead light entering the second port passes to a third port. Another type of non-reciprocal device is an isolator. An isolator may be thought of as a two-port circulator. However, the term isolator is the preferred term.
[0006] Many types of optical devices, including circulators and isolators, have been developed for commercial applications. For many applications, such a device should be polarization independent to the external world; that is, device operation should not depend upon the polarization of the incoming light.
[0007] An optical isolator is a device that allows transmission of light in only one direction, but not in the opposite direction. It is widely used in optical systems to prevent unwanted optical back-reflection, which cause degradation of system performance. Optical isolators are required in particular in fiber-optic data transmission systems. The optical isolators are intended to prevent light reflected or diffracted at interfaces from impinging on optically active components, for example laser diodes or optical fiber amplifiers, and adversely affecting their operation.
[0008] The basic structure of a conventional optical isolator is composed of two polarizers and one Faraday rotator as shown in FIG. 1. The Faraday rotator rotates the polarization direction of linearly polarized input light by 45 degrees, but the rotation direction is dependant on the optical transmission direction. It is clockwise and counterclockwise for the light propagating to right and left, respectively, and this feature is the origin of nonreciporocity of the optical isolator. The two polarizers are aligned to have the difference of 45 degrees between their polarization axes.
[0009] When the light travels from left to right, it is vertically polarized by POL1, rotated by 45 degree in polarization direction by the Faraday rotator, and then goes through POL2 without undergoing optical loss. On the other hand, when the light travels from right to left, the polarization changed by Faraday rotator is orthogonal to POL1, and it is completely blocked by POL1.
[0010] The optical isolator of FIG. 1 does not function properly when the input beam has random polarization, because the light with polarization orthogonal to the first polarizer cannot be transmitted. This produces unacceptable polarization dependent loss for optical transmission systems.
[0011] There is a need for an improved wavelength dependent optical isolators, wavelength dependent circulators and non-reciprocal interleavers. There is a further need for wavelength selective optical isolators, wavelength dependent circulators and non-reciprocal interleavers that have wavelength dependent bi-directionality.
Summary of the Invention
[0012] According, an object of the present invention is to provide an improved wavelength dependent optical isolator.
[0013] Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved wavelength dependent circulator.
[0014] A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved non-reciprocal wavelength interleaver
[0015] Yet another object of the present invention is to provide wavelength dependent optical isolators, wavelength dependent circulators and non-reciprocal wavelength interleavers which allow different wavelengths to go in different directions.
[0016] Still another object of the present invention is to provide wavelength dependent optical isolators, wavelength dependent circulators and non-reciprocal wavelength interleavers that permit different wavelengths to go in opposite directions.
[0017] Another object of the present invention is to provide wavelength dependent optical isolators, wavelength dependent circulators and non-reciprocal wavelength interleavers with wavelength dependent bi-directionality.
[0018] A further object of the present invention is to provide wavelength dependent optical isolators, wavelength dependent circulators and non-reciprocal wavelength interleavers with adjustable wavelength directionality.
[0019] Yet another object of the present invention is to provide wavelength dependent optical isolators, wavelength dependent circulators and non-reciprocal wavelength interleavers with switchable wavelength directionality.
[0020] These and other objects of the present invention are achieved in an optical data apparatus with a first polarization splitter configured to receive an input and split the input into first and second orthogonal polarizations. A second polarization splitter is included and configured to combine the first and second orthogonal polarizations. A non-reciprocal phase rotator is positioned between the first and second polarization splitters. At least one birefringent crystal is positioned between the first and second polarization splitters to create wavelength dependent bi-directionality.
[0021] In another object of the present invention, an optical data apparatus includes a first isolator with a first polarization splitter configured to receive an input and split the input into first and second orthogonal polarizations, and a second polarization splitter configured to combine the first and second orthogonal polarizations. A non-reciprocal phase rotator is positioned between the first and second polarization splitters. At least one birefringent crystal is positioned between the first and second polarization splitters and creates wavelength dependent bi-directionality. An amplifier is coupled to the first isolator.
[0022] In another embodiment of the present invention, an optical data apparatus includes a first polarizing beam splitter with a first port and a second port. The first polarizing beam splitter receives an input and splits the input into first and second orthogonal polarizations. A second polarizing beam splitter has third and fourth ports. A non-reciprocal phase rotator is positioned between the first and second polarizing beam splitters. A first birefringent crystal is positioned between the first and second polarizing beam splitters.
Brief Description of the Figures
[0023] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional optical isolator.
[0024] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a wavelength selective optical circulator of the present invention.
[0025] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a wavelength dependent bi-directional optical data apparatus of the present invention with four ports and two polarizing beam splitters.
[0026] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the FIG. 3 apparatus with multiple birefringent crystals.
[0027] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a wavelength selective isolator of the present invention.
[0028] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an apparatus of the present invention with an amplifier positioned between two FIG. 5 isolators.
[0029] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the FIG. 6 apparatus with the inclusion of two add/drop multiplexers.
[0030] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the present invention with two FIG. 5 isolators, an amplifier, multiplex interleavers and multiple add/drop multiplexers.
[0031] FIG. 9 illustrates the filter spectrum of the FIG. 4 device.
[0032] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a temperature compensating structure that applies temperature-dependent stress proportional to the temperature changes to the birefringent crystal along its birefringence axis.
[0033] FIG. 11 illustrates the optical transmission spectra of an apparatus of the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments
[0034] One embodiment of an optical data apparatus 10′ of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2 and includes first and second polarizing beam splitters 12 and 14. First polarizing beam splitter 12 receives and splits an input into first and second orthogonal polarizations. Second polarizing beam splitter 14 combines the first and second orthogonal polarizations for the purpose of creating a polarization independent transmission.
[0035] A non-reciprocal phase rotator 16 is positioned between the first and second polarizing beam splitters 12 and 14. Non-reciprocal phase rotator 16 creates transmission efficiencies that depend on the direction of the light. At least one birefringent crystal 18 is positioned between first and second polarizing beam splitters 12 and 14. Birefringent crystal 18 makes transmission efficiency dependent on wavelength of the light. Optionally included is a half-wave plate 20. Non-reciprocal phase rotator 16 can be a Faraday rotator, and more particularly, a current controlled Faraday rotator. Current control provides switching of wavelength directionality. When the current is on, different channels and bands go in different directions.
[0036] FIG. 3 is the same as FIG. 2 but with a different configuration for polarizing beam splitters 12 and 14. FIG. 4 illustrates that the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 can include multiple birefringent crystals 18.
[0037] Apparatus 10′ can be, a wavelength dependent isolator, a wavelength dependent circulator or a non-reciprocal wavelength interleaver. When apparatus 10′ is a wavelength dependent isolator only two ports are required and the isolation direction is given differently according to the channel or band. As a non-reciprocal wavelength interleaver, additional birefringent crystals 18 are typically required.
[0038] As illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 apparatus 10′ is a wavelength selective optical circulator with no polarization dependence. In one embodiment, birefringent crystal 18 is at 45 degrees to the incoming polarization. In other embodiments, a single birefringent crystal 18 is at an angle relative to the incoming polarization in the range of 25 to 65 degrees. A plurality individual birefringent crystals 18 can be utilized. With multiple birefringent crystals 18, the first birefringent crystal 18 need not be at 45 degrees. Each birefringent crystal 18 is preferably at a different angle relative to the incoming polarization. Additionally, all or some of the individual birefringent crystals 18 can have different thicknesses and/or have different delay widths between two orthogonal polarizations.
[0039] Birefringent crystal 18 can be made of a variety of materials including but not limited to LiNbO3, TiO2, calcite and the like. Birefringent crystal 18 can have a thickness in the range of 0.5 mm to 30 mm. and can also be in the form of a birefringent fiber. The thickness of birefringent crystal 18 depends on the amount of birefringence, and therefore the type of material used for birefringent crystal 18.
[0040] In FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 first polarizing beam splitter 12 divides an input beam into two beams of mutually orthogonal polarizations. Second polarizing beam splitter 14 combines them again. Between first and second polarizing beam splitters 12 and 14, each beam independently undergoes polarization changes in non-reciprocal phase rotator 16 and half-wave plate 20. Each beam independently undergoes polarization changes in non-reciprocal phase rotator 16, optional half-waveplate 20 and birefringent crystal 18. Half-waveplate 20 is designed to have negligible channel or band dependence and is used to reorient the polarization direction so that light enters birefringent crystal with the polarization angle of ±45 degree with respect to the axis of birefringent crystal 18.
[0041] When the two beams are combined again in second polarizing beam splitter 14, the combined beam goes out through port 3 or port 4 depending on the optical channel or band. The output port is reversed if light of the same channel or band enters apparatus 10′ through port 2. Therefore, for the light of specific channel or bands, the optical transmission is allowed only from ports 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4 and 4 to 1 while it is allowed only in directions from ports 1 to 4, 4 to 3, 3 to 2, and 2 to 1 for the light of the other channel or bands. The same channel or band coming in from different ports has different polarizations as it travels through birefringent crystal(s) 18 which prevents channel or band interference.
[0042] Two different sets of channels or bands can be interleaved with apparatus 10′. For example, port 1 can have one set of WDM channels, and port 2 can have a different set of WDM channels. First polarizing beam splitter 12 splits the input beam into first and second groups. One group has the odd channels or bands. The other group has the even channels or bands. This type of splitting of channels or bands is highly desirable in bi-directional WDM communication systems where the odd and even WDM channels flow in opposite directions at the same time in a single fiber.
[0043] When apparatus 10′ is included in an optical amplifier, optical feedback is suppressed without disturbing bi-directional signal transmission. This type of bi-directional transmission reduces impairments due to optical non-linearities and therefore allows longer transmission distances.
[0044] The present invention provides wavelength dependent bi-directional devices. Odd channels or bands go in one direction and the even in the opposite direction. This arrangement is advantageous because there is larger spacing between each channel or band with an empty space between adjacent ones. The larger spacing provides easier tunability, lower cost and also permits products to be manufactured more readily because the density of channels and bands is half in both directions.
[0045] In one embodiment, the odd channels or bands are the output at port 3 from port 1 and the even ones are the output at port 4 from port 2. The even channels or bands on port 1 become the output on port 4 and the odd channels or bands of port 2 become the output of port 4. The odd channels or bands from port 1 are the output of port 3 and the even channels or bands from port 2 are the output of port 3. Port 3 collects the odd channels or bands from port 1 and the even ones from port 2. Port 4 collects the even channels or bands from port 1 and the odd ones from port 2.
[0046] Apparatus 10′ can be dynamic and switchable by flipping the directionality of the channel and bands. This is achieved by the inclusion of an electromagnetic device such as a current controlled Faraday rotator for non-reciprocal phase rotator 16.
[0047] The birefringence axis of birefringent crystal 18 is aligned so that the two polarization components have the same optical power projected onto the two eigenaxes of birefringent crystal 18. In birefringent crystal 18 the two polarization components experience phase accumulation which is different by:
[0048] where Δn is the birefringent index difference, d is the thickness of birefringent crystal 18, and λ is optical wavelength. Phase retardation determines the resulting optical polarization in front of second polarization splitter 14, and thus the optical transmittance into ports 3 and 4. Since the phase retardation Δφ in Eq. 1 continuously decreases as wavelength λ increases, the transmission spectrum is given as a periodic function of optical wavelength.
[0049] When apparatus 10′ is used for transmitting optical channels in bi-directional WDM systems, the ideal filter spectrum is a rectangular shape with a flat top and bottom rather than the sinusoidal spectrum. To produce a filter profile other than the sinusoidal profile multiple delays with separate phase retardation, as described in Equation 1, can be used. This can be achieved with the use of a cascade of multiple birefringent crystals 16. By using the proper thickness and angles between multiple birefringent crystals 18 multiple delays can be created which are need to make a more flat topped filter response.
[0050] The filter response can be modified by cascading multiple birefringent plates as illustrated in FIG. 4.
[0051] One embodiment of a wavelength selective isolator 10″ of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 5. In this embodiment, apparatus 10″ includes a first walk-off crystal 22 with a first port and a second port, and a second walk-off crystal 24 with a third port and a fourth port. Walk-off crystals 22 and 24 provide either a spatial or angular walk-off for the two input polarizations. FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment with spatial walk-off. In the angular walk-off embodiment, wedged shaped birefringent crystals 16 are utilized as is well known in the art. Walk-off crystals 22 and 24 can be made of a variety of different materials, including but not limited to LiNbO3, TiO2, calcite and the like.
[0052] Non-reciprocal phase rotator 16 and a plurality of birefringent crystals 18 are positioned between first and second walk-off crystals 22 and 24. Optionally included is a half-wave plate 20 positioned between non-reciprocal phase rotator 16 and birefringent crystal 18.
[0053] As illustrated in FIG. 6, an amplifier 26 can be positioned between two FIG. 5 isolators 10″. Referring to FIG. 7, another embodiment of the present invention includes amplifier 26 positioned between two isolators 10″. A first add/drop multiplexer 28 is coupled to one of the isolators 10″ and a second add/drop multiplexer 30 is coupled to the second isolator 10″.
[0054] Referring now to FIG. 8, one embodiment of the present invention includes amplifier 26 coupled to isolators 10″. Each isolator 10″ is coupled to n interleaver 32. Each interleaver 32 is coupled to two add/drop multiplexers 34 and 36 which are in turn coupled to another interleaver 38.
[0055] FIG. 9 shows the filter spectrum of the combined device. The transmission peaks are flattened and the transmission bottoms are widened.
[0056] As illustrated in FIG. 10, a temperature compensating structure 40, or other equivalent structure, can be used with birefringent crystal 18 to apply temperature-dependent stress proportional to the temperature changes to birefringent crystal 18 along its birefringence axis. In this embodiment, the temperature dependent stress is determined by the thermal expansion coefficients and the thickness of the compensating structure 40 materials. Since the stress-induced birefringence is added to the original birefringence of birefringent crystal 18 the temperature dependence of the phase delay can be eliminated. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10, tuning screws are used for tuning the initial stress and thus the channel or band of transmission peak.
[0057] In one specific embodiment, birefringent crystal 18 is a calcite block with thickness of 1.4 cm and a channel or band period Δλ that becomes 1 nm. Additionally, the two delays between polarizations can be created by using a polarizing beam splitter and then physically making the delay different. Preferably, the delay is inverse to the channel spacing.
[0058] In another specific embodiment, apparatus 10 was fabricated in a polarization-insensitive configuration. A calcite block with a thickness of 1.75 cm was used for birefringent crystal 16. FIG. 11 is a graph of measured transmission spectra of the apparatus 10 in this specific embodiment, plotted in dB scale. The channel or band period was 0.8 nm and the insertion loss and the extension ration were 2 dB and 23 dB, respectively.
[0059] The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An optical data apparatus, comprising:
a first polarizing beam splitter with a first port and a second port, the first polarizing beam splitter configured to receive an input and split the input into first and second orthogonal polarizations;
a second polarizing beam splitter with a third port and a fourth port; a non-reciprocal phase rotator positioned between the first and second polarizing beam splitters; and
a first birefringent crystal positioned between the first and second polarizing beam splitters.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a half-wave plate positioned between the non-reciprocal phase rotator and the birefringent crystal.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the non-reciprocal phase rotator is a Faraday rotator.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the non-reciprocal phase rotator is a current controlled Faraday rotator.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the current controlled Faraday rotator provides a switching of wavelength directionality.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a first input received at the first port includes odd and even wavelengths that are split into first and second groups, and a second input received at the second port includes odd and even wavelengths that are split into first and second groups.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein odd wavelengths from the first port are an output at the third port, and the even wavelengths from the second port are an output at the third port.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein even wavelengths from the first port are an output at the fourth port, and odd wavelengths from the second port are an output at the fourth port.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein odd wavelengths from the first port and even wavelengths from the second port are an output of the third port, and even wavelengths from the first port and odd wavelengths from the second port are an output of the fourth port.
10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical data apparatus is a wavelength-dependent circulator.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical data apparatus is a non-reciprocal wavelength interleaver.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical data apparatus is a non-reciprocal, switching wavelength interleaver that provides a switching of wavelength directionality.
13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical data apparatus is a wavelength dependent isolator.
14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein birefringent axes of the first birefringent crystal are positioned to provide equal splitting of an input polarization onto two different path delays by the first birefringent crystal.
15. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a second birefringent crystal positioned adjacent the first birefringent crystal.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second birefringent crystal is positioned at a different angle than the first birefringent crystal.
17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first and second birefringent crystals each have a different thickness.
18. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of individual birefringent crystals positioned adjacent to the first birefringent crystal.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein at least a portion of individual birefringent crystals are positioned at different angles with respect to each other.
20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein at least a portion of individual birefringent crystals are positioned at the same angle with respect to each other.
21. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of individual birefringent crystals have different thicknesses.
22. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of individual birefringent crystals have different delay widths between two orthogonal polarizations.
23. An optical data apparatus, comprising:
a first polarization splitter configured to receive an input and split the input into first and second orthogonal polarizations;
a second polarization splitter configured to combine the first and second orthogonal polarizations;
a non-reciprocal phase rotator positioned between the first and second polarization splitters; at least a first birefringent crystal positioned between the first and second polarization splitters and create wavelength dependent bi-directionality; wherein birefringent axes of the first birefringent crystal are positioned to provide equal splitting of an input polarization onto two different path delays by the first birefringent crystal; and
a second birefringent crystal positioned adjacent the first birefringent crystal.
24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the non-reciprocal phase rotator is a Faraday rotator.
25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the non-reciprocal phase rotator is a current controlled Faraday rotator.
26. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein the current controlled Faraday rotator provides a switching of wavelength directionality.
27. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the optical data apparatus is a wavelength dependent isolator.
28. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the optical apparatus is a non-reciprocal wavelength interleaver.
29. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the optical data apparatus is a non-reciprocal, switching wavelength interleaver that provides a switching of wavelength directionality.
30. The apparatus of claim 23, further comprising:
a half-wave plate positioned between the first polarization splitter and the non-reciprocal phase rotator.
31. An optical data apparatus, comprising:
a first polarization splitter configured to receive an input and split the input into first and second orthogonal polarizations;
a second polarization splitter configured to combine the first and second orthogonal polarizations;
a non-reciprocal phase rotator positioned between the first and second polarization splitters;
at least a first birefringent crystal positioned between the first and second polarization splitters and create wavelength dependent bi-directionality; and
a plurality of individual birefringent crystals positioned adjacent to the first birefringent crystal.
32. The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising:
wherein at least a portion of individual birefringent crystals are positioned at different angles with respect to each other.
33. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein at least a portion of individual birefringent crystals are positioned at the same angle with respect to each other.
34. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of individual birefringent crystals have different thicknesses.
35. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of individual birefringent crystals have different delay widths between two orthogonal polarizations.
36. An optical data apparatus, comprising:
a first isolator, including:
a first polarization splitter configured to receive an input and split the input into first and second orthogonal polarizations,
a second polarization splitter configured to combine the first and second orthogonal polarizations,
a non-reciprocal phase rotator positioned between the first and second polarization splitters,
at least two birefringent crystals positioned between the first and second polarization splitters to create wavelength dependent bi-directionality; and
an amplifier coupled to the first isolator.
37. The apparatus of claim 36, further comprising: a half-wave plate positioned between the first polarization splitter and the non-reciprocal phase rotator.
38. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the non-reciprocal phase rotator is a Faraday rotator.
39. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the non-reciprocal phase rotator is a current controlled Faraday rotator.
40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the current controlled Faraday rotator provides a switching of wavelength directionality.
41. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the optical data apparatus is a wavelength dependent isolator.
42. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the optical apparatus is a non-reciprocal wavelength interleaver.
43. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the optical data apparatus is a non-reciprocal, switching wavelength interleaver that provides a switching of wavelength directionality.
44. The apparatus of claim 36, further comprising:
a first interleaver coupled to the first isolator.
45. The apparatus of claim 44, further comprising:
a second isolator coupled to the amplifier with the amplifier being positioned between the first and second isolators.
46. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising:
a first add/drop multiplexer coupled to the first isolator; and
a second add/drop multiplexer coupled to the second isolator.
47. An optical data apparatus, comprising:
a first isolator,
a first polarization splitter configured to receive an input and split the input into first and second orthogonal polarizations,
a second polarization splitter configured to combine the first and second orthogonal polarizations,
a non-reciprocal phase rotator positioned between the first and second polarization splitters,
at least one birefringent crystal positioned between the first and second polarization splitters to create wavelength dependent bi-directionality;
an amplifier coupled to the first isolator; and
a first add/drop multiplexer coupled to the first isolator.
48. The apparatus of claim 47, further comprising:
a second isolator coupled to the amplifier with the amplifier being positioned between the first and second isolators.
49. The apparatus of claim 48, further comprising:
a second add/drop multiplexer coupled to the second isolator.
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