US 6,505,217 B1Grant

Method and apparatus for file placement

Issue Date:2003-01-07

•33 Claims

•2 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

A file placement process operates to respond to requests for creation of a file, accompanied by file statistics, such as storage space needed by the file, to locate a storage volume having space best fitting the file statistics.

Metadata

Assignee

Compaq Computer Corporation

Inventors

Sitaram Venkatraman
Susheel R. Kaushik
Joseph Pereira
Vivek V. Shende

Application Information

Application Number:US 09/449,114

Filing Date:1999-11-24

Priority Date:1998-11-25

Art Unit:7

Classifications

IPC:

G06F 1200

Field of Search:

707 1707101707200707205711 4711100711111711112712227379230

Patent Drawings (2 sheets)

Description

[0002] This application claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/109,840, filed Nov. 25, 1998.

Copyright Notice

[0003] A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to xerographic reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure in exactly the form it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

Reference to Computer Program Listing Appendix

[0004] A computer program listing appendix in a file entitled “AppendixA.txt” is submitted with this application on two identical compact discs, one being the primary compact disc and the other being a duplicate thereof, the entire material on which being incorporated herein by reference.

Background of the Invention

[0005] One of the many uses of computing systems is the creation and management of very large databases of various types of records. Such databases typically include a processing element coupled to a pool of storage devices (“storage volumes”) in the form of disk, tape or even optical storage. And while there may be various processes (e.g., a disk process for storage volumes that are disk) to handle the actual creation of files, it typically has been the user (e.g., application program) who determines the volume on which a file should be created.

[0006] Unfortunately, for larger systems, there can often be many users creating files on the available volumes. This, in turn, can result in problems trying to determine on which storage volume the file should be created on. Often, a file will be created on a storage volume with insufficient room, and only later will this fact be discovered when the file is attempted to be written. This will produce an error that will require the user to go through the creation process once again.

[0007] Accordingly, an efficient and economical file placement method is needed.

Summary of the Invention

[0008] The present invention is a file placement method that monitors the use of storage volumes (e.g. disk storage) maintained in a pool by a processing system to periodically gather from the storage volumes information concerning space availability. When a file is requested to be created by a user, the request is accompanied by certain file requirements or attributes. Those attributes include a specification of the size of the primary and secondary extents of the file and the maximum number of extents that the file will use. The volume storage information is searched to produce a list of those volumes, having characteristics matching specified file requirements of the file to be created. The storage volume most closely (if not exactly) matching those file attributes will be the one selected the least number of times before file creation. The available space for the selected storage volume is decremented by the size of the primary extent of the file to be created, and a value indicative of the least number of times the volume has been selected is incremented.

[0009] The search initially attempts to find a storage volume that can accommodate the entire file and having a fragment sufficiently large to store the larger of the primary or secondary extent of the file to be created. If that search is unsuccessful, the subset of storage volumes is then searched for storage volumes having a fragment that is sufficiently large to store the larger of the requested primary or secondary extents and a predetermined minimum number of extents. Should this search fail, additional searches are made in an effort to find a storage volume that can at least minimally accommodate the file.

[0010] In a further embodiment, each storage volume is allotted a random value between one and the number of storage volumes available as the “times selected” value. Then, when a storage volume is selected for a file creation, the times selected value is incremented by a number equal to the number of storage volumes.

[0011] These features, as well as additional aspects and advantages of the invention, may be had from a reading of the following detailed description of the invention, which should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0012] FIG. 1 is a representative view of a computing system for implementing the present invention;

[0013] FIG. 2 is a representation of the processes used in implementing the present invention; and

[0014] FIG. 3 is an overall diagram illustrating the steps of the method of the present invention for selecting a volume for complying with a file creation request.

Description of the Specific Embodiments

[0015] Referring now to the figures, and in particular FIG. 1, there is shown a processing complex designated generally with the reference numeral 10. The processing complex includes a processing system 12 coupled to a plurality of storage volumes, here represented as disk storage devices D1, D2, . . . , Dn, by a communication network 14. The processing complex 10 may take the form of a multiple processor system as taught by U.S. Pat. No. 4,328,496, which includes a plurality of processors coupled together by an interprocessor bus arrangement that is separate from the input/output bus structure that connects the plurality of processors to the storage volumes D1, D2, . . . Alternatively, the processing complex 10 could simply comprise a single processor as the processing system 12, or it could take the form of a cluster of multiprocessors along the lines of that taught by U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,932.

[0016] However formed, the processing system 12 is preferably capable of running a number of different processes, including user (application) processes and disk processes. Preferably, there will be a disk process (not shown), for each of the storage volumes D1, D2, . . . , Dn as is conventional; and, as is also conventional, the storage volumes D are addressed, using the name of the associated disk process.

[0017] The processing system 12, according to the present invention, has running a storage management facility (SMF), illustrated generally in FIG. 2 for managing the storage volumes D1, D2, . . . , Dn. The SMF, designated with the reference numeral 18, includes a number of virtual disk processes (VDP), VDP₁, VDP₂, . . . , VDP_m, that are configured to appear to the user as if they were the storage volumes themselves. Thus, when a user requests a storage volume for creating a file, the VDP will act as if it were that storage volume, but will select a storage volume according to the present invention for creating the file.

[0018] As FIG. 2, shows the VDPs communicate with a pool process 20 which, in turn, has communicative access to the storage volumes D1, D2, . . . DN. The pool process 20 is responsible for managing the storage volumes D. As part of this responsibility, the pool process 20 implements a “statistics interval.” A statistics interval is the period of times between polls of the storage volumes D by the pool process 20. Each poll will gather statistic information from the storage volumes D. Status information is provided to the pool process 20 by a storage volume D when a change in status occurs. Status information may include such information as to whether the particular storage volume is in an UP state (or has failed since the last poll), or can support the creation and maintenance of an audited file in association with a file creation. Statistics information may include available space, the number of extents and their size, the number and size of fragments, and the like. Preferably, the statistics interval is specified when defining the pool process 20. It is an optional parameter, but if not specified, will default to a predetermined time (e.g., one minute).

[0019] The VDPs will have the same statistics interval during which the same information concerning the storage volumes D is requested by, and supplied, to the VDPs by the pool process. If the statistics interval is too large, the decisions made for file placement will be using potentially incorrect data as will be seen below. On the other hand, if the statistics interval is not large enough, it could have performance implications since every statistics update for a pool process will typically result in messages between the pool and every physical volume included in it, and also between the pool and every VDP associated with it.

[0020] The two intervals (i.e., that for the pool process 20 and that used by the VDPs) need not necessarily be in synchronism, and it is possible for the pool process to return stale information to the VDPs.

[0021] Whenever new statistics are obtained from the pool process 20, the free space information for the volumes is refreshed. Also, in one embodiment of the invention, each VDP maintains a “times related” value for each storage volume D indicative of the times the particular storage volume has recently been selected by that VDP. When the information for the VDPs is refreshed (from that maintained by the pool process 20) the times selected value maintained by each VDP for each storage volume is reset to, for example, zero. This results in every VDP associated with a given pool giving equal priority to every storage volume in the pool for placing files with identical file creation criteria. The effect is a lack of randomness in storage volume selection.

[0022] A preferred embodiment of the invention has each VDP generating a random value from 1 to n for each of the storage volumes and using this random value as the times selected value. Each time a storage volume is selected for file creation, the times selected value is incremented by the number of (n) storage volumes. Thus, for example, if there are five storage volumes 1, 2, . . . , 5, they could be randomly assigned the respective random numbers 2, 5, 1, 4, 3. As will be seen, the process for selecting a storage volume for file creation includes selecting that storage volume most closely, if not exactly, meeting the criteria of the file creation request having the lowest times selected value. Thus, if in this example storage volumes 1, 2, 3, and 5 meet the desired criteria, the one with the lowest times selected value, storage volume 3 (with a time selected value of 1) would be selected. Then, after a storage volume is selected for file creation, its associated times selected value is incremented with the value 5—the number of available storage volumes (in this example 5). Thus, after the storage volume 3 is selected for file creation, the associated time selected value is incremented to 6.

[0023] Turning now to FIG. 3 there is shown a flow diagram illustrating the procedure, designated generally with the reference numeral 30, containing the major steps used to implement the present invention.

[0024] As FIG. 3 shows, the file creation process 30 begins at step 32 when a VDP receives a request for file creation. That request, as explained above, will be accompanied by status and statistic information. The status information may be implicit or express. Implicit information is that the file is to be created on a storage volume D that is up and running. Express status information includes whether or not the storage volume is configured as an audited data volume.

[0025] Statistic information concerns the file requested to be created, and includes the sizes of the primary and secondary extents (expressed in the number of pages, each page being 2K bytes), and the maximum extents the file will use.

[0026] The file creation attributes (required status and statistic information ) are passed to a placement manager (PM) which is a part of the VDP, along with the status and storage information of the storage volumes D. The PM, at step 34, will first review the information, and prepare a list of all storage volumes having status information matching those of the file creation request. If there is no stroage volume found with status matching that of the file creation request, the VDP will return an error to the user.

[0027] Next, at step 36, the PM will find the list of storage volumes D having sufficient free space to accommodate the entire file of the file creation request, and also having a fragment large enough to accommodate the larger of the primary or secondary extents. If storage volumes D meeting the requirements are found, the procedure 30 will leave the selection process of step 38 in favor of step 40 where the one storage volume being least recently selected (i.e., the storage volume having the smallest times selected value) is nominated as the one for the file creation request step 40.

[0028] In step 44 the times selected value associated with the storage volume D elected for the file creation is incremented by the number of storage volumes available to the pool process (FIG. 2). At step 46 the identification (volume name) of the nominated volume storage D is returned to the VDP. The VDP will create a file name on the selected volume, update the file creation request with this file name, and forward the file creation request to the disk process associate with the selected storage volume. The process 30 concludes at step 50.

[0029] If, however, in step 38, no storage volumes D were found to accommodate the entire file, or no storage volume had a fragment sufficiently large to accommodate the larger of the primary or secondary extents, process 30 will next, at step 54, search through the storage volume information for each of the storage volumes of the list to determine if any have (1) a fragment sufficient to accommodate the largest of the primary or the secondary extent of the file creation request, and a minimum number of extents. Here the minimum number is determined by the number of extents contained in the file creation request. If the file creation request specifies a file possibly containing more than sixteen extents, the minimum number used for step 54 is sixteen. If the file creation request identifies a maximum number of extents of sixteen or less, the minimum number of extents used in step 54 is one.

[0030] If, in step 56, one or more volumes matching the criteria tested in step 54 is found, step 56 will be exited in favor of steps 40 and 44 where the storage volume having the lowest times selected value will be selected, and the times selected value incremented (again, by the number of storage volumes (n) available to the process pool 20). The identification of the selected storage volume is then used for the file name that updates the file creation request which is forwarded to disk process of the selected storage volume, as described above. Then the process 30 exits at step 50.

[0031] If, on the other hand, no storage volume D is found having a fragment large enough to accommodate the larger of the primary or secondary extents, or to accommodate the minimum extents, as described above, step 56 will then be exited in favor of step 60 where the product of the largest fragment and the cumulative free space on the storage volume is calculated for each of them. The storage volume having the largest such product is selected (step 62), this time without regard to the times selected value, and the process 30 then returns the identification of the selected storage volume to the VDP and ultimately the user in step 46. Again, and the process exits at step 50.

[0032] Finally, if no storage volume can be found matching the required criteria tested for in steps 32-38 and 54-62, the PM will merely pick a volume from the list, and return the identification of the picked storage volume to the VDP and user.

[0033] If it later turns out that the selected storage volume does not contain sufficient room for the file, when that file is first written an error will be returned to the user, causing it to again attempt a file creation in the hopes that circumstances have changed (e.g., the addition of more storage volumes under control of the pool process 20, or room can now be found on the available storage volumes (D) so that the file can be created on one of the storage volumes D having sufficient room.

[0034] Therefore, one implementation of the foregoing method includes a routine to actually select a volume. The routine requires an initialized heap from which to allocate a temporary working area while a volume is being selected. From among the volumes in the pool, the set of volumes to consider is first limited by user specified criteria. From that list the selection routine will choose a volume which is one of the volumes with the best statistics. Once, the candidate storage volumes to be considered are chosen, the other volumes are filtered out from a consideration array or subset. In this implementation, the selection criteria are translated into bit fields (the criteria determines which bits are asserted). A corresponding set of bit fields is provided with each volume in the pool. A bit field mask is used to indicate which bits of the bit field should be matched in the comparison. By default, non-isolated, non-quarantined volumes in the up state are considered. However, a caller may override this with selection criteria if desired. The translated selection criteria is applied to each of the volumes under consideration by performing a bit-wise Exclusive OR (XOR) between the selection criteria bit field and the corresponding volume's bit field to determine the bits in which they differ. Then, a bitwise AND between the XOR result and the appropriate bit mask is performed to determine which differences are important. Next if that volume can accommodate the primary extent of the file being it is noted in a scratch array. This is repeated for each volume in the array of volumes to be considered.

[0035] Once all the volumes have been traversed, the scratch array is scanned to select a volume based on selection factors as follows: (1) check whether or not the volume has enough space to accommodate the entire file and that its largest extent is greater than or equal to the size of the larger of the file's primary and secondary extent; and among volumes that match this criteria, check whether this volume has been selected the least number of times; (2) check whether or not the volume has met the previous criteria, and if not, check whether or not it can accommodate the file with a minimum number of extents; and among volumes that match the above criteria, check whether this volume has been selected the least number of times; (3) check whether or not the volume has met the previous two criteria, and if not, choose a volume that has the biggest extent from amongst all volumes whose largest extent is greater than or equal to required extent size; (4) check whether or not the volume has met the previous three criteria, and if not, choose a volume that has the largest product of free space and biggest extent. Once the scratch array of volumes is fully traversed, the best match is determined for the criteria in the order specified.

[0036] In the present invention, as described above, the process of selecting a volume for file placement is quite efficient. The method of the present invention makes only one pass through the entire list of volumes, performing all the checks in that one pass. Also, any time it finds a volume that matches a higher order criterion, the invention method will not attempt to apply the lower order criteria to any of the remaining volumes in the subset of possible candidates.

[0037] An advantage of the present invention is that it offers a fairly reasonable solution to the problem of fragmented disks.

[0038] Attached, as an Appendix, in the C programming language, is an example of how to implement the present invention.

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Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A method for selecting a storage volume from a plurality of storage volumes in order to create a file thereon, comprising:

maintaining for each of the storage volumes values indicative of,

free storage space,

number of storage fragments and size of each fragment, and

a use value reflecting the number of times such storage volume has been used for file creation;

providing, for the file, attribute information that includes a size for each of a primary extent and a secondary extent, and a number of maximum extents;

forming a list of the plurality of storage volumes having at least one storage fragment with a size matching the larger of the primary extent or the secondary extent of the file; and

selecting a storage volume from the list of the plurality of storage volumes having the smallest use value.

2. The method of claim 3, wherein N is a number of the plurality of storage volumes, and wherein the method further comprises incrementing the use value by N.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising randomly generating the use value for each of the plurality of storage volumes.

4. A method for placing a file in a system with a plurality of storage volumes, comprising:

instantiating a process that obtains information on each of the plurality of storage volumes; and

responding to a request accompanied by criteria for placing the file, the response including

determining if any of the plurality of storage volumes is suitable in that it can accommodate the file in its entirety and/or for which the obtained information substantially matches the criteria, and

selecting a storage volume, wherein if any of the plurality of storage volumes is determined to be suitable the selected storage volume is one of the suitable storage volumes that has been selected for file creation the least number of times, and

forwarding the request for placing the file to a process associated with the selected storage volume.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the instantiated process periodically polls each of the plurality of storage volumes in order to obtain the information therefrom, the obtained information for each storage volume includes its available space, number and size of extents and number and size of fragments.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the criteria includes primary and secondary extent values and a maximum number of extents the file will use.

7. The method of claim 4, further comprising:

assigning to each of the plurality of storage volumes a times selected value.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein N is a number of the plurality of storage volumes, and wherein the times selected values are numbers between 1 and N each of which being randomly assigned to one of the N storage volumes.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein if any of the plurality of storage volumes is determined to be suitable the times selected value assigned to the selected storage volume is incremented by N.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein if none of the plurality of storage volumes can accommodate the file in its entirety and has a fragment sufficiently large to fit the larger of the primary and secondary extents, the determination further includes determining if any of the plurality of storage volumes has a fragment sufficiently large to fit the larger of the primary and secondary extents and a predetermined minimum number of extents or, alternatively, in order to minimally accommodate the file, searching for any storage volume with which a largest product of its largest fragment and its available space is associated.

11. The method of claim 4, wherein if no storage volume can be found which is suitable a storage volume is selected from a list.

12. The method of claim 4, wherein if the selected storage volume cannot accommodate the file when first written an error is returned to a user that initiated the request.

13. The method of claim 4, wherein the instantiated process creates a list of storage volumes.

14. The method of claim 4, wherein the obtained information includes status information for each storage volume, wherein the criteria indicates desired status.

15. The method of claim 5, wherein upon obtaining the information, data reflecting the available space is refreshed.

16. A method for placing a file in a system with a plurality of storage volumes, comprising:

instantiating a process that obtains information on each of the plurality of storage volumes; and

responding to a request accompanied by status and statistics for placing the file, the response including

creating a list of storage volumes for which the obtained information includes status information that matches the status in the request;

determining if any of the storage volumes in the list is suitable in that it can accommodate the file in its entirety and/or for which the obtained information substantially matches the statistics, and

nominating a storage volume from the list, wherein if any of the plurality of storage volumes is determined to be suitable the nominated storage volume is one of the suitable storage volumes that has been nominated for file creation the least number of times, and

forwarding the request for placing the file to a process associated with the nominated storage volume.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the instantiated process periodically polls each of the plurality of storage volumes in order to obtain the information therefrom, the obtained information for each storage volume includes its available space, number and size of extents and number and size of fragments.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the statistics include primary and secondary extent values and a maximum number of extents the file will use.

19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:

assigning to each of the plurality of storage volumes a times selected value.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein N is a number of the plurality of storage volumes, and wherein the times selected values are numbers between 1 and N each of which being randomly assigned to one of the N storage volumes.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein if any of the plurality of storage volumes is determined to be suitable the times selected value assigned to the selected storage volume is incremented by N.

22. The method of claim 6, wherein if none of the plurality of storage volumes can accommodate the file in its entirety and has a fragment sufficiently large to fit the larger of the primary and secondary extents, the determination further includes determining if any of the plurality of storage volumes has a fragment sufficiently large to fit the larger of the primary and secondary extents and a predetermined minimum number of extents or, alternatively, in order to minimally accommodate the file, searching for any storage volume with which a largest product of its largest fragment and its available space is associated.

23. The method of claim 16, wherein if the nominated storage volume cannot accommodate the file when first written an error is returned to a user that initiated the request.

24. The method of claim 17, wherein upon obtaining the information, data reflecting the available space is refreshed.

25. A system for placing a file, the system comprising a plurality of storage volumes and further comprising:

means for instantiating a process that obtains information on each of the plurality of storage volumes; and

means for responding to a request accompanied by criteria for placing the file, the response means including

means for determining if any of the plurality of storage volumes is suitable in that it can accommodate the file in its entirety and/or for which the obtained information substantially matches the criteria, and

means for selecting a storage volume, wherein if any of the plurality of storage volumes is determined to be suitable the selected storage volume is one of the suitable storage volumes that has been selected for file creation the least number of times, and

means for forwarding the request for placing the file to a process associated with the selected storage volume.

26. A system for placing a file, the system comprising a plurality of storage volumes and further comprising:

means for instantiating a process that obtains information on each of the plurality of storage volumes; and

means for responding to a request accompanied by status and statistics for placing the file, the response means including

means for creating a list of storage volumes for which the obtained information includes status information that matches the status in the request;

means for determining if any of the storage volumes in the list is suitable in that it can accommodate the file in its entirety and/or for which the obtained information substantially matches the statistics, and

means for nominating a storage volume from the list, wherein if any of the plurality of storage volumes is determined to be suitable the nominated storage volume is one of the suitable storage volumes that has been nominated for file creation the least number of times, and

means for forwarding the request for placing the file to a process associated with the nominated storage volume.

27. A system for placing a file, the system running an application that requests the file placement, the system comprising a plurality of storage volumes and further comprising:

a storage management facility configured to run a virtual process for each of the plurality of storage volumes and to receive from the application the file placement request which is accompanied by attributes including status and statistics;

a pool process facility having communicative access to the plurality of storage volumes and the storage management facility, the pool process being configured to obtain information from each of the storage volumes and to provide such information correspondingly to the virtual processes; and

a file placement manager facility having communicative access to the store management facility and receiving therefrom the file placement request, the file placement manager facility being responsive to the file placement request by

creating a list of storage volumes for which the obtained information includes status information that matches the status in the request;

forwarding the request for placing the file to a process associated with the nominated storage volume.

28. The system of claim 27, wherein the pool process is further configured to periodically poll the storage volumes for the information.

29. The system of claim 26, wherein the storage management facility, pool process facility and file placement manager facility use one or a cluster of processors.

30. A method for placing a file in a system with a plurality of storage volumes, comprising:

selecting from the plurality of storage volumes a subset of candidate storage volumes to be considered and filtering out others of the plurality of storage volumes from the subset;

translating selection criteria into a set of bit fields, wherein a corresponding set of bit fields is provided with each of the plurality of storage volumes, and for each candidate storage volume

providing a bit field mask that indicates which bits of the bit field should be matched in a comparison;

applying the translated selection criteria to each of the candidate storage volumes under consideration by performing a bit-wise Exclusive OR (XOR) between the selection criteria bit field and the volume's corresponding set of bit fields to create a XOR result indicating the bits in which they differ;

performing a bit-wise AND between the XOR result and the bit field mask to determine which differences are important;

determining if the candidate storage volume can accommodate a primary extent of the file and if so noting it in a scratch array; and

scanning the scratch array to find a storage volume based on selection factors.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the scanning includes, for each storage volume noted in the scratch array,

and wherein the scanning further includes

determining whether the noted storage volume has enough space to accommodate the file in its entirety and whether its largest extent is greater than or equal to a size of the larger of primary and secondary extents, and if so nominating the storage volume, and if not

determining whether that noted storage volume can accommodate the file with a minimum number of extents, and if so nominating that storage volume, and if not

nominating a noted storage volume that has the biggest extent from amongst all the noted storage volumes whose largest extent is greater than or equal to a required extent size, and if not,

nominating a noted storage volume for which a product of its free space and biggest extent is largest,

determining whether among the noted storage volumes that match the selection factors, the nominated noted storage volume has been selected least number of times.

32. The method of claim 30, wherein the candidate storage volumes include non-isolated, non-quarantined storage volumes that are in an up state.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein a caller has the capacity to override the selection of the non-isolated, non-quarantined storage volumes that are in the up state.

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