US 6,498,142 B1Grant
Morphogen treatment for chronic renal failure
Issue Date:2002-12-24
•24 Claims
•18 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
The present invention provides methods for the treatment, and pharmaceuticals for use in the treatment, of mammalian subjects at risk chronic renal failure, or at risk of a need for renal replacement therapy. The methods involve the administration of certain morphogens, inducers of those morphogens, or agonists of the corresponding morphogen receptors, or implantation of renal cells induced with those morphogens. The morphogens useful in the invention include osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) and other members of the OP-1 subfamily of the TGF-β superfamily of growth factors.
Metadata
Assignee
- Curis, Inc.
Inventors
- Kuber T. Sampath
- Charles M. Cohen
Application Information
Application Number:US 08/643,321
Filing Date:1996-05-06
Priority Date:1996-05-06
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
A61K 3804A61K 3807A61K 3816
Field of Search:
514 12514 21530300530350530351424 851
Patent Drawings (18 sheets)
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to methods of treatment for renal disease. In particular, the invention relates to methods of treatment for conditions which place mammals, including humans, at risk of chronic renal failure. The methods involve the administration of certain morphogens, inducers of those morphogens, or agonists of the corresponding morphogen receptors, or implantation of renal cells induced with those morphogens.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The mammalian renal system serves primary roles both in the removal of catabolic waste products from the bloodstream and in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balances in the body. Renal failures are, therefore, life-threatening conditions in which the build-up of catabolites and other toxins, and/or the development of significant imbalances in electrolytes or fluids, may lead to the failure of other major organs systems and death. As a general matter, renal failure is classified as “acute” or “chronic.” As detailed below, the differences between these two conditions are not merely a matter of severity or rapidity but, rather, reflect differences in etiology, prognosis, and treatment.
[0004] Acute Renal Failure
[0005] Acute renal failure is defined as an abrupt cessation or substantial reduction of renal function and, in as many as 90-95% of cases, may be secondary to trauma, surgery or another acute medical condition. Acute renal failure may be due to pre-renal causes (e.g., decreased cardiac output, hypovolemia, altered vascular resistance) or to post-renal causes (e.g., obstructions or constrictions of the ureters, bladder or urethra) which do not directly involve the kidneys and which, if treated quickly, will not entail significant loss of nephrons or other damage to the kidneys. Alternatively, acute renal failure may be due to intrinsic renal causes which involve a more direct insult or injury to the kidneys, and which may entail permanent damage to the nephrons or other kidney structures. Intrinsic causes of acute renal failure include but are not limited to infectious diseases (e.g., various bacterial, viral or parasitic infections), inflammatory diseases (e.g., glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), ischemia (e.g., renal artery occlusion), toxic syndromes (e.g., heavy metal poisoning, side-effects of antimicrobial treatments or chemotherapy), and direct traumas.
[0006] The diagnosis and treatment of acute renal failure is as varied as its causes. In human patients, oliguria (urine output<400 ml/day) or anuria (urine output<50 ml/day) may be present in 50-70% of cases, BUN levels may climb 10-20 mg/dl/day or faster, plasma creatinine levels may climb 0.5-1.0 mg/dl/day, and metabolic acidosis is almost always present. If not treated, the electrolyte and fluid imbalances (e.g., hyperkalemia, acidosis edema) associated with acute renal failure may lead to life-threatening arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, or multiple organ system failures. Present therapies are typically directed at the underlying causes of the acute renal failure (e.g., pre-renal, post-renal, or infectious causes) and management of the complications. Due to the severity of acute renal failure, episodes rarely last longer than several weeks without mortality and are treated on an in-patient basis.
[0007] Chronic Renal Failure
[0008] Chronic renal failure may be defined as a progressive, permanent and significant reduction of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) due to a significant and continuing loss of nephrons. Chronic renal failure typically begins from a point at which a chronic renal insufficiency (i.e., a permanent decrease in renal function of at least 50-60%) has resulted from some insult to the renal tissues which has caused a significant loss of nephron units. The initial insult may or may not have been associated with an episode of acute renal failure. Irrespective of the nature of the initial insult, chronic renal failure manifests a “final common path” of signs and symptoms as nephrons are progressively lost and GFR progressively declines. This progressive deterioration in renal ftmction is slow, typically spanning many years or decades in human patients, but seemingly inevitable.
[0009] The early stage of chronic renal failure typically begins when GFR has been reduced to approximately one-third of normal (e.g., 30-40 ml/min for an average human adult). As a result of the significant nephron loss, and in an apparent “attempt” to maintain the overall GFR with fewer nephrons, the average single nephron GFR (SNGFR) is increased by adaptations of the remaining nephrons at both the structural and functional level. One structural manifestation of this adaptation, readily detectable by microscopic examination of biopsy samples, is a “compensatory hypertrophy” of both the glomeruli and the tubules of the kidney, a process which literally increases the volume of filtrate which can be produced by each remaining nephron by literal enlargement of the glomeruli and tubules. Indeed, as a result of the hypertrophy or dilation of the collecting ducts, the urine of subjects with chronic renal failure often contains broad “casts,” typically 2-6 times normal diameter, which aid in diagnosis and have also been referred to as “renal failure casts.” At the same time, there are functional changes in the remaining nephrons, such as decreased absorption or increased secretion of normally excreted solutes, which may be responses to hormonal or paracrine changes elsewhere in the body (e.g., increasing levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to changes in serum levels of calcium and phosphate).
[0010] These adaptations in early stage chronic renal failure are not successful in completely restoring GFR or other parameters of renal function and, in fact, subject the remaining nephrons to increased risk of loss. For example, the increased SNGFR is associated with mechanical stresses on the glomerulus due to hypertension and hyperperfusion. The loss of integrity of podocyte junctures leads to increased permeability of the glomerulus to macromolecules or “leakiness” of the glomerular capsule. Proliferative effects are also observed in mesangial, epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as increases in the deposition of collagen and other matrix proteins. Sclerosis of both the glomeruli and tubules is another common symptom of the hypertrophied nephrons and the risk of coagulation in the glomerulus is increased. In particular, these adaptations of the remaining nephrons, by pushing the SNGFR well beyond its normal level, actually decrease the capacity of the remaining nephrons to respond to acute changes in water, solute, or acid loads and, therefore, actually increase the probability of additional nephron loss.
[0011] As chronic renal failure progresses, and GFR continues to decline to less than 10% of normal (e.g., 5-10 ml/min), the subject enters end-stage renal disease (ESRD). During this phase, the inability of the remaining nephrons to adequately remove waste products from the blood, while retaining useful products and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, leads to a rapid decline in which many organ systems, and particularly the cardiovascular system, may begin to fail. For example, BUN and creatinine levels may be expected to rise and, at BUN levels of 60-100 mg/dl and serum creatinine levels of 8-12 mg/dl, a uremic syndrome will typically develop in which the kidneys can no longer remove the end products of nitrogen metabolism. At this point, renal failure will rapidly progress to death unless the subject receives renal replacement therapy (i.e., chronic hemodialysis, continuous peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation).
[0012] Approximately 600 patients per million receive chronic dialysis each year in the United States, at an average cost approaching $60,000-$80,000 per patient per year. Of the new cases of end-stage renal disease each year, approximately 28-33% are due to diabetic nephropathy (or diabetic glomerulopathy or diabetic renal hypertrophy), 24-29% are due to hypertensive nephrosclerosis (or hypertensive glomerulosclerosis), and 15-22% are due to glomerulonephritis. The 5-year survival rate for all chronic dialysis patients is approximately 40%, but for patients over 65, the rate drops to approximately 20%.
[0013] Morphogens and Growth Factors
[0014] A great many proteins have now been identified which appear to act as morphogenetic or growth factors, regulating cell proliferation or differentiation. Typically these growth factors exert their effects on specific sets or subsets of cells or tissues. Thus, for example, epidermal growth factors, nerve growth factors, fibroblast growth factors, various hormones, and many other proteins inducing or inhibiting cell proliferation or differentiation have been identified and shown to affect some subgroup of cells or tissues.
[0015] One group of morphogenetic proteins, referred to herein as “morphogens,” includes members of the family of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) which were initially identified by their ability to induce ectopic, endochondral bone morphogenesis. Subsequent characterization of the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of the BMPs has shown them to be a subgroup of the TGF-β superfamily of growth factors. Members of the morphogen family have now been shown to include the mammalian osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1, also known as BMP-7), osteogenic protein-2 (OP-2), osteogenic protein-3 (OP-3). BMP-2 (also known as BMP-2A or CBMP-2A), BMP-3, BMP-4 (also known as BMP-2B or CBMP-2B), BMP-5, BMP-6, Vgr-1, and GDF-1, as well as the Xenopus homologue Vgl and the Drosophila homologues DPP and 60A. Members of this family encode secreted polypeptides that share common structural features and that are similarly processed from a pro-protein to yield a carboxy terminal mature protein of approximately 110 amino acids. All members share a conserved pattern of cysteines in this domain and the active form of these proteins is either a disulfide-bonded homodimer of a single family member, or a heterodimer of two different members (see, e.g., Massague (1990) Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 6:597; Sampath, et al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265:13198).
[0016] The members of the morphogen family of proteins are expressed in a variety of tissues during development. BMP-3 for, example, has been shown to be expressed in developing human lung and kidney (Vukicevic et al. (1994) J. Histochem. Cytochem. 42:869-875), BMP-4 has been shown to be expressed in the developing limbs, heart, facial processes and condensed mesenchyme associated with early whisker follicles in embryonic mice (Jones, et al. (1991) Development111:531-542), and OP-1 (BMP-7) has been shown immunohistochemically to be associated with basement membranes in human embryos, including those of the developing lungs, pancreas, skin, and convoluted tubules of kidneys (Vukicevic, et al. (1994) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 198:693-700). Some of the morphogens (e.g., OP-2 and BMP-2) were not detected in analyses of adult tissues, suggesting only an early developmental role for these morphogens (Ozkaynak, et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:25220-25227). In contrast, high levels of murine OP-1 expression have been observed in adult mouse kidneys (Ozkaynak, et al. (1991) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179:116-123). This suggests a possible role for OP-1 synthesized in the kidney as a paracrine regulator of bone growth, and would be consistent with the role of the kidneys in both calcium regulation and bone homeostasis.
[0017] A great variety of growth factors have been considered which may participate in the regulation of the growth and repair of renal tissues (reviewed in, e.g., Toback (1992) Kidney Intl. 41:226-246). For example, EGF, TGF-α, TGF-β, IGF-I, IGF-II, PDGF, FGF, Renin/Angiotensin II, IL-I and OP-I have all been found to be expressed by various adult renal cells or tissues and to have effects on renal cell proliferation or differentiation (see, Toback (1992) supra, Ozkaynak, et al. (1991) a). In addition, several of these have been found to be expressed in the developing kidney, including IGF-I, TGF-β and OP-1 (reviewed in, e.g., Bard, et al. (1994) Mech. Develop. 48:3-11).
[0018] Interestingly, TGF-β has been shown in a murine metanephric organ culture system to retard overall growth and segmental differentiation of all segments of developing nephrons except the thick ascending limb-early distal tubules (Avner and Sweeney (1990) Pediatr. Nephrol. 4:372-377). In addition, TGF-β expression has been found to be increased in several models of renal disease, suggesting that TGF-β mediated increases in the synthesis of extracellular matrix components may be involved in the etiology of diabetic nephropathy (or diabetic glomerulopathy or diabetic renal hypertrophy), renal fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis and glomerulonephritis, interstitial fibrosis. and hypertensive nephrosclerosis (Shankland, et al. (1994) Kidney Intl. 46:430-442; Yamamoto, et al. (1994) Kidney Intl. 45:916-927; Yamamoto, et al. (1993) PNAS90:1814-1818; Tamaki, et al. (1994) Kidney Intl. 45:525-536; Border, et al. (1990) Nature346:371-374; Hamaguchi, et al. (1995) Hypertension26:199-207).
[0019] Also of interest is the fact that serum levels of human growth hormone (GH) are elevated in subjects with chronic renal failure (Wright et al. (1968) Lancet2:798; Samaan and Freeman (1970) Metabolism19:102). Recombinant GH has been shown to help maintain protein balance in malnourished chronic renal failure patients, and to promote “catch-up” growth in children with chronic renal failure. It has been suggested that these effects are mediated by IGF-I (see, e.g., Kopple (1992) Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 18:269-275). Although some studies have found that the administration of IGF-I increases renal plasma flow and GFR in chronic renal failure patients (e.g., Guler, et al. (1989) PNAS86:2868-2872; Hirschberg, et al. (1993) Kidney Intl. 43:387-397), other studies have found that this effect is merely transient (Miller, et al. (1994) Kidney Intl. 46:201-207).
[0020] Thus, although some growth factors have been shown to be expressed in both developing and adult renal tissues, and although at least one has been shown to increase renal function in the short term, none has yet been shown to be of therapeutic benefit in preventing, inhibiting, or delaying the progressive loss of renal function that characterizes chronic renal failure. A need remains, therefore, for treatments which will prevent the progressive loss of renal function which has caused almost two hundred thousand patients in the United States alone to become dependent upon chronic dialysis, and which results in the premature deaths of tens of thousands each year.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0021] The present invention is directed to methods of treatment, and pharmaceutical preparations for use in the treatment, of mammalian subjects at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of the need for renal replacement therapy. Such subjects include subjects already afflicted with chronic renal failure, or which have already received renal replacement therapy, as well as any subject reasonably expected to suffer a progressive loss of renal function associated with progressive loss of functioning nephron units. Whether a particular subject is at riskis a determination which may routinely be made by one of ordinary skill in the relevant medical or veterinary art. Subjects at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of the need for renal replacement therapy, include but are not limited to the following: subjects which may be regarded as afflicted with chronic renal failure, end-stage renal disease, chronic diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, hereditary nephritis, and/or renal dysplasia; subjects having a biopsy indicating glomerular hypertrophy, tubular hypertrophy, chronic glomerulosclerosis, and/or chronic tubulointerstitial sclerosis; subjects having an ultrasound, MRI, CAT scan, or other non-invasive examination indicating renal fibrosis; subjects having an unusual number of broad casts present in urinary sediment; subjects having a GFR which is chronically less than about 50%, and more particularly less than about 40%, 30% or 20%, of the expected GFR for the subject; human male subjects weighing at least about 50 kg and having a GFR which is chronically less than about 50 ml/min, and more particularly less than about 40 ml/min, 30 ml/min or 20 ml/min; human female subjects weighing at least about 40 kg and having a GFR which is chronically less than about 40 ml/min, and more particularly less than about 30 ml/min, 20 ml/min or 10 ml/min; subjects possessing a number of functional nephron units which is less than about 50%, and more particularly less than about 40%, 30% or 20%, of the number of functional nephron units possessed by a healthy but otherwise similar subject; subjects which have a single kidney; and subjects which are kidney transplant recipients.
[0022] The methods and compositions of this invention capitalize in part upon the discovery that certain proteins of eukaryotic origin, defined herein as morphogens, may be used in the treatment of subjects at risk, as defined herein, of chronic renal failure or the need for renal replacement therapy. Generally, the morphogens of the invention are dimeric proteins that induce morphogenesis of one or more eukaryotic (e.g., mammalian) cells, tissues or organs. Of particular interest herein are morphogens that induce morphogenesis at least of mammalian renal tissue, including formation of functional renal epithelium and, in particular, functional glomerular and tubular epithelium. Morphogens comprise a pair of polypeptides that, when folded, adopt a configuration sufficient for the resulting dimeric protein to elicit morphogenetic responses in cells and tissues displaying receptors specific for said morphogen. That is, morphogens generally induce all of the following biological functions in a morphogenically permissive environment: stimulating proliferation of progenitor cells; stimulating the differentiation of progenitor cells; stimulating the proliferation of differentiated cells; and supporting the growth and maintenance of differentiated cells. “Progenitor” cells are uncommitted cells that are competent to differentiate into one or more specific types of differentiated cells, depending on their genomic repertoire and the tissue specificity of the permissive environment in which morphogenesis is induced. Morphogens further can delay or mitigate the onset of senescence- or quiescence-associated loss of phenotype and/or tissue function. Morphogens still further can stimulate phenotypic expression of differentiated cells, including expression of metabolic and/or functional, e.g., secretory, properties thereof. In addition, morphogens can induce redifferentiation of committed cells under appropriate environmental conditions. As noted above, morphogens that induce proliferation and/or differentiation at least of mammalian renal tissue, and/or support the growth, maintenance and/or functional properties of mammalian nephrons, are of particular interest herein.
[0023] In preferred embodiments, the pair of morphogen polypeptides have amino acid sequences each comprising a sequence that shares a defined relationship with an amino acid sequence of a reference morphogen. Herein, preferred morphogen polypeptides share a defined relationship with a sequence present in morphogenically active human OP-1, SEQ ID NO: 4. However, any one or more of the naturally occurring or biosynthetic sequences disclosed herein similarly could be used as a reference sequence. Preferred morphogen polypeptides share a defined relationship with at least the C-terminal six cysteine domain of human OP-1, residues 43-139 of SEQ ID NO: 4. Preferably, morphogen polypeptides share a defined relationship with at least the C-terminal seven cysteine domain of human OP-1, residues 38-39 of SEQ ID NO: 4. That is, preferred morphogen polypeptides in a dimeric protein with morphogenic activity each comprise a sequence that corresponds to a reference sequence or is functionally equivalent thereto.
[0024] Functionally equivalent sequences include functionally equivalent arrangements of cysteine residues disposed within the reference sequence, including amino acid insertions or deletions which alter the linear arrangement of these cysteines, but do not materially impair their relationship in the folded structure of the dimeric morphogen protein, including their ability to form such intra- or inter-chain disulfide bonds as may be necessary for morphogenic activity. Functionally equivalent sequences further include those wherein one or more amino acid residues differs from the corresponding residue of a reference morphogen sequence, e.g., the C-terminal seven cysteine domain (also referred to herein as the conserved seven cysteine skeleton) of human OP-1, provided that this difference does not destroy morphogenic activity. Accordingly, conservative substitutions of corresponding amino acids in the reference sequence are preferred. Amino acid residues that are “conservative substitutions” for corresponding residues in a reference sequence are those that are physically or functionally similar to the corresponding reference residues, e.g., that have similar size, shape, electric charge, chemical properties including the ability to form covalent or hydrogen bonds, or the like. Particularly preferred conservative substitutions are those fulfilling the criteria defined for an “accepted point mutation” in Dayhoff et al. (1978), 5 Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, Suppl. 3, ch. 22 (pp. 354-352), Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C. 20007, the teachings of which are incorporated by reference herein.
[0025] In certain embodiments, a polypeptide suspected of being functionally equivalent to a reference morphogen polypeptide is aligned therewith using the method of Needleman, et al. (1970), J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453, implemented conveniently by computer programs such as the Align program (DNAstar, Inc.). As noted above, internal gaps and amino acid insertions in the candidate sequence are ignored for purposes of calculating the defined relationship, conventionally expressed as a level of amino acid sequence homology or identity, between the candidate and reference sequences. “Amino acid sequence homology” is understood herein to mean amino acid sequence similarity. Homologous sequences share identical or similar amino acid residues, where similar residues are conservative substitutions for, or “allowed point mutations” of, corresponding amino acid residues in an aligned reference sequence. Thus, a candidate polypeptide sequence that shares 70% amino acid homology y with a reference sequence is one in which any 70% of the aligned residues are either identical to or are conservative substitutions of the corresponding residues in a reference sequence.
[0026] Of particular interest herein are morphogens, which, when provided to the kidney of a mammal, induce or maintain the normal state of differentiation and growth of nephron units. Of still more particular interest herein are morphogens which, when administered to a mammal, prevent, inhibit or delay the development of compensatory hypertrophy, including glomerular hypertrophy and/or tubular hypertrophy. Such morphogens can be used to treat a mammal at risk of chronic renal failure by preventing, inhibiting or delaying the progressive loss of functional nephron units and the consequent progressive loss of renal function.
[0027] The present invention alternatively can be practiced with methods and compositions comprising a morphogen stimulating agent or morphogen inducer in lieu of a morphogen. A “morphogen inducer” is a compound that stimulates in vivo production, e.g., expression, of a therapeutically effective concentration of an endogenous morphogen in the body of a mammal sufficient to regenerate or maintain renal tissue and/or to inhibit additional loss thereof. Such compounds are understood to include substances which, when administered to a mammal, act on cells of tissue(s) or organ(s) that normally are competent to produce and/or secrete a morphogen encoded within the genome of the mammal. and which cause the endogenous level of the morphogen in the mammal's body to be altered. Endogenous or administered morphogens can act as endocrine, paracrine or autocrine factors. That is, endogenous morphogens can be synthesized by the cells in which morphogenetic responses are induced, by neighboring cells, or by cells of a distant tissue, in which circumstances the secreted endogenous morphogen is transported to the site of morphogenesis, e.g., by the individual's bloodstream. In preferred embodiments, the agent stimulates expression and/or secretion of an endogenous morphogen so as to increase amounts thereof in renal tissues.
[0028] In still other embodiments, an agent which acts as an agonist of a morphogen receptor may be administered instead of the morphogen itself. An “agonist” of a receptor means a compound which binds to the receptor and for which such binding has a similar functional result as binding of the natural, endogenous ligand of the receptor. That is, the compound must, upon interaction with the receptor, produce the same or substantially similar transmembrane and/or intracellular effects as the endogenous ligand. Thus, an agonist of a morphogen receptor binds to the receptor and such binding has the same or a similar functional result as morphogen binding (e.g., induction of morphogenesis). The activity or potency of an agonist can be less than that of the natural ligand, in which case the agonist is said to be a “partial agonist,” or it can be equal to or greater than that of the natural ligand, in which case it is said to be a “full agonist.” Thus, for example, a small peptide or other molecule which can mimic the activity of a morphogen in binding to and activating the morphogen's receptor may be employed as an equivalent of the morphogen. Preferably the agonist is a full agonist, but partial morphogen receptor agonists may also be advantageously employed. Methods of identifying such agonists are known in the art and include assays for compounds which induce morphogen-mediated responses (e.g., induction of differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme, induction of endochondral bone formation, and the like). Such an agent may also be referred to as a morphogen “mimic,” “mimetic,” or “analog.”
[0029] The morphogens, inducers and agonists of the invention may be administered by any route of administration which is compatible with the selected agent, and may be formulated with any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier appropriate to the route of administration. Preferred routes of administration are parenteral and, in particular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and renal intracapsular. Treatments are also preferably conducted over an extended period on an outpatient basis with daily dosages for morphogens in the range of about 0.01-1000 μg/kg body weight, and more preferably about 0.1-100 μg/kg body weight.
[0030] Finally, in yet further embodiments, renal cells may be implanted into the kidney of a subject at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy, in order to serve as a source of morphogen and/or to provide a source of additional functional renal tissue. These cells may be renal mesenchymal progenitor cells, or renal mesenchymal progenitor cells which have been induced to undergo metanephric differentiation. The cells may be derived from a donor (e.g., a tissue-type matched donor, sibling, identical twin), may be derived from a tissue culture (e.g., undifferentiated renal mesenchyme culture, fetal renal tissue culture), or may be explanted from the subject and then be re-implanted after proliferation and/or differentiation. Preferably, the cells are induced to undergo metanephric differentiation by treatment with a morphogen (e.g., OP-1) either before or after implantation.
[0031] The treatments of the present invention are useful in preventing, inhibiting or delaying the progressive loss of functional nephron units, and the consequent progressive loss of renal function, which typify chronic renal failure. As such they are of great value in preventing or delaying the need for chronic dialysis or renal replacement therapy in subjects with chronic renal insufficiency, or reducing the necessary frequency of chronic renal dialysis in subjects with end-stage renal disease. As such, they are useful in prolonging the lives, and in maintaining the quality of life, of subjects at risk of, or already afflicted with, chronic renal failure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0032] FIG. 1. This figure is a bar graph showing average serum creatinine levels for groups to sham-operated (“SHAM”) or partially nephrectomized (“Nx Contr” and “OP-1”) rats. 5-6 months post-surgery, rats received injections of vehicle only (“Nx control” and “SHAM”) or 1, 3, 10 or 50 μg/kg body weight of soluble OP-1 (“OP-1”) three times a week for 4-8 weeks.
[0033] FIG. 2. This figure is a bar graph showing average serum urea levels for groups of sham-operated (“SHAM”) or partially nephrectomized (“Nx Contr” and “OP-1”) rats. 5-6 months post-surgery, rats received injections of vehicle only (“Nx control” and “SHAM”) or 1, 3, 10 or 50 μg/kg body weight of soluble OP-1 (“OP-1”) three times a week for 4-8 weeks.
[0034] FIG. 3. Panels A-C of this figure are micrographs of renal tissue from rats at 10×magnification. (A) Tissue from sham-operated rat. (B) Tissue from rat in chronic renal failure after 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx control). (C) Tissue from rat treated with OP-1 after 5/6 nephrectomy.
[0035] FIG. 4. Panels A-C of this figure are micrographs of renal tissue from rats at 40×magnification. (A) Tissue from sham-operated rat. (B) Tissue from rat in chronic renal failure after 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx control). (C) Tissue from rat treated with OP-1 after 5/6 nephrectomy.
[0036] FIG. 5. This figure is a line graph showing average serum creatinine levels over 9 weeks for groups of partially nephrectomized rats. 2-3 weeks post-surgery, rats received injections of vehicle only (“Control”) or 10 μg/kg body weight of soluble OP-1 (“OP-1”) 3 times per week.
[0037] FIG. 6. This figure is a line graph showing average creatinine clearance rates as a measure of GFR over 8 weeks for groups of partially nephrectomized rats. 2-3 weeks post-surgery, rats received injections of vehicle only (“Control”) or 10 μg/kg body weight of soluble OP-1 (“OP-1”) 3 times per week.
[0038] FIG. 7. Panels 7-1 through 7-12 of this figure are a tabular alignment of the amino acid sequences of various naturally occurring morphogens with a preferred reference sequence of human OP-1, residues 38-139 of SEQ ID NO: 4. Morphogen polypeptides shown in this figure also are identified in the Sequence Listing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0039] I. Definitions
[0040] In order to more clearly and concisely point out the subject matter of the claimed invention, the following definitions are provided for specific terms used in the following written description and appended claims.
[0041] Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). The “glomerular filtration rate” or “GFR” is proportional to the rate of clearance into urine of a plasma-borne substance which is not bound by serum proteins, is freely filtered across glomeruli, and is neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Thus, as used herein, GFR preferably is defined by the following equation:
[0042] where Uconcis the urine concentration of the marker, Pconcis the plasma concentration of the marker, and V is the urine flow rate in ml/min. Optionally, GFR is corrected for body surface area. Thus, the GFR values used herein may be regarded as being in units of ml/min/1.73 m2.
[0043] The preferred measure of GFR is the clearance of inulin but, because of the difficulty of measuring the concentrations of this substance, the clearance of creatinine is typically used in clinical settings. For example, for an average size, healthy human male (70 kg, 20-40 yrs), a typical GFR measured by creatinine clearance is expected to be approximately 125 ml/min with plasma concentrations of creatinine of 0.7-1.5 mg/dl. For a comparable, average size woman, a typical GFR measured by creatinine clearance is expected to be approximately 115 ml/min with creatinine levels of 0.5-1.3 mg/dl. During times of good health, human GFR values are relatively stable until about age 40, when GFR typically begins to decrease with age. For subjects surviving to age 85 or 90, GFR may be reduced to 50% of the comparable values at age 40.
[0044] The “single nephron GFR” or “SNGFR” is the rate of filtration for a single nephron. With a GFR of 120 ml/min and approximately 1 million nephrons per intact healthy kidney, the single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) has been estimated at approximately 60 nl/min in a typical, healthy human adult.
[0045] Expected Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFRexp). An estimate of the “expected GFR” or “GFRexp” may be provided based upon considerations of a subject's age, weight, sex, body surface area, and degree of musculature, and the plasma concentration of some marker compound (e.g., creatinine) as determined by a blood test. Thus, as an example, an expected GFR or GFRexpmay be estimated as:
[0046] This estimate does not take into consideration such factors as surface area, degree of musculature, or percentage body fat. Nonetheless, using plasma creatinine levels as the marker, this formula has been employed for human males as an inexpensive means of estimating GFR. Because creatinine is produced by striated muscle, the expected GFR or GFRexpof human female subjects is estimated by the same equation multiplied by 0.85 to account for expected differences in muscle mass. (See Lemann, et al. (1990) Am. J. Kidney Dis. 16(3):236-243.)
[0047] Broad Cast. Microscopic examination of urinary sediment for the presence formed elements is a standard procedure in urinalysis. Amongst the formed elements which may be present in urine are cylindrical masses of agglutinated materials that typically represent a mold or “cast” of the lumen of a distal convoluted tubule or collecting tubule. In healthy human subjects, such casts typically have a diameter of 15-25 μm. In subjects with chronic renal failure, however, hypertrophy of the tubules may result in the presence of “broad casts” or “renal failure casts” which are 2-6 times the diameter of normal casts and often have a homogeneous waxy appearance. Thus, as used herein, a “broad cast” means a urinary sediment cast having a diameter of 2-6 times normal, or about 30-150 μm for human casts.
[0048] Chronic. As used herein with respect to clinical indications such as urinary casts, measured GFR, or other markers of renal function, “chronic” means persisting for a period of at least three, and more preferably, at least six months. Thus, for example, a subject with a measured GFR chronically below 50% of GFRexpis a subject in which the GFR has been measured and found to be below 50% of GFRexpin at least two measurements separated by at least three, and more preferably, by at least six months, and for which there is no medically sound reason to believe that GFR was substantially (e.g., 10%) higher during the intervening period.
[0049] Subjects “At Risk”. As used herein, a subject is said to be “at risk” of chronic renal failure, or at risk of the need for renal replacement therapy, if the subject is reasonably expected to suffer a progressive loss of renal function associated with progressive loss of functioning nephron units. Whether a particular subject is at risk is a determination which may routinely be made by one of ordinary skill in the relevant medical or veterinary art. Subjects at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of the need for renal replacement therapy, include but are not limited to the following: subjects which may be regarded as afflicted with chronic renal failure, end-stage renal disease, chronic diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, hereditary nephritis, and/or renal dysplasia; subjects having a biopsy indicating glomerular hypertrophy, tubular hypertrophy, chronic glomerulosclerosis, and/or chronic tubulointerstitial sclerosis; subjects having an ultrasound, MRI, CAT scan, or other non-invasive examination indicating renal fibrosis; subjects having an unusual number of broad casts present in urinary sediment; subjects having a GFR which is chronically less than about 50%, and more particularly less than about 40%, 30% or 20%, of the expected GFR for the subject; human male subjects weighing at least about 50 kg and having a GFR which is chronically less than about 50 ml/min, and more particularly less than about 40 ml/min, 30 ml/min or 20 ml/min; human female subjects weighing at least about 40 kg and having a GFR which is chronically less than about 40 ml/min, and more particularly less than about 30 ml/min, 20 ml/min or 10 ml/min; subjects possessing a number of functional nephron units which is less than about 50%, and more particularly less than about 40%, 30% or 20%, of the number of functional nephron units possessed by a healthy but otherwise similar subject; subjects which have a single kidney; and subjects which are kidney transplant recipients.
[0050] II. Description of the Preferred Embodiments
[0051] A. General
[0052] The present invention depends, in part, upon the surprising discovery that administration of a morphogen to a subject at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of a need for renal replacement therapy, can prevent, inhibit or delay the progressive loss of renal function associated with such clinical conditions. In particular, it is now disclosed that the administration of morphogens can prevent, inhibit or delay the progressive loss of functional nephron units and the progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which slowly but inevitably leads to the need for renal replacement therapy (i.e., renal transplant or chronic dialysis) or death. This result is surprising in light of the fact that, although the kidney has previously been disclosed to be an expression source for at least the morphogen OP-1, and although morphogen treatment has previously been indicated for certain traumatic or acute injuries or insults to renal tissue (e.g., ischemia-reperfusion injury, cell-mediated inflammatory injury), the morphogens were not previously known to have any role in ameliorating or mediating the compensatory hypertrophy of renal tissue which is characteristic of chronic renal failure. Furthermore, unlike tissues such as bone or glandular epithelia which retain significant capacity for regeneration, it has generally been believed that new nephron units are not produced after birth, that the ability of the highly differentiated tissues and structures of the kidneys have limited reparative powers and, therefore, that mammals possess a number of nephron units that can only decline during post-natal life.
[0053] Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the morphogens of the present invention, and in particular OP-1, have the ability to prevent, inhibit or delay the compensatory hypertrophy which typifies the syndrome of chronic renal failure. This ability may derive from a role of the morphogens in maintaining or preserving the differentiated state of renal tissues even under adverse conditions. Alternatively, or in addition, the morphogens when used according to the invention, are believed to initiate the development of new nephron units by recruiting undifferentiated renal mesenchymal progenitor cells into a nephrogenetic pathway.
[0054] B. Morphogens, Inducers and Agonists
[0055] Morphogens useful in this invention include eukaryotic proteins originally identified as osteogenic proteins (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,691, incorporated herein by reference), such as the OP-1, OP-2, OP-3 and CBMP-2 proteins (SEQ ID NOs: 4-9, 15-22, 25 and 26), as well as amino acid sequence-related proteins such as DPP (SEQ ID NO: 10, from Drosophila), Vgl (SEQ. ID NO: 11, from Xenopus), Vgr-1 (SEQ ID NO: 12, from mouse), GDF-1 (SEQ ID NOs: 13, 30 and 31, from humans, see Lee (1991), PNAS88:4250-4254), 60A (SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24, from Drosophila, see Wharton et al. (1991) PNAS88:9214-9218), dorsalin-1 (from chick, see Basler et al. (1993) Cell73:687-702 and GenBank accession number L12032) and GDF-5 (from mouse, see Storm et al. (1994) Nature368:639-643). BMP-3 (SEQ ID NO: 26) is also preferred as a morphogen because, like OP-1, it is expressed in renal tissues. Additional useful morphogens include biosynthetic morphogen constructs disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,691, e.g., COP-1, 3-5, 7 and 16, as well as others known in the art including dor3, NODAL, UNIVIN, BMP-9, BMP-10, GDF-3, GDF-6, GDF-7, CDMP-2, and SCREW. See also U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,590, incorporated herein by reference.
[0056] Naturally occurring proteins identified and/or appreciated herein to be morphogens form a distinct subgroup within the loose evolutionary grouping of sequence-related proteins known as the TGF-β superfamily or supergene family. The naturally occurring morphogens share substantial amino acid sequence homology in their C-terminal regions (domains). Typically, the above-mentioned naturally occurring morphogens are translated as a precursor, having an N-terminal signal peptide sequence, typically less than about 30 residues, followed by a “pro” domain that is cleaved to yield the mature C-terminal domain. The signal peptide is cleaved rapidly upon translation, at a cleavage site that can be predicted in a given sequence using the method of Von Heijne (1986) Nucleic Acids Research14:4683-4691. The pro domain typically is about three times larger than the fully processed mature C-terminal domain. Herein, the “pro” form of a morphogen refers to a morphogen comprising a folded pair of polypeptides each comprising the pro and mature domains of a morphogen polypeptide. Typically, the pro form of a morphogen is more soluble than the mature form under physiological conditions. The pro form appears to be the primary form secreted from cultured mammalian cells.
[0057] Table 1, below, summarizes various naturally occurring morphogens identified to date, including their nomenclature as used herein, their Sequence Listing references, and publication sources for the amino acid sequences for the full length proteins not included in the Sequence Listing. Each of the generic terms set forth in Table 1 is intended and should be understood to embrace morphogenically active proteins expressed from nucleic acids encoding the identified sequence mentioned below and set forth in the Sequence Listing, or a morphogenically active fragment or precursor thereof, including functional equivalents thereof such as naturally occurring and biosynthetic variants thereof.
[0058] Naturally occurring variants thereof include allelic variant forms isolated from other individuals of a single biological species, and phylogenetic counterpart (species) variant forms (homologues) isolated from phylogenetically distinct biological species. The disclosure of publications mentioned below is incorporated herein by reference.
| TABLE 1 | |
|---|---|
| “OP-1” | Refers generically to morphogenically active proteins expressed from |
| nucleic acid encoding the human OP-1 protein disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 4 | |
| (“hOP-1”), and includes at least mouse OP-1, SEQ ID NO: 5 (“mOP-1”). | |
| In each of human and mouse OP-1, SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 5, the conserved | |
| seven cysteine skeleton is defined by residues 38 to 139. cDNA sequences | |
| and amino acid sequences encoded therein and corresponding to the fill | |
| length proteins are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16 (hOP-1) and SEQ | |
| ID NOs: 17 and 18 (mOP-1.) The mature proteins are defined by residues | |
| 293-431 (hOP-1) and 292-430 (mOP-1). The “pro” regions of the proteins, | |
| cleaved to yield the mature, morphogenically active proteins are defined | |
| essentially by residues 30-292 (hOP-1) and residues 30-291 (mOP-1). | |
| “OP-2” | Refers generically to morphogenically active proteins expressed from a |
| nucleic acid encoding the human OP-2 protein disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 6 | |
| (“hOP-2”), and includes at least mouse OP-2 (“mOP-2”, SEQ ID NO: 7). | |
| In each of human and mouse OP-2, the conserved seven cysteine skeleton | |
| is defined by residues 38 to 139 of SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7. cDNA | |
| sequences and amino acid sequences encoded therein and corresponding to | |
| the full length proteins are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 20 (hOP-2) | |
| and SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 22 (mOP-2.) The mature proteins are defined | |
| essentially by residues 264-402 (hOP-2) and 261-399 (mOP-2). The “pro” | |
| regions of the proteins, cleaved to yield the mature, morphogenically | |
| active proteins are defined essentially by residues 18-263 (hOP-2) and | |
| residues 18-260 (mOP-1). | |
| “OP-3” | Refers generically to morphogenically active proteins expressed from a |
| nucleic acid encoding the mouse OP-3 protein disclosed in SEQ ID NO: | |
| 26 (“mOP-3”). The conserved seven cysteine domain is defined by | |
| residues 298 to 399 of SEQ ID NO: 26, which shares greater than 79% | |
| amino acid identity with the corresponding mOP-2 and hOP-2 sequences, | |
| and greater than 66% identity with the corresponding OP-1 sequences. A | |
| cDNA sequence encoding the above-mentioned amino acid sequence is | |
| provided in SEQ ID NO: 25. OP-3 is unique among the morphogens | |
| identified to date in that the residue at position 9 in the conserved seven | |
| cysteine domain (e.g., residue 315 of SEQ ID NO: 26) is a serine, whereas | |
| other morphogens typically have a tryptophan at this location. | |
| “CBMP-2” | Refers generically to morphogenically active proteins expressed from a |
| nucleic acid encoding the CBMP-2 proteins, including at least human | |
| CBMP-2A (“CBMP-2A(fx)”, SEQ ID NO: 8) and human CBMP-2B | |
| (“CBMP-2B(fx)”, SEQ ID NO: 9). The amino acid sequence for the full | |
| length proteins, referred to in the literature as BMP-2A and BMP-2B, or | |
| BMP-2 and BMP-4, appear in Wozney, et al. (1988) | |
| 1534. The pro domain for BMP-2 (BMP-2A) likely includes residues 25- | |
| 248; the mature protein, residues 249-396. The pro domain for BMP-4 | |
| (BMP-2B) likely includes residues 25-256; the mature protein, | |
| residues 257-408. | |
| “DPP(fx)” | refers to proteins encoded by the Drosophila DPP gene and defining the |
| conserved seven cysteine skeleton (SEQ ID NO: 10). The amino acid | |
| sequence for the full length protein appears in Padgett, et al. (1987) | |
| 325:81-84. The pro domain likely extends from the signal peptide | |
| cleavage site to residue 456; the mature protein likely is defined by | |
| residues 457-588. | |
| “Vgl(fx)” | refers to proteins encoded by the Xenopus Vgl gene and defining the |
| conserved seven cysteine skeleton (SEQ ID NO: 11). The amino acid | |
| sequence for the full length protein appears in Weeks (1987) | |
| 867. The prodomain likely extends from the signal peptide cleavage site | |
| to residue 246; the mature protein likely is defined by residues 247-360. | |
| “Vgr-1(fx)” | refers to proteins encoded by the murine Vgr-1 gene and defining the |
| conserved seven cysteine skeleton (SEQ ID NO: 12). The amino acid | |
| sequence for the full length protein appears in Lyons, et al. (1989) | |
| 86:4554-4558. The prodomain likely extends from the signal peptide | |
| cleavage site to residue 299; the mature protein likely is defined by | |
| residues 300-438. | |
| “GDF-1(fx)” | refers to proteins encoded by the human GDF-1 gene and defining the |
| conserved seven cysteine skeleton (SBQ ID NO: 13). The cDNA and | |
| encoded amino sequence for the full length protein are provided in SEQ | |
| ID NOs: 30 and 31. The prodomain likely extends from the signal peptide | |
| cleavage site to residue 214; the mature protein likely is defined by | |
| residues 215-372. | |
| “60A” | refers generically to morphogenically active proteins expressed from |
| nucleic acid (e.g., the Drosophila 60A gene) encoding 60A protein or | |
| morphogenically active fragments thereof (see SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24 | |
| wherein the cDNA and encoded amino acid sequence for the full length | |
| protein are provided). “60A(fx)” refers to the protein sequences defining | |
| the conserved seven cysteine skeleton (residues 354 to 455 of SEQ ID NO: | |
| 24.) The prodomain likely extends from the signal peptide cleavage site to | |
| residue 324; the mature protein likely is defined by residues 325-455. The | |
| 60A protein is considered likely herein to be a phylogenetic counterpart | |
| variant of the human and mouse OP-1 genes; Sampath, et al. (1993) | |
| 90:6004-6008. | |
| “BMP-3(fx)” | refers to proteins encoded by the human BMP-3 gene and defining the |
| conserved seven cysteine skeleton (SBQ ID NO: 26). The amino acid | |
| sequence for the full length protein appears in Wozney, et al. (1988) | |
| 242: 1528-1534. The pro domain likely extends from the signal | |
| peptide cleavage site to residue 290; the mature protein likely is defined by | |
| residues 291-472. | |
| “BMP-5(fx)” | refers to proteins encoded by the human BMP-5 gene and defining the |
| conserved seven cysteine skeleton (SEQ ID NO: 27). The amino acid | |
| sequence for the full length protein appears in Celeste, et al. (1991) | |
| 87:9843-9847. The pro domain likely extends from the signal peptide | |
| cleavage site to residue 316; the mature protein likely is defined by | |
| residues 317-454. | |
| “BMP-6(fx)” | refers to proteins encoded by the human BMP-6 gene and defining the |
| conserved seven cysteine skeleton (SEQ ID NO: 28). The amino acid | |
| sequence for the full length protein appears in Celeste, et al. (1990) | |
| 87:9843-5847. The pro domain likely includes extends from the signal | |
| peptide cleavage site to residue 374; the mature sequence likely includes | |
| residues 375-513. | |
[0059] As shown in FIG. 7, the OP-2 and OP-3 proteins have an additional cysteine residue in the conserved C-terminal region (e.g., see residue 41 of SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7), in addition to the conserved cysteine skeleton or domain in common with the other known proteins in this family. The GDF-1 protein has a four amino acid insert within the conserved skeleton (residues 44-47 of SEQ ID NO: 13) but this insert likely does not interfere with the relationship of the cysteines in the folded structure. Further, the CBMP-2 proteins are missing one amino acid residue within the cysteine skeleton. Thus, these morphogen polypeptides illustrate principles of alignment used herein with respect to the preferred reference morphogen sequence of human OP-1, residues 38-139 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0060] In certain preferred embodiments, morphogens useful herein include those in which the amino acid sequences of morphogen polypeptides comprise a sequence sharing at least 70% amino acid sequence homology or “similarity”, and preferably 80% homology or similarity with a reference morphogen selected from the foregoing naturally occurring morphogens. Preferably, the reference morphogen is human OP-1, and the reference sequence thereof is the C-terminal seven cysteine domain present in morphogenically active forms of human OP-1, residues 38-139 of SEQ ID NO: 4. Morphogens useful herein accordingly include allelic, phylogenetic counterpart and other variants of the preferred reference sequence, whether naturally-occurring or biosynthetically produced (e.g., including “muteins” or “mutant proteins”), as well as novel members of the morphogenic family of proteins including the morphogens set forth and identified above, e.g., in connection with Table 1. Certain particularly preferred morphogen polypeptides share at least 60% amino acid identity with the preferred reference sequence of human OP-1, still more preferably at least 65% amino acid identity therewith.
[0061] In other preferred embodiments, the family of morphogen polypeptides useful in the present invention, and members thereof, are defined by a generic amino acid sequence. For example, Generic Sequence 7 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and Generic Sequence 8 (SEQ ID NO: 2) disclosed below, accommodate the homologies shared among preferred morphogen protein family members identified to date, including at least OP-1, OP-2, OP-3, CBMP-2A, CBMP-2B, BMP-3, 60A, DPP, Vgl, BMP-5, BMP-6, Vgr-1, and GDF-1 (SEQ ID NOs: 4-15, 24, and 26-29). The amino acid sequences for these proteins are described herein (see Sequence Listing) and/or in the art, as summarized above. The generic sequences include both the amino acid identity shared by these sequences in the C-terminal domain, defined by the six and seven cysteine skeletons (Generic Sequences 7 and 8, respectively), as well as alternative residues for the variable positions within the sequence. The generic sequences provide an appropriate cysteine skeleton where inter- or intramolecular disulfide bonds can form, and contain certain critical amino acids likely to influence the tertiary structure of the folded proteins. In addition, the generic sequences allow for an additional cysteine at position 41 (Generic Sequence 7) or position 46 (Generic Sequence 8), thereby encompassing the morphogenically active sequences of OP-2 and OP-3.
| Generic Sequence 7 |
[0062] wherein each Xaa independently is selected from a group of one or more specified amino acids defined as follows: “Res.” means “residue” and Xaa at res.2=(Tyr or Lys); Xaa at res.3=Val or Ile); Xaa at res.4=(Ser, Asp or Glu); Xaa at res.6=(Arg, Gln, Ser, Lys or Ala); Xaa at res.7=(Asp or Glu); Xaa at res.8=(Leu, Val or Ile); Xaa at res.11=(Gln, Leu, Asp, His, Asn or Ser); Xaa at res.12=(Asp, Arg, Asn or Glu); Xaa at res.13=(Trp or Ser); Xaa at res.14=(Ile or Val); Xaa at res.15=(Ile or Val); Xaa at res.16 (Ala or Ser); Xaa at res.18=(Glu, Gln, Leu, Lys, Pro or Arg); Xaa at res.19=(Gly or Ser); Xaa at res.20=(Tyr or Phe); Xaa at res.21=(Ala, Ser, Asp, Met, His, Gln, Leu or Gly); Xaa at res.23=(Tyr, Asn or Phe); Xaa at res.26=(Glu, His, Tyr, Asp, Gin, Ala or Ser); Xaa at res.28=(Glu, Lys, Asp, Gln or Ala); Xaa at res.30=(Ala, Ser, Pro, Gin, Ile or Asn); Xaa at res.31=(Phe, Leu or Tyr); Xaa at res.33=(Leu, Val or Met); Xaa at res.34=(Asn, Asp, Ala, Thr or Pro); Xaa at res.35=(Ser, Asp, Glu, Leu, Ala or Lys); Xaa at res.36=(Tyr, Cys, His, Ser or Ile); Xaa at res.37=(Met, Phe, Gly or Leu); Xaa at res.38=(Asn, Ser or Lys); Xaa at res.39=(Ala, Ser, Gly or Pro); Xaa at res.40=(Thr, Leu or Ser); Xaa at res.44=(Ile, Val or Thr); Xaa at res.45=(Val, Leu, Met or Ile); Xaa at res.46=(Gln or Arg); Xaa at res.47=(Thr, Ala or Ser); Xaa at res.48=(Leu or Ile); Xaa at res.49=(Val or Met); Xaa at res.50=(His, Asn or Arg); Xaa at res.51=(Phe, Leu, Asn, Ser, Ala or Val); Xaa at res.52=(Ile, Met, Asn, Ala, Val, Gly or Leu); Xaa at res.53=(Asn, Lys, Ala, Glu, Gly or Phe); Xaa at res.54=(Pro, Ser or Val); Xaa at res.55=(Glu, Asp, Asn, Gly, Val, Pro or Lys); Xaa at res.56=(Thr, Ala, Val, Lys, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Gly, Ile or His); Xaa at res.57=(Val, Ala or Ile); Xaa at res.58=(Pro or Asp); Xaa at res.59=(Lys, Leu or Glu); Xaa at res.60=(Pro, Val or Ala); Xaa at res.63=(Ala or Val); Xaa at res.65=(Thr, Ala or Glu); Xaa at res.66=(Gln, Lys, Arg or Glu); Xaa at res.67=(Leu, Met or Val); Xaa at res.68=(Asn, Ser, Asp or Gly); Xaa at res.69=(Ala, Pro or Ser); Xaa at res.70=(Ile, Thr, Val or Leu); Xaa at res.71=(Ser, Ala or Pro); Xaa at res.72=(Val, Leu, Met or Ile); Xaa at res.74=(Tyr or Phe); Xaa at res.75=(Phe, Tyr, Leu or His); Xaa at res.76=(Asp, Asn or Leu); Xaa at res.77=(Asp, Glu, Asn, Arg or Ser); Xaa at res.78=(Ser, Gln, Asn, Tyr or Asp); Xaa at res.79=(Ser, Asn, Asp, Glu or Lys); Xaa at res.80=(Asn, Thr or Lys); Xaa at res.82=(Ile, Val or Asn); Xaa at res.84=(Lys or Arg); Xaa at res.85=(Lys, Asn, Gln, His, Arg or Val); Xaa at res.86=(Tyr, Glu or His); Xaa at res.87=(Arg, Gln, Glu or Pro); Xaa at res.88=(Asn, Glu, Trp or Asp); Xaa at res.90=(Val, Thr, Ala or Ile); Xaa at res.92=(Arg, Lys, Val, Asp, Gln or Glu); Xaa at res.93=(Ala, Gly, Glu or Ser); Xaa at res.95=(Gly or Ala) and Xaa at res.97=(His or Arg).
[0063] Generic Sequence 8 (SEQ ID NO: 2) includes all of Generic Sequence 7 and in addition includes the following sequence (SEQ ID NO: 14) at its N-terminus:
| Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa | |
| 1 5 |
[0064] Accordingly, beginning with residue 7, each “Xaa” in Generic Sequence 8 is a specified amino acid defined as for Generic Sequence 7, with the distinction that each residue number described for Generic Sequence 7 is shifted by five in Generic Sequence 8. Thus, “Xaa at res.2=(Tyr or Lys)” in Generic Sequence 7 refers to Xaa at res. 7 in Generic Sequence 8. In Generic Sequence 8, Xaa at res.2=(Lys, Arg, Ala or Gln); Xaa at res.3=(Lys, Arg or Met); Xaa at res.4=(His, Arg or Gln); and Xaa at res.5=(Glu, Ser, His, Gly, Arg, Pro, Thr, or Tyr).
[0065] As noted above, certain currently preferred morphogen polypeptide sequences useful in this invention have greater than 60% identity, preferably greater than 65% identity, with the amino acid sequence defining the preferred reference sequence of hOP-1. These particularly preferred sequences include allelic and phylogenetic counterpart variants of the OP-1 and OP-2 proteins, including the Drosophila 60A protein. Accordingly, in certain particularly preferred embodiments, useful morphogens include active proteins comprising pairs of polypeptide chains within the generic amino acid sequence herein referred to as “OPX” (SEQ ID NO: 3), which defines the seven cysteine skeleton and accommodates the homologies between several identified variants of OP-1 and OP-2. As described therein, each Xaa at a given position independently is selected from the residues occurring at the corresponding position in the C-terminal sequence of mouse or human OP-1 or OP-2 (see SEQ ID NOs: 4-7 and/or SEQ ID NOs: 15-22).
[0066] In still other preferred embodiments, useful morphogen polypeptides have amino acid sequences comprising a sequence encoded by nucleic acid that hybridizes, under stringent hybridization conditions, to DNA or RNA encoding reference morphogen sequences, e.g., C-terminal sequences defining the conserved seven cysteine domains of OP-1 or OP-2, e.g., nucleotides 1036-1341 and nucleotides 1390-1695 of SEQ ID NO: 15 and 19, respectively. As used herein, stringent hybridization conditions are defined as hybridization according to known techniques in 40% formamide, 5×SSPE, 5×Denhardt's Solution, and 0.1% SDS at 37° C. overnight, and washing in 0.1×SSPE, 0.1% SDS at 50° C.
[0067] As noted above, morphogens useful in the present invention generally are dimeric proteins comprising a folded pair of the above polypeptides. Morphogens are inactive when reduced, but are active as oxidized homodimers and when oxidized in combination with other morphogens of this invention to produce heterodimers. Thus, members of a folded pair of morphogen polypeptides in a morphogenically active protein can be selected independently from any of the specific morphogen polypeptides mentioned above.
[0068] The morphogens useful in the methods, compositions and devices of this invention include proteins comprising any of the polypeptide chains described above, whether isolated from naturally-occurring sources, or produced by recombinant DNA or other synthetic techniques, and includes allelic and phylogenetic counterpart variants of these proteins, as well as biosynthetic variants (muteins) thereof, and various truncated and fusion constructs. Deletion or addition mutants also are envisioned to be active, including those which may alter the conserved C-terminal six or seven cysteine domain, provided that the alteration does not functionally disrupt the relationship of these cysteines in the folded structure. Accordingly, such active forms are considered the equivalent of the specifically described constructs disclosed herein. The proteins may include forms having varying glycosylation patterns, varying N-termini, a family of related proteins having regions of amino acid sequence homology, and active truncated or mutated forms of native or biosynthetic proteins, produced by expression of recombinant DNA in host cells.
[0069] The morphogenic proteins can be expressed from intact or truncated cDNA or from synthetic DNAs in prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells, and purified, cleaved, refolded, and dimerized to form morphogenically active compositions. Currently preferred host cells include E. colior mammalian cells, such as CHO, COS or BSC cells. A detailed description of the morphogens useful in the methods, compositions and devices of this invention is disclosed in published application WO92/15323, the disclosure or which is incorporated by reference herein.
[0070] Thus, in view of this disclosure, skilled genetic engineers can isolate genes from cDNA or genomic libraries of various different biological species, which encode appropriate amino acid sequences, or construct DNAs from oligonucleotides, and then can express them in various types of host cells, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, to produce large quantities of active proteins capable of stimulating the morphogenesis of, and/or inhibiting damage or loss of, mammalian renal tissues.
[0071] As noted above, a protein is morphogenic herein generally if it induces the developmental cascade of cellular and molecular events that culminate in the formation of new, organ-specific tissue. Preferably, a morphogen comprises a pair of polypeptides having a sequence that corresponds to or is functionally equivalent to at least the conserved C-terminal six or seven cysteine skeleton of human OP-1, included in SEQ ID NO: 4. The morphogens generally are competent to induce all of the following biological functions in a morphogenically permissive environment: stimulating proliferation of progenitor cells; stimulating the differentiation of progenitor cells; stimulating the proliferation of differentiated cells; and supporting the growth and maintenance of differentiated cells. Details of how the morphogens useful in this invention first were identified, as well as a description on how to make, use and test them for morphogenic activity are disclosed in published application WO92/15323. As disclosed therein, the morphogens can be purified from naturally-sourced material or recombinantly produced from prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells, using the genetic sequences disclosed therein. Alternatively, novel morphogenic sequences can be identified following the procedures disclosed therein.
[0072] Exemplary useful morphogens include naturally derived proteins comprising a pair of polypeptides, the amino acid sequences of which comprise one or more of the sequences disclosed in the Sequence Listing and FIG. 7. Other useful sequences include those of the naturally derived morphogens dorsalin-1, SCREW, NODAL, UNIVIN and GDF-5, discussed herein in connection with Table 1, as well as biosynthetic constructs disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,691, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference (e.g., COP-1, COP-3, COP-4, COP-5, COP-7, and COP-16).
[0073] Accordingly, certain preferred morphogens useful in the methods and compositions of this invention can be described as morphogenically active proteins having amino acid sequences sharing 70% or, preferably, 80% homology (similarity) with a reference morphogen sequence described above, e.g., residues 38-139 of SEQ ID NO: 4, where “homology” is as defined herein above. Alternatively, in other preferred embodiments, morphogens useful in the methods and compositions disclosed herein fall within the family of polypeptides described by Generic Sequence 7, SEQ ID NO: 1, more preferably by Generic Sequence 8, SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0074] FIG. 7 herein sets forth an alignment of the amino acid sequences of the active regions of naturally occurring proteins that have been identified or appreciated herein as morphogens, including human OP-1 (hOP-1, SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 15-16), mouse OP-1 (mOP-1, SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 17-18), human and mouse OP-2 (SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7, and 19-22), mouse OP-3 (SEQ ID NOs: 25-26), CBMP-2A (SEQ ID NO: 8), CBMP-2B (SEQ ID NO: 9), BMP-3 (SEQ ID NO: 27), DPP (from Drosophila, SEQ ID NO: 10), Vgl, (from Xenopus, SEQ ID NO: 11), Vgr-1 (from mouse, SEQ ID NO: 12), GDF-1 (from mouse and/or human, SEQ ID NOs: 13, 30 and 31), 60A protein (from Drosophila, SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24), BMP-5 (SEQ ID NO: 28) and BMP-6 (SEQ ID NO: 29). The sequences are aligned essentially following the method of Needleman, et al. (1970) J. Mol. Biol., 48:443-453, calculated using the Align Program (DNAstar, Inc.). In FIG. 7, three dots indicates that the amino acid in that position is the same as the corresponding amino acid in hOP-1. Three dashes indicates that no amino acid is present in that position, and are included for purposes of illustrating homologies. For example, amino acid residue 60 of CBMP-2A and CBMP-2B is “missing.” Of course, both of these amino acid sequences in this region comprise Asn-Ser (residues 58, 59), with CBMP-2A then comprising Lys and Ile, whereas CBMP-2B comprises Ser and Ile. FIG. 7 also illustrates the handling of insertions in the morphogen amino acid sequence: between residues 56 and 57 of BMP-3 is an inserted Val residue; between residues 43 and 44 of GDF-1 is inserted the amino acid sequence, Gly-Gly-Pro-Pro. Such deviations from the reference morphogen sequence are ignored for purposes of calculating the defined relationship between, e.g., GDF-1 and hOP-1. As is apparent from the amino acid sequence comparisons set forth in FIG. 7, significant amino acid changes can be made from the reference sequence while retaining morphogenic activity. For example, while the GDF-1 protein sequence depicted in FIG. 7 shares only about 50% amino acid identity with the hOP-1 sequence described therein, the GDF-1 sequence shares greater than 70% amino acid sequence homology (or “similarity”) with the hOP-1 sequence, where “homology” or “similarity” includes allowed conservative amino acid substitutions within the aligned sequence, e.g., as defined by Dayhoff, et al. (1979) 5 Atlas of Protein Sequence and StructureSuppl. 3, pp. 345-362, (M. O. Dayhoff, ed., Natl. BioMed. Res. Found., Washington D.C.).
[0075] The currently most preferred protein sequences useful as morphogens in this invention include those having greater than 60% identity, preferably greater than 65% identity, with the amino acid sequence defining the conserved six or seven cysteine skeleton of hOP-1 (e.g., residues 43-139 or 38-139 of SEQ ID NO: 5). These most preferred sequences include both allelic and phylogenetic counterpart variants of the OP-1 and OP-2 proteins, including the Drosophila 60A protein. Accordingly, in still another preferred aspect, the invention includes morphogens comprising species of polypeptide chains having the generic amino acid sequence referred to herein as “OPX”, which defines the seven cysteine domain and accommodates the identities and homologies between the various identified OP-1 and OP-2 proteins. OPX is presented in SEQ ID NO: 3. As described therein, each Xaa at a given position independently is selected from the residues occurring at the corresponding position in the C-terminal sequence of mouse or human OP-1 or OP-2 (see FIG. 7 and SEQ ID NOs: 4-7 and/or SEQ ID NOs: 15-22).
[0076] Alternatively, an effective amount of an agent competent to stimulate or induce increased endogenous morphogen expression in a mammal may be administered by any of the routes described herein. For example, an agent competent to stimulate or induce morphogen production and/or secretion from renal tissue may be provided to a mammal, e.g., by systemic administration to the mammal or by direct administration of the morphogen-stimulating agent to renal tissue. Alternatively, the morphogen-stimulating agent or “morphogen inducer” may induce morphogen expression and/or secretion at a distant site (e.g., at a tissue locus other than renal tissue), with the expressed morphogen circulating to renal tissue competent to take up the morphogen and respond thereto. A method for identifying and testing agents competent to modulate the levels of endogenous morphogens in a given tissue is described in detail in published applications WO93/05172 and WO93/05751, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, candidate compounds can be identified and tested by incubation in vitro with a test tissue or cells thereof, or a cultured cell line derived therefrom, for a time sufficient to allow the compound to affect the production, i.e., the expression and/or secretion, of a morphogen produced by the cells of that tissue. Here, suitable tissue, or cultured cells of a suitable tissue, preferably can be selected from renal epithelium, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts.
[0077] In another series of embodiments, an agent which acts as an agonist of a morphogen receptor may be administered instead of the morphogen itself. Such an agent may also be referred to an a morphogen “mimic,” “mimetic,” or “analog.” Thus, for example, a small peptide or other molecule which can mimic the activity of a morphogen in binding to and activating the morphogen's receptor may be employed as an equivalent of the morphogen. Preferably the agonist is a full agonist, but partial morphogen receptor agonists may also be advantageously employed. Methods of identifying such agonists are known in the art and include assays for compounds which induce morphogen-mediated responses (e.g., induction of differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme, induction of endochondral bone formation). For example, methods of identifying morphogen inducers or agonists of morphogen receptors may be found in U.S. Ser. No. 08/478,097 filed Jun. 7, 1995 and U.S. Ser. No. 08/507,598 filed Jul. 26, 1995, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0078] Finally, as described below, in other embodiments cells may be implanted into the kidney of a subject at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy, in order to serve as a source of morphogen and/or to provide a source of additional functional renal tissue. Such cells may be host or donor cells which normally express morphogens, which have been transformed so as to express morphogens, or which have been treated with morphogens to induce metanephric differentiation.
[0079] C. Subjects for Treatment
[0080] As a general matter, the methods of the present invention may be utilized for any mammalian subject at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of the need for renal replacement therapy (i.e., chronic dialysis or renal transplant). Mammalian subjects which may be treated according to the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, human subjects or patients. In addition, however, the invention may be employed in the treatment of domesticated mammals which are maintained as human companions (e.g., dogs, cats, horses), which have significant commercial value (e.g., dairy cows. beef cattle, sporting animals), which have significant scientific value (e.g., captive or free specimens of endangered species), or which otherwise have value. In addition, as a general matter, the subjects for treatment with the methods of the present invention need not present indications for morphogen treatment other than those associated with risk of chronic renal failure. That is, the subjects for treatment are expected to be otherwise free of indications for morphogen treatment. In some number of cases, however, the subjects may present with other symptoms (e.g., osteodystrophy) for which morphogen treatment would be indicated. In such cases, the morphogen treatment should be adjusted accordingly so to avoid excessive dosing.
[0081] One of ordinary skill in the medical or veterinary arts is trained to recognize subjects which may be at a substantial risk of chronic renal failure, or at substantial risk of the need for renal replacement therapy. In particular, clinical and non-clinical trials, as well as accumulated experience, relating to the presently disclosed and other methods of treatment, are expected to inform the skilled practitioner in deciding whether a given subject is at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy, and whether any particular treatment is best suited to the subject's needs, including treatment according to the present invention.
[0082] As a general matter, a mammalian subject may be regarded as being at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy, if that subject has already been diagnosed as afflicted with, or would be regarded as being afflicted with, a condition which typically leads to progressive loss of renal function associated with progressive loss of functioning nephron units. Such conditions include, but are not limited to, chronic renal failure, end-stage renal disease, chronic diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, hereditary nephritis, renal dysplasia and the like. These, and other diseases and conditions known in the art, typically lead to a progressive loss of functioning nephrons and to the onset of chronic renal failure.
[0083] Frequently, one of skill in the medical or veterinary arts may base a prognosis, diagnosis or treatment decision upon an examination of a renal biopsy sample. Such biopsies provide a wealth of information useful in diagnosing disorders of the kidney but, due to the invasiveness of the procedure, and the additional trauma to a presumably unhealthy kidney, may not be appropriate for all subjects. Nonetheless, subjects at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy, may be recognized by histological indications from renal biopsies including, but not limited to, glomerular hypertrophy, tubular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial sclerosis, and the like.
[0084] Less invasive techniques for assessing kidney morphology include MRI, CAT and ultrasound scans. Scanning techniques are also available which employ contrasting or imaging agents (e.g., radioactive dyes) but, it should be noted, some of these are particularly toxic to renal tissues and structures and, therefore, their use may be ill-advised in subjects at risk of chronic renal failure. Such non-invasive scanning techniques may be employed to detect conditions such as renal fibrosis or sclerosis, focal renal necrosis, renal cysts, and renal gross hypertrophy which will place a subject at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy.
[0085] Quite frequently, prognosis, diagnosis and/or treatment decisions are based upon clinical indications of renal function. One such indication is the presence in urinary sediment of an unusual number of “broad” or “renal failure” casts, which is indicative of tubular hypertrophy and suggests the compensatory renal hypertrophy which typifies chronic renal failure. A better indication of renal function is the glomerular flow rate (GFR), which can be measured directly by quantifying the rate of clearance of particular markers, or which may be inferred from indirect measurements.
[0086] It should be noted that the present invention is not directed to the measurement of GFR or to the diagnosis of chronic renal failure. The methods of treatment of the present invention need not, therefore, be restricted to subjects presenting with any particular measures of GFR, or any other particular marker of renal function. Indeed, it is not necessary that the GFR of a subject, or any other particular marker of renal function, be determined before practicing the treatments of the present invention. Nonetheless, the measurement of GFR is considered to be a preferred means of assessing renal function.
[0087] As is well known in the art, GFR reflects the rate of clearance of a reference or marker compound from the plasma to the urine. The marker compound to be considered is typically one which is freely filtered by the glomeruli, but which is not actively secreted or reabsorbed by the renal tubules, and which is not significantly bound by circulating proteins. The rate of clearance is typically defined by the formula, presented above, which relates the volume of urine produced in a twenty-four period, and the relative concentrations of the marker in the urine and plasma. To be more accurate, the GFR should also be corrected for body surface area. The “gold standard” reference compound is inulin because of its filtration properties and lack of serum-binding. The concentration of this compound is, however, difficult to quantify in blood or urine. The clearance rates of other compounds, including p-aminohippurate (PAH) and creatinine, are therefore often used instead of inulin. In addition, various formulas are often employed which seek to simplify the estimation of actual GFR by omitting considerations of actual urine concentrations of the marker, actual daily volumes of urine produced, or actual body surface area. These values may be replaced by estimates based on other factors, by baseline values established for the same subject, or by standard values for similar subjects. These estimates should be used with caution, however, as they may entail inappropriate assumptions based upon the renal function of normal or healthy subjects.
[0088] In addition to measurements or estimates of actual GFR, various methods and formulas have been developed in the art which describe an expected value of GFR for a healthy subject with certain characteristics. In particular, formulas are available which provide an expected value of the GFR based upon plasma creatinine levels, age, weight and sex. One such formula for an expected GFR is presented above. Other formulas may, of course, be employed and tables of standard values may be produced for subject's of a given age, weight, sex, and/or plasma creatinine concentration. Newer methods of measuring or estimating GFR (e.g., using NMR or MRI technologies) are also now available in the art and may be used in accordance with the present invention (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,100,646 and 5,335,660).
[0089] As a general matter, irrespective of the manner in which GFR is measured or estimated, a subject may be considered to be at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy, when the subject has a GFR which is chronically less than about 50% of the expected GFR for that subject. The risk is considered greater as the GFR falls lower. Thus, a subject is increasingly considered at risk if the subject has a GFR which is chronically less than about 40%, 30% or 20% of the expected GFR.
[0090] As a general matter, irrespective of the manner in which GFR is measured or estimated, a human male subject weighing at least about 50 kg may be considered to be at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy, when the subject has a GFR which is chronically less than about 50 ml/min. The risk is considered greater as the GFR falls lower. Thus, a subject is increasingly considered at risk if the subject has a GFR which is chronically less than about 40, 30 or 20 ml/min.
[0091] As a general matter, irrespective of the manner in which GFR is measured or estimated, a human female subject weighing at least about 40 kg may be considered to be at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy, when the subject has a GFR which is chronically less than about 40 ml/min. The risk is considered greater as the GFR falls lower. Thus, a subject is increasingly considered at risk if the subject has a GFR which is chronically less than about 30, 20 or 10 ml/min.
[0092] By a employing a variety of methods, including the histological examinations, non-invasive scanning procedures, evaluations of clinical indicators, and other techniques described above and known in the art, those in the medical and veterinary arts may provide estimates of either the number of functioning nephron units which a subject possesses, or the percentage of functioning nephron units which a subject possesses relative to a healthy but otherwise similar subject (e.g., a conspecific subject of approximately the same age, weight, and sex). Thus, for example, a biopsy may reveal a decrease in the density of functional nephrons, or imaging with filtered agents may indicate losses of functional renal tissue and/or filtering capacity. Such measures or estimates provide another means of expressing when a subject is at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy. Thus, as a general matter, a subject may be regarded to be at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy, if that subject possesses a number of functional nephron units which is less than about 50% of the number of functional nephron units of a healthy, but otherwise similar, subject. As above, the risk is considered greater as the number of functional nephrons decreases further. Thus, a subject is increasingly considered at risk if the subject has a number of functional nephrons which is less than about 40, 30 or 20% of the number for a similar but healthy subject.
[0093] Finally, it should be noted that subjects possessing a single kidney, irrespective of the manner of loss of the other kidney (e.g., physical trauma, surgical removal, birth defect), may be considered to be prima facie at risk of chronic renal failure, or the need for renal replacement therapy. This is particularly true for those subjects in which one kidney has been lost due to a disease or condition which may afflict the remaining kidney. Similarly, subjects which are already recipients of a renal transplant, or which are already receiving chronic dialysis (e.g., chronic hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) may be considered prima facie to be at risk of chronic renal failure, or the need for further renal replacement therapy.
[0094] D. Formulations and Methods of Treatment
[0095] The morphogens, morphogen inducers, or agonists of morphogen receptors of the present invention may be administered by any route which is compatible with the particular morphogen, inducer, or agonist employed. Thus, as appropriate, administration may be oral or parenteral, including intravenous, intraperitoneal, and renal intracapsular routes of administration. In addition, administration may be by periodic injections of a bolus of the morphogen, inducer or agonist, or may be made more continuous by intravenous or intraperitoneal administration from a reservoir which is external (e.g., an i.v. bag) or internal (e.g., a bioerodable implant).
[0096] The therapeutic agents of the invention (i.e., morphogens, morphogen inducers or agonists of morphogen receptors) may be provided to an individual by any suitable means, preferably directly (e.g., locally, as by injection or topical administration to a tissue locus) or systemically (e.g., parenterally or orally). Where the agent is to be provided parenterally, such as by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, ophthalmic, intraventricular, intracranial, intracapsular, intraspinal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, buccal, rectal, vaginal, intranasal or by aerosol administration, the agent preferably comprises part of an aqueous solution. The solution is physiologically acceptable so that in addition to delivery of the desired agent to the patient, the solution does not otherwise adversely affect the patient's electrolyte and/or volume balance. The aqueous medium for the agent thus may comprise normal physiologic saline (e.g., 9.85% NaCl, 0.15M, pH 7-7.4). Such an aqueous solution containing the agent can be made, for example, by dissolving the agent in 50% ethanol containing acetonitrile in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or 0.1% HCl, or equivalent solvents. One volume of the resultant solution then is added, for example, to ten volumes of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), which further may include 0.1-0.2% human serum albumin (HSA). The resultant solution preferably is vortexed extensively.
[0097] If desired, a given morphogen or other agent may be made more soluble by association with a suitable molecule. For example, association of the mature morphogen dimer with the pro domain results in the pro form of the morphogen which typically is more soluble or dispersible in physiological solutions than the corresponding mature form. In fact, endogenous morphogens are thought to be transported (e.g., secreted and circulated) in the mammalian body in this form. This soluble form of the protein can be obtained from culture medium of morphogen-secreting mammalian cells, e.g., cells transfected with nucleic acid encoding and competent to express the morphogen. Alternatively, a soluble species can be formulated by complexing the mature dimer (or an active fragment thereof) with a morphogen pro domain or a solubility-enhancing fragment thereof (described more fully below). Another molecule capable of enhancing solubility and particularly useful for oral administrations, is casein. For example, addition of 0.2% casein increases solubility of the mature active form of OP-1 by 80%. Other components found in milk and/or various serum proteins also may be useful.
[0098] Useful solutions for parenteral administration may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmaceutical art, described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences(Gennaro, A., ed.), Mack Pub., 1990. Formulations of the therapeutic agents of the invention may include, for example, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, hydrogenated naphthalenes, and the like. Formulations for direct administration, in particular, may include glycerol and other compositions of high viscosity to help maintain the agent at the desired locus. Biocompatible, preferably bioresorbable, polymers, including, for example, hyaluronic acid, collagcn, tricalcium phosphate, polybutyrate, lactide, and glycolide polymers and lactide/glycolide copolymers, may be useful excipients to control the release of the agent in vivo. Other potentially useful parenteral delivery systems for these agents include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes. Formulations for inhalation administration contain as excipients, for example, lactose, or may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, glycocholate and deoxycholate, or oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel to be applied intranasally. Formulations for parenteral administration may also include glycocholate for buccal administration, methoxysalicylate for rectal administration, or cutric acid for vaginal administration. Suppositories for rectal administration also may be prepared by mixing the morphogen, inducer or agonist with a non-irritating excipient such as cocoa butter or other compositions which are solid at room temperature and liquid at body temperatures.
[0099] Formulations for topical administration to the skin surface may be prepared by dispersing the morphogen, inducer or agonist with a dermatologically acceptable carrier such as a lotion, cream, ointment or soap. Particularly useful are carriers capable of forming a film or layer over the skin to localize application and inhibit removal. For topical administration to internal tissue surfaces, the agent may be dispersed in a liquid tissue adhesive or other substance known to enhance adsorption to a tissue surface. For example, hydroxypropylcellulose or fibrinogen/thrombin solutions may be used to advantage. Alternatively, tissue-coating solutions, such as pectin-containing formulations may be used.
[0100] Alternatively, the agents described herein may be administered orally. Oral administration of proteins as therapeutics generally is not practiced as most proteins are readily degraded by digestive enzymes and acids in the mammalian digestive system before they can be absorbed into the bloodstream. However, the morphogens described herein typically are acid stable and protease-resistant (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,590). In addition, at least one morphogen, OP-1, has been identified in mammary gland extract colostrum and 57-day milk. Moreover, the OP-1 purified from mammary gland extract is morphogenically active and also is detected in the bloodstream. Finally, soluble form morphogen, e.g., mature morphogen associated with the pro domain, is morphogenically active. These findings, as well as those disclosed in the examples below, indicate that oral and parenteral administration are viable means for administering morphogens to an individual. In addition, while the mature forms of certain morphogens described herein typically are sparingly soluble, the morphogen form found in milk (and mammary gland extract and colostrum) is readily soluble, probably by association of the mature, morphogenically active form with part or all of the pro domain of the intact sequence and/or by association with one or more milk components. Accordingly, the compounds provided herein also may be associated with molecules capable of enhancing their solubility in vitro or in vivo.
[0101] The compounds provided herein also may be associated with molecules capable of targeting the morphogen, inducer or agonist to the desired tissue. For example, an antibody, antibody fragment, or other binding protein that interacts specifically with a surface molecule on cells of the desired tissue, may be used. Useful targeting molecules may be designed, for example, using the single chain binding site technology disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,513.
[0102] As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the formulated compositions contain therapeutically effective amounts of the morphogen, morphogen inducers or agonists of morphogen receptors. That is, they contain amounts which provide appropriate concentrations of the agent to the renal tissues for a time sufficient to stimulate renal morphogenesis and/or to prevent, inhibit or delay compensatory renal hypertrophy and/or further significant decline in renal function. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the concentration of the compounds described in a therapeutic composition of the present invention will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the biological efficacy of the selected agent, the chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity) of the compounds employed, the formulation of the compound excipients, the administration route, and the treatment envisioned, including whether the active ingredient will be administered directly into a kidney or renal capsule, or whether it will be administered systemically. The preferred dosage to be administered also is likely to depend on such variables such as the condition of the renal tissues, extent of renal function loss, and the overall health status of the particular subject. As a general matter, daily or weekly dosages of 0.00001-1000 mg of a morphogen are sufficient with 0.0001-100 mg being preferable and 0.001 to 10 mg being even more preferable. Alternatively, a daily or weekly dosage of 0.01-1000 μg/kg body weight, more preferably 0.1-100 μg/kg body weight, may be advantageously employed. Dosages are preferably administered continuously, but daily, multi-weekly, weekly or monthly dosages may also be employed. For subjects which would otherwise require bi-weekly or tri-weekly hemodialysis sessions, bi-weekly or tri-weekly intravenous or intraperitoneal infusions are not considered unduly inconvenient. In addition, in order to facilitate frequent infusions, implantation of a semi-permanent stent (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal or intracapsular) may be advisable. It should be noted that no obvious morphogen induced pathological lesions arise when mature morphogen (e.g., OP-1, 20 mg) is administered daily to normal growing rats for 21 consecutive days. Moreover, 10 mg systemic injections of morphogen (e.g., OP-1) injected daily for 10 days into normal newborn mice does not produce any gross abnormalities.
[0103] The morphogens, inducers or agonists of the invention may, of course, be administered alone or in combination with other molecules known to be beneficial in the treatment of the conditions described herein.
[0104] Finally, as noted above, in another series of embodiments renal cells may be implanted into the kidney of a subject at risk of chronic renal failure, or at risk of needing renal replacement therapy, in order to serve as a source of morphogen and/or to provide a source of additional functional renal tissue. These cells may be renal mesenchymal progenitor cells, or renal mesenchymal progenitor cells which have been induced to undergo metanephric differentiation. The cells may be derived from a donor (e.g., a tissue-type matched donor, sibling, identical twin), may be derived from a tissue culture (e.g., undifferentiated renal mesenchyme culture, fetal renal tissue culture), or may be explanted from the subject and then be re-implanted after proliferation and/or differentiation. Preferably, the cells are induced to undergo metanephric differentiation by treatment with a morphogen (e.g., OP-1) either before or after implantation. Thus, for example, renal mesenchymal progenitor cells may be explanted from a subject, allowed or caused to proliferate in vitro, be induced to undergo metanephric differentiation by morphogen treatment, and be re-implanted where they may provide a source of morphogen and/or differentiate further into functional renal tissue.
[0105] Practice of the invention, including additional preferred aspects and embodiments thereof, will be still more fully understood from the following examples, which are presented herein for illustration only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
EXAMPLES
[0106] Rat Remnant Kidney Model
[0107] A rat partial (5/6) nephrectomy or rat remnant kidney model (RRKM) model was employed essentially as described (Vukicevic, et al. (1987) J. Bone Mineral Res. 2:533). Male rats (2-3 months old, weighing about 150-200 g) were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy (either left or right kidney). After approximately one week, 2/3 of the remaining kidney was surgically removed. Immediately following surgery, plasma creatinine and BUN levels rise dramatically due to the loss of renal mass and function. Over the next several weeks of this “acute” failure phase, plasma creatinine and BUN levels of surviving animals decline somewhat toward normal values but remain elevated. Renal function then appears to remain relatively constant or stable for a period of variable duration. After this point, the animals enter a period of chronic renal failure in which there is an essentially linear decline in renal function ending in death.
[0108] As surgical controls, additional rats were subjected to a “sham” operation in which the kidneys were decapsulated but no renal tissue was removed.
[0109] Intervention Model for Chronic Renal Failure
[0110] In this model, both nephrectomized and sham-operated rats were maintained for approximately 5-6 months after surgery. At this point, surviving nephrectomized animals were past the stable phase and had entered chronic renal failure.
[0111] Rats were divided into 8 groups with 12 rats in each group. Two groups of nephrectomized rats were used as controls (Nx controls), with one of those groups receiving no treatment at all, while the other received injections of only the vehicle buffer. In addition, two groups of sham-operated rats were used as controls (sham controls), with one group receiving only the vehicle buffer, while the other received soluble OP-1 (sOP-1) at 10 μg/kg body weight. Four experimental groups of nephrectomized rats were employed, receiving sOP-1 at 1, 3, 10 or 50 μg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection (OP-1 Nx animals). OP-1 treated and vehicle-only rats received three injections per week for 4-8 weeks. Total injection volume was 300 μl. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two Nx control groups or between the two sham control groups.
[0112] Compared to the sham group receiving only vehicle, the Nx control receiving only vehicle demonstrated significantly (p<0.01) elevated serum creatinine (FIG. 1) at the end of the study, indicating a significant loss of renal function. Although nephrectomized rats treated with either 1 or 3 μg/kg body weight sOP-1 did not show significantly reduced serum creatinine when compared to the Nx control, nephrectomized rats treated with sOP-1 at doses of 10 or 50 μg/kg body weight showed significant (p<0.05) reductions in creatinine values (FIG. 1). Similar results were observed for serum urea levels: Although nephrectomized rats treated with either 1 or 3 μg/kg body weight sOP-1 did not show significantly reduced serum urea when compared to the Nx control, nephrectomized rats treated with sOP-1 at doses of 10 or 50 μg/kg body weight showed significant (p<0.01) reductions in serum urea values (FIG. 2). All nephrectomized rats showed significantly (p<0.01) higher serum urea when compared to the sham-operated rats (FIG. 2).
[0113] Histological observations indicate that, in contrast to the vehicle treated Nx control group, OP-1 treated nephrectomized rats exhibit relatively normal glomerular histology. FIG. 3, for example, shows typical renal samples from (A) normal rat kidney, (B) untreated Nx control animals, and (C) OP-1 treated nephrectomized rats under low magnification (10×). FIG. 4 shows similar samples under higher magnification (40×). Histomorphometric analysis indicates that OP-1 Nx rats showed reduced incidence of glomerular sclerosis and loop collapse, relatively scattered sclerosis and microaneurysms, and more viable glomeruli compared to Nx control rats (Table 2).
[0114] None of the rats died in any group during this study.
[0115] Prophylactic Model for Chronic Renal Failure
[0116] Rats were subjected to partial nephrectomies or sham-operated as described above. In this model, in order to test the ability of morphogens to prevent, inhibit or delay the initiation of chronic renal failure, the rats were allowed to recover for approximately two weeks after surgery before initiation of OP-1 therapy. At this point, surviving animals were past the acute renal failure phase and had not yet entered chronic renal failure.
[0117] Rats were divided into two groups of 15-20 rats. One group received only vehicle buffer (Nx control) whereas the other received OP-1 treatment at 10 μg/kg body weight given intraperitoneally three times per week. Administration of OP-1 or vehicle continued for a period of approximately 8-9 weeks.
[0118] During weeks 1-5 of treatment, both groups showed elevated serum creatinine (>100 μmol/L) relative to sham-operated controls (35±7 μmol/L). At about 5 weeks, both groups began to show a rise in serum creatinine suggesting the onset of progressive or chronic renal failure. The rise in serum creatinine was, however, markedly .less rapid in the OP-1 treated group and was significantly lower than in the Nx controls (FIG. 5: p<0.02 at weeks 6 and 8; p<0.01 at weeks 7 and 9). Similar results were observed in serum BUN values as well.
[0119] More important, measurements of GFR, based on serum and urine creatinine values, showed a highly significant decrease in both groups of nephrectomized rats (<1.8 ml/min) relative to sham-operated controls (4.7±1.1 ml/min). The GFR in both groups continued to decline during weeks 1-3 of treatment. At approximately three weeks, however, GFR in the OP-1 treated group stabilized whereas the decline in renal function continued in the Nx controls. By week 5, the difference in GFR values between OP-1 treated and Nx control rats had become statistically significant (p<0.02). This difference in GFR continued to increase over time (p<0.01 at week 6; p<0.001 at weeks 7 and 8), as the Nx controls continued to decline but the OP-1 treated rats remained stable (FIG. 6). By the end of 9 weeks, 40% of the Nx control rats were dead whereas none of the OP-1 treated rats had died.
[0120] Histological evaluation of tissue sections confirmed that OP-1 treated rats showed greater preservation or maintenance of glomeruli, as well as proximal and distal tubule structures. There were also signs in the OP-1 treated rats of nephrogenic mesenchymal condensations and the appearance of developmental nephrogenic structures. Table 2 reports results of several standard quantitative (e.g., PAS-staining of extracellular matrix) and semi-quantitative (e.g., visual ranking) histomorphometric measures obtained for tissue slices from Nx control and OP-1 treated Nx rats. These results indicate that OP-1 treatment of nephrectomized rates resulted in overall improvement (or reduced degeneration) of kidney tissue morphology, increased mesangial or perivascular thickening, decreased glomerular sclerosis and loop collapse, decreased presence of “scattered” sclerosis and microaneurysms, and an increase in viable glomeruli.
| TABLE 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glomerular | Scattered | Absence of | |||
| Normal | Mesangial | Sclerosis & | Sclerosis & | Viable | |
| Group | Histology | Thickening | Loop Collapse | Microaneurysms | Glomeruli |
[0121] Preparation of Soluble Morphogen Complexes
[0122] A currently preferred form of the morphogen useful herein, having improved solubility in aqueous solutions, is a dimeric morphogenic protein comprising at least the C-terminal seven cysteine domain characteristic of the morphogen family, complexed with a peptide comprising a pro region of a member of the morphogen family, or a solubility-enhancing fragment thereof, or an allelic, species or other sequence variant thereof. Preferably, the dimeric morphogenic protein is complexed with two pro region peptides. Also, the dimeric morphogenic protein preferably is noncovalently complexed with the pro region peptides. The pro region peptides preferably comprise at least the N-terminal eighteen amino acids that define the pro domain of a given naturally occurring morphogen, or an allelic or phylogenetic counterpart variant thereof. In other preferred embodiments, peptides defining substantially the full length pro domain are used.
[0123] Other soluble forms of morphogens include dimers of the uncleaved pro forms of these proteins, as well as “hemi-dimers” wherein one subunit of the dimer is an uncleaved pro form of the protein, and the other subunit comprises the mature form of the protein, including truncated forms thereof, preferably noncovalently associated with a cleaved pro domain peptide.
[0124] As described above and in published application WO94/03600, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference, useful pro domains include the full length pro regions, as well as various truncated forms hereof, particularly truncated forms cleaved at proteolytic Arg-Xaa-Xaa-Arg cleavage sites within the pro domain polypeptide. For example, in OP-1, possible pro sequences include sequences defined by residues 30-292 (full length form); 48-292; and 158-292. Soluble OP-1 complex stability is best enhanced when the pro region comprises the full length form rather than a truncated form, such as the residues 48-292 truncated form, in that residues 30-47 show sequence homology to the N-terminal portions of other morphogens, and currently are believed to have particular utility in enhancing complex stability for all morphogens. Accordingly, currently preferred pro domains include peptides comprising at least the N-terminal fragment, e.g., amino acid residues 30-47 of a naturally occurring morphogen pro domain, or a biosynthetic variant thereof that retains the solubility and/or stability enhancing properties of the naturally-occurring peptide.
[0125] As will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art, useful sequences encoding the pro region can be obtained from genetic sequences encoding known morphogens. Alternatively, chimeric pro regions can be constructed from the sequences of one or more known morphogens. Still another option is to create a synthetic sequence variant of one or more known pro region sequences.
[0126] In another preferred aspect, useful pro region peptides include polypeptide chains comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA or RNA sequence encoding at least the N-terminal eighteen amino acids of the pro region sequence for OP-1 or OP-2, e.g., nucleotides 136-192 and 152-211 of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 19, respectively.
[0127] A. Isolation from Conditioned Media or Body Fluid
[0128] Morphogens are expressed from mammalian cells as soluble complexes. Typically, however the complex is disassociated during purification, generally by exposure to denaturants often added to the purification solutions, such as detergents, alcohols, organic solvents, chaotropic agents and compounds added to reduce the pH of the solution. Provided below is a currently preferred protocol for purifying the soluble proteins from conditioned media (or, optionally, a body fluid such as serum, cerebrospinal or peritoneal fluid), under non-denaturing conditions. The method is rapid, reproducible and yields isolated soluble morphogen complexes in substantially pure form.
[0129] Soluble morphogen complexes can be isolated from conditioned media using a simple, three step chromatographic protocol performed in the absence of denaturants. The protocol involves running the media (or body fluid) over an affinity column, followed by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographies. The affinity column described below is a Zn-IMAC column. The present protocol has general applicability to the purification of a variety of morphogens, all of which are anticipated to be isolatable using only minor modifications of the protocol described below. An alternative protocol also envisioned to have utility includes an immunoaffinity column, created using standard procedures and, for example, using antibody specific for a given morphogen pro domain (complexed, for example, to a protein A-conjugated Sepharose column). Protocols for developing immunoaffinity columns are well described in the art (see, for example, Guide to Protein Purification, M. Deutscher, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1990, particularly sections VII and XI thereof).
[0130] In this study, OP-1 was expressed in mammalian (CHO, Chinese hamster ovary) cells as described in the art (see, for example, international application US90/05903 (WO91/05802). The CHO cell conditioned media containing 0.5% FBS was initially purified using Immobilized Metal-Ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC). The soluble OP-1 complex from conditioned media binds very selectively to the Zn-IMAC resin and a high concentration of imidazole (50 mM imidazole, pH 8.0) is required for the effective elution of the bound complex. The Zn-IMAC step separates the soluble OP-1 from the bulk of the contaminating serum proteins that elute in the flowthrough and 35 mM imidazole wash fractions. The Zn-IMAC purified soluble OP-1 is next applied to an S-Sepharose cation-exchange column equilibrated in 20 mM NaPO4(pH 7.0) with 50 mM NaCI. This S-Sepharose step serves to further purify and concentrate the soluble OP-1 complex in preparation for the following gel filtration step. The protein was applied to a Sephacryl S-200HR column equilibrated in TBS. Using substantially the same protocol, soluble morphogens also can be isolated from one or more body fluids, including serum, cerebrospinal fluid or peritoneal fluid.
[0131] IMAC was performed using Chelating-Sepharose (Pharmacia) that had been charged with three column volumes of 0.2 M ZnSO4. The conditioned media was titrated to pH 7.0 and applied directly to the Zn-IMAC resin equilibrated in 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.0) with 500 mM NaCl. The Zn-IMAC resin was loaded with 80 mL of starting conditioned media per mL of resin. After loading, the column was washed with equilibration buffer and most of the contaminating proteins were eluted with 35 mM imidazole (pH 7.0) in equilibration buffer. The soluble OP-1 complex then is eluted with 50 mM imidazole (pH 8.0) in 20 mM HEPES and 500 mM NaCl.
[0132] The 50 mM imidazole eluate containing the soluble OP-1 complex was diluted with nine volumes of 20 mM NaPO4(pH 7.0) and applied to an S-Sepharose (Pharmacia) column equilibrated in 20 mM NaPO4(pH 7.0) with 50 mM NaCl. The S-Sepharose resin was loaded with an equivalent of 800 mL of starting conditioned media per mL of resin. After loading the S-Sepharose column was washed with equilibration buffer and eluted with 100 mM NaCl followed by 300 mM and 500 mM NaCl in 20 mM NaPO4 (pH 7.0). The 300 mM NaCl pool was further purified using gel filtration chromatography. Fifty mls of the 300 mM NaCl eluate was applied to a 5.0×90 cm Sephacryl S-200HR (Pharmacia) equilibrated in Tris buffered saline (TBS), 50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl (pH 7.4). The column was eluted at a flow rate of 5 mL/minute collecting 10 mL fractions. The apparent molecular of the soluble OP-1 was determined by comparison to protein molecular weight standards (alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, 150 kDa), bovine serum albumin (BSA, 68 kDa), carbonic anhydrase (CA, 30 kDa) and cytochrome C (cytC, 12.5 kDa). The purity of the S-200 column fractions was determined by separation on standard 15% polyacrylamide SDS gels stained with coomassie blue. The identity of the mature OP-1 and the pro-domain was determined by N-terminal sequence analysis after separation of the mature OP-1 from the pro-domain using standard reverse phase C18 HPLC.
[0133] The soluble OP-1 complex elutes with an apparent molecular weight of 1 10 kDa. This agrees well with the predicted composition of the soluble OP-1 complex with one mature OP-1 dimer (35-36 kDa) associated with two pro-domains (39 kDa each). Purity of the final complex can be verified by running the appropriate fraction in a reduced 15% polyacrylamide gel.
[0134] The complex components can be verified by running the complex-containing fraction from the S-200 or S-200HR columns over a reverse phase C18 HPLC column and eluting in an acetonitrile gradient (in 0.1% TFA), using standard procedures. The complex is dissociated by this step, and the pro domain and mature species elute as separate species. These separate species then can be subjected to N-terminal sequencing using standard procedures (see, for example, Guide to Protein Purification, M. Deutscher, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1990, particularly pp. 602-613), and the identity of the isolated 36 kDa, 39 kDa proteins confirmed as mature morphogen and isolated, cleaved pro domain, respectively. N-terminal sequencing of the isolated pro domain from mammalian cell produced OP-1 revealed 2 forms of the pro region, the intact form (beginning at residue 30 of SEQ ID NO: 16) and a truncated form, (beginning at residue 48 of SEQ ID NO: 16.) N-terminal sequencing of the polypeptide subunit of the isolated mature species reveals a range of N-termini for the mature sequence, beginning at residues 293, 300, 313, 315, 316, and 318, of SEQ ID NO: 16, all of which are active as demonstrated by the standard bone morphogenesis assay set forth in published application WO92/15323 as incorporated herein by reference.
[0135] B. In Vitro Soluble Morphogen Complex Formation
[0136] As an alternative to purifying soluble complexes from culture media or a body fluid, soluble complexes can be formulated from purified pro domains and mature dimeric species. Successful complex formation apparently requires association of the components under denaturing conditions sufficient to relax the folded structure of these molecules, without affecting disulfide bonds. Preferably, the denaturing conditions mimic the environment of an intracellular vesicle sufficiently such that the cleaved pro domain has an opportunity to associate with the mature dimeric species under relaxed folding conditions. The concentration of denaturant in the solution then is decreased in a controlled, preferably step-wise manner, so as to allow proper refolding of the dimer and pro regions while maintaining the association of the pro domain with the dimer. Useful denaturants include 4-6M urea or guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl), in buffered solutions of pH 4-10, preferably pH 6-8. The soluble complex then is formed by controlled dialysis or dilution into a solution having a final denaturant concentration of less than 0.1-2M urea or GuHCl, preferably 1-2 M urea of GuHCl, which then preferably can be diluted into a physiological buffer. Protein purification/renaturing procedures and considerations are well described in the art, and details for developing a suitable renaturing protocol readily can be determined by one having ordinary skill in the art. One useful text on the subject is Guide to Protein Purification, M. Deutscher, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1990, particularly section V. Complex formation also may be aided by addition of one or more chaperone proteins.
[0137] C. Stability of Soluble Morphogen Complexes
[0138] The stability of the highly purified soluble morphogen complex in a physiological buffer, e.g., Tris-buffered saline (TBS) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), can be enhanced by any of a number of means. Currently preferred is by means of a pro region that comprises at least the first 18 amino acids of the pro sequence (e.g., residues 30-47 of SEQ ID NO: 16 for OP-1), and preferably is the full length pro region. Residues 30-47 show sequence homology to the N-terminal portion of other morphogens and are believed to have particular utility in enhancing complex stability for all morphogens. Other useful means for enhancing the stability of soluble morphogen complexes include three classes of additives. These additives include basic amino acids (e.g., L-arginine, lysine and betaine); nonionic detergents (e.g., Tween 80 or Nonldet P-120); and carrier proteins (e.g., serum albumin and casein). Useful concentrations of these additives include 1-100 mM, preferably 10-70 mM, including 50 mM, basic amino acid;, 0.01-1.0%, preferably 0.05-0.2%, including 0.1% (v/v) nonionic detergent;, and 0.01-1.0%, preferably 0.05-0.2%, including 0.1% (w/v) carrier protein.
Equivalents
[0139] The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting on the invention described herein. Scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of treatment for a mammal at risk of chronic renal failure comprising:
administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a morphogen, wherein said morphogen comprises a dimeric protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a sequence having at least 70% amino acid sequence homology with the C-terminal seven-cysteine skeleton of human OP-1, amino acids 38-139 of SEQ ID NO:4;
(ii) a sequence having at least a 60% amino acid sequence identity with the C-terminal six-cysteine skeleton of human OP-1, amino acid residues 43-139 of SEQ ID NO:4;
(iii) an amino acid sequence variant defined by Generic Sequence 7, SEQ ID NO:1;
(iv) an amino acid sequence variant defined by Generic Sequence 8, SEQ ID NO:2;
(v) an amino acid substitution variant encoded by a nucleic acid sequence which possesses the ability to hybridize under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the C-terminal seven-cysteine skeleton of OP-1, nucleotides 1036-1341 of SEQ ID NO:15; and
(vi) an amino acid substitution variant encoded by a nucleic acid sequence which possesses the ability to hybridize under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the C-terminal seven-cysteine skeleton of OP-2, nucleotides 1390-1695 of SEQ ID NO:19,
wherein said morphogen induces endochondral bone formation in an in vivo assay.
2. A method as in claim 1 wherein
said mammal is afflicted with a condition selected from the group consisting of chronic renal failure, end-stage renal disease, chronic diabetic nephropathy, diabetic glomerulopathy, diabetic renal hypertrophy, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, hypertensive glomerulosclerosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, hereditary nephritis, and renal dysplasia.
3. A method as in claim 1 wherein
examination of a renal biopsy of said mammal indicates that said mammal is afflicted with a condition selected from the group consisting of glomerular hypertrophy, tubular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial sclerosis.
6. A method as in claim 1 wherein
said mammal possesses a number of functional nephron units which is less than about 50% of a number of functional nephron units present in a mammal having intact healthy kidneys.
9. A method as in claim 1 wherein
examination of a urinary sediment of said mammal indicates a presence of broad casts.
10. A method as in claim 1 wherein
said mammal has a GFR which is chronically less than about 50% of a GFRexpfor said mammal.
11. A method as in claim 1 wherein
said mammal is a human male weighing at least about 50 kg and has a GFR which is chronically less than about 50 ml/min.
12. A method as in claim 1 wherein
said mammal is a human female weighing at least about 40 kg and has a GFR which is chronically less than about 40 ml/min.
13. A method as in claim 1 wherein said treatment reduces serum creatinine levels in said mammal by at least about 5% over 3 months.
14. A method as in claim 1 wherein
prior to said treatment said mammal presented a chronic decline in a clinical indicator of renal function; and
after at least about 3 months of said treatment, said indicator stabilizes.
15. A method as in claim 1 wherein said administration is oral.
16. A method as in claim 1 wherein said administration is parenteral.
17. A method as in claim 1 wherein said administration is at least once a week for a period of at least about one month.
18. A method as in claim 1 wherein said morphogen is selected from the group consisting of a pro form of a morphogen, a soluble form of a morphogen, and a mature morphogen.
19. A method as in claim 1 wherein said morphogen is selected from the group consisting of human osteogenic proteins and human bone morphogenic proteins.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein said morphogen is selected from the group comprising: OP-1, OP-2, OP-3, CBMP2A, CBMP2B, dpp, Vgl, Vgr-1, GDF-1, 60A, BMP-3, BMP-5, and BMP-6.
21. The method of claim 22, wherein said morphogen is OP-1.
22. A method of treatment to delay the need for, or reduce the frequency of, chronic dialysis treatments comprising:
administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a morphogen, wherein said morphogen comprises a dimeric protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a sequence having at least 70% amino acid sequence homology with the . C-terminal seven-cysteine skeleton of human OP-1, amino acids 38-139 of SEQ ID NO:4;
(ii) a sequence having at least a 60% amino acid sequence identity with the C-terminal six-cysteine skeleton of human OP-1, amino acid residues 43-139 of SEQ ID NO:4;
(iii) an amino acid sequence variant defined by Generic Sequence 7, SEQ ID NO:1;
(iv) an amino acid sequence variant defined by Generic Sequence 8, SEQ ID NO:2;
(v) an amino acid substitution variant encoded by a nucleic acid sequence which possesses the ability to hybridize under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the C-terminal seven-cysteine skeleton of OP-1, nucleotides 1036-1341 of SEQ ID NO:15; and
(vi) an amino acid substitution variant encoded by a nucleic acid sequence which possesses the ability to hybridize under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the C-terminal seven-cysteine skeleton of OP-2, nucleotides 1390-1695 of SEQ ID NO: 19,
wherein said morphogen induces endochondral bone formation in an in vivo assay.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein said morphogen is selected from the group comprising: OP-1, OP-2, OP-3, CBMP2A, CBMP2B, dpp, Vgl, Vgr-1, GDF-1, 60A, BMP-3, BMP-5, and BMP-6.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein said morphogen is OP-1.
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