Method and system for implementing network filesystem-based aid for computer operating system upgrades

[0002] 1. Technical Field

[0003] The present invention relates to information processing technology. More particularly the present invention relates to a system and method for simplifying operating system upgrades.

[0004] 2. Description of Related Art

[0005] The UNIX operating system, or “UNIX,” “A weak pun on Multics,” is an interactive time-sharing operating system invented in 1969 by Ken Thompson after he left Bell Labs and the Multics project, apparently to play games on his scavenged PDP-7 computer (minicomputer sold by Digital Electric Corp. (DEC), (Compaq Computer Corp., 20555 SH 249, Houston, Tex. 77070)). Thompson developed a new programming language ‘B’, and Dennis Ritchie enhanced ‘B’ to ‘C’ and helped develop ‘UNIX’.

[0006] The UNIX operating system is a multi-user operating system supporting serial or network connected terminals for more than one user. It supports multi-tasking and a hierarchical directory structure for the organization and maintenance of files. UNIX is portable, requiring only the kernel (<10%) written in assembler, and supports a wide range of support tools including development, debuggers, and compilers.

[0007] The UNIX operating system consists of the kernel, shell, and utilities. The kernel schedules tasks, manages data/file access and storage, enforces security mechanisms, and performs all hardware access. The shell presents each user with a prompt, interprets commands typed by a user, executes user commands, and supports a custom environment for each user. Finally, the utilities provide file management (rm, cat, ls, rmdir, mkdir), user management (passwd, chmod, chgrp), process management (kill, ps), and printing (lp, troff, pr).

[0008] A multi-user operating system allows more than one user to share the same computer system at the same time. It does this by time-slicing the computer processor at regular intervals between the various people using the system. Each user gets a set percentage of some amount of time for instruction execution during the time each user has the processor. After a user's allotted time has expired, the operations system intervenes, saving the program's state (program code and data), and then starts running the next user's program (for the user's set percentage of time). This process continues until, eventually, the first user has the processor again.

[0009] It takes time to save/restore the program's state and switch from one program to another (called dispatching). This action is performed by the kernel and must execute quickly, because it is important to spend the majority of time running user programs, not switching between them. The amount of time that is spent in the system state (i.e., running the kernel and performing tasks like switching between user programs) is called the system overhead and should typically be less than 10%.

[0010] Switching between user programs in main memory is done by part of the kernel. Main system memory is divided into portions for the operating system and user programs. Kernel space is kept separate from user programs. Where there is insufficient main memory to run a program, some other program residing in main memory must be written out to a disk unit to create some free memory space. A decision is made about which program is the best candidate to swap out to disk. This process is called swapping. When the system becomes overloaded (i.e., where there are more people than the system can handle), the operating system spends most of its time shuttling programs between main memory and the disk unit, and response time degrades.

[0011] In UNIX operating systems, each user is presented with a shell. This is a program that displays the user prompt, handles user input, and displays output on the terminal. The shell program provides a mechanism for customizing each user's setup requirements and storing this information for re-use (in a file called profile).

[0012] When the UNIX operating system starts up, it also starts a system process (getty), which monitors the state of each terminal input line. When getty detects that a user has turned on a terminal, it presents the logon prompt; and once the password is validated, the UNIX system associates the shell program (such as sh) with that terminal (typically there are a number of different shells including ksh and csh). Each user interacts with sh, which interprets each command typed. Internal commands are handled within the shell (set, unset); external commands are invoked as programs (ls, grep, sort, ps).

[0013] Multi-tasking operating systems permit more than one program to run at once. This is done in the same way as a multi-user system, by rapidly switching the processor between the various programs. OS/2, available from IBM Corporation, One New Orchard Road, Armonk, N.Y. 10504; and Windows 95, available from Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, Wash. 98052, are examples of multi-tasking single-user operating systems. UNIX is an example of a multi-tasking multi-user operating system. A multi-user system is also a multi-tasking system. This means that a user can run more than one program at once using key selections to switch between them. Multi-tasking systems support foreground and background tasks. A foreground task is one the user interacts directly with using the keyboard and screen. A background task is one that runs in the background and does not have access to the screen or keyboard. Background tasks include operations like printing, which can be spooled for later execution.

[0014] The role of the operating system is to keep track of all the programs, allocating resources like disks, memory, and printer queues as required. To do this, it must ensure that one program does not get more than its fair share of the computer resources. The operating system does this by two methods: scheduling priority and system semaphores. Each program is assigned a priority level. Higher priority tasks (like reading and writing to the disk) are performed more regularly. User programs may have their priority adjusted dynamically, upwards, or downwards, depending upon their activity and available system resources. System semaphores are used by the operating system to control system resources. A program can be assigned a resource by getting a semaphore (via a system call to the operating system). When the resource is no longer needed, the semaphore is returned to the operating system, which can then allocate it to another program.

[0015] Disk drives and printers are serial in nature. This means that only one request can be performed at any one time. In order for more than one user to use these resources at once, the operating system manages them via queues. Each serial device is associated with a queue. When a user program wants access to the disk, i.e., it sends the request to the queue associated with the disk. The operating system runs background tasks (called daemons), which monitor these queues and service requests from them. A request is then performed by this daemon process, and the results are sent back to the user's program.

[0016] Multi-tasking systems provide a set of utilities for managing processes. In UNIX, these are ps (list processes), kill (kill a process), and (run a process in the background). In UNIX, all user programs and application software use the system call interface to access system resources like disks, printers, memory etc. The system call interface in UNIX provides a set of system calls (C functions). The purpose of the system call interface is to provide system integrity, as all low level hardware access is under control of the operating system. This prevents a program from corrupting the system.

[0017] Upon receiving a system call, the operating system validates its authenticity or permission, executes it on behalf of the program, then it returns the results. If the request is invalid or not authenticated, the operating system does not perform the request; it simply returns an error code to the program. The system call is accessible as a set of ‘C’ functions, as the majority of UNIX is also written in ‘C’. Typical system calls are: _read—for reading from the disk unit; _write—for writing to the disk unit; _getch—for reading a character from a terminal; _putch—for writing a character to the terminal; and _ioctl—for controlling and setting device parameters.

[0018] The fundamental structure that the UNIX operating system uses to store information is the file. A file is a sequence of bytes, typically 8 bits long, and is equivalent to a character. UNIX keeps track of files internally by assigning each one a unique identifying number. These numbers, called i-node numbers, are used only within the UNIX operating system kernel itself. While UNIX uses i-node numbers to refer to files, it allows users to identify each file by a user-assigned name. A file name can be any sequence containing from one to fourteen characters.

[0019] There are three types of files in the UNIX file system: (1) ordinary files, which may be executable programs, text, or other types of data used as input or produced as output from some operation; (2) directory files, which contain lists of files; and (3) special files, which provide a standard method of accessing I/O devices.

[0020] UNIX provides users with a way of organizing files. Files may be grouped into directories. Internally, a directory is a file that contains the names of ordinary files and other directories and their corresponding i-node numbers. Given the name of a file, UNIX looks in the file's directory and obtains the corresponding i-node number for the file. With this i-node number, UNIX can examine other internal tables to determine where the file is stored and make it accessible to the user. UNIX directories themselves have names, each of which may also contain fourteen characters.

[0021] Just as directories provide a means for users to group files, UNIX supports the grouping of directories into a hierarchical file system. At the very top of a hierarchy is a directory. It may contain the names of individual files and the names of other directories. These, in turn, may contain the names of individual files (and still other directories, and so on). A hierarchy of files is the result. The UNIX file hierarchy resembles an upside-down tree with its root at the top. The various directories branch out until they finally trace a path to the individual files, which correspond to the tree's leaves. The UNIX file system is described as “tree-structured,” with a single directory. All the files that can be reached by tracing a path down through the directory hierarchy from the root directory constitute the file system.

[0022] UNIX maintains a great deal of information about the files that it manages. For each file, the file system keeps track of the file's size, location, ownership, security, type, creation time, modification time, and access time. All of this information is maintained automatically by the file system as the files are created and used. UNIX file systems reside on mass storage devices such as disk files. These disk files may use fixed or removable type media, which may be rigid or flexible. UNIX organizes a disk as a sequence of blocks, which compose the file system. These blocks are usually either 512 or 2048 bytes long. The contents of a file are stored in one or more blocks, which may be widely scattered on the disk.

[0023] An ordinary file is addressed through the i-node structure. Each i-node is addressed by an index contained in an i-list. The i-list is generated based on the size of the file system, with larger file systems generally implying more files and, thus, larger i-lists. Each i-node contains thirteen 4-byte disk address elements. The direct i-node can contain up to ten block addresses. If the file is larger than this, then the eleventh address points to the first level indirect block. Address 12 and address 13 are used for second level and third level indirect blocks, respectively, with the indirect addressing chain before the first data block growing by one level as each new address slot in the direct i-node is required.

[0024] All input and output (I/O) is done by reading the writing files, because all peripheral devices, even terminals, are files in the file system. In a most general case, before reading and writing a file, it is necessary to inform the system of your intent to do so by opening the file. In order to write to a file, it may also be necessary to create it. When a file is opened or created (by way of the ‘open’ or ‘create’ system calls), the system checks for the right to do so and, if all is well, returns a non-negative integer called a file descriptor. Whenever I/O is to be done on this file, the file descriptor is used, instead of the name, to identify the file. This open file descriptor has associated with it a file table entry kept in the “process” space of the user who has opened the file. In UNIX terminology, the term “process” is used interchangeably with a program that is being executed. The file table entry contains information about an open file, including an i-node pointer for the file and the file pointer for the file, which defines the current position to be read or written in the file. All information about an open file is maintained by the system.

[0025] In conventional UNIX systems, all input and output is done by two system calls, ‘read’ and ‘write,’ which are accessed from programs having functions of the same name. For both system calls, the first argument is a file descriptor, the second argument is a pointer to a buffer that serves as the data source or destination. The third argument is the number of bytes to be transferred. Each ‘read’ or ‘write’ system call counts the number of bytes transferred. On reading, the number of bytes returned may be less than the number requested, because fewer than the number requested remain to be read. A return value of zero implies end of file, a return value of −1 indicates an error of some sort. For writing, the value returned is the number of bytes actually written. An error has occurred if this is not equal to the number which was supposed to be written.

[0026] The parameters of the ‘read’ and ‘write’ system calls may be manipulated by the application program that is accessing the file. Therefore, the application must be sensitive to and take advantage of the multi-level store characteristics inherent in a standard system memory hierarchy. It is advantageous, from the application perspective, if the system memory components can be viewed as a single level hierarchy. If this is properly done, the application could dispense with most of the I/O overhead.

[0027] One advantage of using a UNIX based operating system over other operating systems is that data can be isolated or segregated into different volume groups (VGs). The omnipresent “rootvg” contains the operating system details, and it is from this volume group that the computer runs. Similarly, data or application volume groups can also be created. The advantage of such volume groups is that, unlike competitive operating systems, an upgrade to a UNIX based operating system will only impact the rootvg and will not affect application data. Analogously, application upgrades will not impact the operating system in any way, presuming that the application has been segregated into its own VG.

[0028] Faults are inevitable in digital computer systems due to such things as the complexity of the circuits and the associated electromechanical devices. To permit system operation, even after the occurrence of a fault, the art has developed a number of fault-tolerant designs. Improved fault-tolerant digital data processing systems include redundant functional units, e.g., duplicate CPUs, memories, and peripheral controllers interconnected along a common system bus. Each of a pair of functional units responds identically to input received from the bus. In the outputs, if a pair of functional units do not agree, that pair of units is taken off-line, and another pair of functional units (a “spare”) continues to function in its place.

[0029] Even with the recent developments in fault-tolerant systems, there are characteristics of UNIX systems that make them difficult to adapt to conventional fault-tolerant operation. An important element of fault-tolerant systems is a maintenance and diagnostic system that automatically monitors the condition (or “state”) of functional units of the data processing system, particularly those that are more readily replaceable (“field replaceable units,” or FRUS). The complexity of UNIX based systems requires that such fault-tolerant systems maintenance and diagnostic systems (or “state machines”) have capabilities that require state-of-the-art systems maintenance and diagnostics systems.

[0030] Catastrophic failure is defined as any hardware problem, including but not limited to disk, planar, or adapter anomalies, which cause information about data placement or user environment to be lost to the base operating system. It is also possible, though less likely, that such failure incidents can originate within software due to defects in coding or method of execution.

[0031] Practically speaking, the beauty of UNIX is that it suffers fewer catastrophic failures than many other operating systems. For instance, protection of the kernel is far greater than is found in Win95/98/NT. However, the complexity of UNIX and the adaptability/configurability of it means that reconfiguration following such a catastrophic failure can be a far more difficult task than configuring other operating systems. While UNIX based systems tend to fail less often than other operating systems, it is harder to recover from those failures because of the complexity of the system. Moreover, UNIX system problems that precipitate failure may have been discoverable for some length of time before the actual failure occurs.

[0032] Increased competition in the computer services marketplace is forcing providers to offer services that are both effective and efficient. As billable rates soar, customers are demanding near instantaneous results, placing increasingly higher expectations on performance resources. In light of these spiraling demands, one of the fundamental consulting engagements is to reliably provide the customer with system risk assessment, so that catastrophic errors like the ones described can be avoided through preventative maintenance. Typically, system maintenance guidelines are not enunciated; rather, they are simply carried out by experienced administrators as they are conceived. For instance, system administrators routinely check one or two of the parameters that are crucial to efficient system operation, and frequently the checks are not performed at regular intervals.

[0033] With the accelerating pace of information systems (IS) changes present in the business community today, investments in key technologies, including operating systems (OSs) and applications, are judged effective by their ability to grow and transform with time and business conditions. For this reason, few applications are static, and operating systems are constantly subject to new releases. Operating systems releases may include bug fixes, which are released at an almost constant rate, as well as major revisions and modifications that may come along once a year or even more frequently. Thus, when an IS manager makes a financial and organizational commitment to a technology, that manager is also implicitly stating the belief that the OS, for example, will evolve, and making a staffing commitment to dealing with and applying such evolutionary changes as required by the company's business needs.

[0034] Typically, when performing wholesale upgrades of computers throughout an IS organization, one or two techniques are used. Either (a) the user or administrator is responsible for “recustomizing” his or her system after an upgrade is complete; or (b) the customization is lost due to the sweeping nature of performing such computer upgrades. Accordingly, when OS upgrades are released, particularly for UNIX computer systems, skilled staff is needed to ensure both the readiness of the current platform to receive the upgrade and that such an upgrade is accomplished smoothly without unscheduled interruption to production applications.

[0035] It would be advantageous to provide relief for the user and system administrator from the mundane tasks associated with upgrading their assigned computer systems. It would further be advantageous to provide a systematic means for automatically saving important parameters and transferring those parameters to an upgraded system.

[0036] The present invention relates to a system and method for simplifying a system upgrade process. Initially, an automated data collection script is updated to include the identity and location of files containing personality and license information. A list of workstations to be upgraded is then compiled. The workstation list is called by the data collection script when it is executed. The data collection script collects personality and license information from the specified file on the listed workstations. The data collection script then outputs personality and license information to a temporary file at an offboard location. An upgrade script is executed after the workstations' operating systems have been upgraded, which uses the output from the data collection script for restoring personality and license information that may have been deleted or written over during the system upgrade.

[0037] The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0038] FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of a distributed data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented;

[0039] FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting a data processing system that may be implemented as a server in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented;

[0041] FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting a high level view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0042] FIG. 5 is a lower level flowchart depicting a process for collecting data for simplifying operating system upgrades in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0043] FIG. 6 is a lower level flowchart depicting a process for customizing personality information on upgraded systems simplifying operating system upgrades;

[0044] FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate a script for building a checklist. The script is called “crchscr.txt”. Crchscr builds a checklist, which is used during the building of the new system;

[0045] FIGS. 8A-8P illustrate a script, which gets all of the “personality” information from a system;

[0046] FIG. 9 illustrates a list of workstations by hostname, which are going to be customized;

[0047] FIGS. 10A-10R illustrate a script for restoring the “personality” to the workstation/server;

[0048] FIG. 11 illustrates a script, which is used by upfuscr.txt for special customizing of X11mwmrc file for X-Windows;

[0049] FIG. 12 illustrates a file used by upfuscr.txt for resetting permissions of key files; and

[0050] FIG. 13 illustrates a script for collecting filesystem size information, logical volume names, and mount points.

[0051] With reference now to the figures, FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of a distributed data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented. Distributed data processing system 100 is a network of computers in which the present invention may be implemented. Distributed data processing system 100 contains a network 102, which is the medium used to provide communications links between various devices and computers connected together within distributed data processing system 100. Network 102 may include permanent connections, such as wire or fiber optic cables, or temporary connections made through telephone connections.

[0052] In the depicted example, a server 104 is connected to network 102 along with storage unit 106. In addition, clients 108, 110 and 112 also are connected to network 102. These clients 108, 110 and 112 may be, for example, personal computers or network computers. For purposes of this application, a network computer is any computer coupled to a network, which receives a program or other application from another computer coupled to the network. In the depicted example, server 104 provides data, such as boot files, operating system images, and applications to clients 108, 110 and 112. Clients 108, 110 and 112 are clients to server 104. Distributed data processing system 100 may include additional servers, clients, and other devices not shown.

[0053] In the depicted example, distributed data processing system 100 is the Internet, with network 102 representing a worldwide collection of networks and gateways that use the TCP/IP suite of protocols to communicate with one another. At the heart of the Internet is a backbone of high-speed data communication lines between major nodes or host computers, consisting of thousands of commercial, government, education, and other computer systems that route data and messages. Of course, distributed data processing system 100 may also be implemented as a number of different types of networks, such as an intranet, a local area network (LAN), or a wide area network (WAN). FIG. 1 is intended as an example and not as an architectural limitation for the present invention.

[0054] Referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram depicting a data processing system, which may be implemented as a server, such as server 104 in FIG. 1, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Data processing system 200 may be a symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) system including a plurality of processors 202 and 204 connected to system bus 206. Alternatively, a single processor system may be employed. Also connected to system bus 206 is memory controller/cache 208, which provides an interface to local memory 209. I/O bus bridge 210 is connected to system bus 206 and provides an interface to I/O bus 212. Memory controller/cache 208 and I/O bus bridge 210 may be integrated as depicted.

[0055] Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus bridge 214 connected to I/O bus 212 provides an interface to PCI local bus 216. A number of modems may be connected to PCI bus 216. Typical PCI bus implementations support four PCI expansion slots or add-in connectors. Communications links to network computers 108, 110 and 112 in FIG. 1 may be provided through modem 218 and network adapter 220 connected to PCI local bus 216 through add-in boards. Additional PCI bus bridges 222 and 224 provide interfaces for additional PCI buses 226 and 228, from which additional modems or network adapters may be supported. A memory-mapped graphics adapter 230 and hard disk 232 may also be connected to I/O bus 212 as depicted, either directly or indirectly.

[0056] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware depicted in FIG. 2 may vary. For example, other peripheral devices, such as optical disk drives and the like, may also be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted. The depicted example is not meant to imply architectural limitations with respect to the present invention. The data processing system depicted in FIG. 2, for example, may be an IBM RISC/System 6000 system, a product of International Business Machines Corporation in Armonk, N.Y., running the Advanced Interactive Executive (AIX) operating system.

[0057] With reference now to FIG. 3, a block diagram illustrating a data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented. Data processing system 300 is an example of a client computer. Data processing system 300 employs a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) local bus architecture. Although the depicted example employs a PCI bus, other bus architectures, such as Micro Channel and ISA, may be used. Processor 302 and main memory 304 are connected to PCI local bus 306 through PCI bridge 308. PCI bridge 308 also may include an integrated memory controller and cache memory for processor 302. Additional connections to PCI local bus 306 may be made through direct component interconnection or through add-in boards. In the depicted example, local area network (LAN) adapter 310, SCSI host bus adapter 312, and expansion bus interface 314 are connected to PCI local bus 306 by direct component connection. In contrast, audio adapter 316, graphics adapter 318, and audio/video adapter 319 are connected to PCI local bus 306 by add-in boards inserted into expansion slots. Expansion bus interface 314 provides a connection for a keyboard and mouse adapter 320, modem 322, and additional memory 324. SCSI host bus adapter 312 provides a connection for hard disk drive 326, tape drive 328, and CD-ROM drive 330. Typical PCI local bus implementations support three or four PCI expansion slots or add-in connectors.

[0058] An operating system runs on processor 302 and is used to coordinate and provide control of various components within data processing system 300 in FIG. 3. The operating system may be a commercially available operating system such as a UNIX based operating system, AIX for instance, which is available from International Business Machines Corporation. “AIX” is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. Other operating systems include OS/2. An object oriented programming system, such as Java, may run in conjunction with the operating system and provide calls to the operating system from Java programs or applications executing on data processing system 300. “Java” is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Instructions for the operating system, the object-oriented operating system, and applications or programs are located on storage devices, such as hard disk drive 326, and may be loaded into main memory 304 for execution by processor 302.

[0059] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware in FIG. 3 may vary depending on the implementation. Other internal hardware or peripheral devices, such as flash ROM (or equivalent nonvolatile memory) or optical disk drives and the like, may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted in FIG. 3. Also, the processes of the present invention may be applied to a multiprocessor data processing system.

[0060] For example, data processing system 300, if optionally configured as a network computer, may not include SCSI host bus adapter 312, hard disk drive 326, tape drive 328, and CD-ROM 330, as noted by dotted line 332 in FIG. 3, denoting optional inclusion. In that case, the computer, to be properly called a client computer, must include some type of network communication interface, such as LAN adapter 310, modem 322, or the like. As another example, data processing system 300 may be a stand-alone system configured to be bootable without relying on some type of network communication interface, whether or not data processing system 300 comprises some type of network communication interface. As a further example, data processing system 300 may be a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, which is configured with ROM and/or flash ROM in order to provide nonvolatile memory for storing operating system files and/or user-generated data.

[0061] Neither the depicted example in FIG. 3 nor the above-described examples are meant to imply architectural limitations.

[0062] A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a method and system for simplifying operating system upgrades. By automating key portions of the upgrade process, both small organizations with limited skills sets and large organizations concerned about migrating a large volume of machines can simplify the tasks before them. These tools are embodied as a series of scripts.

[0063] The basic operation of the scripts is such that relevant data is captured across a network filesystem (NFS) by the process and scripts as outlined below. By definition, the data containing the “personality” of the computer system, e.g., the user's IDs and passwords, the tty definitions, etc., is stored offboard on disparate media, physically separated from the target computer. After the upgrade, when elements of the target computer's personality may be lost via operating system overwrite, the lost parameters can then be rebuilt with minimal human intervention across the network filesystem (NFS). It should be noted that the nature of NFS permits the target system and the host storage system to be at any conceivable geographical distance from each other; indeed, the only requisite is the ability to maintain an NFS link between the two via some reliable communications path.

[0064] The process might be broken into two separate high level functions—the data collection function and the customizing function after the system has been upgraded. While somewhat independent of each other, the FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting a high level view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The process begins with a decision of whether or not to collect data (step 402). Data collection has two important aims, the collection of personality information associated with a particular computer system and the collection of license data. In particular, data collection requires an awareness of many system parameters, including printer definitions, tty definitions, network interfaces, and passwords. The system parameter values define a system's personality. Personality information can be thought of as any user and/or group selectable parameters, settings and/or options used for customizing either a computer system, software, or firmware attributes.

[0065] Identifying and collecting license data is a necessity for assuring the continued and uninterrupted use of applications having self expiring software which uses the license file as a checkpoint for determining if the application will respond to the user's execution command. Additionally, the collection of license files is also necessary for most software license management applications which review license files for software expiration dates and alerts the system administrator when the expiration date is near the present data. Personality might be as uncomplicated as menu color schemes or as sophisticated as the specification of preferred algorithms needed for processing information on a specific application.

[0066] Returning to step 402, data collection does not necessarily need to be performed in conjunction with a system upgrade because the outputs from the update scripts may contain current personality and license information. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, personality and license data is collected at regular time intervals or collected in advance of an upcoming upgrade, for instance, during off peak usage periods. The personality and license data is then available to be used for upgrading the system at any convenient time. If the data is not to be collected the process flows to step 408 where a decision is made as to whether the system is to be upgraded.

[0067] Returning to step 402, if personality and license data is to be collected, then the process prepares for data collection (step 404). Here filesystems containing licensing and personality information are identified, as well as the workstations which are to be upgraded. Additionally, filesystem, workstation, and server parameters needed for the data collection function are checked for compliance with the requirements of the data collection function.

[0068] Once the data collection function preparation has been completed, the data is collected by invoking a data collection script (step 406). The rebuilt is an example of a data collection script. Here the data collection script (or collection tool) is executed, and the requested data is stored on a specified server. The output of the collection script is personality and license information. That information is stored offboard the supported workstations on a secure location (a server, usually the NIM server but could be any NFS server).

[0069] Importantly, the upgrade function may be simultaneously invoked across a variety of workstations, therefore, a list of workstations to be upgraded, specified by hostname, is used by the data collection script for identifying workstations where personality information must be collected.

[0070] After the data has been successfully collected, the upgrade function may be performed. However, as discussed above, the upgrade function need not be contemporaneous with the data collection function. Initially, a test is preformed to determine whether the upgrade function is to be performed (step 408). After data collection, the personality information may merely be stored for possible use, in that case the process ends without executing the update function. Otherwise the personality information will be used immediately subsequent to upgrading the system and the process flows to step 410. However, as in the data collection function, the process initially prepares for customizing the personality of the system, subsequent to the system being upgrading (step 410). Here, specific attribute values associated with the upgraded workstations, as well as both the NIM (network installation management, an environment that provides installation and configuration of software within a network interface), the NFS (network filesystem) servers, and the upgrade scripts are updated for the execution of the upgrade or customization function.

[0071] After the updates have been successfully completed, the system may be upgraded and the customization function may be invoked (step 412). There the personality information is transferred to the individual workstation(s). Data that was lost or written over in the upgrade function may now be restored from the personality information which was collected prior to the system upgrade. The computer system is thereby immediately ready for use.

[0072] FIG. 5 is a lower level flowchart depicting a process for collecting data for simplifying operating system upgrades in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The process begins by creating a base image is created on the NIM server for each workstation to be upgraded (step 502). Each workstation to be upgraded will initially be booted off of the NIM server. At that time, the users will then login in response to prompts issued from the NIM server.

[0073] The NSF server used for storing the personality information and must be checked for space needed for storing the personality and license information (step 504). In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the NFS server used to store the personality information is the NIM server. The NIM sever is a convenient storage for personality and license information because both the scripts (associated with data collection and system upgrades) and boot images are also stored on that server. Regardless of which NFS server used, that server must have adequate space for the temporary files containing the personality information.

[0074] After sufficient space on the NFS server for the personality information has been confirmed, the application license files needed to be collected are identified (step 506). The identities of the license files are used to update the gciscr.txt (get.client.info.script) script. Next, application data filesystems containing personality information are identified which will need to be collected (step 508). These are the filesystems to be recreated before the data is restored. The identities of both the license files and the application data filesystems containing personality information are used to edit the gciscr.txt script (step 510). By knowing the identities of personality and license file, the gciscr.txt script can collect the personality and license information at the specified file locations.

[0075] The personality and license information files identified above pertain to specific workstations. The data is collected in anticipation of those workstations being upgraded. Therefore, a list of workstations to be upgraded must be compiled (step 512). The list is maintained in the wsnlst.txt file (workstation.name.list) and represents all workstations for which personality information will be collected (step 514). When invoked, the gciscr.txt (get.clinet.information.script) script calls the wsnlst.txt script for the list of workstations from which to collect information. For the upgrade script of the present invention to be executed, personality and license information must be collected from specified files which are associated with workstations specified in the wsnlst.txt list. Only those workstations will be customized using the collected information.

[0076] Next, a remote host used for providing a boot image must be authorized by the workstations on the wsnlst.txt list. The .rhosts (remote host) file associated with each workstation is updated to include the NIM server (nimsvr) as a remote host (step 516). Setting rhosts will allow for rsh commands to be executed on each workstation. The rsh command logs into the remote host specified by the .rhost parameter. The rsh command then sends standard input from the local command line to the remote command (the NIM server) and receives standard output and standard error from the remote command.

[0077] After the gciscr.txt script is updated, the wsnlst.txt list is created and the remote server is authorized for the workstations, the gciscr.txt (get.clinet.information.script) script can be executed (step 518). The gciscr.txt script collects personality and license information for the workstations listed in the wsnlst.txt list from the files specified in the gciscr.txt script. The gciscr.txt script simultaneously calls the wsnlst.txt file for workstations hostnames, the fssfscr.txt file, which collects filesystem size information, logical volume names, and mount points (step 522) and the crchscr.txt script, which builds a checklist (step 524) that is used during the building of the new system to verify the success of the rebuilt (step 526).

[0078] Returning the step 518, the gciscr.txt script generates a temporary output file containing the personality and license information needed to customize the upgraded workstations. Any licensing or personality information lost during a system upgrade can be restored using the temporary file outputted from executing the gciscr.txt script. That temporary file is written to the NFS server (step 520). As discussed above, in accordance with preferred embodiment of the present invention the NFS server dedicated for storing the temporary files containing the personality and license information is the NIM server.

[0079] Returning to step 522, once executed the fssfscr.txt script also generates a temporary output file containing the filesystem size information, logical volume names, and mount points and collects and recreates the application filesystem. That information is also written to the NFS server (step 520).

[0080] Returning again to step 518, if there are errors during the execution of the gciscr.txt script, the program will display error messages. All error messages are written to an errorlog.txt.file. If the error message “Unsuccessful NFS mount to” is displayed, the user can either cancel the entire capture session for all workstations named in wsnlst.txt with a control break, or the user can let the process continue on its own. Successful steps also display messages on the screen. For example, this message is critical to the success of the process: “Successful NFS mount to”. When the list of workstations has had the data captured, then a checklist is printed for each workstation (step 524). The checklist built by the crchscr.txt script is used during the building of the new system. This is used whenever the workstation parameters have to be restored.

[0081] The error messages, if any were generated, and the checklist, generated in step 524, are analyzed in order to verify the success of the gciscr.txt execution (step 526) and the process ends.

[0082] FIG. 6 is a lower level flowchart depicting a process for customizing personality information on upgraded systems simplifying operating system upgrades. The process begins with upgrade preparations. The NIM server is set up to load the new workstations with a base image (step 602). The upfuscr.txt (upgrade.full.script) script is then updated with information from a temporary file, which was created by executing the gciscr.txt script (step 604). The upgrade.full.script is updated with the application information so that licenses will be either restored or upgraded, applications will be either restored or upgraded, and/or application data filesystems will be restored. Next, a temporary hostname and IP address are selected for the NIM install (step 606). The temporary hostname and IP address are used so that the NIM install process can accommodate more than one CPU base image install at a time. It is a requirement of the NIM setup. A permanent hostname and IP address are selected for the upgraded computer systems (step 608). Hostname and IP address are used to tell upfuscr.txt the identity of the new system and the location of the “personality” files on the NIM server (NFS server).

[0083] Next, the bootlist is reset on the upgraded CPU to point to the NIM server (step 610). Once the bootlist has been re-set, re-boot the new CPU (step 612), so that the NIM process can load the new base image. After, the new CPU is re-booted, the operator responds to the NIM process prompts with the temporary hostname and IP address (step 614). The NIM server responds by loading the upgraded operating system and base application image (step 616). After the base image is loaded, the CPU automatically re-boots. The operator must then login to the CPU as a root user. The upgrade scripts are then copied to the upgrade workstation (step 618).

[0084] Once the upgrade scripts are in place on the upgraded workstations, the upfuscr.txt script is executed on each of the workstations (step 620). The upfuscr.txt script automatically restores the personality and license information on the workstation which may have been deleted or overwritten in the system upgrade process. The upgrade scripts are executed on the upgraded workstations from a root user session on the upgraded workstation. Status messages are displayed as each parameter is restored to the replacement workstation. For example: “restoring/etc/security/group”. The user will be prompted to continue at each step and has the option to discontinue the process with a control break. For example: “press enter to continue”.

[0085] The mwmsed.txt script is called by upfuscr.txt and is executed, so that customizing of the X11mwmrc file for X-Windows can occur(step 622). File permissions are restored using a custom permission list (perm.list) (step 624).

[0086] Finally, unique application filesystems are recreated using the information collected by the fssfscr.txt script (step 626). Filesystem size information, logical volume names, and mount points were collected by the fssfscr.txt script and are used to recreate the application filesystem prior to restoring the application and its data. Importantly, the newly-created filesystems may differ somewhat in size because the upgraded filesystems might be required to hold more data than the older version being replaced. Therefore, the upfuscr.txt recreates the filesystems from the existing filesystem structure, while allowing space for the new versions of the software. Once the filesystems have been recreated, the data can be restored into the filesystems (step 638).

[0087] Upon completion, a user's upgraded workstation is re-configured with personality information matching that information which was present on the pre-upgraded workstation. The user is thus freed from the tedious tasks associated with re-customizing the workstation after a system upgrade. The mundane tasks of gathering personality information and using that data for customizing a group of workstation is automated and may be performed from centralized location. The system administrator, on the other hand, is freed from the responsibility of providing support for re-customizing a group of workstations one at a time.

[0088] By automating the process by which upgrades occur in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the process is greatly simplifying an activity for both small organizations, which perhaps do not have the skills to accomplish such upgrades with confidence, and large organizations, which may have a strong skills set among employees, but which may be confronted with a vast number of systems that are subject to upgrade. In the former case, the advantage comes from simplification of task; in the latter case, the savings are manifested as a reduction in time required to migrate the organization's operations to the new operating system.

[0089] By giving a centrally located administrator the ability to preserve details of each computer's “personality” across a disparate network and by using the tried and true assurances which network filesystems, the present invention provides a new technique which transcends either of these two approaches used in prior art system upgrades.

[0090] The present invention provides additional benefits to UNIX-based operations. Although developed on AIX, the principles here are easily extendible to any other UNIX system, including LINUX, Solaris, and others. More importantly, the underlying process for automated upgraded CPUs is usable in other operating systems other than those with a UNIX flavor. The concept of maintaining version control across a wide number of computer systems is both new and unique and will undoubtedly find favor with anyone running mission-critical applications. The scripts and their respective roles are as follows:

[0091] FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate a script for building a checklist. The script is called “crchscr.txt”. Crchscr builds a checklist, which is used during the building of the new system.

[0092] FIGS. 8A-8P illustrate a script, which gets all of the “personality” information from a system. The script is called “gciscr.txt” (also called get.client.info.script). This is the main program, and stores an output file containing personality and license information on an NFS server. In the process, it creates a variety of files, which are used during the building of the new system. It requires wsnlst.txt (also known as wsname.list) as an input file.

[0093] FIG. 9 illustrates a list of workstations by hostname, which are going to be customized. The file is called “wsnlst.txt” and is used by gciscr.txt to collect information.

[0094] FIGS. 10A-10R illustrate a script for restoring the “personality” to the workstation/server. The script is called “upfuscr.txt” (also called upgrade.full.script) is the main program, which restores the “personality” to the workstation/server, which is retrieved from the NFS server. It uses the output files created by gciscr.txt.

[0095] FIG. 11 illustrates a script, which is used by upfuscr.txt for special customizing of X11mwmrc file for X-Windows. The script is called “mwmsed.txt.”

[0096] FIG. 12 illustrates a file used by upfuscr.txt for resetting permissions of key files. The file is called “perms.list”, and it contains information about key files whose permissions might have been “modified” during the capture or restore process.

[0097] FIG. 13 illustrates a script for collecting filesystem size information, logical volume names, and mount points. The script is called “fssfscr.txt” (also known as “fs_softwin.script”), and after collecting the information, it then takes the filesystem size information, logical volume names, and mount points it collected and recreates the application filesystem prior to restoring the application and its data.

[0098] It is important to note that, while the present invention has been described in the context of a fully functioning data processing system, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the processes of the present invention are capable of being distributed in the form of a computer readable medium of instructions and a variety of forms, and that the present invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media actually used to carry out the distribution. Examples of computer readable media include recordable-type media, such as floppy discs, hard disk drives, RAM, and CD-ROMs and transmission-type media, such as digital and analog communications links. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.