US 6,493,086 B1Grant
Chamber effluent monitoring system and semiconductor processing system comprising absorption spectroscopy measurement system, and methods of use
Issue Date:2002-12-10
•37 Claims
•9 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
Provided is a novel chamber effluent monitoring system. The system comprises a chamber having an exhaust line connected thereto. The exhaust line includes a sample region, wherein substantially all of a chamber effluent also passes through the sample region. The system further comprises an absorption spectroscopy measurement system for detecting a gas phase molecular species. The measurement system comprises a light source and a main detector in optical communication with the sample region through one or more light transmissive window. The light source directs a light beam into the sample region through one of the one or more light transmissive window. The light beam passes through the sample region and exits the sample region through one of the one or more light transmissive window. The main detector responds to the light beam exiting the sample region. The system allows for in situ measurement of molecular gas impurities in a chamber effluent, and in particular, in the effluent from a semiconductor processing chamber. Particular applicability is found in semiconductor manufacturing process control and hazardous gas leak detection.
Metadata
Assignees
- American Air Liquide, Inc.
- L'Air Liquide-Societe Anonyme a Directoire et Conseil de Surveillance pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
Inventors
- James McAndrew
- Hwa-Chi Wang
- Benjamin J. Jurcik, Jr.
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/722,610
Filing Date:2000-11-28
Priority Date:1995-10-10
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
G01N 2100C23E 102G01J 502
Field of Search:
356437356 72356440216 60438 162503414156345
Patent Drawings (9 sheets)
Description
Cross Reference to Related Applications
[0002] This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/280,989 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,154,284 filed Mar. 30, 1999, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/711,781 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,963,336 filed Sep. 10, 1996; which is continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/634,449 now abandoned filed Apr. 18, 1996; and claiming benefit of provisional Application No. 60/005,013, filed Oct. 10, 1995.
[0003] This application is a Continuation-in-Part of application Ser. No. 08/634,449 filed on Apr. 18, 1996, and this application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/005,013 filed on Oct. 10, 1995.
Background of the Invention
[0004] 1. Field of the Invention
[0005] The present invention relates to a novel chamber effluent monitoring system and a semiconductor processing system which include an absorption spectroscopy measurement system for measuring a gas phase molecular species. The present invention also relates to a method of detecting a gas phase molecular species within the inventive chamber effluent monitoring system and inventive semiconductor processing system.
[0006] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0007] In the manufacture of semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs), it is important to have an extremely low partial pressure of molecular impurities in the processing chamber. In particular, water vapor is especially detrimental to the devices fabricated in the processing tools. For example, water vapor must be eliminated or minimized in an aluminum etching chamber in order to achieve reproducible etching processes. Also, when subjected to water vapor during processing, corrosion of the device metallization layers is accelerated, substantially reducing product yield.
[0008] Molecular impurities may be introduced into the processing chamber in a number of ways. For example, molecular impurities may be present in the process gases introduced into the chamber during processing. Also, molecular impurities such as moisture are present in the air to which the chamber is exposed during maintenance of the processing tool. Air and water may also be introduced into the processing chamber whenever a substrate is introduced into the chamber. Molecular impurities may also be released from the substrates themselves after introduction into the process chamber or may result from the process conditions themselves. For example, during plasma processing and rapid thermal processing, molecular impurities may take the form of reaction byproducts or, as in the case of water vapor, may be released from substrate and chamber surfaces upon heating.
[0009] Molecular impurities which are introduced into the process chamber with a substrate are typically removed by purging the chamber with a pure gas, by evacuating the chamber, or by a series of pressurization-evacuation cycles.
[0010] In the case of chamber evacuation, the base pressure in the chamber is used as a measure of the extent of removal of the molecular impurities. Conversely, when relying on the chamber purge technique, the chamber is filled with a pure gas for a period of: time which is usually determined by the operator's experience.
[0011] The extent of removal of atmospheric contamination from the processing chamber can also be determined by the measurement of water vapor concentration in the chamber. Such a technique is particularly useful in the case of contamination resulting from exposing the processing chamber to the outside atmosphere during maintenance and from introducing a substrate into the chamber. Water vapor can adhere to the surfaces inside a processing chamber as well as to the surface of the substrate. It is present in the atmosphere in an amount of from about 1-2%, and is generally the most difficult atmospheric constituent to remove by evacuation or purging.
[0012] In state-of-the-art production facilities, particle monitors are often used to monitor particulate contamination in situ. It is known to dispose particle monitors in the exhaust line of processing tools. (See, e.g., P. Borden, Monitoring Vacuum Process Equipment: In Situ Monitors—Design and Specification,” Microcontamination, 9(1), pp. 43-47 (1991)). While such particle monitors may be useful for tracking process events which result in the generation of particles, they cannot be used to monitor molecular concentrations.
[0013] Among the analysis tools which can be used in the measurement of molecular contamination is one type of mass spectrometer, usually referred to as a residual gas analyzer (RGA). (See, e.g., D. Lichtman, Residual Gas Analysis: Past, Present and Future,J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 8(3) (1990)). Mass spectrometers generally require pressures in the range of about 10−5torr, whereas the operating pressures of semiconductor processing tools are often at pressures in the range of from about 0.1 to 760 torr. Consequently, mass spectrometers require sampling systems and dedicated vacuum pumps. Mass spectrometers are generally both expensive and not compact in construction. Moreover, the differentially pumped chamber in which the mass spectrometer is housed contributes a high level of residual water vapor which is difficult to remove and which severely limits the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer for water vapor measurement.
[0014] Optical emission spectroscopy is widely used for monitoring plasma processes. In principle, optical emission spectroscopy can be used to monitor molecular contamination in the processing tool. However, the optical emission spectrum is very complicated, and this method cannot be used in non-plasma processes.
[0015] Other spectroscopic techniques have been widely used in research situations to study process chemistry. (See, e.g., Dreyfus et al., Optical Diagnostics of Low Pressure Plasmas, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 57(9), pp. 1265-1276 (1985)). However, these techniques generally require specially modified process chambers and have not generally been applied to the study of contamination. For example, the possibility of in situ moisture monitoring by intracavity laser spectroscopy has been mentioned generally in a review of that technique. (See, e.g., G. W. Atkinson, High Sensitivity Detection of Water via Intracavity Laser Spectroscopy, Microcontamination, 94 Proceedings Canon Communications (1994)).
[0016] Finally, conventional gas analyzers have been applied to in situ moisture measurement, usually for processes running at or close to atmospheric pressure. (See, e.g., Smoak et al., Gas Control Improves Epi Yield, Semiconductor International, pp. 87-92 (June 1990)). According to such techniques, a portion of the process gas is extracted into a probe which then delivers the sample to the analyzer. However, use of a probe is undesirable in the measurement of moisture since moisture tends to adsorb on the surfaces of the probe. Moreover, this approach is often impractical as it requires considerable space to accommodate the conventional gas analyzers. It is well known that free space inside a semiconductor fabrication cleanroom is typically at a minimum.
[0017] A method for measuring the instantaneous moisture concentration and drydown characteristics of a processing environment is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,851, to Tapp et al. According to this method, a moisture analyzer alternately samples the effluent from a process chamber and the gas generated by a standard gas generator. The output of the standard gas generator is adjusted until the analyzer indicates no difference between the effluent and standard gas streams. Because the moisture content in the output of the standard gas generator is known, the level in the effluent stream can be determined. This system, however, is inconvenient and complicated as it requires a standard gas generator and complicated piping to effect switching between the effluent and standard gas streams. Moreover, there is a risk of backflow from the standard gas generator to the process chamber, resulting in contamination.
[0018] To meet the requirements of the semiconductor processing industry and to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel chamber effluent monitoring system, and in particular a novel semiconductor processing system, which includes an absorption spectroscopy system for detecting gas phase molecular impurities, which will allow for accurate, instantaneous and in situ determination of gas phase molecular impurities in a semiconductor processing tool.
[0019] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of detecting gas phase molecular species within the inventive chamber effluent monitoring and semiconductor processing systems.
[0020] Other objects and aspects of the present invention will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art on a review of the specification, drawings and claims appended hereto.
Summary of the Invention
[0021] According to a first aspect of the present invention, a chamber effluent monitoring system is provided. The system comprises a chamber having an exhaust line connected thereto. The exhaust line includes a sample region, wherein substantially all of a chamber effluent also passes through the sample region.
[0022] The system further comprises an absorption spectroscopy measurement system for detecting a gas phase molecular species. The measurement system comprises a light source and a main detector in optical communication with the sample region through one or more light transmissive window. The light source directs a light beam into the sample region through one of the one or more light transmissive window, and the light beam passes through the sample region and exits the sample region through one of the one or more light transmissive window. The main detector responds to the light beam exiting the sample region.
[0023] In a second aspect of the invention, a semiconductor processing system is provided. The semiconductor processing system comprises a processing chamber for processing a semiconductor substrate. The processing chamber comprises an exhaust line connected thereto. The exhaust line includes a sample region, wherein substantially all of a chamber effluent passes through the sample region.
[0024] The processing system further comprises an absorption spectroscopy measurement system for measuring a gas phase molecular species as described above with reference to the chamber effluent monitoring system.
[0025] A third aspect of the invention is a method of detecting a gas phase molecular species in a chamber effluent. In the inventive method, a chamber is provided which has an exhaust line connected thereto. The exhaust line includes a sample region. Substantially all of a chamber effluent is removed from the chamber through the exhaust line and is passed through the sample region.
[0026] A gas phase molecular species is detected by an absorption spectroscopy method by directing a light beam from a light source into the sample region through one or more light transmissive window. The light beam passes through the sample region and exits the sample region through one of the one or more light transmissive window, and the light beam exiting the cell through one of the one or more light transmissive window is detected.
[0027] The novel systems and methods permit accurate, instantaneous and in situ detection of gas phase molecular species in a chamber effluent. Particular applicability can be found in semiconductor manufacturing process control and in hazardous gas leak detection. For example, the time dependent moisture concentration and drydown characteristics of a semiconductor process environment can be monitored.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0028] The objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof in connection with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals designate like elements, and in which:
[0029] FIGS. 1A and 1B are side-sectional views of chamber effluent monitoring systems according to the present invention;
[0030] FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views of chamber effluent monitoring systems according to the present invention;
[0031] FIG. 3 is a graph of water vapor concentration versus etching process time in accordance with Example 1;
[0032] FIG. 4 is a graph of carbon monoxide concentration versus etching process time in accordance with Example 2;
[0033] FIG. 5 is a graph that depicts the second harmonic signal at the center of the absorption region for a total pressure of 1 atmosphere versus modulation amplitude;
[0034] FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate a cross-sectional and perspective view, respectively, of a system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to the present invention;
[0035] FIG. 7 is a comparative graph that depicts the ratio of the second harmonic signal due to water molecules in the outer chamber to that in the inner chamber versus pressure in the outer chamber for three inner chamber water molecule partial pressures;
[0036] FIG. 8 is a comparative graph that depicts the ratio of the fourth harmonic signal due to water molecules in the outer chamber to that in the inner chamber versus pressure in the outer chamber for three inner chamber water molecule partial pressures;
[0037] FIG. 9 is a comparative graph that depicts the ratio of the signal due to water molecules in the outer chamber to that in the inner chamber versus pressure in the outer chamber for second and fourth harmonic detection, and for detection with no modulation of the light source frequency; and
[0038] FIG. 10 illustrates in cross-section, a semiconductor processing apparatus which includes the system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments of the Invention
[0039] The above objectives of the present invention have been realized through the use of a spectroscopic method to measure molecular gas phase species in a chamber effluent, wherein substantially the entire flow of effluent gas from the chamber is directed through a spectroscopic sample region. In this way, measurements which follow changes in the actual impurity content in the effluent can be made very quickly.
[0040] As used herein, the terms “molecular gas phase species,” “molecular impurity” and “contamination” are considered equivalent terms, and refer to a molecular gas or vapor species which is the object of the absorption spectroscopy measurement. Also, as used herein, the term “substantially the entire flow of effluent” means about 90-100% by volume of the total effluent flow from the chamber.
[0041] The invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 2A, which illustrate side-sectional and cross-sectional views, respectively, of an inventive chamber effluent monitoring system.
[0042] System 1 comprises a semiconductor processing chamber 2, inside which a semiconductor substrate 3 is disposed on a substrate holder 4. A gas inlet 5 is provided for delivering a process gas or plural gases to processing chamber 2. Effluent from processing chamber 2 is exhausted through an exhaust opening 6 in processing chamber 2 and through an exhaust line 7.
[0043] According to one aspect of the invention, the processing system is suitable to run vacuum processes, such as etching, sputtering, ion implantation or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. In such a case, processing chamber 2 is a vacuum chamber, and a vacuum pump (not shown) can be connected to the exhaust line 7. The vacuum pump can be connected to another pump and/or to a gas scrubber (not shown). Examples of vacuum pumps which may be employed in these processes are mechanical rotary and booster pumps, diffusion pumps, cryogenic pumps, sorption pumps and turbomolecular pumps. Alternatively, the processing system can run processes such as atmospheric pressure CVD, wherein processing chamber 2 is held at about atmospheric pressure with a slight vacuum.
[0044] The processes often call for reactive or nonreactive (inert) gas species which can be in a plasma- or non-plasma state. Examples of reactive gases which can be used in the inventive system include SiH4, HCl and Cl2, provided the moisture level is less than 1000 ppm. However, the reactive gases are not limited to these. Any inert gas such as, e.g., O2, N2, Ar and H2can be used in the inventive system.
[0045] In order to detect and measure molecular gas phase impurity concentrations in the processing tool, the inventive semiconductor processing system further includes an absorption spectroscopy measurement system 8 for measuring a gas phase molecular species. The absorption spectroscopy measurement system comprises a light source 9 and a detector 10, which can be a photodiode, in optical communication with a sample region 11 in exhaust line 7.
[0046] Any molecular impurity of interest can be detected, subject only to the:availability of a suitable light source. For example, water vapor, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and methane or other hydrocarbons can be detected by measuring the attenuation of light from a diode laser source which emits light of a wavelength characteristic of the impurity.
[0047] Laser light sources which emit light in spectral regions where the molecules of interest absorb most strongly lead to improvements in measurement sensitivity. In particular, light sources which emit at wavelengths longer than about 2 μm are preferred, since many of the molecular impurities of interest have strong absorption bands in this region.
[0048] Any suitable wavelength-tunable light source can be used. Of the currently available light sources, diode laser light sources are preferred because of their narrow linewidth (less than about 10−3cm−1) and relatively high intensity (about 0.1 to several milliwatts) at the emission wavelength.
[0049] Examples of diode lasers include Pb-salt and GaAs-type diode lasers. The Pb-salt-type laser requires cryogenic temperatures for operation and emits infrared light (i.e., wavelength greater than 3 μm), while the GaAs-type diode laser can operate at close to room temperature and emits in the near infrared region (0.8-2 μm).
[0050] Recently, diode lasers which include Sb in addition to GaAs (or other pairs of III-V compounds such as AsP) have been described (see, “Mid-infrared wavelengths enhance trace gas sensing,” R. Martinelli, Laser Focus World, March 1996, p. 77). These diodes emit light of a wavelength greater than 2 μm while operating at −87.8° C. While such a low temperature is not convenient, it compares favorably with the cryogenic temperatures (less than −170° C.) required by Pb-salt lasers. Operation of similar lasers at 4 μm and 12° C. has also been reported (see, Lasers and Optronics, March 1996). Diode lasers of the above described type will most preferably operate at temperatures of at least −40° C. Use of a thermoelectric cooler for temperature control at such temperatures makes these light sources less complicated than the lower temperature diode systems. To make use of these lasers more desirable, improvement in the optical properties over current levels is important. For example single mode diodes (i.e., diodes whose emission at fixed temperature and drive current is at a single wavelength with emission at other wavelengths at least 40 dB less intense) should be available.
[0051] Suitable light sources for use in the invention are not limited to the above described diode lasers. For example, other types of lasers which are similarly sized and tunable by simple electrical means, such as fiber lasers and quantum cascade lasers, are envisioned. The use of such lasers as they become commercially available is envisioned.
[0052] Light beam 12 which is generated by the described light source 9 is transmitted into sample region 11 through at least one light transmissive window 13, which can be disposed in the wall of exhaust line 7. The measurement system can be configured such that light beam 12 is reflected by a light reflective surface 14 within the sample region and exits sample region 11 through the same window it enters the sample region through. Alternatively, the windows through which the light beam enters and exits the sample region can be different and can be disposed on different sides of the exhaust line. The measurement system can also be configured such that the light beam passes straight through the sample region from a light inlet window through a light exit window without being reflected in the sample region.
[0053] Light reflective surface 14 can be formed either separate from or integral with a wall of exhaust line 7. Light reflective surface 14 is preferably a polished metal. As a high reflectivity of this surface is desirable, the surface can be coated with one or more layers of a reflective material such as gold, other metallic layers or a highly reflective dielectric coating in order to enhance the reflectivity thereof. Moreover, to minimize the adverse effects created by deposits formed on the light reflective surfaces, a heater for heating the light reflective surface can also be provided.
[0054] With reference to FIG. 1B, when the spectroscopy measurement is made in a portion of the exhaust line which is not connected to the chamber by a straight line, but rather is connected to the chamber after a bend in the line, it has been determined that removal of a small portion of the exhaust at the bend is particularly advantageous in that the fluid dynamics in the measurement region are enhanced considerably. A bend in the exhaust line upstream from the sample,region results in eddies which are relatively slow to respond to upstream concentration changes.
[0055] In such a case, a fluid stabilizing amount of exhaust can be removed through fluid stabilization line(s) 15. In so doing, the eddies can be effectively eliminated or minimized. The amount of effluent removed from through fluid stabilization line 15 is less than about 10% by volume of the total effluent flow from the chamber.
[0056] In reference to FIG. 2A, the absorption spectroscopy measurement system 8 can further include at least one first mirror 16 for reflecting light beam 12 from light source 9 through light transmissive window 13 into sample region 11, and at least one second mirror 17, 18 for reflecting light beam 12 exiting sample region 11 to main detector 10. Mirror 16 is preferably curved in order to collimate the light beam as the light from the diode laser source is divergent. Likewise, mirrors 17, 18 are preferably curved in order to focus the parallel light beam on detector 10.
[0057] In a further embodiment of the invention, illustrated in FIG. 2B, the angle of light transmissive window 13 can be adjusted such that the incident angle of the laser light can be increased or decreased away from an angle normal to the window. This feature is particularly advantageous because reflection of the laser light back to the laser can be adjusted and minimized. Such back reflection can both increase laser noise (e.g., by feedback into the cavity) or lead to interference fringes (e.g., by forming an etalon with the laser facets) which reduce measurement sensitivity.
[0058] Disposing window 13 at an angle conveys a further advantage in that a second detector 19 can be conveniently utilized for detection of the reflected portion of the incident light beam. It should be noted that the figures are not drawn to scale, and in practice window 13 can be made as small as required. Also, the angle between the incident light beam and the reflected light beam from mirror 14 is, in practice, smaller than indicated. Thus, the importance of angling the window 13 is greater than might appear from a very casual inspection of FIGS. 2A and 2B.
[0059] Light transmissive window 13 can additionally be provided with a coating layer on a surface opposite the surface facing the sample region for reflecting a portion of light beam 12. Subtracting the signal due to the reflected portion of the beam from that of the transmitted portion can result in more accurate absorption measurements. Among the commercially available coating materials, metallic coatings are preferred. Suitable coated windows are commercially available from various suppliers such as Oriel, Melles Griot, and Newport.
[0060] A second detector 19, which can also be a photodiode, for measuring a portion 20 of the light beam which is reflected from light transmissive window 13 as well as means for subtracting this reference signal from a measurement obtained by main detector 10 can optionally be provided in the system. An operational amplifier in a configuration such as described in the literature (See, e.g., Moore, J. H. et al., Building Scientific Apparatus, Addison Wesley, London, (1983)) can act as the means for subtracting the reference signal.
[0061] The reflected light does not show any absorption by the molecules of interest in the sample region, and therefore provides a reference signal. By subtracting the reference signal from that of the light which passes through the cell (which is measured by the main detector), variations in the light source can be compensated for. This also allows for enhanced sensitivity to signal changes due to the molecular species in the processing chamber 2. While “dual beam” techniques using subtraction of a reference beam are well-known, they usually require a dedicated beam-splitter, i.e., an optical element whose only function is to divide the light beam. According to the present invention, the entrance window to the chamber can provide this function without the need for any additional components. The ratio of transmitted to reflected light at this window can be controlled by use of an appropriate coating for the window.
[0062] The light source is preferably a diode laser maintained at a precisely controlled temperature. The temperature of the diode laser is generally controlled with a precision of at least plus or minus 0.1° C. Suitable diode lasers and temperature controllers are well known in the art and are available from several manufacturers. Lead salt lasers are available from the Laser Analytics Division of Laser Photonics Corp., and GaAs lasers are. available from Sensors Unlimited, Inc. A suitable temperature controller is the Lake Shore DRC-910A temperature controller (for cryogenic temperatures) or any of several models from ILX Lightwave, Inc. for near room temperature operation.
[0063] Light source electronics control the current applied to the diode laser such that the diode laser emits light of a specific wavelength which is absorbed by the molecular impurity desired to be measured. As current applied to the laser diode increases, wavelength increases or decreases depending on the diode type. Laser current controllers are known in the art and commercially available. A suitable controller is the ILX Lightwave LDX-3620.
[0064] A detector, such as a photodiode, responds to light of the same wavelength-as emitted by the diode laser. Suitable detectors are known in the art and commercially available, such as the Graseby HgcdTe Model 1710112 for infrared detection, or the EG&G InGaAs C30641 for near infrared detection, with a 10-MHz bandwidth amplifier. Detector 10 responds to light beam 12 which is reflected from a surface within the exhaust line and exits the sample region through one of the one or more light transmissive window 13. Detector electronics receive the output from the detector and generate an output which is related to the absorbance of light at the desired wavelength. The absorbance, i.e., the ratio of the detected light intensity in the presence of the molecular impurities of interest to the intensity which would be observed in their absence, can be converted into a concentration of the molecular impurities by a computer using known calibration data.
[0065] Various methods for controlling the wavelength of the light emitted by the diode laser can be used. For example, the laser wavelength may be locked to the desired value by a feedback system or may be repetitively swept over a region which includes the desired wavelength in order to generate a spectrum. Subsequent spectra may be averaged to improve sensitivity. Both of these techniques are known. (See, e.g., Feher et al., Tunable Diode Laser Monitoring of Atmospheric Trace Gas Constituents, Spectrochimica Acta, A 51, pp. 1579-1599 (1995) and Webster et al., Infrared Laser Absorption: Theory and Applications, Laser Remote Chemical Analysis, R. M. Measuews (Ed.), Wiley, New York (1988)). A further method for stabilizing wavelength is disclosed in copending application, Ser. No. 08/711,780, filed on even date herewith, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
[0066] Further improvements in sensitivity can be achieved by modulating the diode current and wavelength and demodulating the detector signal at the modulation frequency or one of its higher harmonics. This technique is known as harmonic detection spectroscopy. (See, Feher et al., Tunable Diode Laser Monitoring of Atmospheric Trace Gas Constituents, Spectrochimica Acta, A 51, pp. 1579-1599 (1995) and Webster et al., Infrared Laser Absorption: Theory and Applicationsin Laser Rembte Chemical Analysis, R. M. Measuews (Ed.), Wiley, New York (1988)).
[0067] As disclosed in copending application, Ser. No. 08/951,301, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,850, which is hereby incorporated, in a particularly effective harmonic detection absorption system, the light source modulation amplitude can be set to a value which approximately maximizes the value of a harmonic signal at the center of the absorption feature being detected. In this system, the light source and detector are contained within a chamber which is isolated from the sample region, and the chamber pressure is controlled to a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. By pressurizing the chamber, the detected signal can be maximized, thereby providing accurate measurements in a sample as low as in the parts per billion (ppb) range.
[0068] The harmonic detection spectroscopy method of the present invention includes providing a cell having a sample region which is circumscribed by at least one wall. The cell has at least one light entry/exit port therein, and each entry/exit port contains a light transmissive window having a surface facing the sample region and disposed so as to seal the cell in the circumferential direction. A sample gas flows through the sample region in a direction parallel to a cell central axis, and the cell operates at less than atmospheric pressure.
[0069] A frequency (or wavelength) modulated light source is provided for directing a light beam through one of the at least one light transmissive windows into the cell. The light source modulation amplitude is set to a value which approximately maximizes the value of a harmonic signal at the center of the absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species inside the sample region. For example, in the case of the second harmonic this value is approximately 2.2 times the width of the spectral feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species inside the sample region. For the fourth harmonic, this value is approximately 3.9 times the width of the spectral feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species inside the sample region.
[0070] The center frequency of the light source, i.e., that frequency about which modulation occurs, may either be locked to the center of the absorption feature or may be repetitively scanned over the frequency range which includes the feature. Spectra are generated which may be recorded individually or averaged as desired. When the center frequency is repetitively scanned over the spectral region of interest, such scans should occur at a rate which is slow compared to the modulation frequency.
[0071] A detector is provided for measuring the light beam exiting the cell through one of the at least one light transmissive windows. The light source and detector are contained within a chamber which is external to the cell and isolated from the sample region. The chamber and the sample region are placed in optical communication with each other through at least one of the at least one light transmissive windows. The pressure inside the chamber is controlled to a value which is positive relative to atmospheric pressure.
[0072] The methods and system of the present invention are particularly well suited for overcoming the problems associated with spectroscopic measurements of molecular species in a vacuum chamber. These problems stem in part from interference due to light absorption caused by the presence of the same molecular species in the light path external to the vacuum chamber. In particular, by the present invention, Applicants have prevented or minimized the adverse effects caused by this interference by containing in a pressurized chamber that portion of the light path which is located outside of the vacuum chamber/measurement cell. The pressurized chamber is suitable for operation under positive pressures relative to atmospheric pressure.
[0073] One aspect of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B, which illustrate in cross-sectional and perspective views, respectively, a system for detecting gas phase molecular species.
[0074] The inventive system 200 comprises an absorption spectroscopy cell 201 which allows for in situ detection of molecular species in a gas sample. The cell 201 has a sample region 202 which contains a sample to be measured. The sample region is circumscribed by a wall or a plurality of walls 203. The cell 201 further includes an opening extending along the longitudinal axis 204 thereof which extends through the cell. This arrangement allows a sample to pass through the cell in the direction parallel to the cell central axis (indicated by arrows).
[0075] One or more light entry/exit ports 205 are included in the walls of the cell, with each entry/exit port containing a light transmissive window 206 which faces the sample region. Together, the cell walls and light transmissive windows seal the cell in the circumferential direction. To form a seal suitable for vacuum environments, an O-ring or other conventional vacuum sealing material can be used.
[0076] The cell further comprises at least one light reflective surface 207 such as a mirror for reflecting a light beam within the cell 201. This light reflective surface 207 is preferably a polished metal.
[0077] Also included in the system is a light source 208 which can be a frequency modulated light source, preferably a diode laser. Light source 208 directs a light beam 209 through a light transmissive window 206 into the cell sample region 202, where the beam is reflected from light reflective surface 207.
[0078] Any molecular impurity of interest can be detected, subject only to the availability of a suitable light source. For example, water vapor, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and methane or other hydrocarbons can be detected by measuring the attenuation of light from a diode laser source which emits light of a wavelength characteristic of the impurity. Laser light sources which emit light in spectral regions where the molecules of interest absorb most strongly lead to improvements in measurement sensitivity. In particular, light sources which emit at wavelengths longer than about 2 μm are preferred, since many of the molecular impurities of interest have strong absorption bands in this region.
[0079] Any suitable wavelength-tunable light source can be used. Of the currently available light sources, diode laser light sources are preferred because of their narrow linewidth (less than about 10−3cm−1) and relatively high intensity (about 0.1 to several milliwatts) at the emission wavelength.
[0080] Examples of diode lasers include Pb-salt and GaAs-type diode lasers. The Pb-salt-type laser requires cryogenic temperatures for operation and emits infrared light (i.e., wavelength greater than 3 μm), while the GaAs-type diode laser can operate at close to room temperature and emits in the near infrared region (0.8-2 μm).
[0081] Recently, diode lasers which include Sb in addition to GaAs (or other pairs of III-V compounds such as AsP) have been described (see, “Mid-infrared wavelengths enhance trace gas sensing,” R. Martinelli, Laser Focus World, March 1996, p. 77). These diodes emit light of a wavelength greater than 2 μm while operating at −87.8° C. While such a low temperature is not convenient, it compares favorably with the cryogenic temperatures (less than −170° C.) required by Pb-salt lasers. Operation of similar lasers at 4 μm and 12° C. has also been reported (see, Lasers and Optronics, March 1996). Diode lasers of the above described type will most preferably operate at temperatures of at least −40° C. Use of a thermoelectric cooler for temperature control at such temperatures makes these light sources less complicated than the lower temperature diode systems. To make use of these lasers more desirable, improvement in the optical properties over current levels is important. For example, single mode diodes (i.e., diodes whose emission at fixed temperature and drive current is at a single wavelength with emission at other wavelengths at least 40 dB less intense) should be available.
[0082] Suitable light sources for use in the invention are not limited to the above described diode lasers. For example, other types of lasers which are similarly sized and tunable by simple electrical means, such as fiber lasers and quantum cascade lasers, are envisioned. The use of such lasers as they become commercially available is envisioned.
[0083] The light source modulation amplitude is set a value which approximately maximizes the value of a harmonic signal at the center of the absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the sample region. This value is 2.2 times the width of the spectral feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species inside the sample region, for the second harmonic. For the fourth harmonic, this value is 3.9 times the width of the spectral feature.
[0084] The center frequency of the light source, i.e., that frequency about which modulation occurs, may either be locked to the center of the absorption feature or may be repetitively scanned over the frequency range which includes the feature. Spectra are generated which may be recorded individually or averaged as desired When the center frequency is repetitively scanned over the spectral region of interest, such scans should occur at a rate which is slow compared to the modulation frequency.
[0085] To detect the light beam 209 after it passes through the sample region and exits the cell through the light transmissive window, detector 210, which is preferably a photodiode, is provided.
[0086] Those skilled in the art will readily be able to design the appropriate means for performing frequency modulation, the means for adjusting the center frequency of the light source and the means for generating spectra by use of well known devices, circuits and/or processors and means for their control. Further discussion of the facilitation of frequency modulation and/or control and spectra generation is omitted as it is deemed within the scope of those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0087] Both the light source 208 and detector 210 are contained within a pressurized chamber 211 which is disposed external to the cell 201. To allow the light beam to pass between the pressurized chamber and the cell sample region, the pressurized chamber and the sample region are in optical communication with each other through at least one light transmissive window. However, the respective atmospheres within the pressurized chamber and sample region are isolated from each other.
[0088] The system can further include means for controlling the pressure inside the pressurized chamber 211 to a value which is positive relative to atmospheric pressure. The pressure level in the pressurized chamber can be maintained either with or without the use of a gas flow. Should a gas flow be used, suitable gases include pure or inert gases such as, e.g., nitrogen, argon and helium. These gases can be introduced into the pressurized chamber 211 through a pressurizing gas inlet line 212. The pressurized chamber can further include a gas exhaust line 213. In addition, a suitable gas flow restrictor 214, such as an orifice or a back-pressure regulator can be included on the gas exhaust line.
[0089] When used in series with a vacuum chamber and vacuum pump system, the cell is capable of operation at less than atmospheric pressure, i.e., under vacuum conditions. In this case, because the pressurized chamber 211 and cell 201 are isolated from one another, the pressurized chamber can be maintained at pressures above atmospheric pressure.
[0090] It has further been determined that by optimizing the ratio of the pressure inside the pressurized chamber to the pressure inside the cell, the percentage of total signal due to molecules in the inner chamber can be maximized relative to the total signal due to molecules in the outer chamber. The ratio of the second harmonic signal due to molecules outside the chamber to the total signal is provided by the following formula:
[0091] The numerator is equivalent to the expression given previously for the second harmonic signal due to water vapor in the presence of one atmosphere or higher pressure of air or nitrogen. The denominator is the sum of the same expression with the previously given expression for the second harmonic signal due to water vapor under vacuum conditions.
[0092] Likewise, the fourth harmonic signal for the same case is given by the formula:
[0093] For the above, it has been assumed that the pathlength and water partial pressure inside and outside the cell are equal when the pressure outside the cell is one atmosphere, and that the concentration of water vapor outside the cell remains constant as the pressure in that region increases (Pjis in atmospheres). However, extension of these principles to the case where the pathlengths and water partial pressure are unequal is within the level of knowledge of persons having ordinary skill in the art. The modulation amplitude a is assumed to be 2.2 times the Doppler width in the situation in which the second harmonic is being used.
[0094] As shown in FIG. 7, the above formula was evaluated using values of the parameters appropriate for absorption of light at wavelengths in the region of 1400 nm, due to water vapor, for a concentration of water vapor of 1 ppm (by volume) in nitrogen in the pressurized chamber, and for partial pressures of 10−6, 10−5and 10−4torr (ratio 1, ratio 2, and ratio 3, respectively) inside the cell/vacuum chamber. In FIG. 7, the ratio of the second harmonic signal due to water molecules in the outer chamber to the signal in the inner chamber is plotted versus pressure in the pressurized chamber for the three inner chamber partial pressures.
[0095] This graph illustrates the general relationship of a decrease in the ratio (i.e., an increase in the signal due to water inside the cell relative to that due to water in the pressurized chamber) with an increase in pressure in the pressurized chamber. For example, for a chamber pressure of one atmosphere (0 psig) and a water vapor pressure in the cell/vacuum chamber of 10−4torr, 80% of the total signal will be due to water molecules in the pressurized chamber. This ratio is not acceptable, as it will result in a substantial amount of interference in the measurement unless the partial pressure of the water molecules is exceptionally stable.
[0096] Thus, in order to use the optimum modulation amplitude the pressure in the outer chamber should be made as high as possible, but at least 65 psig in order to reduce the contribution from water there to 10% of the total. In addition, for a water vapor partial pressure of 10−4torr in the cell/vacuum chamber, water in the pressurized chamber will account for only 3% of the total signal at atmospheric pressure, and operation under these conditions may be feasible. However, as shown FIG. 7, by increasing the outer pressure to 20 psig one would expect a substantial reduction in the contribution from water molecules in the outer chamber to 0.6% of the total. Further increases in the pressure inside the pressurized chamber in this case would be unlikely to lead to additional benefit since other sources of instability that will lead to fluctuations in the signal on the order of 1% can be expected. The pressure in the cell is preferably less than 1 torr, although some benefit of the invention is obtained at cell pressures up to 1 atmosphere, and between 1 and 5 atmospheres in the chamber.
[0097] It has been found that particularly beneficial and unexpected results can be obtained when harmonics other than the second are applied to the present invention. In fact, higher harmonics were found to provide an even better suppression of the signal due to the molecular species in the pressurized chamber as the pressure therein is increased.
[0098] FIG. 8 is a comparative graph depicting the results obtained for detection of the fourth harmonic from the analogous calculation to that discussed above in reference to FIG. 7, which relates to the second harmonic. In FIG. 8, the ratio of the fourth harmonic signal due to water molecules in the pressurized chamber to that in the inner chamber is plotted against pressure in the pressurized chamber for three inner chamber water molecule partial pressures of 10−6, 10−5and 10−4torr (ratio 1, ratio 2, and ratio 3, respectively). As can be seen from this figure, the fourth harmonic generally shows a decrease in the ratio with an increase in pressure of the pressurized chamber. However, for increases beyond a certain pressure, this ratio becomes relatively constant, and further increases in pressure would not lead to further substantial reductions in the ratio.
[0099] FIG. 9 illustrates the relative benefit of pressurizing the outer chamber for the case of second harmonic detection (secharm), fourth harmonic detection (fourharm) and detection without any modulation of the light source frequency (nomod), for the case where the partial pressure of water and the pathlength in the inner and the outer chamber are equal. It can be seen that where there is no modulation, no advantage is obtained from pressurization. Second harmonic detection with atmospheric pressure in the outer chamber results in 80% absorption by water in the outer chamber, which, as mentioned previously, is unacceptable. Increasing the outer chamber pressure to 65 psig will result in a contribution of 10% of the total signal from water vapor in this chamber, which should be acceptable. However, it is preferable in this case to use fourth harmonic detection, which, even when the pressure in the outer chamber is one atmosphere, leads to a contribution of 10% by water vapor in that chamber, and, when coupled with a modest pressurization of 15 psig of the outer chamber, can reduce the contribution from water in that chamber to less than 1%.
[0100] The novel system described above allows for in situ detection of molecular species in a gas exhausted from a vacuum chamber, and has the capability of operation at up to high or even ultra-high vacuum levels. In such a case, the cell can be disposed between a vacuum chamber and vacuum pump system. The system is compatible with a wide range of materials. For example, the vacuum chamber can contain reactive or nonreactive (inert) gases which can be in a plasma- or non-plasma state. Examples of reactive gases which are compatible with the inventive system include SiH4HCl and Cl2provided the moisture level is less than 1000 ppm. Inert gases such as, e.g., O2, N2, Ar and H2can also be used in the inventive system. In the case of the inventive system's use in a plasma environment, the system is preferably mounted about 6 inches or more away from the plasma zone in order to minimize formation of deposits on the windows and other cell surfaces.
[0101] Because the system described above in reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B can be used in a variety of atmospheres, the system is particularly well suited for use in monitoring molecular species in a semiconductor processing apparatus. Use of the system in conjunction with a semiconductor processing apparatus allows for real-time in situ detection of gas phase molecular impurities which is of particular importance in minimizing yield loss.
[0102] One example of such a configuration is shown in FIG. 10. The illustrated apparatus 615 comprises a vacuum chamber 616 inside which a semiconductor substrate 617 is disposed on a substrate holder 618. A process gas inlet 619 is provided for delivering a gas or plural gases to the vacuum chamber. The vacuum chamber is evacuated through an exhaust opening 620 in the vacuum chamber. A vacuum pump (not shown) for evacuating the vacuum chamber is connected to the chamber, either directly or through a vacuum line. A pump exhaust line can be connected to the pump, which can be connected to another pump or to a gas scrubber. Examples of vacuum pumps which may be employed are mechanical, booster and rotary pumps, diffusion pumps, cryogenic pumps, sorption pumps and turbomolecular pumps. The system has been described in detail above in reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B.
[0103] While the inventive system 600 has been illustrated as being disposed below the vacuum chamber, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other orientations are also possible. While the structure of the semiconductor processing apparatus has been shown generically in FIG. 10, persons skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the system can be adapted to virtually any of the semiconductor processing apparatuses employing a vacuum system. Examples of such apparatuses are etching, diffusion, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), ion implantation, sputtering and rapid thermal processing apparatuses.
[0104] In another embodiment of the invention, a plurality of mirrors (or one mirror having multiple faces) can be disposed within the exhaust line 7. This allows the light beam to pass through the sample region a plurality of times. By increasing the effective pathlength in this manner, sensitivity of the measurement system is thereby enhanced.
[0105] Various forms of multipass optics are disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 08/711,504, filed on even date herewith, which is hereby incorporated by reference. As disclosed in this copending application, multipass cells are able to improve sensitivity of the measurement system by extending the effective pathlength the light beam travels. Among these cells, the planar multipass cell can be made arbitrarily small in directions parallel and perpendicular to the plane of propagation of the light. Because of its size, the planar multipass cell is particularly well suited for use in existing semiconductor processing tools.
[0106] The particular cell featured in that application is a polygonal planar multipass cell. The cell comprises a sample region circumscribed by a plurality of walls with light reflective surfaces. As a result of the regular shape, the light beam can be reflected by each wall prior to exiting the cell. Because the light beam can remain in the same plane, the size of the cell can be kept to a minimum.
[0107] The following example illustrate that the systems and methods of the invention are particularly beneficial in the detection of gas phase molecular species.
Example 1
[0108] As described below, moisture concentration in a semiconductor processing system during etching is monitored, using the operating procedure described below.
[0109] As the semiconductor processing system, an Applied Materials Precision 5000 plasma etching system is used in conjunction with a TDLAS measurement system. The measurement system is set up for water vapor measurement to determine the drydown characteristics of the processing chamber.
[0110] The measurement system sample region is disposed in the exhaust line of the etching tool. The light transmissive inlet and outlet windows are disposed directly across from each other in the walls of the exhaust line, with the sample region disposed therebetween, such that the light emitted by the laser diode passes straight through the inlet window to the outlet window.
[0111] The diode is manufactured by Sensors Unlimited Inc., and is composed of InGaAsP/InP. The diode is fabricated in order to emit light in the wavelength region including 1.3686 micrometer where a strong absorption by water vapor occurs. The diode should is of the distributed feedback (DFB) type, ensuring single mode emission, i.e., to ensure that the diode emits at a single frequency, as described in M. Feher et al, Spectrochimica Acta A 51pp. 1579-1599 (1995). The diode is mounted on a thermoelectric cooler which is controlled to 2511° C. by a Hytek 5610 subminiature proportional temperature controller. The laser current is controlled by an ILX Lightwave ILX 3620.
[0112] The diode is placed at the focus of a 0.5 inch diameter off-axis paraboloid mirror which collimates the diode laser beam. The mirror has a polished aluminum surface. The detector is an EG&G C30642 which is a 2 mm active diameter InGaAs photodiode. The detector output is amplified by an Analog Modules Inc. pre-amplifier. The system is extremely compact, and (except for the churrent controller) can be accommodated in a cube about 6 inches on each side.
[0113] The wavelength of the light emitted by the laser diode is locked to the characteristic value (i.e., 1.3686 um) using a feedback signal to the laser diode. To properly lock onto the wavelength, a signal corresponding to the third derivative of the absorption signal is used. Moisture measurements are initiated upon entry of the substrate into the processing chamber and are terminated upon completion of the process, with measurements being averaged over one second intervals. The data are instantaneously calculated, with the results being fed back to the etching tool process controller.
[0114] After loading the semiconductor substrate into the processing chamber, the system is evacuated until the water vapor partial pressure is 20 mtorr. At this point, 30 sccm BCl3, 40 sccm Cl2, 250 sccm He and 9.4 sccm CHCl3are introduced into the processing chamber. After one minute, the gas flows are shut off and the moisture level gradually recovers to approximately its previous level following reaction with residual BCl3.
[0115] FIG. 3 is a graph of water vapor pressure versus processing time. The moisture partial pressure drops below detectable levels because of the rapid reaction of BCl3With water vapor as follows:
[0116] 2BCl3+3H2O=B2O3(solid)+6HCl
[0117] Thus, adding BCl3too early in the process, when the moisture partial pressure is too high, is disadvantageous since an excessive quantity of particles will be formed. Particles are well-known to have deleterious effects on the semiconductor devices. On the other hand, the presence of water vapor during several etch processes, such as aluminum etching, is intolerable. BCl3is therefore necessary in order to eliminate the last vestiges of water vapor. The inventive system can be used to determine when the moisture partial pressure is sufficiently low to permit BCl3addition and also to verify that the addition of BCl3is sufficient to completely remove vestigial water vapor.
Example 2
[0118] Using the same etching tool described above in reference to Example 1, CO is monitored in a plasma ASH process wherein photoresist from an etched substrate is stripped. In the measurement system, a Pb-salt diode manufactured by Laser Photonics Corp. is mounted in a Laser Analytics liquid nitrogen-cooled coldhead. A one inch diameter, aspheric, antireflective coated, F/1 ZnSe lens is used to collimate the beam. The detector is a Graseby HgCdTe Model 1710112, with a 10-MHz bandwidth amplifier. Laser current is controlled by an ILX Lightwave LDX-3620, and the temperature is controlled by a Lake Shore DRC-910A controller. The wavelength of the light emitted by the laser diode is locked to the characteristic value for CO, i.e., 4.7 μm, using a feedback signal to the laser diode. A signal corresponding to the third derivative of the absorption signal is used.
[0119] After loading the semiconductor substrate into the etching chamber, O2at a flow rate of 60 sccm is introduced into the chamber. The pressure is maintained at 1.5 Torr during processing, and the CO measurements are performed throughout processing. Measurements are averaged over one second intervals.
[0120] The results from the CO measurement are set forth in FIG. 4, showing CO vapor pressure versus processing time. The graph indicates that the endpoint of the process occurs after about 6 minutes, at which point the CO in the processing chamber drops off.
[0121] The above examples show that the inventive system and method are well suited for monitoring gas phase molecular species in an exhaust line.
[0122] In addition to the above applications, the invention is particularly applicable to use in a load-lock chamber. Whenever a wafer is introduced into a semiconductor processing chamber, it is generally first placed in a load-lock chamber, which is purged and/or vacuum cycled in order to remove atmospheric air and other contaminants. The wafer is then transferred from the load-lock chamber to the process chamber itself. The extent of purging and/or vacuum cycles required may be determined by the pressure attained in the vacuum cycle. However, this is not a specific measurement and does not indicate whether the residual pressure is primarily due to water vapor (usually a result of substrate exposure to air), or to other species outgassing from the substrate (usually from previous process steps). Thus, it is particularly beneficial to monitor water vapor in load-lock chambers. Such a method is especially useful for load-locks relying solely on purging, since vacuum measurement is not feasible.
[0123] By disposing a diode laser system on the exhaust line of a load-lock chamber, it is possible to measure water vapor in the load lock effluent after purge cycling. If the required moisture level in the process is known, the purging time can be optimized to be just sufficient to provide the requisite purity. As transfer steps between processes are known to account for a significant fraction of available process chamber time in the semiconductor industry, significant cost advantages can be realized by this procedure.
[0124] In a similar way, a moisture sensor placed on the exhaust of any chamber can be used to optimize the length of an initial purge or vacuum cycle, which is often used to eliminate atmospheric constituents after loading wafers from the clean room, a previous process step, a load-lock chamber, or a transfer chamber.
[0125] While the invention has been described in reference to a semiconductor processing tool, persons of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the inventive system can also be adapted to a variety of different application. For example, it is envisioned that the chamber effluent monitoring system can also be used as a safety device in dealing with hazardous gases or vapors.
[0126] It is well known that in the IC manufacturing processes, a multitude of hazardous and toxic gases are required. Generally, such gases are kept in cabinets which are continuously evacuated. The cabinet exhaust, i.e., effluent, is drawn through an exhaust line usually to a scrubber system. The inventive chamber effluent monitoring system is particularly well suited for use with these gas cabinets. By disposing an absorption spectroscopy measurement system in the cabinet exhaust, a leak detection system providing instantaneous feedback is provided. In particular, a system for detection of HF which has an absorption at a wavelength of 1330 nm, coincident with relatively convenient InGaAsP dioxide emission, is envisioned.
[0127] This embodiment is preferably used in conjunction with a visual and/or audio alarm system. The alarm system can be activated upon the happening of a certain event, such as the detected absorption or gas concentration exceeding a predefined limit. In addition, the detector can be connected to a valve control system which will automatically close the gas cylinder or other valve(s) to stop the flow of gas. Those skilled in the art will readily be able to design and integrate appropriate alarm systems and controls in the inventive system by use of well known devices, circuits and/or processors and means for their control. Further discussion of this matter is omitted as it is deemed within the scope of persons of ordinary skill in the art.
[0128] In another embodiment of the invention, the chamber effluent monitoring system can be applied to the monitoring of cleanroom environments. Because the air exhausted from the cleanroom is generally returned to the cleanroom, hazardous gas leaks or the presence of hazardous vapors in the cleanroom are especially problematic. Therefore, use of an absorption spectroscopy measurement system in the cleanroom exhaust can provide a particularly advantageous leak detection system. As discussed above in reference to the gas cabinets, this system can be used in conjunction with an alarm system.
[0129] While the invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made, and equivalents employed, without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for detecting gas phase molecular species in a sample by harmonic detection spectroscopy, comprising:
providing a harmonic detection spectroscopy measurement cell, the cell having at least one light entry/exit port therein, each entry/exit port containing a light transmissive window having a surface facing the sample region wherein a sample gas flows through the sample region, the cell operating at about atmospheric pressure or less;
providing a frequency and/or amplitude modulated light source for directing a light beam through one of the at least one light transmissive windows into the cell and setting the light source modulation amplitude to a value which approximately maximizes the value of a harmonic signal at the center of the absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species inside the sample region;
adjusting the center frequency of the light source so that it is either locked to the center of the absorption feature or repetitively scanned over the frequency range which includes the feature, generating spectra which may be recorded individually or averaged as desired;
providing a detector for measuring the light beam exiting the cell through one of the at least one light transmissive windows;
wherein the light source and detector are contained within a chamber which is external to the cell and isolated from the sample region, the chamber and the sample region being placed in optical communication with each other through at least one of the at least one light transmissive windows, and controlling the pressure inside the chamber to a value which is positive relative to atmospheric pressure.
2. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 1, wherein the harmonic signal is a second harmonic signal, and the modulation amplitude is set to approximately 2.2 times the width of the spectral absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the sample region.
3. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 1, wherein the harmonic signal is a fourth harmonic signal, and the modulation amplitude is set to approximately 3.9 times the width of the spectral absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the sample region.
4. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 1, further comprising controlling the pressure inside the chamber to approximately maximize the percentage of the measured signal due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the chamber.
5. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 4, wherein the chamber pressure is controlled by use of an orifice or a back pressure regulator.
6. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 1, further comprising introducing a pressurizing gas into the chamber and optionally exhausting gas from the chamber.
7. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 1, wherein the frequency and/or modulated light source is a diode laser.
8. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 1, wherein the molecular species is water vapor.
9. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 1, wherein the molecular species is detected in a gas exhausted from a vacuum chamber, or from a chamber operated at approximately atmospheric pressure.
10. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 9, wherein the cell is disposed between and in communication with a vacuum chamber and a vacuum pump.
11. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 10, wherein the vacuum chamber forms a portion of a semiconductor processing apparatus.
12. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 11, wherein the semiconductor processing apparatus is selected from the group consisting of an etching apparatus, a chemical vapor deposition apparatus, an ion implantation apparatus, a sputtering apparatus and a rapid thermal processing apparatus.
13. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 12, wherein the semiconductor processing apparatus is an etching apparatus.
14. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 1, further comprising generating a plasma in the vacuum chamber.
15. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 1, further comprising introducing a reactive gas into the vacuum chamber.
16. A method for detecting gas phase molecular species in a semiconductor processing apparatus by harmonic detection spectroscopy, comprising:
providing a vacuum chamber in communication with a vacuum pump and evacuating the vacuum chamber therewith;
providing a harmonic detection spectroscopy measurement cell, the cell having at least one light entry/exit port therein, each entry/exit port containing a light transmissive window having a surface facing the sample region wherein a sample gas flows through the sample region, the cell operating at about atmospheric pressure or less;
providing a frequency and/or amplitude modulated light source for directing a light beam through one of the at least one light transmissive windows into the cell and setting the light source modulation amplitude to a value which approximately maximizes the value of a harmonic signal at the center of the absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species inside the sample region;
adjusting the center frequency of the light source so that it is either locked to the center of the absorption feature or repetitively scanned over the frequency range which includes the feature, generating spectra which may be recorded individually or averaged as desired;
providing a detector for measuring the light beam exiting the cell through one of the at least one light transmissive windows;
wherein the light source and detector are contained within a chamber which is external to the cell and isolated from the sample region, the chamber and the sample region being placed in optical communication with each other through at least one of the at least one light transmissive windows, and controlling the pressure inside the chamber to a value which is positive relative to atmospheric pressure.
17. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 16, wherein the harmonic signal is a second harmonic signal, and the modulation amplitude is set to approximately 2.2 times the width of the spectral absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the sample region.
18. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 16, wherein the harmonic signal is a fourth harmonic signal, and the modulation amplitude is set to approximately 3.9 times the width of the spectral absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the sample region.
19. The method for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 16, wherein the pressure inside the chamber is set to approximately maximize the percentage of a total signal due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the chamber.
20. A system for detecting gas phase molecular species in a sample by harmonic detection spectroscopy, comprising:
a harmonic detection spectroscopy measurement cell having a sample region, the cell having at least one light entry/exit port therein, each entry/exit port containing a light transmissive window having a surface facing the sample region wherein a sample gas flows through the sample region, the cell being capable of operation at less than atmospheric pressure;
a frequency and/or amplitude modulated light source system comprising a light source for directing a light beam through one of the at least one light transmissive windows into the cell, means for setting the light source modulation amplitude to a value which approximately maximizes the value of a harmonic signal at the center of the absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species inside the sample region;
means for adjusting the center frequency of the light source so that it is either locked to the center of the absorption feature or repetitively scanned over the frequency range which includes the feature, means for generating spectra which may be recorded individually or averaged;
a detector for measuring the light beam exiting the cell through one of the at least one light transmissive windows;
wherein the light source and detector are contained within a chamber which is external to the cell and isolated from the sample region, the chamber and the sample region being in optical communication with each other through at least one of the at least one light transmissive windows, and means for controlling the pressure inside the chamber to a value which is positive relative to atmospheric pressure.
21. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 20, wherein the harmonic signal is a second harmonic signal, and the modulation amplitude is approximately 2.2 times the width of the spectral absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the sample region.
22. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 20, wherein the harmonic signal is a fourth harmonic signal, and the modulation amplitude optimum value is approximately 3.9 times the width of the spectral absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the sample region.
23. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 20, wherein the pressure inside the chamber is set to maximize the percentage of a total signal due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the chamber.
24. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 20, wherein the chamber pressure control means comprises a pressurizing gas inlet and an exhaust gas outlet connected to the chamber.
25. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 24, wherein the chamber pressure control means further comprises an orifice or a back pressure regulator.
26. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 20, wherein the frequency and/or modulated light source is a diode laser.
27. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 20, wherein the molecular species is water vapor.
28. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 20, wherein the cell is disposed between and in communication with a vacuum chamber and a vacuum pump.
29. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 28, wherein the vacuum chamber forms a portion of a semiconductor processing apparatus.
30. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 29, wherein the semiconductor processing apparatus is selected from the group consisting of an etching apparatus, a chemical vapor deposition apparatus, an ion implantation apparatus, a sputtering apparatus and a rapid thermal processing apparatus.
31. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 30, wherein the semiconductor processing apparatus is an etching apparatus.
32. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 28, wherein the vacuum chamber is adapted to contain a plasma atmosphere.
33. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 28, wherein the vacuum chamber is adapted to contain a reactive gas atmosphere.
34. A semiconductor processing apparatus, comprising:
a vacuum chamber in communication with a vacuum pump for evacuating the vacuum chamber;
a system for detecting gas phase molecular species in a sample by harmonic detection spectroscopy comprising a harmonic detection spectroscopy measurement cell having a sample region, the cell having at least one light entry/exit port therein, each entry/exit port containing a light transmissive window having a surface facing the sample region wherein a sample gas flows through the sample region, the cell being capable of operation at less than atmospheric pressure;
a frequency and/or amplitude modulated light source system comprising a light source for directing a light beam through one of the at least one light transmissive windows into the cell, means for setting the light source modulation amplitude to a value which approximately maximizes the value of a harmonic signal at the center of the absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species inside the sample region, means for adjusting the center frequency of the light source so that it is either locked to the center of the absorption feature or repetitively scanned over the frequency range which includes the feature and means for generating spectra which may be recorded individually or averaged;
a detector for measuring the light beam exiting the cell through one of the at least one light transmissive windows;
wherein the light source and detector are contained within a chamber which is external to the cell and isolated from the sample region, the chamber and the sample region being in optical communication with each other through at least one of the at least one light transmissive windows, and means for controlling the pressure inside the chamber to a value which is positive relative to atmospheric pressure.
35. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 34, wherein the harmonic signal is a second harmonic signal, and the modulation amplitude is approximately 2.2 times the width of the spectral absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the sample region.
36. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 34, wherein the harmonic signal is a fourth harmonic signal, and the modulation amplitude approximately 3.9 times the width of the spectral absorption feature due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the sample region.
37. The system for detecting gas phase molecular species according to claim 34, wherein the pressure inside the chamber is set to maximize the percentage of a total signal due to the detected gas phase molecular species in the chamber.
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