Retractable catheter systems and associated methods

[0002] This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/246,831, filed on Feb. 8, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,371 which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/116,017, filed Jan. 15, 1999.

[0003] Cross reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/443,877, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,016, entitled “Catheter Systems and Associated Methods Utilizing Removable Inner Catheter or Catheters” by Thomas J. Maginot filed on the same date herewith.

[0004] The present invention relates generally to catheters, and more particularly to retractable catheter systems for use in a body of a patient and associated methods which maintain fluid flow in the catheter system.

[0005] Various medical procedures require that a patient be catheterized. For example, catheterization may be required when a patient undergoes hemodialysis or has a clot aspirated from a blood vessel. Generally, the length of time the patient will be catheterized dictates whether a physician will utilize a “temporary catheterization technique” (i.e. a technique in which the catheter is left in a blood vessel for a relatively short period of time such as a few minutes, hours, days, or weeks) or a “permanent catheterization technique” (i.e. a technique in which the catheter is left in a blood vessel for a relatively long period of time such as several months or indefinitely).

[0006] For example, a procedure in which a clot is aspirated from a blood vessel typically includes placing the catheter in the blood vessel for a relatively short period of time such as a few minutes to a few hours and then withdrawing the catheter once the clot has been removed. Therefore, when performing such an aspiration procedure, it is common for a physician to use the temporary catheterization technique to place the catheter in the blood vessel of the patient.

[0007] On the other hand, when a procedure is performed to effect hemodialysis, a physician may place a catheter in the blood vessel for a relatively long period of time. In particular, a patient suffering from kidney failure who is involved in a hemodialysis regimen typically requires a dialysis session three days per week for an indefinite period of time whereby extra fluid, chemicals, and wastes are removed from his/her body. A patient who is involved in such a hemodialysis regimen may need a catheter placed in his/her blood vessel for a relatively long period of time in order to provide a ready means for vascular access into his/her bloodstream over such relatively long period of time. This long term placement of the catheter for dialysis purposes may be desirable for a number of reasons.

[0008] Firstly, a patient may have experienced progressive loss of other conventional long term vascular access possibilities such as surgically created arteriovenous fistulas. Accordingly, the long term placement of the catheter in the patient's blood vessel may be the best alternative for the patient as he/she proceeds with the hemodialysis regimen.

[0009] Additionally, the long term placement of the catheter in the patient's blood vessel may be desirable after initial creation of an arteriovenous fistula in the patient's body. In particular, it is desirable to provide a ready means for vascular access into the patient's bloodstream during a maturation period of the arteriovenous fistula. The maturation period allows the arteriovenous fistula to develop sufficiently so that it will function as a ready means for vascular access into the patient's bloodstream which may be safely punctured multiple times per week for hemodialysis. The length of time of this maturation period is typically on the order of several weeks (e.g. three weeks) to many months (e.g. six months).

[0010] Therefore, when performing a hemodialysis procedure, it is common for a physician to use the permanent catheterization technique to place the catheter in the blood vessel of the patient.

[0011] The two catheterization techniques are significantly different with respect to their complexity and degree of invasiveness. For example, in the case of the temporary catheterization technique, it is common to insert a temporary catheter into a patient's blood vessel using a “direct puncture technique.” This technique entails creating a small incision in a patient's skin with a scalpel directly over the blood vessel to be catheterized. A needle is then advanced through the skin incision and subcutaneous tissue and into the blood vessel. Thereafter, a guidewire is advanced through the needle into the blood vessel and the needle is subsequently removed over the guidewire. Then, one or more tubular vessel dilators are used to widen the opening defined in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and further to widen the opening defined in the blood vessel wall to a caliber similar to that of the temporary catheter. The temporary catheter is then advanced over the guidewire and into the blood vessel. Thereafter, the guidewire is removed.

[0012] When the temporary catheterization technique is used during a clot aspiration procedure, two catheters are usually placed in the blood vessel of a patient. In particular, an outer catheter is usually placed within the blood vessel using the above described direct puncture technique so that its distal orifice is located near the clot. Thereafter, an inner catheter having a smaller caliber relative to the outer catheter is advanced through a lumen of the outer catheter. While the inner catheter is positioned within the outer catheter, an aspiration vacuum is applied to the inner catheter with a syringe. If the size of the clot (or fragments thereof) are smaller than the inner diameter of the inner catheter, then the clot or clot fragments are drawn into and through the inner catheter thereby removing the clot from the blood vessel. If the size of the clot or clot fragments are larger than the inner diameter of the inner catheter, then the clot or clot fragments are drawn to a location adjacent to the distal orifice of the inner catheter. Subsequently, while the aspiration vacuum is still being applied, the inner catheter is withdrawn from the outer catheter thereby additionally withdrawing the clot or clot fragments from the outer catheter and the patient's blood vessel. Thereafter, the outer catheter remains temporarily in place within the blood vessel of the patient for subsequent injections of radiographic contrast for imaging purposes to determine the extent of clot remaining in the blood vessel as well as to determine if clot has migrated to another location within the blood vessel. The outer catheter, which remains temporarily in place in the blood vessel, provides a conduit for the inner catheter to be advanced back into the patient's blood vessel for additional aspiration attempts which are usually required for complete removal of the clot from the blood vessel.

[0013] If an outer catheter needs to be replaced during a clot aspiration procedure because of catheter malfunction, such replacement can be accomplished by advancing a guidewire through the lumen of the outer catheter and into the blood vessel. The existing outer catheter can then be removed over the guidewire to a location outside of the patient's body. Thereafter, a new outer catheter is placed in the patient's blood vessel by advancing the new outer catheter over the guidewire as discussed above.

[0014] In contrast to the temporary catheterization technique, the permanent catheterization technique typically entails inserting a permanent catheter into a patient's blood vessel using a “tunneled catheter technique.” The tunneled catheter technique includes (i) creating a first opening by making a small incision in a patient's skin with a scalpel directly over the blood vessel to be catheterized, (ii) puncturing the blood vessel at a location directly below the first opening by advancing a needle through the skin incision and subcutaneous tissue and into the blood vessel, (iii) advancing a guidewire through the needle into the blood vessel, (iv) removing the needle over the guidewire, (v) passing one or more tubular vessel dilators over the guidewire to widen the opening defined in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and further to widen the opening defined in the blood vessel wall to a caliber similar to that of the tubular guide, (vi) advancing the tubular guide over the guidewire and into the blood vessel, (vii) thereafter, creating a second opening in the patient's skin spaced apart at least several centimeters from the first opening, (viii) advancing a tunneling instrument from the second opening to the first opening so as to create a passageway within the subcutaneous tissue under the skin between the first opening and the second opening, (ix) advancing a permanent catheter having a tissue ingrowth member attached to an outer surface thereof into the second opening and through the passageway such that a distal end of the permanent catheter is located adjacent the first opening, (x) inserting the distal end of the permanent catheter through the tubular guide member and into the blood vessel to be catheterized whereby the tissue ingrowth member is positioned in the subcutaneous tissue, (xi) removing the tubular guide member, and (xii) closing the first opening with suture whereby the permanent catheter (a) is no longer exposed through the first opening, (b) extends for at least several centimeters under the patient's skin between the second opening and the location where the permanent catheter enters the blood vessel, and (c) extends out of the second opening so that a proximal end of the permanent catheter is located outside of the patient's body.

[0015] In contrast to the direct puncture catheter technique, the tunneled catheter technique results in the placement of a catheter in a patient's body in a manner which allows the catheter to remain safely in the patient's body for a relatively long period of time. For example, a degree of safety is achieved by separating the following two openings by at least several centimeters: (i) the skin opening through which the catheter enters the patient's body, and (ii) the blood vessel opening through which the catheter enters the patient's vascular system. This safety feature decreases the likelihood that bacteria will migrate up the length of the catheter from the skin opening and cause an infection at the blood vessel opening.

[0016] In addition, another degree of safety is achieved by providing a tissue ingrowth member which is attached to and extends around an outer surface of the catheter. As the catheter is left in the patient's body over a period of time, the tissue ingrowth member becomes affixed to the subcutaneous tissue of the patient's body thereby providing a secure attachment of the catheter to the patient's body. Providing a secure attachment between the catheter and the patient's body reduces the likelihood that the catheter will be inadvertently removed or withdrawn from the patient's body. Moreover, since the subcutaneous tissue becomes attached to the tissue ingrowth member, a physical barrier is created between following two openings: (i) the skin opening through which the catheter enters the patient's body, and (ii) the blood vessel opening through which the catheter enters the patient's vascular system. This physical barrier further decreases the likelihood that bacteria will migrate up the length of the catheter from the skin opening and cause an infection at the blood vessel opening.

[0017] While the tunneled catheter technique provides the significant advantage of allowing the catheter to remain safely in the patient's body for a relatively long period of time, significant disadvantages of the tunneled catheter technique exists. For example, when a catheter remains in a blood vessel for a long period of time, there is a tendency for blood clots including fibrin (e.g. in the form of a fibrin sheath) to attach to and build-up on the outer and inner surfaces of the portion of the catheter which is located within the blood vessel. The above described attachment and build-up tends to occlude the various distal orifices defined in the catheter which enable fluid movement into and out of the catheter. For instance, attempts at withdrawing blood through the catheter may be unsuccessful due to blood clots creating a “ball-valve” effect which occlude the various distal orifices of the catheter.

[0018] When occlusion of the various distal orifices of the catheter occurs due to the above described blood clot attachment and build-up, a physician has several options for eliminating the occlusion thereby reestablishing access to the vascular system. One option is to remove the occluded catheter and replace it with a new catheter. However, in contrast to the ease of exchanging a catheter which was placed in the patient's body using the direct puncture technique, exchanging a catheter which was placed in the patient's body using the tunneled catheter technique is substantially more complicated and invasive. This is true since in order to remove the occluded catheter from the patient's body, the physician must surgically dissect the tissue ingrowth member which is secured to the outer surface of the catheter from the patient's subcutaneous tissue. Recall that the tissue ingrowth member becomes affixed to the subcutaneous tissue over a period of time. Thereafter, the physician would place a new catheter into the patient's body generally using the above described tunneled catheter technique. Thus, this option is undesirable since it requires additional surgery which further traumatizes the patient and increases the cost of the medical care.

[0019] Another option for eliminating the occlusion of the various distal orifices of the catheter in order to reestablish access to the vascular system involves the performance of a medical procedure in which a blood clot-dissolving medication such as urokinase is infused into the catheter. However, this medication is not always successful in eliminating the occlusion of the various distal orifices of the catheter. In addition, infusion of the medication into the catheter subjects the patient to potential bleeding complications due to the medication entering the vascular system and being circulated systemically. Further, this medication is expensive. Thus, this option has serious drawbacks as well.

[0020] An additional option for eliminating the occlusion of the various distal orifices of the catheter in order to reestablish access to the vascular system involves the performance of a medical procedure in which an intravascular snare is introduced into the blood vessel in order to physically strip off any blood clots or fibrin sheath which has attached and built-up on the distal portion of the catheter. However, for catheters placed in veins, this medical procedure requires a venopuncture in the femoral or jugular vein which is invasive and can be uncomfortable for a patient. Furthermore, this option requires the use of (i) an intravascular snare, (ii) a physician experienced in catheter techniques, and (iii) an angiographic suite to provide fluoroscopic imaging. Use of each of items (i), (ii), and (iii) above causes this option to be relatively expensive. Consequently, this option also has significant disadvantages.

[0021] What is needed therefore is a method and apparatus which reduces the likelihood of occlusion of the various distal orifices of a catheter which has been placed in a patient's body using the tunneled catheter technique which overcomes one or more of the above-mentioned drawbacks. What is also needed is an improved long-term catheter system and associated method of maintaining fluid flow in the catheter system.

[0022] In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a catheter system which includes a working catheter having a distal working orifice. The catheter system further includes a guide catheter having a guide lumen and a distal guide orifice. The catheter system additionally includes a locking mechanism which locks the working catheter relative to the guide catheter in (i) an operative position, and (ii) a stowed position. When the working catheter is locked in the operative position, (i) the working catheter extends through the guide lumen of the guide catheter and out of the distal guide orifice of the guide catheter, and (ii) the distal working orifice of the working catheter is positioned outside of the guide catheter. When the working catheter is locked in the stowed position, (i) the working catheter extends into the guide lumen of the guide catheter, and (ii) the distal working orifice of the working catheter is positioned within the guide lumen of the guide catheter.

[0023] Pursuant to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of performing dialysis with a catheter system which includes (i) a working catheter having a distal working orifice, and (ii) a guide catheter having a guide lumen and a distal guide orifice. The method includes the step of locking the working catheter in an operative position in which (i) the working catheter extends through the guide lumen of the guide catheter and out of the distal guide orifice of the guide catheter, and (ii) the distal working orifice of the working catheter is positioned outside of the guide catheter. The method further includes the step of advancing and withdrawing blood through the working catheter while the working catheter is locked in the operative position. Also, the method includes the step of locking the working catheter in a stowed position in which (i) the working catheter extends into the guide lumen of the guide catheter, and (ii) the distal working orifice of the working catheter is positioned within the guide lumen of the guide catheter.

[0024] According to still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of performing a medical procedure with a catheter system which includes (i) a working catheter having a distal working orifice, and (ii) a guide catheter having a guide lumen and a distal guide orifice. The method includes the step of locking the working catheter in an operative position in which (i) the working catheter extends through the guide lumen of the guide catheter and out of the distal guide orifice of the guide catheter, and (ii) the distal working orifice of the working catheter is positioned outside of the guide catheter. Moreover, the method includes the step of advancing and withdrawing fluid through the working catheter while the working catheter is locked in the operative position. The method also includes the step of locking the working catheter in a stowed position in which (i) the working catheter extends into the guide lumen of the guide catheter, and (ii) the distal working orifice of the working catheter is positioned within the guide lumen of the guide catheter.

[0025] In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a catheter system which includes a multi-lumen working catheter having a first distal working orifice and a second distal working orifice. The catheter system further includes a guide catheter having a guide lumen and a distal guide orifice. Also, the catheter system includes a locking mechanism which locks the working catheter relative to the guide catheter in (i) an operative position, and (ii) a stowed position. When the working catheter is locked in the operative position, (i) the working catheter extends through the guide lumen of the guide catheter and out of the distal guide orifice of the guide catheter, and (ii) the first distal working orifice and the second distal working orifice are each positioned outside of the guide catheter. Additionally, when the working catheter is locked in the stowed position, (i) the working catheter extends into the guide lumen of the guide catheter, and (ii) the first distal working orifice and the second distal working orifice are each positioned within the guide lumen of the guide catheter.

[0026] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and useful catheter system for use in a body of a patient.

[0027] It is also an object of the present invention to provide a new and useful long-term catheter system for use in a body of a patient.

[0028] It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved longterm catheter system for use in a body of a patient.

[0029] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a new and useful method of performing dialysis with a catheter system.

[0030] It is still another object of the present invention to provide an improved method of performing dialysis with a catheter system.

[0031] Other objects and benefits of the present invention can be discerned from the following description and accompanying drawings.

[0032] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a patient undergoing a dialysis procedure utilizing the catheter system of the present invention;

[0033] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a portion of the vascular system of the patient of FIG. 1, showing the right internal jugular vein, the right subclavian vein, the right innominate vein, and the superior vena cava;

[0034] FIG. 3 is an enlarged side elevational view of the catheter system of FIG. 1, showing the working catheter positioned within the guide lumen of the guide catheter, and further schematically showing the locking mechanism which is configured to lock the working catheter relative to the guide catheter in any one of a plurality of positions (note that FIG. 3 shows the locking mechanism operating to lock the working catheter in the stowed position);

[0035] FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 but showing one example of a locking mechanism which can be used in the present invention (note that FIG. 4 shows the locking mechanism operating to lock the working catheter in the stowed position);

[0036] FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 but showing the locking mechanism operating to lock the working catheter in the operative position;

[0037] FIG. 6A is an enlarged side elevational view of the guide catheter of the catheter system shown in FIG. 1;

[0038] FIG. 6B is an enlarged fragmentary cross sectional view of the guide catheter taken along the line 6B—6B of FIG. 6A as viewed in the direction of the arrows;

[0039] FIG. 6C is an enlarged cross sectional view of the guide catheter taken along the line 6C—6C of FIG. 6A as viewed in the direction of the arrows;

[0040] FIG. 6D is an enlarged cross sectional view of the guide catheter taken along the line 6D—6D of FIG. 6A as viewed in the direction of the arrows;

[0041] FIG. 7A is an enlarged side elevational view of the working catheter of the catheter system shown in FIG. 1;

[0042] FIG. 7B is an enlarged cross sectional view of the working catheter taken along the line 7B—7B of FIG. 7A as viewed in the direction of the arrows;

[0043] FIG. 7C is an enlarged cross sectional view of the working catheter taken along the line 7C—7C of FIG. 7A as viewed in the direction of the arrows;

[0044] FIG. 7D is an enlarged cross sectional view of the working catheter taken along the line 7D—7D of FIG. 7A as viewed in the direction of the arrows;

[0045] FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 5 which shows the locking mechanism of FIG. 5 in more detail;

[0046] FIG. 8A is also an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 5 which shows the locking mechanism of FIG. 5 in more detail, however, FIG. 8A shows a separating diaphragm being used in place of the proximal valve;

[0047] FIG. 9 is an enlarged view which is similar to FIG. 2, but showing the catheter system of FIG. 1 (i) extending from the right upper chest, (ii) tunneled under the skin within the subcutaneous tissue of the patient for a distance, (iii) entering a venotomy in the right internal jugular vein, and (iv) passing caudally in the right internal jugular vein, the right innominate vein and the superior vena cava;

[0048] FIG. 10 is a fragmentary enlarged view which is similar to FIG. 9, but showing the working catheter locked to the guide catheter in the stowed position;

[0049] FIG. 11 is a view similar to FIG. 10, but showing the working catheter locked to the guide catheter in the operative position;

[0050] FIG. 12 is a view similar to FIG. 3, but showing another catheter system which incorporates the features of the present invention therein, with the working catheter shown positioned in the operative position;

[0051] FIG. 13 is a fragmentary cross sectional view of a distal portion of the catheter system of FIG. 12, but showing the working catheter positioned in the stowed position;

[0052] FIG. 14 is a view similar to FIG. 3, but showing yet another catheter system which incorporates the features of the present invention therein, with the working catheters shown positioned in the operative position;

[0053] FIG. 15 is a fragmentary cross sectional view of a distal portion of the catheter system of FIG. 14, but showing the working catheters positioned in the stowed position;

[0054] FIG. 16 is a view similar to FIG. 14, but showing another catheter system which incorporates the features of the present invention therein, with the working catheters shown positioned in the operative position;

[0055] FIG. 17 is a view similar to FIG. 3, but showing another catheter system which incorporates the features of the present invention therein, with the working catheter shown positioned in the operative position;

[0056] FIG. 18 is a fragmentary cross sectional view of a distal portion of the catheter system of FIG. 17, but showing the working catheter positioned in the stowed position;

[0057] FIG. 19 is a view similar to FIG. 17, but showing another catheter system which incorporates the features of the present invention therein, with the working catheter shown positioned in the operative position;

[0058] FIG. 20 is a view similar to FIG. 17, but showing still another catheter system which incorporates the features of the present invention therein;

[0059] FIG. 21 is a view similar to FIG. 3, but showing yet another catheter system which incorporates the features of the present invention therein, with the working catheters shown positioned in the operative position;

[0060] FIG. 22 is a fragmentary cross sectional view of a distal portion of the catheter system of FIG. 21, but showing the working catheters positioned in the stowed position;

[0061] FIG. 23 is an enlarged view which is similar to FIG. 2, but showing the catheter system of FIG. 21 (i) extending from the right upper chest, (ii) tunneled under the skin within the subcutaneous tissue of the patient for a distance, (iii) entering a pair of venotomies in the right internal jugular vein, and (iv) passing caudally in the right internal jugular vein, the right innominate vein and the superior vena cava;

[0062] FIG. 24 is a view similar to FIG. 3, but showing still another catheter system which incorporates the features of the present invention therein, with the working catheter shown positioned in the operative position;

[0063] FIG. 25 is a fragmentary cross sectional view of a distal portion of the catheter system of FIG. 24, but showing the working catheter positioned in the stowed position;

[0064] FIG. 26 is an enlarged view which is similar to FIG. 2, but showing the catheter system of FIG. 24 (i) extending from the right upper chest, (ii) tunneled under the skin within the subcutaneous tissue of the patient for a distance, (iii) entering a venotomy in the right internal jugular vein, and (iv) passing caudally in the right internal jugular vein, the right innominate vein and the superior vena cava;

[0065] FIG. 27 is a view similar to FIG. 24, but showing another catheter system which incorporates the features of the present invention therein, with the working catheter shown positioned in the operative position;

[0066] FIG. 28 is an enlarged perspective view of the closure member of FIG. 27; and

[0067] FIG. 29 is an enlarged cross sectional view of the closure member of FIG. 28 taken along the line 29—29 of FIG. 28 as viewed in the direction of the arrows.

[0068] While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0069] I. Catheter System 12

[0070] Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a hemodialysis machine 10 to which is attached a long-term catheter system 12 which incorporates the features of the present invention therein. The catheter system 12 is inserted in a patient's body 14. The hemodialysis machine 10 includes an inlet line 16 and an outlet line 18 which are each in fluid communication with the catheter system 12. The body 14 includes skin, generally indicated by the reference numeral 20. The body 14 further includes subcutaneous tissue 22 positioned below the skin 20 (see e.g. FIG. 9).

[0071] As shown in FIG. 2, the body 14 further includes a vascular system 24. The vascular system 24 includes a right internal jugular vein 26, a right subclavian vein 28, a right innominate vein 30, and a superior vena cava 32. Note that the vascular system 24 is positioned within the body 14 underneath the skin 20. However, the vascular system 24, including the right internal jugular vein 26, the right subclavian vein 28, the right innominate vein 30, and the superior vena cava 32, are depicted in FIGS. 2, 9-11, 23, and 26 with solid lines for clarity of description.

[0072] The catheter system 12 is shown in more detail in FIG. 3. In particular, the catheter system includes a guide catheter 34 having a central guide lumen 36 which extends the entire length thereof (see also FIGS. 6A-6D). The guide lumen 36 defines a proximal guide orifice 38 and a distal guide orifice 40.

[0073] A distal valve 37 is secured to the guide catheter 34 at a location within the guide lumen 36 substantially adjacent to the distal guide orifice 40 (see e.g. FIGS. 3-5, 6A and 6C). The distal valve 37 is configured to inhibit fluid from advancing through the distal guide orifice 40 and past the distal valve 37 within the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34. A proximal valve 39 is also secured to the guide catheter 34 at a location within the guide lumen 36 (see also FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 8). The proximal valve 39 is configured to inhibit fluid from advancing within the guide lumen 36 from one side of the proximal valve 39 to the other side of the proximal valve 39. The valves 37, 39 also function to inhibit air flow leakage though the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34. One valve which may be used as either the distal valve 37 or the proximal valve 39 with some modifications is available from Micro Therapeutics, Inc. of San Clemente, Calif. under the trademark “Cragg MicroValve™”.

[0074] Alternatively, a flexible separating diaphragm 39A may be substituted for the proximal valve 39 as shown in FIG. 8A. The separating diaphragm 39A would have a first end thereof secured to the inner surface of the guide catheter 34, and a second end thereof secured to the outer surface of the working catheter 42 as shown in FIG. 8A. The first end of the separating diaphragm 39A would be secured to an entire 360° segment of the inner surface of the guide catheter 34 whereby fluid is completely prevented from advancing between the separating diaphragm 39A and the guide catheter 34. Similarly, the second end of the separating diaphragm 39A would be secured to an entire 360° segment of the outer surface of the working catheter 42 whereby fluid is completely prevented from advancing between the separating diaphragm 39A and the working catheter 42. Accordingly, fluid is completely prevented from advancing within the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34 from one side of the separating diaphragm 39A to the other side of the separating diaphragm 39A. The separating diaphragm 39A also functions to prevent air flow leakage though the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34. The separating diaphragm 39A is made from the same material from which the proximal valve 39 is made.

[0075] Referring again to FIGS. 6A-6D, the guide catheter 34 also includes an outer surface 41 having a tissue ingrowth member 43 secured thereto. The tissue ingrowth member 43 is configured to facilitate fibrous tissue growth therein. More specifically, the subcutaneous tissue 22 of the body 14 becomes affixed to the tissue ingrowth member 43 when the tissue ingrowth member 43 remains in contact with the subcutaneous tissue 22 over a period of time. One type of tissue ingrowth member which may be used as the tissue ingrowth member 43 is a DACRON cuff which is available from Bard Access Systems of Salt Lake City, Utah.

[0076] The catheter system 12 further includes a working catheter 42 which is positioned within the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34 (see FIGS. 3-5 and 10-11). The working catheter 42 has an ingress lumen 44 through which fluid may be advanced, and an egress lumen 46 also through which fluid may be advanced (see FIGS. 7A-7D). The ingress lumen 44 defines a first distal working orifice 50, while the egress lumen 46 defines a second distal working orifice 54. The first distal working orifice 50 and the second distal working orifice 54 are defined in a distal working segment 55 of the working catheter 42 (see FIGS. 4, 5, and 7A).

[0077] The working catheter 42 further includes an ingress line 45 and an egress line 47. The ingress line 45 defines a first proximal working orifice 48, while the egress line 47 defines a second proximal working orifice 52. The ingress line 45 is in fluid communication with the ingress lumen 44, while the egress line 47 is in fluid communication with the egress lumen 46. The egress line 47 has an adapter or injection cap C1 attached thereto, and the ingress line 45 has an adapter or injection cap C2 attached thereto (see FIG. 7A).

[0078] In addition, a clamp 62 is positioned on the egress line 47, while a clamp 64 is positioned on the ingress line 45 as shown in FIG. 7A. It should be understood that closure of the clamp 64 causes fluid communication between the first proximal working orifice 48 and the first distal working orifice 50 to be prevented. Similarly, closure of the clamp 62 prevents fluid communication between the second proximal working orifice 52 and the second distal working orifice 54.

[0079] The catheter system 12 additionally includes a locking mechanism 56 which is schematically shown in FIG. 3. The locking mechanism 56 operates to lock the working catheter 42 in relation to the guide catheter 34 at any one of two positions. In particular, the locking mechanism 56 may lock the working catheter 42 relative to the guide catheter 34 in an operative position (see e.g. FIGS. 5, 9, and 11) or in a stowed position (see e.g. FIGS. 3, 4 and 10). It should be noted that when the working catheter 42 is locked in the operative position, (i) the working catheter 42 extends through the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34 and out of the distal guide orifice 40 of the guide catheter 34, and (ii) the first distal working orifice 50 and the second distal working orifice 54 are each positioned outside of the guide catheter 34. On the other hand, when the working catheter 42 is locked in the stowed position, (i) the working catheter 42 extends into the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34, and (ii) the first distal working orifice 50 and the second distal working orifice 54 are each positioned within the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34.

[0080] One type of locking mechanism which may be used as the locking mechanism 56 of the present invention is shown in more detail in FIGS. 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 8. Reference number 56 will also be used to identify this locking mechanism. In particular, the locking mechanism 56 includes an internally threaded member 66. The internally threaded member 66 is attached to the guide catheter 34 in a manner which allows the internally threaded member to rotate relative to the guide catheter 34 (see FIGS. 6B and 8).

[0081] The locking mechanism 56 further includes a first set of external threads 68 and a second set of external threads 70 which are each defined in an exterior surface of the working catheter 42. As shown in FIG. 8, the first set of external threads 68 is spaced apart from the second set of external threads 70. The internally threaded member 66 meshes with the first set of external threads 68 so as to lock the working catheter 42 in the operative position as shown in FIG. 5. Similarly, the internally threaded member 66 meshes with the second set of external threads 70 so as to lock the working catheter 42 in the stowed position as shown in FIG. 4.

[0082] As further shown in FIG. 8, a proximal stop 72 is provided to limit proximal movement of the internally threaded member 66 relative to the working catheter 42. Similarly, a distal stop 74 is provided to limit distal movement of the internally threaded member 66 relative to the working catheter 42.

[0083] While the locking mechanism 56 which is particularly shown in FIGS. 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 8 as possessing cooperating internal and external threads, and has substantial benefits, numerous other types of locking mechanisms may be used as the locking mechanism 56 (see FIG. 3) and still achieve many of the advantages of the present invention.

[0084] For example, another locking mechanism which may be used as the locking mechanism 56 (see FIG. 3) is a detent and groove type locking mechanism (not shown). In particular, such a locking mechanism would include a first groove and a second groove which are (i) spaced apart from each other, and (ii) each defined in an outer surface of the working catheter 42 (the sidewall of the working catheter may need to possess an increased thickness in order to define such grooves therein). A detent (e.g. a ball), supported by the guide catheter 34, may be spring biased into the first groove so as to lock the working catheter 42 in relation to the guide catheter 34 thereby locking the working catheter 42 in the operative position. When desired, the detent may be allowed to advance out of the first groove and into the second groove. Thereafter, the detent may be spring biased into the second groove so as to lock the working catheter 42 in relation to the guide catheter 34 thereby locking the working catheter 42 in the stowed position. Examples of detent and groove type locking mechanisms which may be used with some modifications as the locking mechanism 56 of the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,900,202 and 5,013,194 each issued to Wienhold, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,470,180 and 5,779,404 each issued to Jore.

[0085] Yet another example of a locking mechanism which may be used as the locking mechanism 56 (see FIG. 3) is a leg and guide channel type locking mechanism (not shown). In particular, such a locking mechanism would include a short leg extending from an outer surface of the working catheter 42. The leg would be fixed in relation to the working catheter 42. The locking mechanism would further include a guide channel defined in a sidewall of the guide catheter 34. The guide channel would extend longitudinally for a short distance (e.g. a few centimeters) along the length of the guide catheter 34. At the proximal end of the guide channel, there would exist a narrowed proximal channel portion of reduced width. Similarly, at the distal end of the guide channel, there would exist a narrowed distal channel portion of reduced width. In operation, the leg would be positioned in the guide channel. If it would be desirable to lock the working catheter 42 in relation to the guide catheter 34 so as to lock the working catheter 42 in the operative position, the working catheter 42 could be advanced distally in relation to the guide catheter 34 until the leg became wedged within the narrowed distal channel portion. A secondary safety latch may be employed to retain the leg in the narrowed distal channel portion. On the other hand, if it would be desirable to lock the working catheter 42 in relation to the guide catheter 34 so as to lock the working catheter 42 in the stowed position, the working catheter 42 could be advanced proximally in relation to the guide catheter 34 until the leg became wedged within the narrowed proximal channel portion. Similarly, another secondary safety latch may be employed to retain the leg in the narrowed proximal channel portion.

[0086] I(a). Placement of the Catheter System 12 Within the Body

[0087] The catheter system 12 is placed within the body 14 using the tunneled catheter technique. In particular, a first opening is created by making a small incision in the skin 20 with a scalpel directly over the right internal jugular vein 26. Thereafter, the right internal jugular vein 26 is punctured to create a venotomy 76 (see FIGS. 9-11) at a location directly below the first opening by advancing a needle through the skin incision and the subcutaneous tissue 22 and into the right internal jugular vein 26. Thereafter, a guidewire is advanced through the needle into the right internal jugular vein 26 through the venotomy 76. The needle is then removed over the guidewire. One or more tubular vessel dilators is passed over the guidewire to widen the opening defined in the skin 20 and subcutaneous tissue 22, and further to widen the venotomy 76 defined in the wall of the right internal jugular vein 26 to a caliber similar to that of a tubular guide. Thereafter, the tubular guide is advanced over the guidewire and into the right internal jugular vein 26. Then, a second opening is created in the skin 20 which is spaced apart at least several centimeters from the first opening. A tunneling instrument is advanced from the second opening to the first opening so as to create a passageway within the subcutaneous tissue 22 under the skin 20 between the first opening and the second opening. The catheter system 12 is then advanced into the second opening and through the passageway such that the distal guide orifice 40 of the guide catheter 34 is located adjacent to the first opening. Note that during the above-described advancement of the catheter system 12, the working catheter 42 is locked to the guide catheter 34 in the stowed position (see e.g. FIG. 4).

[0088] The distal end of the catheter system 12 is then inserted through the tubular guide member and into the right internal jugular vein 26 so that the tissue ingrowth member 43 is positioned in the subcutaneous tissue 22. Thereafter, the tubular guide member is removed. The first opening is then closed with suture whereby the catheter system 12: (a) is no longer exposed through the first opening, (b) extends for at least several centimeters under the skin 20 between the second opening and the venotomy 76, and (c) extends out of the second opening so that the proximal end of the catheter system 12 is located outside of the body 14 as shown in FIG. 10.

[0089] Note that after the catheter system 12 is placed in the vascular system 24 as described above, the catheter system 12 is positioned in the right internal jugular vein 26, the right innominate vein 30, and the superior vena cava 32 as shown in FIG. 10. Moreover, note that as the tissue ingrowth member 43 remains in contact with the subcutaneous tissue 22 over a period of time, the subcutaneous tissue 22 becomes affixed to the tissue ingrowth member 43 thereby securing the catheter system 12 to the body 14. As discussed above, affixation of the tissue ingrowth member 43 to the subcutaneous tissue 22 in the above described manner helps prevent bacterial migration up the catheter system 12 from the second opening to the venotomy 76 thereby preventing serious infection.

[0090] 1(b). Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12

[0091] Once the catheter system 12 is placed in the body 14 as described above, the catheter system is positioned as shown in FIG. 10. In this position, the working catheter 42 is locked in the stowed position. When a patient desires to be dialyzed (i.e. engage in a dialysis session), the egress line 47 and the ingress line 45 are respectively connected to the inlet line 16 and the outlet line 18 of the hemodialysis machine 10 as shown in FIG. 1.

[0092] Thereafter, the working catheter 42 is unlocked from the guide catheter 34 by rotating the internally threaded member 66 so as to unscrew the internally threaded member 66 out of meshing engagement with the second set of external threads 70 which are defined in the exterior surface of the working catheter 42. The working catheter 42 is then advanced in a distal direction relative to the guide catheter 34 thereby exposing the distal working segment 55 of the working catheter 42 to the blood flow within the superior vena cava 32. Thereafter, the working catheter 42 is locked to the guide catheter 34 in the operative position as shown in FIG. 11. In particular, the internally threaded member 66 is rotated so as to screw the internally threaded member 66 into meshing engagement with the first set of external threads 68 which are defined in the exterior surface of the working catheter 42.

[0093] Moving the working catheter 42 from its stowed position (FIG. 10) to its operative position (FIG. 11), causes the first distal working orifice 50 and the second distal working orifice 54 to be exposed to the blood flow within the superior vena cava 32. With the working catheter 42 locked in the operative position, a dialysis procedure is then performed on the patient's body 14 in a well known manner.

[0094] Upon completion of the dialysis procedure, the working catheter 42 is unlocked from the guide catheter 34 by rotating the internally threaded member 66 so as to unscrew the internally threaded member 66 out of meshing engagement with the first set of external threads 68. The working catheter 42 is then advanced in a proximal direction relative to the guide catheter 34 thereby withdrawing the distal working segment 55 of the working catheter 42 out of contact with the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32 and into the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter. Thereafter, the working catheter 42 is locked to the guide catheter 34 in the stowed position thereby assuming the position as shown in FIG. 10. In particular, the internally threaded member 66 is rotated so as to screw the internally threaded member 66 into meshing engagement with the second set of external threads 70.

[0095] After the working catheter 42 is locked in its stowed position, the egress line 47 and ingress line 45 are respectively disconnected from the inlet line 16 and the outlet line 18. The proximal orifices 48 and 52 are then each covered with any suitable device (e.g. adapters or injection caps C1, C2), and the patient is able to carry on about his/her business. Thereafter, when a patient desires to be dialyzed again, the above procedure is repeated.

[0096] With the catheter system 12 of the present invention, it should be appreciated that the length of time which the distal orifices 50, 54 of the working catheter 42 are exposed to the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32 is substantially reduced relative to the length of time which the corresponding distal orifices of conventional hemodialysis catheters are exposed. This reduction in blood flow exposure time substantially reduces the likelihood that the distal orifices 50, 54 will become partially or totally occluded due to attachment or build-up of blood clots, such as fibrin, on the outer and inner surfaces of the distal working segment 55 of the working catheter 42.

[0097] In order to further reduce the likelihood that the distal orifices 50, 54 will become partially or totally occluded due to blood clot attachment or build-up, a quantity of blood clot dissolving liquid may be advanced into the catheter system 12 after a dialysis session is completed in order to flush the fluid flow paths of the working catheter 42 and create a pool in which the distal working segment 55 of the working catheter 42 may be bathed. In particular, after the egress line 47 and ingress line 45 are respectively disconnected from the inlet line 16 and the outlet line 18 following completion of dialysis session, a quantity of blood clot dissolving liquid may be advanced into the egress line 47 and/or the ingress line 45. Advancement of the blood clot dissolving liquid into the egress line 47 causes flushing of the following portions of the working catheter 42: (i) the second proximal working orifice 52, (ii) the egress line 47, (iii) the egress lumen 46, and (iv) the second distal working orifice 54. Similarly, advancement of the blood clot dissolving liquid into the ingress line 45 causes flushing of the following portions of the working catheter 42: (i) the first proximal working orifice 48, (ii) the ingress line 45, (iii) the ingress lumen 44, and (iv) the first distal working orifice 50. Advancement of the blood clot dissolving liquid into the catheter system 12 may be continued until substantially all of the blood is removed from (i) the working catheter 42, and (ii) the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34. This may require an amount of the blood clot dissolving liquid to be advanced past the distal valve 37 and out of the distal orifice 40 of the guide catheter 34. Advancement of the blood clot dissolving liquid into the catheter system 12 in the above-described manner causes an amount of the blood clot dissolving liquid to become trapped or pooled within the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34 at a location which is proximal to the distal valve 37 and distal to the proximal valve 39. While the blood clot dissolving liquid is pooled within the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34 at the above-described location, the blood clot dissolving liquid contacts the working catheter 42 at the first distal working opening 50 and the second distal working opening 54. This advantageously helps prevent total or even partial occlusion of the orifices 50, 54 due to blood clot build-up. One type of blood clot dissolving liquid which may be used with the present invention is urokinase.

[0098] After the blood clot dissolving liquid is advanced into the catheter system 12 in the above-described manner, then the proximal orifices 48 and 52 are each sealed with any suitable device (e.g. adapters or injection caps C1, C2), and subsequently the patient is able to carry on about his/her business. The above flushing procedure may be repeated after each dialysis session is completed.

[0099] While advancement of the blood clot dissolving liquid (such as urokinase) into the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34 after a dialysis session has been completed has many advantages, some advantages may also be achieved by advancement of an alternative solution into the catheter system 12 after a dialysis session. For example, instead of advancing blood clot dissolving liquid (such as urokinase) into the catheter system 12 after a dialysis session, a heparin lock flush solution may be advanced into the catheter system 12 after a dialysis session has been completed in order to flush the fluid flow paths of the working catheter 42 and create a pool in which the distal working segment 55 of the working catheter 42 may be bathed.

[0100] It should be noted that while the distal valve 37 helps maintain the flushing solution (e.g. urokinase or heparin) within the guide lumen 36 of the guide catheter 34 of the catheter system 12 during idle periods when the working catheter is positioned in the stowed position, the distal valve 37 also helps prevent blood which is flowing in the superior vena cava flow from advancing into contact with the distal orifices 50, 54 of the working catheter 42 of the catheter system 12 during idle periods when the working catheter is positioned in the stowed position.

[0101] It should further be understood that the distal valve 37 and the proximal valve 39 help prevent blood from escaping through the catheter system 12 during idle periods (i.e. after completion of a dialysis session and before commencement of a subsequent dialysis session). It should also be appreciated that during a dialysis session, the valves 37 and 39 function to prevent blood and/or air leakage through a space defined between the outer surface of the working catheter 42 and the inner surface of the guide catheter 34.

[0102] Please note that the working catheter 42 of the catheter system 12 contacts the blood located in the vascular system 24 for a substantially reduced amount of time (i.e. only while the patient is undergoing dialysis) in comparison to the amount of time a conventional dialysis catheter is being contacted by blood located in the vascular system (i.e. at all times). Accordingly, the physical structure of the working catheter 42 may be substantially the same or similar to the physical structure of a conventional short-term catheter. For example, the thickness of the sidewalls of the working catheter 42 which define the ingress lumen 44 and the egress lumen 46 may be made to be substantially thinner than the thickness of the sidewalls which define the corresponding lumens of a conventional long-term dialysis catheter. This may help reduce the necessary magnitude of the outer diameter of the guide catheter 34 in which the working catheter 48 is positionable.

[0103] II. Catheter System 200

[0104] FIGS. 12-13 show a catheter system 200 which also incorporates the features of the present invention therein. The catheter system 200 is somewhat similar to the catheter system 12. Thus, the same reference numerals are used in FIGS. 12-13 to designate common components which were previously discussed with regard to FIGS. 1-11. Moreover, the description of the components of the catheter system 200 which are common to the catheter system 12 will not be undertaken since they are designated with common reference numerals and such components have been previously described hereinabove. In addition, the catheter system 200 is placed within the body 14 in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the placement of the catheter system 12 within the body 14 (i.e. by the tunneled catheter technique). Furthermore, the catheter system 200 is used to perform a dialysis procedure in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the performance of a dialysis procedure with the catheter system 12 (see e.g. Section 1(b) entitled: “Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12”).

[0105] However, the catheter system 200 differs from the catheter system 12 in that a portion of the distal working segment 55 of the working catheter 42 which extends out of the distal guide orifice 40 of the guide catheter 34 when the working catheter 42 is locked in the operative position is arranged in a bifurcated configuration as shown in FIG. 12. In particular, a distal portion of the ingress lumen 44 (near the first distal working orifice 50) is arranged so as to gradually extend away from a distal portion of the egress lumen 46 (near the second distal working orifice 54) as shown in FIG. 12.

[0106] The working catheter 42, shown in FIGS. 12-13, possesses a distal portion configured somewhat similar to the distal portion of a dialysis catheter disclosed in an article entitled “Management of Hemodialysis Catheters” which was published in the July, 1999 edition of the periodical entitled “Applied Radiology” at pages 14-24 (authored by Haskel et al.), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Catheters having a distal portion configured in the above-described manner are sometimes referred to in the relevant medical art as “split-tip” catheters. For example, on page 20 of the Haskel article, a “split-tip” catheter is shown in FIG. 8.

[0107] The locking mechanism 56 functions to lock the working catheter 42 to the guide catheter 34 in either the stowed position (FIG. 13) or the operative position (FIG. 12). It should be appreciated that FIG. 13 shows the working catheter 42 locked to the guide catheter 34 in the stowed position. While the working catheter 42 is locked in the stowed position in the patient's body 14 between dialysis sessions, the distal orifices 50, 54 of the working catheter 42 are isolated from contact with the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32. FIG. 12 shows the working catheter 42 locked to the guide catheter 34 in the operative position. While the working catheter 42 is locked in the operative position during performance of a dialysis procedure, the distal orifices 50, 54 of the working catheter 42 are positioned within the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32.

[0108] Also, please note that the working catheter 42 of the catheter system 200 contacts the blood located in the vascular system 24 for a substantially reduced amount of time in comparison to the amount of time a conventional dialysis catheter is being contacted by blood located in the vascular system. Accordingly, the physical structure of the working catheter 42 of the catheter system 200 may be substantially the same or similar to the physical structure of a conventional short-term catheter for the same reasons hereinabove discussed in regard to the dialysis catheter 42 of the catheter system 12 in section 1(b) entitled “Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12”.

[0109] III. Catheter System 300

[0110] FIGS. 14-15 show a catheter system 300 which also incorporates the features of the present invention therein. The catheter system 300 includes a guide catheter 302, a first single lumen working catheter 303, and a second single lumen working catheter 304. The catheter system 300 is placed within the body 14 in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the placement of the catheter system 12 within the body 14 (i.e. by the tunneled catheter technique). Furthermore, the catheter system 300 is used to perform a dialysis procedure in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the performance of a dialysis procedure with the catheter system 12 (see e.g. Section 1(b) entitled: “Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12”).

[0111] The guide catheter 302 has a first guide lumen 308 and a second guide lumen 310 each which extends along the length of the guide catheter 302 as shown in FIG. 14. The first guide lumen 308 defines a first distal guide orifice 314, while the second guide lumen 310 defines a second distal guide orifice 318 (see FIG. 15). The first working catheter 303 is positioned within the guide lumen 308 of the guide catheter 302, while the second working catheter 304 is positioned within the guide lumen 310 of the guide catheter 302 as shown in FIGS. 14-15.

[0112] The guide catheter 302 has a tissue ingrowth member 320 secured to an outer surface thereof. The tissue ingrowth member 320 is substantially identical to tissue ingrowth member 43 described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0113] The first working catheter 303 includes a lumen 334. The lumen 334 defines a distal orifice 336. Similarly, the second working catheter 304 includes a lumen 338. The lumen 338 defines a distal orifice 340. The distal orifice 336 is defined in a distal segment 342 of the first working catheter 303. Similarly, the distal orifice 340 is defined in a distal segment 344 of the second working catheter 304.

[0114] The catheter system 300 additionally includes a first locking mechanism 321 and a second locking mechanism 323 each which is schematically shown in FIG. 14. Each of the locking mechanisms 321, 323 is substantially identical to the locking mechanism 56 described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12. In particular, the first locking mechanism 321 operates to lock the first working catheter 303 in relation to the guide catheter 302 at any one of two positions, while the second locking mechanism 323 also operates to lock the second working catheter 304 in relation to the guide catheter 302 at any one of two positions. In particular, the first locking mechanism 321 may lock the first working catheter 303 relative to the guide catheter 302 in an operative position (see FIG. 14) or in a stowed position (see FIG. 15). Similarly, the second locking mechanism 323 may lock the second working catheter 304 relative to the guide catheter 302 in an operative position (see FIG. 14) or in a stowed position (see FIG. 15).

[0115] It should be noted that when the first working catheter 303 is locked in the operative position, (i) the first working catheter 303 extends through the first guide lumen 308 of the guide catheter 302 and out of the first distal guide orifice 314 of the guide catheter 302, and (ii) the distal orifice 336 is positioned outside of the guide catheter 302. On the other hand, when the first working catheter 303 is locked in the stowed position, (i) the first working catheter 303 extends into the first guide lumen 308 of the guide catheter 302, and (ii) the distal orifice 336 is positioned within the first guide lumen 308 of the guide catheter 302.

[0116] Similarly, when the second working catheter 304 is locked in the operative position, (i) the second working catheter 304 extends through the second guide lumen 310 of the guide catheter 302 and out of the second distal guide orifice 318 of the guide catheter 302, and (ii) the distal orifice 340 is positioned outside of the guide catheter 302. On the other hand, when the second working catheter 304 is locked in the stowed position, (i) the second working catheter 304 extends into the second guide lumen 310 of the guide catheter 302, and (ii) the distal orifice 340 is positioned within the second guide lumen 310 of the guide catheter 302.

[0117] The guide catheter 302 further includes a pair of distal blood flow valves 330 and a pair of proximal blood flow valves 332 positioned within the guide lumens 308, 310 as shown in FIGS. 14-15. The blood flow valves 330 and 332 are substantially identical to the blood flow valves 37 and 39 which were described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0118] A clamp 346 is positioned on the first working catheter 303, while another clamp 348 is positioned on the second working catheter 304. The clamps 346, 348 are substantially identical in construction and function to the clamps 62, 64 discussed hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0119] The catheter system 300 is placed within the body 14 in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the placement of the catheter system 12 within the body 14 (i.e. by the tunneled catheter technique). While in the body 14, the locking mechanism 321 functions to lock the first working catheter 303 to the guide catheter 302 in either its stowed position (FIG. 15) or its operative position (FIG. 14). Similarly, while in the body 14, the locking mechanism 323 functions to lock the second working catheter 304 to the guide catheter 302 in either its stowed position (FIG. 15) or its operative position (FIG. 14).

[0120] It should be appreciated that FIG. 15 shows the first working catheter 303 locked to the guide catheter 302 in the stowed position. While the first working catheter 303 is locked in the stowed position in the patient's body 14 between dialysis sessions, the distal orifice 336 of the first working catheter 303 would be isolated from contact with the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32. FIG. 14 shows the first working catheter 303 locked to the guide catheter 302 in the operative position. While the first working catheter 303 is locked in the operative position in the patient's body 14 during performance of a dialysis procedure, the distal orifice 336 of the first working catheter 303 would be positioned within the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32.

[0121] Similarly, FIG. 15 shows the second working catheter 304 locked to the guide catheter 302 in the stowed position. While the second working catheter 304 is locked in the stowed position in the patient's body 14 between dialysis sessions, the distal orifice 340 of the second working catheter 304 would be isolated from contact with the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32. FIG. 14 shows the second working catheter 304 locked to the guide catheter 302 in the operative position. While the second working catheter 304 is locked in the operative position in the patient's body 14 during performance of a dialysis procedure, the distal orifice 340 of the second working catheter 304 would be positioned within the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32.

[0122] Also, please note that the working catheters 303, 304 of the catheter system 300 contact the blood located in the vascular system 24 for a substantially reduced amount of time in comparison to the amount of time a conventional dialysis catheter is being contacted by blood located in the vascular system. Accordingly, the physical structure of the working catheters 303, 304 of the catheter system 300 may be substantially the same or similar to the physical structure of a conventional short-term catheter for the same reasons hereinabove discussed in regard to the dialysis catheter 42 of the catheter system 12 in section 1(b) entitled “Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12”.

[0123] The catheter system 300 is shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 as having the distal segment of the guide lumen 310 located adjacent to the guide lumen 308. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, the guide catheter 302 can be said to possess a side-by-side configuration. An alternative to providing the guide catheter 302 with a side-by-side configuration is shown in FIG. 16. In particular, a distal portion of the guide lumens 308, 310 of the catheter system 300 may be alternatively configured so that the distal portion of the guide catheter 302 is arranged in a bifurcated configuration as shown in FIG. 16. In such a configuration, the distal portion of the guide lumen 310 is arranged so as to gradually extend away from the distal portion of the guide lumen 308 as shown in FIG. 16. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, the guide catheter 302 can be said to possess a “split-tip” configuration.

[0124] IV. Catheter System 400

[0125] FIGS. 17-18 show a catheter system 400 which also incorporates the features of the present invention therein. The catheter system 400 includes a guide catheter 402 and a single lumen working catheter 404. The guide catheter 402 has an active lumen 408 and a guide lumen 410 each which extends along the length of the guide catheter 402 as shown in FIG. 17. The guide lumen 410 defines a distal guide orifice 414. The working catheter 404 is positioned within the guide lumen 410 of the guide catheter 402.

[0126] The catheter system 400 is placed within the body 14 in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the placement of the catheter system 12 within the body 14 (i.e. by the tunneled catheter technique). Furthermore, the catheter system 400 is used to perform a dialysis procedure in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the performance of a dialysis procedure with the catheter system 12 (see e.g. Section 1(b) entitled: “Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12”).

[0127] The guide catheter 402 has a tissue ingrowth member 416 secured to an outer surface thereof. The tissue ingrowth member 416 is substantially identical to tissue ingrowth member 43 described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0128] The working catheter 404 defines a lumen 405 through which fluid, such as blood, may be advanced. The lumen 405 defines a distal orifice 426. The distal orifice 426 is defined in a distal segment 428 of the working catheter 404.

[0129] The catheter system 400 additionally includes a locking mechanism 421 which is schematically shown in FIG. 17. The locking mechanism 421 is substantially identical to the locking mechanism 56 described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12. In particular, the locking mechanism 421 operates to lock the working catheter 404 in relation to the guide catheter 402 at any one of two positions. In particular, the locking mechanism 421 may lock the working catheter 404 relative to the guide catheter 402 in an operative position (see FIG. 17) or in a stowed position (see FIG. 18).

[0130] It should be noted that when the working catheter 404 is locked in the operative position, (i) the working catheter 404 extends through the guide lumen 410 of the guide catheter 402 and out of the distal guide orifice 414 of the guide catheter 402, and (ii) the distal orifice 426 of the working catheter 404 is positioned outside of the guide catheter 402. On the other hand, when the working catheter 404 is locked in the stowed position, (i) the working catheter 404 extends into the guide lumen 410 of the guide catheter 402, and (ii) the distal orifice 426 is positioned within the guide lumen 410 of the guide catheter 402.

[0131] The guide catheter 402 further includes a distal blood flow valve 422 and a proximal blood flow valve 424 positioned within the guide lumen 410 as shown in FIGS. 17 and 18. The blood flow valves 422 and 424 are substantially identical to the blood flow valves 37 and 39 which were described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12. The guide catheter 402 may further include an additional distal blood flow valve (not shown) located in the distal portion of the active lumen 408 and an additional proximal blood flow valve (not shown) located in the proximal portion of the active lumen 408. These additional blood flow valves would also be substantially identical to the blood flow valves 37 and 39 which were described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0132] A clamp 430 is positioned on the working catheter 404. Another clamp 431 is positioned on the guide catheter 402 as shown in FIG. 17. The clamps 430, 431 are substantially identical in construction and function to the clamps 62, 64 discussed hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0133] The catheter system 400 is placed within the body 14 in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the placement of the catheter system 12 within the body 14 (i.e. by the tunneled catheter technique). While in the body 14, the locking mechanism 421 functions to lock the working catheter 404 to the guide catheter 402 in either its stowed position (FIG. 18) or its operative position (FIG. 17).

[0134] It should be appreciated that FIG. 18 shows the working catheter 404 locked to the guide catheter 402 in the stowed position. While the working catheter 404 is locked in the stowed position in the patient's body 14 between dialysis sessions, the distal orifice 426 of the working catheter 404 would be isolated from contact with the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32. FIG. 17 shows the working catheter 404 locked to the guide catheter 402 in the operative position. While the working catheter 404 is locked in the operative position during performance of a dialysis procedure, the distal orifice 426 of the working catheter 404 would be positioned within the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32.

[0135] Also, please note that the working catheter 404 of the catheter system 400 contacts the blood located in the vascular system 24 for a substantially reduced amount of time in comparison to the amount of time a conventional dialysis catheter is being contacted by blood located in the vascular system. Accordingly, the physical structure of the working catheter 404 of the catheter system 400 may be substantially the same or similar to the physical structure of a conventional short-term catheter for the same reasons hereinabove discussed in regard to the dialysis catheter 42 of the catheter system 12 in section 1(b) entitled “Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12”.

[0136] The catheter system 400 is shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 as having the distal segment of the guide lumen 410 located adjacent to the active lumen 408. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, the guide catheter 402 can be said to possess a side-by-side configuration. An alternative to providing the guide catheter 402 with a side-by-side configuration is shown in FIG. 19. In particular, a distal portion of both the guide lumen 410 and the active lumen 408 of the catheter system 400 may be alternatively configured so that the distal portion of the guide catheter 402 is arranged in a bifurcated configuration as shown in FIG. 19. In such a configuration, the distal portion of the guide lumen 410 is arranged so as to gradually extend away from the distal portion of the active lumen 408 as shown in FIG. 19. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 19, the guide catheter 402 can be said to possess a “split-tip” configuration.

[0137] In addition, the catheter system 400 is shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 as having the working catheter 404 positioned within the guide lumen 410 of the guide catheter 402 while the active lumen 408 does not receive any such catheter therein. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention which is shown in FIG. 20, the catheter system 400 may be modified such that the working catheter 404 would be positioned within the lumen 408 of the guide catheter 402, while the lumen 410 would not receive any such catheter therein. In such an embodiment, the lumen 410 would function as an active lumen through which a fluid, such as blood, may be advanced therethrough. Further, in such an embodiment, the lumen 408 would function as a guide lumen.

[0138] V. Catheter System 500

[0139] FIGS. 21-23 show a catheter system 500 which further incorporates the features of the present invention therein. The catheter system 500 includes a first catheter apparatus 501 and a second catheter apparatus 503. The first catheter apparatus 501 includes a first guide catheter 502 and a first single lumen working catheter 506, while the second catheter apparatus 503 includes a second guide catheter 504 and a second single lumen working catheter 508.

[0140] The catheter system 500 is placed within the body 14 in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the placement of the catheter system 12 within the body 14 (i.e. each catheter apparatus 501, 503 is placed within the body by the tunneled catheter technique). Furthermore, the catheter system 500 is used to perform a dialysis procedure in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the performance of a dialysis procedure with the catheter system 12 (see e.g. Section 1(b) entitled: “Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12”).

[0141] The first guide catheter 502 has a first guide lumen 514 defined therein which extends along the length of the guide catheter 502 as shown in FIG. 21. The second guide catheter 504 has a second guide lumen 516 defined therein which extends along the length of the guide catheter 504 as also shown in FIG. 21. The first guide lumen 514 defines a first distal guide orifice 520, while the second guide lumen 516 defines a second distal guide orifice 524.

[0142] The first working catheter 506 is positioned within the guide lumen 514 of the guide catheter 502, while the second working catheter 508 is positioned within the guide lumen 516 of the guide catheter 504 as shown in FIGS. 21-22.

[0143] Referring to FIGS. 21 and 23, the first guide catheter 502 has a tissue ingrowth member 530 secured to an outer surface thereof, while the second guide catheter 504 has a tissue ingrowth member 532 secured to an outer surface thereof. The tissue ingrowth members 530, 532 are substantially identical to tissue ingrowth member 43 described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0144] The first working catheter 506 includes a lumen 550. The lumen 550 defines a distal orifice 552. Similarly, the second working catheter 508 includes a lumen 554. The lumen 554 defines a distal orifice 556. The distal orifice 552 is defined in a distal segment 558 of the first working catheter 506. Similarly, the distal orifice 556 is defined in a distal segment 560 of the second working catheter 508.

[0145] The catheter system 500 additionally includes a first locking mechanism 521 and a second locking mechanism 523 each which is schematically shown in FIGS. 21 and 23. Each of the locking mechanisms 521, 523 is substantially identical to the locking mechanism 56 described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12. In particular, the first locking mechanism 521 operates to lock the first working catheter 506 in relation to the first guide catheter 502 at any one of two positions, while the second locking mechanism 523 also operates to lock the second working catheter 508 in relation to the second guide catheter 504 at any one of two positions. In particular, the first locking mechanism 521 may lock the first working catheter 506 relative to the first guide catheter 502 in an operative position (see FIG. 21) or in a stowed position (see FIG. 22). Similarly, the second locking mechanism 523 may lock the second working catheter 508 relative to the second guide catheter 504 in an operative position (see FIG. 21) or in a stowed position (see FIG. 22).

[0146] It should be noted that when the first working catheter 506 is locked in the operative position, (i) the first working catheter 506 extends through the first guide lumen 514 of the first guide catheter 502 and out of the first distal guide orifice 520 of the first guide catheter 502, and (ii) the distal orifice 552 of the first working catheter 506 is positioned outside of the first guide catheter 502. On the other hand, when the first working catheter 506 is locked in the stowed position, (i) the first working catheter 506 extends into the first guide lumen 514 of the first guide catheter 502, and (ii) the distal orifice 552 of the first working catheter 506 is positioned within the first guide lumen 514 of the first guide catheter 502.

[0147] Similarly, when the second working catheter 508 is locked in the operative position, (i) the second working catheter 508 extends through the second guide lumen 516 of the second guide catheter 504 and out of the second distal guide orifice 524 of the second guide catheter 504, and (ii) the distal orifice 556 of the second working catheter 508 is positioned outside of the second guide catheter 504. On the other hand, when the second working catheter 508 is locked in the stowed position, (i) the second working catheter 508 extends into the second guide lumen 516 of the second guide catheter 504, and (ii) the distal orifice 556 of the second working catheter 508 is positioned within the second guide lumen 516 of the second guide catheter 504.

[0148] The first guide catheter 502 further includes a distal blood flow valve 542 and a proximal blood flow valve 544 positioned within the first guide lumen 514 as shown in FIGS. 21 and 22. The second guide catheter 504 further includes a distal blood flow valve 546 and a proximal blood flow valve 548 positioned within the second guide lumen 516 as also shown in FIGS. 21 and 22. The blood flow valves 542, 544, 546, and 548 are substantially identical to the blood flow valves 37 and 39 which were described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0149] A clamp 562 is positioned on the first working catheter 506, while another clamp 564 is positioned on the second working catheter 508. The clamps 562, 564 are substantially identical in construction and function to the clamps 62, 64 discussed hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0150] The catheter system 500 is placed within the body 14 in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the placement of the catheter system 12 within the body 14 (i.e. both catheter apparatus 501 and 503 are placed in the body 14 using the tunneled catheter technique). While in the body 14, the locking mechanism 521 functions to lock the first working catheter 506 to the first guide catheter 502 in either its stowed position (FIG. 22) or its operative position (FIG. 21). Similarly, while in the body 14, the locking mechanism 523 functions to lock the second working catheter 508 to the second guide catheter 504 in either its stowed position (FIG. 22) or its operative position (FIG. 21).

[0151] It should be appreciated that FIG. 22 shows the first working catheter 506 locked to the first guide catheter 502 in the stowed position. While the first working catheter 506 is locked in the stowed position in the patient's body 14 between dialysis sessions, the distal orifice 552 of the first working catheter 506 would be isolated from contact with the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32. FIG. 21 shows the first working catheter 506 locked to the first guide catheter 502 in the operative position. While the first working catheter 506 is locked in the operative position during performance of a dialysis procedure, the distal orifice 552 of the first working catheter 506 would be positioned within the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32.

[0152] Also, please note that the working catheters 506, 508 of the catheter system 500 contact the blood located in the vascular system 24 for a substantially reduced amount of time in comparison to the amount of time a conventional dialysis catheter is being contacted by blood located in the vascular system. Accordingly, the physical structure of the working catheters 506, 508 of the catheter system 500 may be substantially the same or similar to the physical structure of a conventional short-term catheter for the same reasons hereinabove discussed in regard to the dialysis catheter 42 of the catheter system 12 in section 1(b) entitled “Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12”.

[0153] Similarly, FIG. 22 shows the second working catheter 508 locked to the second guide catheter 504 in the stowed position. While the second working catheter 508 is locked in the stowed position in the patient's body 14 between dialysis sessions, the distal orifice 556 of the second working catheter 508 would be isolated from contact with the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32. FIG. 21 shows the second working catheter 508 locked to the second guide catheter 504 in the operative position. While the second working catheter 508 is locked in the operative position during performance of a dialysis procedure, the distal orifice 556 of the second working catheter 508 would be positioned within the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32.

[0154] The catheter system 500 is shown in FIGS. 21-23 as having the ability to retract and lock (i) the first working catheter 506 of the first catheter apparatus 501 in relation to the first guide catheter 502, as well as (ii) the second working catheter 508 of the second catheter apparatus 503 in relation to the second guide catheter 504. However, it should be appreciated that a first alternative arrangement (not shown) to the arrangement described in FIGS. 21-23 is to configure the second catheter apparatus 503 to be exactly the same as shown in

[0155] FIGS. 21-23, but to configure the first catheter apparatus 501 to be similar to a conventional single lumen catheter (i.e. a catheter apparatus which does not possess a retractable inner working catheter). It should be further appreciated that a second alternative arrangement (not shown) to the arrangement described in FIGS. 21-23 is to configure the first catheter apparatus 501 to be exactly the same as shown in FIGS. 21-23, but to configure the second catheter apparatus 503 to be similar to a conventional single lumen catheter (i.e. a catheter apparatus which does not possess a retractable inner working catheter).

[0156] VI. Catheter System 600

[0157] FIGS. 24-26 show a catheter system 600 which additionally incorporates the features of the present invention therein. The catheter system 600 may be used for the administration of total parenteral nutrition (hereinafter referred to as “TPN”) to a patient. TPN generally refers to intravenous feeding via an indwelling central venous catheter of nutritive material in conditions where patients cannot eat by mouth or receive nutrition enterally (e.g. by gastric tube or small bowel tube). Some examples where prolonged administration of TPN to a patient are indicated include instances where a patient suffers from an insufficient small bowel absorptive area such as short gut syndrome or an instance where a patient suffers from prolonged intestinal ileus which may have resulted due to a severe burn injury or an abdominal surgery. Other examples where prolonged administration of TPN to a patient are indicated include instances where a patient has a condition requiring prolonged bowel rest such as where the patient suffers from pancreatitis or inflammatory bowel disease. Yet another example where prolonged administration of TPN to a patient is indicated is the situation where a patient refuses to eat such as would occur in the case of severe anorexia nervosa.

[0158] Referring now in detail to FIGS. 24-26, the catheter system 600 includes a guide catheter 602 and a single lumen working catheter 606. The guide catheter 602 has a guide lumen 614 which extends along the length of the guide catheter 602 as shown in FIG. 24. The guide lumen 614 defines a distal guide orifice 620. The working catheter 606 is positioned within the guide lumen 614 of the guide catheter 602 as shown in FIGS. 24-26.

[0159] The catheter system 600 is placed within the body 14 in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the placement of the catheter system 12 within the body 14 (i.e. by the tunneled catheter technique). Furthermore, the catheter system 600 is used to perform a TPN administration procedure in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the performance of a dialysis procedure with the catheter system 12 (see e.g. Section 1(b) entitled: “Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12”). In particular, when a patient desires to engage in a TPN administration session, the working catheter 606 is connected to a source of TPN. Thereafter, the working catheter 606 is unlocked from the guide catheter 602. Then, the working catheter 606 is advanced to its operative position. Once in its operative position, the working catheter 606 is locked to the guide catheter 602 so that a distal segment 658 of the working catheter 606 extends out of the distal guide orifice 620 as shown in FIG. 24. Thereafter, the TPN administration session is performed in a conventional manner as is well known in the art. Once the TPN administration session is completed, the working catheter 606 is unlocked from the guide catheter 602 and retracted to its stowed position. Once in its stowed position, the working catheter 606 is locked to the guide catheter 602. Then, the working catheter 606 is disconnected from the source of TPN. Thereafter, the patient is able to carry on about his/her business.

[0160] The working catheter 606 includes a lumen 650. The lumen 650 defines a distal orifice 652. The distal orifice 652 is defined in the distal segment 658 of the working catheter 606.

[0161] Referring to FIGS. 24 and 26, the guide catheter 602 has a tissue ingrowth member 630 secured to an outer surface thereof. The tissue ingrowth member 630 is substantially identical to tissue ingrowth member 43 described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0162] The catheter system 600 additionally includes a locking mechanism 621 which is schematically shown in FIGS. 24 and 26. The locking mechanism 621 is substantially identical to the locking mechanism 56 described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12. In particular, the locking mechanism 621 operates to lock the working catheter 606 in relation to the guide catheter 602 at any one of two positions. In particular, the locking mechanism 621 may lock the working catheter 606 relative to the guide catheter 602 in an operative position (see FIG. 24) or in a stowed position (see FIG. 25).

[0163] It should be noted that when the working catheter 606 is locked in the operative position, (i) the working catheter 606 extends through the guide lumen 614 of the guide catheter 602 and out of the distal guide orifice 620 of the guide catheter 602, and (ii) the distal orifice 652 of the working catheter 606 is positioned outside of the guide catheter 602. On the other hand, when the working catheter 606 is locked in the stowed position, (i) the working catheter 606 extends into the guide lumen 614 of the guide catheter 602, and (ii) the distal orifice 652 of the working catheter 606 is positioned within the guide lumen 614 of the guide catheter 602.

[0164] The guide catheter 602 further includes a distal blood flow valve 642 and a proximal blood flow valve 644 positioned within the guide lumen 614 as shown in FIGS. 24 and 25. The blood flow valves 642, 644 are substantially identical to the blood flow valves 37 and 39 which were described hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0165] A clamp 662 is positioned on the working catheter 606. The clamp 662 is substantially identical in construction and function to the clamps 62, 64 discussed hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12.

[0166] The catheter system 600 is placed within the body 14 in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the placement of the catheter system 12 within the body 14 (i.e. by the tunneled catheter technique). While in the body 14, the locking mechanism 621 functions to lock the working catheter 606 to the guide catheter 602 in either its stowed position (FIG. 25) or its operative position (FIG. 24).

[0167] It should be appreciated that FIG. 25 shows the working catheter 606 locked to the guide catheter 602 in the stowed position. While the working catheter 606 is locked in the stowed position in the patient's body 14 between TPN administration sessions, the distal orifice 652 of the working catheter 606 would be isolated from contact with the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32. FIG. 24 shows the working catheter 606 locked to the guide catheter 602 in the operative position. While the working catheter 606 is locked in the operative position during performance of a TPN administration procedure, the distal orifice 652 of the catheter 600 would be positioned within the blood flow in the superior vena cava 32.

[0168] Also, please note that the working catheter 606 of the catheter system 600 contacts the blood located in the vascular system 24 for a substantially reduced amount of time in comparison to the amount of time a conventional dialysis catheter is being contacted by blood located in the vascular system. Accordingly, the physical structure of the working catheter 606 of the catheter system 600 may be substantially the same or similar to the physical structure of a conventional short-term catheter for the same reasons hereinabove discussed in regard to the dialysis catheter 42 of the catheter system 12 in section 1(b) entitled “Performance of a Dialysis Session with the Catheter System 12”.

[0169] An alternative configuration for the catheter system 600 is shown in FIG. 27 In particular, this alternative embodiment of the present invention shows a catheter system 600′. The catheter system 600′ is placed within the body 14 in substantially the same manner as was described hereinabove with respect to the placement of the catheter system 12 within the body 14 (i.e. by the tunneled catheter technique). Further, the catheter system 600′ is used in substantially the same manner as herein described with respect to the catheter system 600. Moreover, the catheter system 600′ is exactly the same in construction and configuration as the catheter system 600 shown in FIGS. 24-26, with the exception that the catheter system 600′ includes a sideport 670 through which fluid may be withdrawn or otherwise advanced. In particular, the sideport 670 includes a conduit 672 having a set of external threads 674 defined on a proximal end thereof. A clamp 676 is positioned on the conduit 672. The clamp 672 is substantially identical in construction and function to the clamps 62, 64 discussed hereinabove with regard to the catheter system 12. The conduit 672 defines a sideport lumen 673 which is in fluid communication with the guide lumen 614. Accordingly, air can be aspirated out of the guide lumen 614 through the sideport 670 via the conduit 672. Alternatively, the guide lumen 614 may be flushed with a fluid such as a saline, heparin, or urokinase solution between uses of the catheter system 600′ (e.g. administration of TPN to a patient) while the working catheter 606 is locked in its stowed position (see e.g. FIG. 25). The guide lumen 614 may also be flushed with a saline, heparin, or urokinase solution while the working catheter 606 is locked in its operative position (see e.g. FIG. 27).

[0170] When not in use, the sideport 670 may be clamped shut with the clamp 676. Moreover, when not in use, a closure member or cap 678 may be secured to the conduit 672 to cover a proximal sideport orifice 680 which is defined by the conduit 672. The cap 678 is provided with a set of internal threads which cooperate with the set of external threads 674 so as to lock the cap 678 to the guide catheter 602. Optionally, the cap 687 may be provided with a silicone membrane 679, as shown in FIGS. 28-29, which may be traversed with a needle whereby a saline, heparin, or urokinase solution may be advanced into the conduit 672 in order to flush the guide catheter 602.

[0171] Additionally, while the closure member 678 is disclosed as being locked to the sideport 670 by an arrangement which includes cooperating internal and external threads and has advantages thereby, such closure member 678 may be locked to the sideport 670 by other locking arrangements such as a conventional tamper-proof (or child-proof) arrangement typically used on pill containers that contain prescription medication which is dispensed by a pharmacy.

[0172] It should be noted that any of the other embodiments of the present invention set forth herein (e.g. catheter systems 12, 200, 300, 400, and 500) may be modified to incorporate a sideport which is similar to sideport 670. In particular, any of the guide catheters of the catheter systems 12, 200, 300, 400, and 500 may be modified to include a sideport which is similar in construction, configuration, and use to the construction, configuration and use of the sideport 670 described herein.

[0173] VII. Conclusion

[0174] While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected.

[0175] For instance, while the above-described dual-lumen catheter systems (e.g. catheter system 12, 200, 300, 400, and 500) were discussed as being effective to perform hemodialysis, such catheter systems can also be utilized to perform other medical procedures in which dual-lumen catheter access to the vascular system (e.g. the central venous system) is required. One example of such a medical procedure is plasmapheresis in which blood is withdrawn from the vascular system, components of the blood are separated outside of the body, and a portion of the blood components are then returned to the vascular system.

[0176] In addition, another medical procedure which may be performed using the above-described dual-lumen catheter systems is peritoneal dialysis. In particular, catheter system occlusion may be prevented during a peritoneal dialysis procedure in a manner similar to that described above with respect to the catheter systems 12, 200, 300, 400, and 500.

[0177] Moreover, while the above-described single-lumen catheter systems (e.g. catheter system 600, 600′) were discussed as being effective to perform administration of total parenteral nutrition, such catheter systems can be utilized to perform other medical procedures in which single-lumen catheter access to the vascular system is required. Examples of other medical procedures in which single-lumen catheter access to the vascular system is required includes (i) chemotherapy or other long-term medicinal infusions, (ii) repetitive blood transfusions, and (iii) repetitive blood samplings.

[0178] Furthermore, each of the above-described catheter systems (e.g. catheter systems 12, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 600′) were described as having a tissue ingrowth member (e.g. tissue ingrowth members 43, 320, 416, 530, 630) which is configured to facilitate attachment of such catheter system to the subcutaneous tissue 22 of the body. While the provision of such a tissue ingrowth member to effect attachment of such catheter system to the body of a patient has many advantages, the present invention may utilize other mechanisms which can function to attach such catheter system to the body on a long-term or even a short-term basis and still benefit from various advantages of the other features of the present invention. An example of such an attachment mechanism is a plastic member having a hole or recess for receiving a catheter therein and further having one or more wing-like or flap-like extensions which may be sutured or taped to the skin of the patient 14. Additionally, it is possible that the above-described catheters systems of the present invention (e.g. catheter systems 12, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 600′) may not include any mechanism which specifically functions to attach the catheter systems to the body yet still benefit from some of the advantages of the other features of the present invention.

[0179] While the above-described catheter systems 12, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 600′ were described as being placed in the body 14 utilizing the permanent catheterization technique and has many advantages thereby, such catheter systems 12, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 600′ could be placed in the body 14 utilizing other techniques (e.g. the temporary catheterization technique) and still achieve some of the advantages of the present invention.

[0180] While the separating diaphragm 39A is described as being substituted for the proximal valve 39 of the catheter system 12 (see FIG. 8A), another separating diaphragm, similar to the separating diaphragm 39A, may also be substituted for the distal valve 37 of the catheter system 12. Alternatively, the separating diaphragm 39A may be used in addition to the proximal valve 39 and the distal valve 37 to further prevent blood flow (or air flow) leakage between the guide catheter 34 and the working catheter 42. Moreover, while the separating diaphragm 39A is described as alternatively being incorporated into the catheter system 12, the separating diaphragm 39A may alternatively be incorporated into any of the following catheter systems described herein: catheter systems 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 600′.

[0181] Also, while the above described working catheters 42, 303, 304, 404, 506, 508, 606 were shown as only having a single hole or orifice defined in its distal segment through which fluid may be advanced, it should be appreciated that the distal segment of any of such working catheters may have two or more holes defined in its distal segment each through which fluid may be advanced. For example, the distal segment of any of such working catheters may have a single distal end hole (such as the distal orifice 336 of FIG. 14) and four additional holes defined in the sidewall of the distal segment, wherein each of the four additional holes is spaced apart from the distal end hole in the proximal direction by a distance.

[0182] There are a plurality of advantages of the present invention arising from the various features of each of the catheter systems described herein. It will be noted that alternative embodiments of each of the catheter systems of the present invention may not include all of the features described yet still benefit from at least some of the advantages of such features. Those of ordinary skill in the art may readily devise their own implementations of each of the catheter systems that incorporate one or more of the features of the present invention and fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.