Power supply circuit and method thereof to detect demagnitization of the power supply

[0002] The present invention relates in general to electronic devices and, more particularly, to switching regulators used in power supplies.

[0003] Most switching power supplies have a transformer with a power switching transistor coupled to one side of the transformers primary winding. The power transistor turns on and off as determined by a regulator circuit to alternately store energy in the magnetic field of the transformer and transfer the stored energy to the secondary winding. The secondary winding of the transformer develops a DC output voltage across a shunt capacitor coupled across the secondary winding as a function of the energy transfer.

[0004] One type of switching power supply, a flyback power supply, can be operated in a continuous conduction mode (CCM) or discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). DCM involves switching the power switching transistor to reenergize the primary winding only after it is completely demagnetized, whereas CCM involves switching the power switching transistor even though the primary winding is still magnetized. It is preferable to operate a flyback power supply in DCM because CCM is more difficult to stabilize and turn-on losses can be significantly higher.

[0005] To operate a flyback power supply in DCM it is necessary to detect when the transformer core of the primary winding is demagnetized. At a point in time t_O, the transformer core is demagnetized, which corresponds to the point when the primary current I_Preaches zero. By indirectly measuring a voltage across an auxiliary winding of the flyback power supply the point when the primary current I_Preaches zero can be determined. However, the auxiliary winding represents an additional element that increases manufacturing cost. Elimination of the auxiliary winding used to detect demagnetization is beneficial to reduce manufacturing cost of switching power supplies.

[0006] Accordingly, a flyback power supply that detects when the transformer core of the primary winding is demagnetized without using an auxiliary winding is needed in the art. The invention disclosed herein will address the above problems.

[0007] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a flyback power supply circuit including a regulator circuit which monitors a gate voltage of a switching transistor;

[0008] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the regulator circuit;

[0009] FIG. 3 is a series of timing diagrams illustrating the regulator circuit operation; and

[0010] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the flyback power supply circuit including the regulator circuit which monitors current through the switching transistor.

[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of switching power supply 10. Specifically, switching power supply 10 receives an AC line voltage at V_INand converts it to a regulated DC operating voltage. An AC line voltage is converted to a DC bulk voltage by full-wave rectifier diode bridge 12. Capacitor 14 filters the DC bulk voltage, and the primary winding of transformer 16 receives the DC bulk voltage. Power transistor 18 conducts an inductor current through the primary winding of transformer 16 to control the amount of energy stored in the magnetic field of transformer 16. When power transistor 18 is non-conductive, the energy stored in the magnetic field is transferred to the secondary winding where capacitor 20 and resistor 24 is coupled across the secondary winding to develop DC output voltage V_OUT. Diode 22 prevents current flow back into the secondary winding.

[0012] Regulator circuit 26 provides a constant regulated output voltage V_OUT, to switching power supply 10 using feedback information from the secondary winding at resistor 24. The feedback information is fed-back to feedback circuit 28 which is then fed to regulator circuit 26 to turn ON and OFF power transistor 18 to control the power transfer across transformer 16. Thus, power transistor 18 is a switching transistor. Regulator circuit 26 includes power transistor 18, which is typically a Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) or an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT). PWM regulator 46 controls transistor 40 and transistor 42 to ensure power transistor 18 controls switching power supply 10 to operate in DCM. To operate in DCM, transistor 40 and transistor 42 are switched to ensure power transistor 18 is enabled ON only after transformer 16 is demagnetized.

[0013] Power transistor 18 has a drain, source, and gate. The gate, gate 30, of power transistor 18 is monitored to detect when transformer 16 is demagnetized. Connected to gate 30 is resistor 36 and resistor 38. Resistor 36 is connected between gate 30 and ground and resistor 38 is connected between gate 30 and to the drain of transistor 40. Resistor 36 has a higher resistance than the resistance of resistor 38. Thus, the path from gate 30 to ground through resistor 38 is a low-impedance path, whereas the path from ground through resistor 36 is a high-impedance path. Transistor 40 is an n-type transistor having its drain coupled to resistor 38 and its source coupled to ground potential. The gate of transistor 40 is coupled to receive control signal L_Cfrom PWM regulator 46. Transistor 42 has its source connected to the drain of transistor 40, a voltage source V_Sconnected to its drain, and the gate coupled to receive control signal U_Cfrom PWM regulator 46. Transistor 42 is a p-type transistor. Transistor 40 and transistor 42 are typically MOSFET transistors connected in a totem-pole configuration to drive power transistor 18. Voltage source V_Sis a low-impedance voltage source providing a reference voltage to the drain of transistor 42 of approximately 0 or 10 volts.

[0014] Gate voltage V_Gof power transistor 18 is monitored to detect a spike in voltage generated by the parasitic effects of power transistor 18. The spike in gate voltage V_Grepresents when transformer 16 is demagnetized. To operate switching power supply 10 in DCM operation requires to detect when transformer 16 is demagnetized. The voltage at gate voltage V_Gis fed to the negative terminal of comparator 44 to monitor for a spike in gate voltage. Gate voltage V_Gis compared with voltage threshold V_THat the positive terminal of comparator 44. Gate voltage V_Gis a detect signal to detect demagnetization in switching power supply 10. A typical value for voltage threshold V_THis −0.2 volts. Comparator 44 provides an output when the feedback signal to the negative terminal exceeds the voltage threshold set on the positive terminal. Thus, when a voltage spike at gate 30 exceeds voltage threshold V_TH,comparator 44 provides a demagnetization (DEMAG) signal to PWM regulator 46.

[0015] PWM regulator 46 further receives feedback signal F_Bfrom feedback circuit 28. Feedback circuit 28 is a typical feedback circuit used in the prior art for switching power supplies. An example of feedback circuit 28 is an optical coupler circuit using a light emitting diode and photo-detection transistor. Feedback circuit 28 is connected to the output of switching power supply 10 at resistor 24 and provides feedback signal F_Bto PWM regulator 46. PWM regulator 46 receives feedback signal F_Band the DEMAG signal, and provides control signals L_Cand U_Cto transistor 40 and transistor 42. When a voltage spike is detected in gate voltage V_G, comparator 44 provides DEMAG signal to PWM regulator 46. PWM regulator 46 receives DEMAG signal and provides control signals L_Cand U_Cto transistor 40 and transistor 42 respectively to turn ON power transistor 18 to operate in DCM mode by switching transistor 40 and transistor 42 ON and OFF at appropriate times during a cycle. Feedback signal F_Bfrom feedback circuit 28 provides output voltage variation information to PWM regulator 46 to regulate output voltage V_OUT.

[0016] One shot circuit 48 is connected to the node at gate voltage V_G. One shot circuit 48 provides an enable (EN) signal to comparator 44 to enable comparator 44 after time delay t_dto avoid false detection of demagnetization. One shot circuit 48 disables comparator 44 after a time duration of typically 2 microseconds. False triggering of detection in comparator 44 may be caused by the primary to secondary leakage inductance of transformer 16 which shows up as an overshoot in V_DSto power transistor 18. The EN signal from one shot circuit 48 further provides information to PWM regulator 46 and to control signal L_Cwhich controls transistor 40. Resistor 50 is connected to the source of power transistor 18 to monitor the source current in power transistor 18 and provide current sense CS to PWM regulator 46.

[0017] FIG. 2 illustrates PWM regulator 46 of FIG. 1. When the power supply to regulator circuit 26 is first applied, PWM regulator 46 is off. PWM controller 52 connected to gate 54 monitors the power supply of regulator circuit 26.

[0018] Comparator 58 receives power supply V_CCat the positive terminal and reference voltage 56 at the negative terminal. When V_CCis approximately at V_REF1of reference voltage 56 one shot circuit 60 provides a pulse of typically 2 microseconds to gate 54. Gate 54 provides a high output to the “set” (S) pin of latch 62. When V_CCdrops down to V_REF2of reference voltage 56 one shot circuit 60 output goes low causing a low output to gate 54 and “set” pin of latch 62. The signal DEMAG to gate 54 is low during this time. V_REF1is typically 12 volts and V_REF2is typically 8 volt.

[0019] Latch 62 provides a Q bar output to buffer 64 and to the input of gate 68. Buffer 64 provides control signal U_Cas an output. Gate 68 further has enable signal EN as an input and provides an output to buffer 66 to provide the control signal L_C. Comparator 70 receives feedback signal F_Bat the negative terminal and a voltage reference V_Rat the positive terminal. A typical value for V_Ris 2.5 volts. The output of comparator 70 is fed to the negative terminal of comparator 72 and current sense CS is fed to the positive terminal. The output of comparator 72 is fed to the “reset” (R) terminal of latch 62.

[0020] FIG. 3 illustrates the timing diagram of the operation of regulator circuit 26. Refer to FIG. 2 for operation of PWM regulator 46 based on timing diagrams in FIG. 3. At power up prior to time t₁, the power supply voltage V_CCincreases up to V_REF1. When V_CCexceeds V_REF1, one shot circuit 60 enables a logic high output which provides a logic high output signal from gate 54. DEMAG signal is a second input to gate 54 which is logic low at this point. The output from gate 54 is coupled to the “set” pin of latch 62 which enables Q bar to go logic low. A logic low signal at Q bar enables control signal U_Cthrough buffer 64 to go logic low. A logic low at control signal U_Cenables transistor 42 to switch ON. The Q bar output from latch 62 is also fed to a first input of gate 68. A second input to gate 68 receives a logic high signal from enable signal EN. The two inputs to gate 68 enables a logic low control signal L_Cthrough buffer 66 to transistor 40. The logic low control signal L_Cenables transistor 40 to switch OFF. Gate 30, gate voltage V_G, of power transistor 18 is enabled logic high since transistor 42 (S1) is switched ON and transistor 40 (S2) switched OFF. The gate voltage V_Gis enabled logic high up to a constant voltage V_Cat time t₁, as shown in FIG. 3. A typical value for V_Cis 10 volts. After time t₁,the primary current I. of transformer 16 increases as shown in FIG. 3 up to time t₂. Power transistor 18 is switched ON as the primary current I_Preaches its maximum current at t₂. The primary current I_Pflows through the primary windings of transformer 16 to generate a secondary current I_Sin switching power supply 10 as shown in FIG. 3. The flow of secondary current I_Sprovides output voltage V_OUTwhich is fed back to feedback circuit 28. Feedback circuit 28 provides a feedback signal F_Bto PWM regulator 46. Feedback signal F_Bis fed to the negative terminal of comparator 70 of PWM regulator 46 which is compared to a voltage reference V_Rat the positive terminal. Comparator 70 provides an output signal to the negative terminal of comparator 72 when feedback signal F_Bexceeds voltage reference V_R. The positive terminal of comparator 72 receives current sense CS. Current sense CS is created from the current flowing through resistor 50 of power transistor 18. Current sense CS increases as power transistor 18 is switched ON. Current sense CS along with the output from comparator 70 fed to comparator 72 enables a logic high to the “reset” pin of latch 62. The reset signal enables Q bar output of latch 62 logic high. A logic high Q bar output from latch 62 enables a logic high to control signal U_Cwhich switches transistor 42 OFF. Thus, transistor 42 is switched OFF at time t₂. Further, the logic high Q bar output is fed to one terminal of gate 68. The second terminal receives enable signal EN. Enable signal EN remains logic high at time t₂. Thus, the output to gate 68 is enabled logic high, which in turn enables a logic high control signal L_Cto switch transistor 40 ON. Thus, at time t2 transistor 42 (S1) is switched OFF and transistor 40 (S2) is switched ON as shown in FIG. 3. Further, at time t2, one shot circuit 48 detects the voltage overshoot in V_DSof power transistor 18 and starts a timer of duration time delay t_D.

[0021] The time t₃is defined as the point in time when time delay t_Dis reached as shown in FIG. 3. One shot circuit 48 provides a logic low output to enable signal EN input of PWM regulator 46 after time delay t_Dhas elapsed. Time delay t_Dis determined to ensure comparator 44 is enabled OFF and turns ON only after time delay t_Dhas elapsed to prevent comparator 44 from reacting to spurious signals in V_DSas shown in FIG. 3. Enable signal EN provides a logic low at gate 68 after time delay t_Dhas expired which enables control signal L_Clogic low. A logic low to control signal L_Cenables transistor 40 to switch OFF. Control signal U_Cis still logic high at time t₃. Thus, at time t₃transistor 42 (S1) remains switched OFF and transistor 40 (S2) is switched OFF as shown in FIG. 3. Further, comparator 44 turns ON at time t₃from one shot circuit 48's enable signal EN output. FIG. 3 illustrates enable signal EN switches logic low. Thus, as illustrated comparator 44 is enabled ON by the logic low enable signal EN.

[0022] Just past time t₄in FIG. 3, the increase in negative gate voltage V_Gis fed to the negative terminal of comparator 44. Gate voltage V_Gis fed to the negative terminal and compared to the voltage threshold V_THat the positive terminal. Just prior to time t₅, gate voltage V_Gexceeds voltage threshold V_THwhich enables comparator 44 to output DEMAG signal to PWM regulator 46. At time t5, DEMAG signal is enabled high as shown in FIG. 3. The enable of DEMAG signal to PWM regulator 46 indicates the point when the primary current I_Preduces to zero, and more importantly, the point where transformer 16 of switching power supply 10 is demagnetized. The logic high DEMAG signal is fed to the input to gate 54 which provides a “set” signal to latch 62 which enables Q bar to go logic low. A logic low signal at Q bar enables control signal U_Cthrough buffer 64 to go logic low. A logic low at control signal U_Cenables transistor 42 to switch ON. The Q bar output from latch 62 is also fed to a first input of gate 68. Do note, enable signal EN is switched logic high at time t₄since one shot circuit 48 only provides a logic low output for a specified time frame. A typical time frame for the one shot circuit is 2 microseconds. Thus, the specified time frame expired at time t₄and switched enable signal EN logic high. The logic low Q bar output signal from latch 62 to gate 68 enables a logic low control signal L_Cthrough buffer 66 to transistor 40. The logic low control signal L_Cmaintains transistor 40 in the OFF state. Power transistor 18 is again enabled logic high since transistor 42 (S1) is switched ON and transistor 40 (S2) is switched OFF.

[0023] Thus, at time t₄transistor 42 (S1) and transistor 40 (S2) are enabled OFF and comparator 44 is enabled ON to detect the voltage spike in gate voltage V_G. Gate voltage V_Gis detected and comparator 44 provides enable signal EN when the voltage spike exceeds voltage threshold V_TH. The voltage spike indicates that transformer 16 has been demagnetized, and enables gate voltage V_Gto go logic high at time t₆. The enablement of gate voltage V_Gat time t₆enables ON power transistor 18 at time t₇after primary current I_Phas increased. The enablement of power transistor 18 at time t₇by the increase in gate voltage V_Gat time t₆ensures that power transistor 18 only turns ON after transformer 16 has been demagnetized. Turning ON power transistor 18 only after transformer 16 has been demagnetized ensures switching power supply 10 operates in DCM. Once transformer 16 is detected as being demagnetized, power transistor 18 is enabled ON from gate voltage V_Genabling logic high at time t₆, and the timing sequence is repeated. The timing sequence of FIG. 3 repeats the same cycle at time t₆as was completed from time t₁, up to time t₅. FIG. 3 illustrates the repeating cycle in the timing diagram starting again at time t₆.

[0024] FIG. 4 illustrates switching power supply 80 as an alternative embodiment of switching power supply 10 shown in FIG. 1. The same figure designations for similar items in FIG. 1 are used to illustrate the items in FIG. 4.

[0025] Switching power supply 80 receives an AC line voltage at V_INand converts it to a regulated DC operating voltage. An AC line voltage is converted to a DC bulk voltage by full-wave rectifier diode bridge 12. Capacitor 14 filters the DC bulk voltage, and the primary winding of transformer 16 receives the DC bulk voltage. Power transistor 18 conducts an inductor current through the primary winding of transformer 16 to control the amount of energy stored in the magnetic field of transformer 16. When power transistor 18 is nonconductive, the energy stored in the magnetic field is transferred to the secondary winding where capacitor 20 and resistor 24 is coupled across the secondary winding to develop DC output voltage V_OUT. Diode 22 prevents current flow back into the secondary winding. Regulator circuit 82 provides a constant regulated output voltage V_OUTto switching power supply 80 using feedback information from the secondary winding at resistor 24. The feedback information is fed-back to feedback circuit 28 which is then fed to regulator circuit 82 to turn ON and OFF power transistor 18 to control the power transfer across transformer 16.

[0026] Regulator circuit 82 includes power transistor 18, which is typically a Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) or an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT). Power transistor 18 has a drain, source, and a gate. Connected to the gate of power transistor 18, i.e. gate 30, is transistor 40 and transistor 42 both connected to the node of gate voltage V_Gof power transistor 18. Transistor 40 is an n-type transistor with its drain connected to the node at gate voltage V_G, its source coupled to ground, and a control terminal for receiving control signal L_C. Transistor 42 has its source connected to the drain of transistor 40 at the node of gate voltage V_G, a voltage source V_Sconnected to its drain, and a control terminal for receiving control signal U_C. Transistor 42 is a p-type transistor. Transistor 40 and transistor 42 are typically MOSFET transistors connected in a totem-pole configuration to drive power transistor 18. Voltage source V_Sis a low-impedance voltage source providing a reference voltage to the drain of transistor 42 of approximately 0 or 10 volts.

[0027] To operate switching power supply 80 in DCM mode of operation requires a way to detect when transformer 16 is demagnetized. To detect when transformer 16 of switching power supply 80 is demagnetized requires to detect a rise in current through power transistor 18. The source of power transistor 18 is monitored to detect the rise in current flow. A rise in current flow through power transistor 18 is detected as a voltage change at point P above resistor 50. The point P is coupled to the negative terminal of comparator 86, and is compared to voltage threshold V_THat the positive terminal of comparator 86. Voltage threshold V_THis a negative voltage of typically −0.2 volts. Comparator 86 provides demagnetization (DEMAG) signal to PWM regulator 46 when the level to its negative terminal from point P exceeds voltage threshold V_THset on the positive terminal. PWM regulator 46 receives DEMAG signal and enables control signals U_Cand L_Cto switch ON and OFF transistor 40 and transistor 42 in the timing sequence of the timing diagrams shown in FIG. 3.

[0028] PWM regulator 46 further receives feedback signal F_Bfrom feedback circuit 28. Feedback circuit 28 is a typical feedback circuit used in the prior art for switching power supplies. An example of feedback circuit 28 is an optical coupler circuit using a light emitting diode and photo-detection transistor. Feedback circuit 28 is connected to the output of switching power supply 80 at resistor 24 and provides feedback signal F_Bto PWM regulator 46. PWM regulator 46 receives the feedback signal F_Band DEMAG signal, and provides control signals L_Cand U_Cto transistor 40 and transistor 42 respectively. When a rise in current is detected in power transistor 18, comparator 86 provides DEMAG signal to PWM regulator 46. PWM regulator 46 receives feedback signal F_Band the DEMAG signal, and provides control signals L_Cand U_Cto transistor 40 and transistor 42. The node at point P of power transistor 18 converts the current flow to a voltage level by resistor 50. The voltage level is fed to the negative terminal of comparator 86 and compared to voltage threshold V_THfed to the positive terminal of comparator 86. Comparator 86 provides DEMAG signal to PWM regulator 46 when the voltage level fed to the negative terminal exceeds voltage threshold V_THfed to the positive terminal. PWM regulator 46 receives DEMAG signal and provides control signals L_Cand U_Cto transistor 40 and transistor 42 respectively to enable power transistor 18 to operate in DCM mode by switching transistor 40 and transistor 42 ON and OFF at appropriate times during a cycle. The timing of the switching of transistor 40 and transistor 42 is identical to the timing illustrated in FIG. 3. The important distinct difference from the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is that DEMAG signal is derived from an increase in current through power transistor 18. The previous embodiment in FIG. 1 derived DEMAG signal by detecting the spike in voltage at gate 30 of power transistor 18. Feedback signal F_Bfrom feedback circuit 28 provides output voltage variation information to PWM regulator 46 to regulate output voltage V_OUT.

[0029] One shot circuit 48 is connected to the node at gate voltage V_G. One shot circuit 48 provides an enable (EN) signal to comparator 86 to enable comparator 86 after time delay t_dto avoid false detection of demagnetization. False triggering of detection in comparator 86 may be caused by the primary to secondary leakage inductance of transformer 16 which shows up as an overshoot in V_DSto power transistor 18. The EN signal from one shot circuit 48 further provides information to PWM regulator 46 and to control signal L_Cwhich controls transistor 40. Resistor 50 is connected to the source of power transistor 18 to monitor the source current in power transistor 18 and provide current sense CS to PWM regulator 46.

[0030] In addition to the embodiment in FIG. 4, regulator circuit 82 can detect when transformer 16 is demagnetized by sensing current through transistor 40 similar to using power transistor 18. To detect the point of demagnetization in transformer 16 using transistor 40, a current detector is coupled to the source of transistor 40 with an output coupled to a first terminal of comparator 86, and voltage threshold V_THcoupled to a second terminal. Further, at time t₃transistor 40 (S2) is kept switched ON after t_Dhas expired. EN signal does not enable transistor 40 (S2) to switch OFF at time t₃as the previous two embodiments disclose. Since transistor 40 is kept ON, at time t₄the voltage spike in gate voltage V_Gis detected as a rise in conduction current through transistor 40. The rise in conduction current is fed to the first terminal of comparator 86, where comparator 86 provides DEMAG signal when the rise in conduction current, a voltage representation thereof, exceeds voltage threshold V_TH. The remaining regulator circuit to detect demagnetization using transistor 40 is similar to regulator circuit 82 which uses power transistor 18 to detect demagnetization in transformer 16.

[0031] The embodiments described herein are illustrated with current-mode architectures but can also be implemented with voltage-mode topologies and is not a limitation to the invention disclosed. A regulator circuit and method is disclosed which allows a switched-mode power supply to detect when the transformer of the switched-mode power supply is demagnetized. When the transformer is demagnetized, a power transistor is enabled ON to restart the previous cycle. Enabling ON the power transistor only after the transformer is demagnetized operates a switched-mode power supply in a discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Detecting when the transformer is demagnetized without an auxiliary winding provides an advantage over the prior art. The regulator circuit of the present embodiment operates in DCM by detecting the state of demagnetization of a transformer in the switched-mode power supply by monitoring an increase in power transistor current, a rise in current through a transistor, or a rise in negative voltage at the gate to the power transistor. The described embodiment eliminates the auxiliary winding typically used to operate switched-mode power supplies in DCM.