US 6,465,979 B1Grant
Series compensation of electric alternating current machines
Issue Date:2002-10-15
•16 Claims
•1 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A method and device for providing series compensation for rotating electric alternating current machines connected either directly, or via a static current converter, to a three-phase distribution or transmission network. The stator of the electric machine is Y-connected. A capacitive circuit for the fundamental frequency of the voltage is connected to each phase between the low voltage side of the winding and a ground of the transmission network.
Metadata
Assignee
- ABB AB
Inventors
- Mats Leijon
- Lars Gertmar
- Jan-Anders Nygren
- Peter Templin
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/355,852
Filing Date:1999-10-04
Priority Date:1997-02-03
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
H02J 318H02K 1100H02K 340
Field of Search:
31843831856531856822318621318632318722318729318801318140318148174115174116361 42361 47361 48361 90361 911307149307151307153
Patent Drawings (1 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a method and a device for series compensating a rotating electric alternating current machine connected, directly or via a static current converter, to a three-phase distribution or transmission network, wherein the stator winding of the alternating current machine is Y-connected. The invention also relates to a rotating electric machine provided with such a series compensation device.
[0004] The invention refers primarily to electric alternating current machines intended for use as generators in power stations for generating electric power. A typical operating range may be 36 to 800 kV, so that they can be connected directly to all types of high-voltage power networks. This is possible thanks to the use of high-voltage insulated electric conductors with solid insulation similar to cables for transmitting electric power, in the following termed high-voltage cable. The cable is also provided with an outer semiconducting layer with the help of which its potential in relation to the surroundings is defined.
[0005] 2. Discussion of the Background
[0006] A conductor is known through U.S Pat. No. 5,036,165, in which the insulation is provided with an inner and an outer layer of semiconducting pyrolized glassfiber. It is also known to provide conductors in a dynamo-electric machine with such an insulation, as described in U.S Pat. No. 5,066,881 for instance, where a semiconducting pyrolized glassfiber layer is in contact with the two parallel rods forming the conductor, and the insulation in the stator slots is surrounded by an outer layer of semiconducting pyrolized glassfiber. The pyrolized glassfiber material is described as suitable since it retains its resistivity even after the impregnation treatment.
[0007] Series compensation on both high voltage transmission networks and distribution networks is already known.
[0008] Series compensation on both high voltage transmission networks and distribution networks is already known. It is also well known that geomagnetically induced currents can cause harmful heating in directly grounded power network system
[0009] From U.S Pat. No. A1, 4,341,989 a device is also previously known for phase compensation of a multiphase rotating electric alternating current machine by connecting in series or in parallel with each phase winding a capacitive element on the upside of the winding.
Summary of the Invention
[0010] The object of the present invention is to provide a new method and a new device for lowering the system reactance through series compensation of the alternating current machine in question as well as for preventing geomagnetically induced currents.
[0011] This object is achieved with a method and a device of the type described in the introduction, having the features defined herein.
[0012] According to the invention, thus, the compensation is performed on the down side of the windings, so that low-voltage insulated capacitors can be used, which is not possible with series compensation in high-voltage transmission networks according to known technology. Less expensive capacitors can therefore be used in the device according to the invention, since they are protected by the machine itself and connected to the neutral point, which is at low potential in relation to earth. This solution is especially advantageous for the type of machines to which the present invention relates, since their upside is intended to be connected directly to high-voltage power networks.
[0013] According to an advantageous embodiment of the device according to invention, an over-voltage protection means is connected in parallel with the capacitors so that they are protected from any over-voltages that may appear in the event of a fault condition.
[0014] According to a second advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention, a bandstop filter is arranged between the Y-point of the capacitor bank formed by the capacitors and the earth point of the distribution or transmission network, possibly with a low-ohmic resistor connected between the bandstop filter and the earth point. This resistor may be a neutral-point resistor, dimensioned for a harmless earth-fault current of a few tens of amperes. An earth fault in the alternating current machine or the generator is able to emit an earth-fault current via this resistor but, by controlling the earth-fault current, measures can be taken to disconnect the generator or possibly the faulty phase.
[0015] From a power network point of view any increase in transient machine reactance can also be efficiently compensated in this manner.
[0016] In the machine according to the invention the windings are preferably composed of cables having solid, extruded insulation, of a type now used for power distribution, such as XLPE-cables or cables with EPR-insulation. Such cables are flexible, which is an important property in this context since the technology for the machine according to the invention is based primarily on winding systems in which the winding is formed from cable which is bent during assembly. The flexibility of a XLPE-cable normally corresponds to a radius of curvature of approximately 20 cm for a cable 30 mm in diameter, and a radius of curvature of approximately 65 cm for a cable 80 mm in diameter. In the present application the term “flexible” is used to indicate that the winding is flexible down to a radius of curvature of the order of four times the cable diameter, preferably eight to twelve times the cable diameter.
[0017] Windings in the present invention are constructed to retain their properties even when they are bent and when they are subjected to thermal stress during operation. It is vital that the layers retain their adhesion to each other in this context. The material properties of the layers are decisive here, particularly their elasticity and relative coefficients of thermal expansion. In a XLPE-cable, for instance, the insulating layer consists of cross-linked, lowdensity polyethylene, and the semiconducting layers consist of polyethylene with soot and metal particles mixed in. Changes in volume as a result of temperature fluctuations are completely absorbed as changes in radius in the cable and, thanks to the comparatively slight difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion in the layers in relation to the elasticity of these materials, the radial expansion can take place without the adhesion between the layers being lost.
[0018] The material combinations stated above should be considered only as examples. Other combinations fulfilling the conditions specified and also the condition of being semiconducting, i.e. having resistivity within the range of 10−1-106ohm-cm, e.g. 1-500 ohm-cm, or 10-200 ohm-cm, naturally also fall within the scope of the invention.
[0019] The insulating layer may consist, for example, of a solid thermoplastic material such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polybutylene (PB), polymethyl pentene (PMP), cross-linked materials such as cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), or rubber such as ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) or silicon rubber.
[0020] The inner and outer semiconducting layers may be of the same basic material but with particles of conducting material such as soot or metal powder mixed in.
[0021] The mechanical properties of these materials, particularly their coefficients of. thermal expansion, are affected relatively little by whether soot or metal powder is mixed in or not—at least in the proportions required to achieve the conductivity necessary according to the invention. The insulating layer and the semiconducting layers thus have substantially the same coefficients of thermal expansion.
[0022] Ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymers/nitrile rubber, butyl graft polyethylene, ethylene-butyl-acrylate-copolymers and ethylene-ethyl-acrylate copolymers may also constitute suitable polymers for the semiconducting layers.
[0023] Even when different types of material are used as base in the various layers, it is desirable for their coefficients of thermal expansion to be substantially the same. This is the case with combination of the materials listed above.
[0024] The materials listed above have relatively good elasticity, with an E-modulus of E<500 MPa, preferably <200 MPa. The elasticity is sufficient for any minor differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion for the materials in the layers to be absorbed in the radial direction of the elasticity so that no cracks or other damage appear and so that the layers are not released from each other. The material in the layers is elastic, and the adhesion between the layers is at least of the same magnitude as the weakest of the materials.
[0025] The conductivity of the two semiconducting layers is sufficient to substantially equalize the potential along each layer. The conductivity of the outer semiconducting layer is sufficiently large to contain the electrical field in the cable, but sufficiently small not to give rise to significant losses due to currents induced in the longitudinal direction of the layer.
[0026] Thus, each of the two semiconducting layers essentially constitutes one equipotential surface, and these layers will substantially enclose the electrical field between them.
[0027] There is, of course, nothing to prevent one or more additional semiconducting layers being arranged in the insulating layer.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0028] A more complete appreciation of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0029] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the present invention; and
[0030] FIG. 2 is a cross section of a high-voltage cable used as a winding in a rotating machine according to the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Invention
[0031] FIG. 1 shows an alternating current machine 2 in the form of a generator, the phase voltages of which are connectedly directly to the network 6 via isolators and breakers 4. Over-voltage protection means 8 and current measuring devices 10 are also provided on the output side of the generator 2.
[0032] The stator winding of the generator 2 is Y-connected and a series-compensation capacitor 14 is connected in each of the phases on the down side of the winding. A bandstop filter 16 is connected to the Y-point of the capacitor bank and a neutral-point resistor 18 is connected to the earth point 20 of the network 6. Current measuring devices 22, 24 are also provided on this side of the generator 2.
[0033] Connecting a series capacitor 14 in each of the phases achieves series compensation of the alternating current machine 2, thereby lowering the system reactance.
[0034] Over-voltage protection means 26 and a resistance R are suitably provided in order to protect the capacitors 14 in the event of a fault condition.
[0035] The filter 16 has nothing directly to do with the invention and will not be described in more detail.
[0036] The neutral-point resistor 18 is dimensioned to limit earth faults to a harmless magnitude of a few tens of amperes. An earth fault in the generator 2 may thus result in an earth-fault current through the resistor 18, and controlling the magnitude of this current enables measures to be taken for disconnecting the generator and possibly the faulty phase.
[0037] Alternatively the generator 2 may be connected to the network via a converter 28, as indicated in FIG. 1.
[0038] The field excitation of the generator has been omitted in FIG. 1.
[0039] FIG. 2 shows a cross section through a high-voltage cable 29 used in the rotating electric machine according to the invention. The high-voltage cable 29 is composed of a number of strand parts 31 made of copper, for instance, and having circular cross section. These strand parts 31 are arranged in the middle of the high-voltage cable 29. Around the strand parts 31 is a first semiconducting layer 32. Around the first semiconducting layer 32 is an insulating layer 33, e.g. XLPE-insulation, and around the insulating layer 33 is a second semiconducting layer 34.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for providing series compensation of a rotating electric alternating current machine connected to a three-phase network for at least one of distribution and transmission, the three-phase network having a fundamental frequency, the rotating electric alternating current machine being one of directly connected to the three-phase network and connected via a static current converter, a stator winding of the rotating electric alternating current machine having three phases Y-connected, comprising the steps of:
connecting a down side of a first phase of the three phases of the stator winding to a first side of a first capacitive circuit;
connecting a second side of the first capacitive circuit to a ground of the three-phase network completing a first series capacitive circuit;
connecting a down side of a second phase of the three phases of the stator winding to a first side of a second capacitive circuit;
connecting a second side of the second capacitive circuit to the ground of the three-phase network completing a second series capacitive circuit;
connecting a down side of a third phase of the three phases of the stator winding to a first side of a third capacitive circuit;
connecting a second side of the third capacitive circuit to the ground of the three-phase network completing a third series capacitive circuit; and
lowering a reactance of a system including the rotating electric alternating current machine by compensating the three phases of the stator winding through respective series capacitive circuits.
2. A device for providing series compensation of a rotating electric alternating current machine connected to a three-phase network for at least one of distribution and transmission, the three-phase network having a fundamental frequency, the rotating electric alternating current machine being one of directly connected to the three-phase network and connected via a static current converter, a stator winding of the rotating electric alternating current machine having three phases Y-connected, comprising:
a first capacitive circuit having a first side and a second side, the first side connected to a down side of a first phase of the three phases of the stator winding and the second side connected to a ground of the three-phase network so as to create a first series capacitive circuit;
a second capacitive circuit having a first side and a second side, the first side connected to a down side of a second phase of the three phases of the stator winding and the second side connected to the ground of the three-phase network so as to create a second series capacitive circuit; and
a third capacitive circuit having a first side and a second side, the first side connected to a down side of a third phase of the three phases of the stator winding and the second side connected to the ground of the three-phase network so as to create a third series capacitive circuit, wherein
the first series capacitive circuit, the second series capacitive circuit, and the third series capacitive circuit are configured to lower a reactance of a system including the rotating electric alternating current machine by compensating the three phases of the stator winding through respective series capacitive circuits.
3. The device of claim 2, wherein:
the first series capacitive circuit includes a first capacitor;
the second series capacitive circuit includes a second capacitor; and
the third series capacitive circuit includes a third capacitor.
4. The device of claim 3, further comprising:
means for protecting from over-voltage connected in parallel with the first capacitor;
means for protecting from over-voltage connected in parallel with the second capacitor; and
means for protecting from over-voltage connected in parallel with the third capacitor.
5. The device of claim 2, further comprising:
a bandstop filter connected in series between a Y-point and the ground of the three-phase network, the Y-point including the second side of the first capacitive circuit, the second side of the second capacitive circuit and the second side of the third capacitive circuit.
6. The device of claim 5, further comprising a low-ohmic resistor connected in series between the bandstop filter and the ground of the three-phase network.
7. A rotating electric alternating current machine, comprising:
a stator having slots;
a stator winding drawn through the slots of the stator, the stator winding being a high-voltage cable; and
a series compensation device having
a first capacitive circuit having a first side and a second side, the first side connected to a down side of a first phase of three phases of the stator winding and the second side connected to a ground of a three-phase network so as to create a first series capacitive circuit;
a second capacitive circuit having a first side and a second side, the first side connected to a down side of a second phase of the three phases of the stator winding and the second side connected to the ground of the three-phase network so as to create a second series capacitive circuit; and
a third capacitive circuit having a first side and a second side, the first side connected to a down side of a third phase of the three phases of the stator winding and the second side connected to the ground of the three-phase network so as to create a third series capacitive circuit, wherein
the three-phase network is for at least one of distribution and transmission, the three-phase network has a fundamental frequency, and
the first series capacitive circuit, the second series capacitive circuit, and the third series capacitive circuit are configured to lower a reactance of a system including the rotating electric alternating current machine by compensating the three phases of the stator winding through respective series capacitive circuits.
8. The rotating electric alternating current machine of claim 7, wherein the stator winding comprise s a high-voltage cable having,
a core having a plurality of conductive strands,
an inner semiconducting layer surrounding the core,
an insulating layer surrounding the inner semiconducting layer, and
an outer semiconducting layer surrounding the insulating layer.
9. The rotating electric alternating current machine of claim 8, wherein the high-voltage cable has a diameter in an inclusive range of 20 through 200 mm, and a conducting area in an inclusive range of 80 through 3000 mm2.
10. The rotating electric alternating current machine of claim 8, wherein:
the high-voltage cable is flexible,
the inner semiconducting layer is in contact with the core,
the insulating layer is in contact with the inner semiconducting layer, and
the outer semiconducting layer is in contact with the insulating layer.
11. The rotating electric alternating current machine of claim 8, wherein:
the inner semiconducting layer, the insulating layer, and the outer semiconducting layer are configured to have an elasticity and coefficients of thermal expansion such that a change in a volume of the layers caused by a change in temperature is absorbed such that the inner semiconducting layer maintains contact with the core, the insulating layer maintains contact with the inner semiconducting layer, and the outer semiconducting layer maintains contact with the insulating layer.
12. The rotating electric alternating current machine of claim 8, wherein:
the inner semiconducting layer, the insulating layer, and the outer semiconducting layer are configured to have a modulus of elasticity less than 500 MPa.
13. The rotating electric alternating current machine of claim 8, wherein:
the inner semiconducting layer, the insulating layer, and the outer semiconducting layer are configured to have substantially the same coefficient of thermal expansion.
14. The rotating electric alternating current machine of claim 8, wherein:
an adhesion between the layers being at least as strong as a strength of a weakest material in the layers.
15. The rotating electric alternating current machine of claim 8, wherein:
the inner semiconducting layer comprises an equipotential surface, and
the outer semiconductor layer comprises an equipotential surface.
16. The rotating electric alternating current machine of claim 8, wherein:
the inner semiconducting layer, the insulating layer, and the outer semiconducting layer are configured to have a modulus of elasticity less than 200 MPa.
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