System and method for reading and comparing two-dimensional images

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to a system and method for reading two-dimensional images. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for reading a two-dimensional images, such as fingerprints, signatures, and photographs, using an optical scanning head and a data compression algorithm.

[0004] 2. Description of Related Art

[0005] Two-dimensional images are capable of carrying valuable information for use in various applications. For example, two-dimensional images may provide personal identification (e.g., by a fingerprint) or a record of, for example, a person's medical history. Therefore, two-dimensional images are extremely valuable for carrying and conveying information and data.

[0006] Recently, optical scanners and readers have been developed that can capture and decode two-dimensional images. Such optical devices scan or obtain a video “picture” of the two-dimensional image and process it using data compression techniques to obtain decoded data representative of the image. This data can then be used in comparing the two-dimensional image to some known data generated from a known image to determine whether the decoded data and known data match. The known data can be encoded in a two-dimensional barcode symbology representative of the known image.

[0007] Manipulation of data derived from two-dimensional images is useful in a number of applications. For example, when a person opens a bank account, the bank can scan the person's fingerprint and decode that scanned image into data representative of the person's fingerprint (“stored data”), which is kept on file by the bank and by other institutions. Moreover, the stored data can be encoded onto a card that provides access to automatic teller machines (ATMs). When the person wants to gain access to money stored in an ATM, the person is asked to insert his or her ATM card into the ATM and place his or her fingertip in contact with a sensor-containing glass in which the contrast is controlled electronically in front of an optical scanner located at the ATM. The optical scanner scans and decodes the person's fingerprint to obtain features (data) representative of the fingerprint (“new data”). This new data can then be compared to the stored data kept on file with the bank or obtained from the ATM card. If the new data matches the stored data, the person is given access to the ATM; if not, access is denied. The stored data can be encoded onto the ATM card by scanning the person's fingertip and decoding the scanned information into a two-dimensional barcode symbology that represents the person's fingerprint.

[0008] Conventional optical scanners for use with two-dimensional images are very expensive, however, due to the high cost of the components necessary to build such scanners. In conventional optical scanners for two-dimensional images, the most expensive component is the image sensor, which comprises a charge coupled device (CCD). Accordingly, using CCDs for two-dimensional image sensing renders this technology impractical for many applications.

[0009] Therefore, a need exists for a system and method for scanning and decoding two-dimensional images that employs a sensor that is much less expensive than a CCD sensor, that can perform data compression to process the image after scanning, and that can generate a barcode symbology representation of the processed image.

[0010] Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a system and method for scanning and decoding a two-dimensional image using an inexpensive optical scanning head that substantially obviates one or more of the problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the related art.

[0011] Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the system and method particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof, as well as the appended drawings.

[0012] To achieve these and other advantages, and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention is an optical scanning device and method for reading a two-dimensional image. The optical scanning device comprises a sensor for capturing the two-dimensional image and an LED array for projecting an emitted light towards the two-dimensional image, all of which are mounted on a printed circuit board. The LED array includes a plurality of LEDs with each of the LEDs being oriented to emit light at a non-zero angle with respect to a line running perpendicular to the front of the PCB and at an angle different from any of the other LEDs. The sensor also includes a lens system disposed forward of the LED array for focussing the emitted light at the target, which may be a two-dimensional image. The sensor further includes a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-silicon) detector for detecting at least a portion of the light reflected from the two-dimensional image, the CMOS detector including a photodiode array for sensing the reflected light to obtain a sensed two-dimensional image, and a processor for processing the sensed two-dimensional image to obtain an electrical image signal. The processor, which may be a microprocessor or microchip, may incorporate software capability for automatic gain control, automatic exposure control, automatic black level control and automatic calibration. The optical scanning device further comprises a compressor for compressing the electrical image data, the compressor employing a compression algorithm to obtain compressed image data. The optical scanning device finally comprises a decoder for decoding the compressed image signal to obtain image data representative of the two-dimensional image.

[0013] In another aspect, the present invention is a system and method for comparing a new two-dimensional image to stored data representative of a known two-dimensional image. The system comprises a sensor for capturing the new two-dimensional image. The sensor includes an LED array for projecting an emitted light towards the two-dimensional image, the LED array including a plurality of LEDs, each of the LEDs being oriented to emit light at a non-zero angle with respect to a line running perpendicular to the front of the PCB on which the system components are mounted and at an angle different from any other of the LEDs. The sensor also includes a lens system disposed forward of a detector for focussing light reflected from the two-dimensional image target onto the detector. The sensor includes a CMOS detector for detecting at least a portion of the reflected light from the two-dimensional image, the CMOS detector including a photodiode array for sensing the reflected light to obtain a sensed two-dimensional image, and a processor for processing the sensed two-dimensional image to obtain an electrical image signal. The system also comprises a compressor for compressing the new electrical image data to obtain a compressed new image data, the compressor employing a compression algorithm. The system further comprises a decoder for decoding the compressed new image signal to obtain new image data representative of the new two-dimensional image. The system finally comprises a second processor for comparing the new image data to the stored data to determine if the new image data matches the stored data.

[0014] In still another aspect, the present invention is a system and method for comparing a new two-dimensional image to stored data representative of a known two-dimensional image. The system comprises a sensor for capturing the new two-dimensional image. The sensor includes an LED array for projecting an emitted light towards the targeted two-dimensional image, the LED array including LEDs, each of which is oriented to emit light at a non-zero angle with respect to a line perpendicular to the front of the PCB and angle different than the other LEDs. The emitted light can either be used to illuminate the target image or it can be focused to form a frame identifying the field of view of the sensor. A cylindrical lens system disposed forward of the LED array focusses the emitted light into a line of light. Depending upon the orientation of the cylindrical lens(es), a line may be formed to illuminate the target two-dimensional image within a field of view of said sensor so that a reflected light is reflected from the new two-dimensional image. Alternatively, a vertical orientation of the cylindrical lens(es) provides two vertical lines of light for framing the field of view to allow the user to aim the sensor at the target, and the target image is illuminated by ambient light. The sensor further comprises a CCD array for detecting a portion of the reflected light from the new two-dimensional image, the CCD array being disposed substantially rearward of the LED array. Finally, the sensor includes a first processor for generating a new electrical image signal in response to detecting the portion of the reflected light, the new electrical image signal comprising an analog representation of the new two-dimensional signal. The system further comprises a compressor for compressing the new electrical image signal to obtain a compressed new image signal, the compressor employing a compression algorithm. The system also comprises a decoder for decoding the compressed new image data to obtain new image data representative of the new two-dimensional image. Finally, the system comprises a second processor for comparing the new image data to the stored data to determine if the new image data matches the stored data.

[0015] Understanding of the present invention will be facilitated by consideration of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like numerals refer to like parts, and in which:

[0016] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a system of the present invention;

[0017] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a first embodiment of the optical scanning device of the present invention, showing the LEDs, optical module, and detector on a printed circuit board in accordance with the present invention, showing the illumination pattern;

[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates the light distribution for a pair of LEDs;

[0019] FIGS. 4A-4C are diagrammatic views of a cylindrical lens with a concave, convex, double radius output edge, respectively and

[0020] FIG. 4D is a cylindrical lens with a holographic input edge;

[0021] FIG. 5 is an exploded view of an exemplary embodiment of the lens assembly of the present invention and an optical system ray trace;

[0022] FIG. 6A is a plot of a field curvature with field angle, and

[0023] FIG. 6B is a plot of percentage distortion with field angle;

[0024] FIG. 7 is a plot of illumination uniformity as a function of field angle at the detector of the present invention;

[0025] FIG. 8 is a plot showing contrast reduction with depth of focus for various field angles;

[0026] FIG. 9 is a plot showing contrast for all spatial frequencies at a distance of 5.5″ from the optical scanning head of the present invention;

[0027] FIG. 10 is a plot showing resolution at various field angles at a given distance from the optical scanning head of the present invention;

[0028] FIG. 11 is a plot of resolution at given distances from the optical scanning head of the present invention;

[0029] FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an application of the present invention, in which either embodiment of the optical scanning head of the present invention can be used to verify and compare two-dimensional images;

[0030] FIGS. 13A-13C are diagrammatic views of a spatial filter having slit, cross-slit, and a circular apertures, respectively.

[0031] FIG. 14 is a block diagram of peripheral units that can be used in the present invention;

[0032] FIG. 15 is a diagrammatic view of a second embodiment of the optical scanning device of the present invention, showing the LEDs used for framing the image to be read, the cylindrical lenses, the optical module, and the CMOS detector; and

[0033] FIG. 16 is a block diagram of the operational sequence of the optical scanning head according to the present invention.

[0034] An exemplary embodiment of the system and method of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1 and is designated generally by reference numeral 100. As embodied and shown in FIG. 1, the optical scanning device 100, which has a front 116 and a back 118, includes a sensor 102, a compressor 104, and a decoder 106, all of which are used in reading a two-dimensional image 108. The system further includes a processor 110 for comparing image data representative the two-dimensional image 108 to stored data representative of a known image 112 to determine if the image data matches the stored data. The known image 112 may be read by a scanner 114. The two-dimensional image 108 can be any one of a variety of images, including fingerprints, signatures, photographs, and one- or two-dimensional barcode symbols. The present invention will be described in detail below.

[0035] A first embodiment of the optical scanning device 100 of the present invention, particularly the sensor 102, is illustrated in detail in FIG. 2. The sensor 102 may be formed on a printed circuit board (“PCB”) 201. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the sensor 102 includes an LED array 202 (made up of LEDs 202′ and 202″), a window 204, and a detector 206. The LED array 202 is used to project emitted light towards the two-dimensional image 108. While more LEDs may be used, the preferred embodiment of the LED array 202 includes only two LEDs. The LEDs may be configured in a “V”-shaped, “U”-shaped, or linear pattern in an-orientation that results in projection of a light ray by one LED in a direction or angle distinct from any other LED in the LED array 202 and at a non-zero angle with respect to perpendicular to the front edge of the PCB. The line of reference for describing the orientation angles of the LEDs is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 perpendicular to the front 116 of the sensor 102. This facilitates detection of two-dimensional images that are wider than the window 204 itself. The details and operation of the LED array 202 are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,977, invented by the inventor of the present invention, which patent is herein incorporated by reference.

[0036] An optical module 208 is disposed behind the window 204. The optical module 208 has a light shield (dark room 210), in which is contained a lens assembly 212 that filters and focuses light reflected from the two-dimensional image 108 (in FIG. 3) onto the detector 206. (The lens assembly in FIG. 2 is shown with dashed lines to identify its location within the dark room, while the top portions of the dark room above the LEDs are not shown.) An exemplary lens assembly 212 is illustrated in FIG. 5, which is described in detail below. Referring again to FIG. 2, a signal generated by activation of the detector 206 by the reflected light is conveyed to a signal converter 214, which may comprise an analog filter and an analog-to-digital converter. The signal converter 214 may be coupled to the decoder 106, which is described in detail below. The signal converter 214 may also be coupled to a D.C. power source or battery 244, which provides electrical power to the detector 206 and LEDs 202′ and 202″. The power source 244 is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,977, incorporated herein by reference. Forward of the LEDs, either attached to the PCB 201 or mounted within a housing containing the PCB 201, is the window 204. The window 204 is light transmissive and provides filtering, focusing and positioning of the light path of the illuminating beam incident upon the two-dimensional image 108 to be read. The reflected light carrying the intensity modulated two-dimensional image signal is directed back to the lens assembly 212 and thereby to the detector 206.

[0037] Other alternate configurations for arrangement of the LEDs can be a “U”-shape or generally straight line across the front of the board, as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,977, incorporated above by reference. For two-dimensional barcode and image scanning, the variations can include two linear rows of LEDs, parallel to the front of the PCB 201, or two linear rows of LEDs perpendicular to the front of the PCB 201. These are both illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,977. Combinations of parallel and perpendicular rows may also be used. A multi-tiered arrangement can be used for positioning the LEDs, with, for example, one row above the other, or with two vertical rows extending upward from PCB 201, or any combination thereof. Other configurations and combinations are illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,977.

[0038] The LEDs for one- and two-dimensional scanners may be selected so that they emit light at the wavelength of approximately 660 nm, red light within the visible spectrum. This wavelength provides optimal contrast for barcode scanning applications in which dark and light bars must be distinguished. (For three-dimensional bar codes, two or more distinct wavelengths of light are selected, one of which may be 660 nm.) Infrared light also provides enhanced contrast, so that LEDs emitting light outside of the visible spectrum may be used. LEDs of differing colors may also be used. The optimum scanning wavelength is determined by measuring several color and black and white codes of various types using a photometer. The incoherent light produced by the LEDs may be replaced by coherent light from laser diodes, helium-neon lasers or other coherent light sources, as long as the appropriate mechanical means, such as a rotating reflective surface, are provided to spread or scan the spot to generate the light. Alternative light sources are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,977.

[0039] A sample test for two-dimensional image and barcode contrast measurement involves placing the targets in uniform illumination (from a standard white light source) and measuring the photopic reflectance with the meter. The following references were measured:

[0040] Another consideration in selection of LEDs is based upon the detectors 206 to be used. The selection of the operational wavelength of an LED with a particular type of a CMOS or CCD detector 206 is determined by two parameters: (1) the spectral responsivity of the CMOS or CCD detector 206 in volts/lumen (V/L) or volts/watt (V/W), and (2) the total luminous flux output F in lumens (L) of the LED. The evaluation to determine the relative figure of merit between any combination of LEDs and CCDs is given by the following equation:

[0041] V_out=∫V(λ)F(λ)d(λ),  (1)

[0042] where V(λ) is the CCD spectral sensitivity in volts/lumen/micron, and F(λ) is the flux output in lumens/micron of the LED. The normalized relative spectral sensitivity is given in FIGS. 4-3 of the Sony data sheet for the ILX503. The flux output F is given by the maximum luminous intensity I_v(lumens/steradian) times a constant determined by the radiation pattern of the LED. The constant is the integration of the relative luminous intensity as a function of angular displacement. This constant of integration is provided in the Hewlett-Packard data book (in FIGS. 7 and 8 thereof and is labeled as φ_v(θ)/I_v(0).

[0043] The following LEDs were evaluated to determine the highest relative output voltage:

[0044] (*Because the CCD is optically filtered, the expression for V_outcan be approximated by a delta function.) For the purposes of the present invention, the HLMP-8104 was found to be the most efficient for CCD applications, offering 1.5 times the output of the next lower LED at 650 nm.

[0045] With reference to FIG. 5, a spatial filter or aperture 512 may be included within the optical module 208, disposed adjacent to or even integral with the lens assembly 212. FIGS. 13A-13C illustrate various embodiments of the spatial filter 512. As shown in FIG. 13A, the spatial filter 512 may be an air slit 1322 with an orientation and configuration corresponding to the shape of the image or barcode being scanned, or can be a circular aperture 1326″ as illustrated in FIG. 13C. For a one-dimensional barcode, the single slit 1322, as illustrated in FIG. 13A, is used. The slit 1322 is oriented vertically so that it is perpendicular to the direction in which the barcode is scanned. For two-dimensional barcodes and other images, the spatial filter 512′ may have a crossed slit pattern 1322, as shown in FIG. 13B. The horizontal and vertical slits of the crossed slit pattern 1322 may each have the same dimensions as the single slit 1602, or the dimensions of the vertical and horizontal slits may differ from each other. Alternately for the two-dimensional and for a three-dimensional scanner, a single circular aperture 1326 for the spatial filter 512″ may be used.

[0046] Referring now to FIG. 5, the light absorber/diffuser 516 is in the form of a funnel having an aperture with its wider end facing towards the detector end of the lens assembly 212. The funnel absorbs extraneous scattered and diffracted light which is not part of the signal.

[0047] The bandpass filter 510 serves to block any radiation which falls outside of a wavelength range centered around 660 nm (or wavelengths surrounding infrared light for the infrared scanner). For a system operating within the visible light spectrum, it is particularly desirable to filter the infrared and other visible portions of the light spectrum that may reach the window 204 from the sensing region to provide optimal contrast. This improves resolution of images read at a distances other than the best focus object distance of 5.5 inches. In the preferred embodiment, the filter specifications call for a center wavelength of 655 nm±6 nm, half bandwidth points (HBWP) of 50 nm±5 nm, average transmittance (HBWP)>70%, leakage of less than 2% below 600 nm and above 700 nm, and coverage to 1 mm from all edges. The substrate material can include BK7, fused silica, quartz or Corning 7059.

[0048] The window 204 comprises a bandpass filter centered at approximately 660 nm (for the visible light scanner) and a light homogenizer/diffuser. The window 204 may be combined with, or separate from, a cylindrical lens 404, which focuses the light along one axis to form a plane of light, with a line of light being created at its focal point. When an image is scanned, at the precise focal point of the cylindrical lens 404, the maximum possible light will be reflected to the detector 206. The function of the window 204 is to suppress radiation noise from the LEDs, to form a homogeneous incident beam for illumination of the two-dimensional image 108, to collimate the beam, and to filter the reflected light by removing extraneous light which falls outside of the predetermined acceptable bandwidth range of 660 nm.

[0049] The cylindrical lens 404 may be modified to provide a uniform distribution of light at the focal point without requiring any diffusion by the window 204. This “homogenization” is provided by knurling or scalloping the input side 1302 of the cylindrical lens 404, as shown in FIGS. 4A and B. Each step 1304 in the knurled edge 1302 acts as a “mini-lens” that spreads the light entering the cylindrical lens 404 at that point. The spread light from each mini-lens overlaps other spread light to homogenize the light at the focal point of the cylindrical lens 404. The focal point of the cylindrical lens 404 is determined by the outer edge 1306.

[0050] Alternatively, and in the preferred embodiment, the input side 1312 of cylindrical lens 404 has a film 1314 with a holographic pattern formed on its surface, as shown in FIG. 4D. This holographic pattern diffuses the light upon entry into the lens, so the light is homogenized, as above, before being focussed.

[0051] In conjunction with the knurled input side 1304 or holographic film 1314, the output edge 1306 of the cylindrical lens 404 can be either concave or convex. The concave edge 1306 is shown in FIG. 4A, and the convex edge 1306′ is shown in FIG. 4B. The concave edge 1306 is selected for scans of two-dimensional images at distances from contact to 3 inches. The convex edge 1306′ is used for scan distances greater than 3 inches.

[0052] Another modification of the cylindrical lens 404 is illustrated in FIG. 4C. Here, the cylindrical lens 404 has a double radius, which creates, in effect, two separate cylindrical sub-lenses 1308, 1310, each with a different focal length. The light emitted by the LEDs will be focussed by both sub-lenses 1308 and 1310 so that two different lines of focussed light are created at different angles from the lens. This lens provides greater variability in the distance at which an image can be accurately read without requiring a change in the cylindrical lens 404 or compromise in the strength of the signal.

[0053] As illustrated in FIG. 3, there are two cylindrical lenses 1504′, 1504″, one disposed in front of each LED, 202′ and 202″. In this embodiment, the cylindrical lenses are oriented vertically with respect to the PCB 201. (FIG. 15 provides a good illustration of this.) The result is to form two vertical lines of light at the focal points of the cylindrical lenses which are then used to frame the image at target 108 to be scanned. The LEDs in this case are not the primary license source for illuminating the target. Instead, the use of a CMOS detector permits ambient light to be used.

[0054] In order to optimize the combination of LEDs and lenses in the first embodiment, several radiometric measurements were made on the HP-8103 5 mm LED to make observations on the coupling efficiency of this LED with several off-the-shelf lenses. The LED was biased to 20 mA and the following was recorded:

[0055] The conversion from eV to luminance is given in Table 4 for the Minolta photometer. The units are candel/m²which is equivalent to lumens/sr-m². From these measurements, it would be reasonable to assume a luminance of 10.0 cd/m²for distances of 7″ or less.

[0056] The objective of the optical system design is to achieve sufficient resolution on the object distance within the depth of field. These parameters may be obtained with a number of different lens combinations ranging from three to five or more lenses. After computer simulation of ray traces, a combination of four lenses was selected to provide the desired performance. In the preferred embodiment, the overall optical system specification calls for an object distance of 175 mm, a nominal magnification of 0.32, a nominal f/number of 26.0, effective focal length of 36.52 mm, total field of 26.5 degrees, track length of 19.49 mm, and overall length of 46.89 mm. The MTF at best focus is <0.5 at 25 lines/mm.

[0057] Referring now to FIG. 5, a preferred embodiment of the optic module 208 is shown, having four lenses 502, 504, 506, and 508 within lens assembly 212 (see FIG. 2), all of the lenses being retained within the dark room 210. The selection of the four lenses forming the lens assembly 212 depends on the desired reference plane, i.e., the desired depth of field, which is the distance between the front window or diffuser 204 and the image 108 being read. The lens assembly 212, illustrated in the ray trace in FIG. 5, comprises a bi-convex lens 502, a plano-concave lens 504, and a bi-concave lens 506 followed by a bi-convex lens 508. The lenses 502, 504, 506, 508 may be coated with an anti-reflection coating and/or a pass band coating to minimize reflectance at the interfaces between the adjacent lenses and at the ends of the lens assembly 212.

[0058] Table 5 lists the individual specifications that were identified for each lens in the preferred embodiment.

[0059] All lenses are made from BSC7 with a refractive index of 1.514 at 660 nm, have an aperture stop diameter of 1±1 mm with a tolerance of ±0.05 mm and have a single layer anti-reflective coating at 660 nm. The values will vary if different combinations of lenses and/or material are to be used, and the above specifications are provided as an example of one way of achieving the desired optical performance. Selection of appropriate lens combinations is within the level of skill in the art so long as the guidelines provided herein are followed. The following descriptions of the plots provided in the drawings are intended to emphasize the numerous considerations in selecting the appropriate optical system.

[0060] FIGS. 6 through 11 provide plots that assist in the selection of appropriate lens combinations. FIG. 6A, a plot of field curvature/distortion, illustrates the position away from the plane of the CCD of best focus for all field angles expressed as distance in millimeters. For example, for a field angle of ±13° off-axis, the position of best focus is 2.00 mm behind the detector 206. For all other angles, the plane of best focus corresponds very closely to the detector 206 location.

[0061] FIG. 6B plots percentage compression or expansion with field angle and provides the amount of compression or expansion of a bar width at the image plane in comparison with the true bar width expressed as a percentage. For example, if the true bar width on-axis is 6 mils wide, then at 11° off-axis, the bar width is 1.5% greater than 6 mil.

[0062] Illumination uniformity as a function of field angle is charted in FIG. 7. The field angle values given in the plot are positive or negative angles with respect to “on-axis”, so that the total field of view would be twice that value plotted, e.g., for 15°, the total field of view is 30°. The loss of illumination at increased field angle is due to aperture blockage or lens constraints.

[0063] FIG. 8 is a plot of the diffraction through focus modulation transfer function (MTF). Five separate lines are drawn to indicate variation with field angle. Curve A shows the contrast reduction as the object is held at best focus while the image plane is moved in and out of focus for a field angle of 0°. (The x-axis of the plot is focus shift in millimeters.) For example, for a 30 line/mm resolution image target, the contrast goes to zero when the image plane is moved in or out by more than 2.00 mm. Curves B and C are for a field angle of ±7.5° off-axis. Curve B is for sagittal rays and curve C is for tangential rays. Tangential rays only are images for the one-dimensional scanner, while two-dimensional scanner images use tangential and sagittal rays. Curves D and E are similar to curves B and C, respectively, but are for a field angle of ±15° off-axis.

[0064] FIG. 9 is a plot of diffraction square wave MTF with spatial frequency of the symbols (bar codes, etc.) to be read. Curve A provides the contrast of the optical system for all spatial frequencies at a distance of 5.5″ for objects on-axis (0°). The plot is the same for tangential and sagittal rays for the on-axis case only for rotationally symmetric systems. Curve B is for a field angle of ±7.5° and curve C is for a field angle of ±15°.

[0065] FIG. 10 is a plot of diffraction square wave MTF with spatial frequency of the image being read. Curve A is resolution with the scanner 20″ from the symbol, on-axis (0°). Curves B, C and D are for on-axis, ±7.5° and ±15°, respectively at a distance of 16 inches from the image. Curves E, F and G are for on-axis (0°), ±7.5° and ±15°, respectively at a distance of 0.5″ from the image being read. FIG. 11 is a plot of resolution on-axis at 8.5″ and 2″, respectively, from the image.

[0066] Referring again to FIG. 5, lens assembly 212 includes a light absorber/diffuser 516. The light absorber/diffuser 516 is in the form of a funnel having an aperture with its wider end facing towards the detector end of the lens assembly 212. The funnel absorbs extraneous scattered and diffracted light which is not part of the signal.

[0067] A bandpass filter 510 is provided in the lens assembly 212 that serves to block any radiation falling outside a wavelength range centered around 660 nm (or wavelengths surrounding infrared light for the infrared scanner). For the visible light system, it is particularly desirable to filter the infrared and other visible portions of the light spectrum which may reach the window from the sensing region to provide optimal contrast. This improves resolution of images read at a distances other than the best focus object distance of 5.5 inches. In the preferred embodiment, the filter specifications call for a center wavelength of 655 nm±6 nm, half bandwidth points (HBWP) of 50 nm±5 nm, average transmittance (HBWP) >70%, leakage of less than 2% below 600 nm and above 700 nm, and coverage to 1 mm from all edges. The substrate material can include BK7, fused silica, quartz or Corning 7059.

[0068] A first embodiment of the detector 206 of the present invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,977, incorporated herein by reference. That first embodiment comprises a CCD detector having an array of charged coupled devices (CCDs) arranged in equally spaced pixels. The CCD detector may include additional processing elements, as described in the above patent. The arrangement of the CCD array depends on the application, for example, two-dimensional scanning versus one-dimensional scanning. Such CCD detectors are well-known in the art.

[0069] Selection of the CCD array depends on a variety of parameters. First, to obtain optimum performance, a calibration of the dark levels and shading correction must be made. Second, a shading correction frame, or flat field, is required to make correction for variations in system responsivity. These parameters are both described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,977.

[0070] The third parameter influencing selection of the CCD array is the signal-to-noise ratio of a given device. In the preferred embodiment, a Sony ILX505 is used. The system parameters using the ILX505 are:

[0071] CCD sensitivity S: 21 V/Ix-s at 3200 K light source;

[0072] CCD relative spectral response: 1.0 at 475 nm, 0.65 at 650 nm;

[0073] Read out rate t: 36 frames/sec or integration time of 27.7 msec;

[0074] Dark voltage: 0.3 mV;

[0075] LED area A_LED: 2×10⁻⁵m²;

[0076] LED intensity I: 4000 mcd at 650 nm;

[0077] LED solid angle illumination ω: 8.0 deg or 0.015 steradians;

[0078] Diffuser transmittance T_D: 0.9

[0079] Diffuser area A_D: 1.5×10⁻⁴m²;

[0080] Bar code reflectance R_B: 0.50;

[0081] Total Optical System Transmission (at 650 nm) T_O=0.70;

[0082] Optical system f/number: 22.0.

[0083] The applicable conversions are:

[0084] The CCD sensitivity at 650 nm is 21 V/Ix-s×0.65=13.65

[0085] V/Im/m²/s; the total intensity I of the LEDs is 8.0 lumens/sr for two LEDs only.

[0086] The total brightness onto the diffuser is:

[0087] B=(I Ω/π A_LED)=(8.0)(0.015)/π(2×10⁻⁵)=1,905 lumens/m²-sr.  (3)

[0088] The total lumination onto the bar code is given by:

[0089] L=T_DB A_D/R²,=(0.9)(1905)(1.5×10⁻⁴)/(0.177)²=8.21 lumens/m²-sr,  (4)

[0090] where R is the distance from the diffuser to the bar code. The luminance L, therefore, is about 8.2 lumens/m²-sr at a distance of 7 inches away.

[0091] When the optical system images the bar code onto the CCD, the final illuminance is given by: $\begin{array}{cc}{E}_{\mathrm{CCD}}=\frac{\pi {\mathrm{LT}}_o}{4{\left(f\text{/}\mathrm{no}.\right)}^2{\left(1+m\right)}^2},& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

[0092] where m is the system magnification. The illumination at the CCD is about 6.0E-3 lumens/m²for a magnification of 0.3.

[0093] The CCD converts the illumination into a voltage signal given by the following equation:

[0094] V_out=E_CCDS t,  (6)

[0095] where S is the sensitivity and t is the integration time. The result above indicates a signal of about 2.0 mV and, therefore, a SNR of 6.67 for a readout rate of 36 frames (scans) per second.

[0096] The end-to-end simulation of an imaging CCD array reading a high spatial resolution target can be simulated by treating the individual system components as a Fourier transform operator on the input optical signal. The four main components are the input image or barcode, the optical lens, the readout decoder electronics, and the CCO array. Because operations occur in the spatial domain, the overall system transfer function is the product of the individual components. The function is expressed mathematically as:

[0097] O(f)=I(f)L(f)R(f)CCD(f),  (7)

[0098] where O(f) is the output signal in spatial domain for a degraded target; I(f) is the input target spatial frequency dependent on the smallest image; L(f) is the lens spatial resolution or MTF; R(f) is the readout electronics or transfer MTF; and CCD(f) is the CCD spatial frequency or CCD MTF.

[0099] From the geometry of the CCD array, $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{MTF}=\sin c\left[\frac{f\pi x}{f_{\max }p}\right]& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

[0100] where:

[0101] p=cell periodicity

[0102] x=cell dimension in the x-direction

[0103] f_max=1/p when p=x.

[0104] From detection theory, the output signal in spatial frequency must have a value of 0.1 for useful discrimination, i.e., O(f)=0.1. Therefore, if I(f)=0.55 (the contrast of the dark to light bars at 0.660 μm), R(f)=0.95 and CCD(f)=0.95 then L(f) must be>0.20 for all positions of the image object position.

[0105] The above includes all system components that can degrade the resolution of a perfect image or barcode. A term is added to include the magnification effect that occurs for a finite object as its distance to the first lens surface is varied. The limiting discernable image element or bar size is equal to its object size times the optical system magnification. For example, for a 0.006 inch (0.150 mm) object element or bar and a system magnification of 0.5, the image element or bar size is 0.075 mm. This is the same as 26.66 I/mm. Therefore, the lens must have the response L(26.66)=0.2, which can be expressed mathematically as:

[0106] L(2/obj×mag)>0.2  (9)

[0107] where obj is the x-dimension of the smallest image element or bar to be read; and “mag” is the magnification for the optical system.

[0108] The image of a point formed on an x,y plane can be calculated as a modulation transfer function in spatial frequency. If P(x,y) is, by definition, the point spread function, that is the distribution of points of ray intercepts at the image plane, then the line spread function is the integral of the point spread function in one direction. Therefore,

[0109] L(x)=∫P(x,y)dy.  (10)

[0110] The modulation transfer function (MTF) which determines the spatial resolution in one direction is given by:

[0111] MTF(f)=[A_c²(f)+A_s²(f)]^½  (11)

[0112] where, $\begin{array}{cc}{A}_c\left(f\right)=\frac{\int L\left(x\right)\cos \left(2\pi \mathrm{fx}\right)dx}{\int L\left(x\right)dx}& \left(12\right)\\ A_s\left(f\right)=\frac{\int L\left(x\right)\sin \left(2\pi \mathrm{fx}\right)dx}{\int L\left(x\right)dx}.& \left(13\right)\end{array}$

[0113] If the origin of the x,y coordinates is placed at the centroid of P(x,y), then the function A_s(f)→0 The expression for MTF can be approximated by: $\begin{array}{cc}{A}_c\left(f\right)=1-2{\pi }^2{f}^2\left[\frac{\int L\left(x\right)x^{2}dx}{\int L\left(x\right)dx}\right]& \left(14\right)\end{array}$

[0114] or A_c(f)=1−2π²f²B_x², where B_x²is the rms blur of L(x). The relation between the point spread function P(x,y) and the rms blur of the image point is given by:

[0115] B=(B_x²+B_y²)^½.  (15)

[0116] The range over which an imaging reader can function is dependent upon four variables, which are: 1) input spatial frequency of the image being read, 2) resolution of the optical lens, 3) resolution of the CCD, and 4) contrast of the image being read. With the assumption that high quality images will be read, the contrast can be considered to be 1.0 over all spatial frequencies. (For poor quality images, the contrast can drop to a value of 0.5 over all spatial frequencies.) The CCD with an 11 micron pixel pitch and spacing has an MTF of approximately 1.0 over the spatial frequencies that correspond to commonly used barcodes and images. (For a CCD with an 8 micron pitch and spacing, the MTF would be slightly higher but almost the same, because images are being read with a spatial frequency of less than 20 line pairs per millimeter.) The two variables left as a function of each other are the image spatial frequency at the image plane and the degraded resolution of the lens as a function of object position. Because we are concerned with imaging objects over finite extents, we must compute the magnification (or reduction) at the image plane over the expected object distances.

[0117] The magnification of a lens system having a focal length of f=35 mm and with a nominal 30 degree total field of view used with a 28.5 mm CCD was computed from exact ray tracing over a range of object distances corresponding to 0.5 inches to approximately 20 inches from the front surface of the scanner. The magnification is selected so that, for a given distance, the complete area of the CCD array is filled up with the image. This efficient use of the detector allows the maximum possible depth of field. These magnifications are listed in Table 6. The resulting spatial frequency in lines per millimeter is given by:

[0118] F_s=1/(magnification)(bar width).  (16)

[0119] This, in effect, determines the minimum spatial resolution that must be decoded. For example, for a 13 mil (0.013″) barcode at a distance of 4 inches from the scanner head, the optical resolution must be greater than 1/(0.38)(0.33 mm), or, 8 line pairs/mm. See FIG. 9 which shows that at 8 line pairs/mm, the contrast for a square wave (barcode) input of 0.91 meets the criteria of having a contrast greater than zero.

[0120] The resolution of the optical system for any object distance is determined from a square wave modulation transfer function calculation. This is the Fourier transform of the image spot size for a square wave input (i.e., bar target or bar code), which yields the spatial frequency of the spot size in lines/mm. This degraded resolution (for an object not at best focus) must be greater than the minimum required resolution. For example, a maximum resolution in excess of 20 lines/mm for an object distance of 4 inches is shown in FIG. 9. This would mean that all images and barcodes are capable of being decoded at this object distance, since the highest minimum resolution required is 17.5 lines/mm (for a 6 mil barcode). Table 6 shows that the maximum number of the highest resolution necessary to decode an image or barcode of 6 mil or lower density should be 17.5 line pairs at 4 inches. FIG. 9 is the imaging diffraction square wave MTF at 5.5 inches from the scanning head, which shows the spatial resolution for all frequencies (or bar densities) at 4 inches for a 20 line pair/mm code is 0.78, which is greater than zero and can thus be decoded at 4 inches. As another example, at 2 inches away, the maximum resolution is zero at approximately 5.5 lines/mm. Point B on Table 6 shows all barcodes can be decoded except the 6 mil barcode because it has a minimum necessary resolution of 11.3 line pairs/mm, whereas all other barcodes have a minimum necessary resolution less than 5.5.

[0121] By utilizing the information provided in Table 6 and in FIGS. 6-11, it is possible to determine the criteria for acceptable resolution of any given barcode or image at distances of up to 20 inches and field angles up to ±15° (total field of 30°), thus allowing the scanner to be set up with fixed focus optics which do not require adjustment for different scans. This wide field of view also allows barcodes and images to be read at a range of pitch and skew angles without requiring perfect alignment of the scanner with the surface on which the image or barcode is affixed.

[0122] A second embodiment of the detector 206 comprises a CMOS detector, as is well-known in the art. For example, a CMOS detector is disclosed in an article by Oliver Vellacott, IEEE REVIEW, May 1994, at 111. The CMOS detector disclosed therein includes a plurality of MOS transistors, each of which represents a pixel. The source region of each MOS transistor is exposed to form an array of photodiodes for sensing incident light and converting it into a current or electrical signal. The electrical signal gradually discharges the gate capacitance of the MOS transistor, and the pixel is then read by opening the gate, thus connecting the photodiode to the MOS transistor drain.

[0123] As embodied herein, the CMOS detector 206 comprises a CMOS-VLSI unit for detecting and storing images and having an array of 312 by 287 or more pixels. Detectors with 512 by 512 pixels are anticipated. The pixel size is 19.6 by 16.0 microns, and the detector has exact 1:1 pixel correspondence between the physical silicon photodiodes and the pixel byte in storage. The unit has automatic exposure, with an exposure range of 40,000:1, a maximum exposure time of 20 milliseconds, and a minimum exposure time of 500 nanoseconds. The detector unit is omnidirectional, with 25% absolute dark/light reflectance minimum measured at 660 nanometers. At 18 inches from the optical scanning device 100, the size of the scan pattern is 8.5 inches by 8.5 inches. A minimum scan size is ¼″ by ¼″. The CMOS unit has 128 K of flash random access memory (RAM), with an additional 128 K of flash RAM optional, as well as 128 K of volatile “image storage” RAM, with an additional 64 K of volatile RAM available. Framing of the scanning pattern to facilitate detection of the scan frame is accomplished via holographic diffusers generating two parallel lines indicating the field of view and the central x-axis of the detector 206.

[0124] The CMOS detector 206 may be equipped with automatic calibration functions, including automatic exposure control (AEC), automatic gain control (AGC) (box 54′ in FIG. 16), and automatic black level calibration (box 55 in FIG. 16). Those functions are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,977, incorporated herein by reference. For one-dimensional operation (following the first path in FIG. 16), the signal provided by the CCD array will be amplified then processed through a low pass two pole filter and a high pass five pole filter (shown combined as filter 52) which will extract the useful signal any noise generated either by the incoming light or by the CCD array itself. An optional automatic gain control (AGC) 54 will adjust the level of the signal to a pre-determined level. The level of the signal entering the AGC is a function of the distance at which the bar code is scanned. The greater the distance that the scanner is held above the scanned code, the weaker the signal will be. A filtered signal will then provide a voltage to a circuit which determines the real time center point (“zero crossing”) reference level to a comparator which will convert the analog video output signal to a digital signal representing the bar code. The use of an automatic comparator control (ACC) 56 will avoid noise generated by hysteresis and will avoid missing the white guard and the first commutation which represents the first bar in the video signal. The signal is then converted from analog to digital by A/D converter 58 and sent to decoder 26. (Decoder 26 is shown as “optional” because it can be combined with, or external to, the optical scanning head.)

[0125] In the two-dimensional scanner, the output of the CCD component is directed through signal converter 22′. Here, the signal is amplified and filtered, as in the one-dimensional path, by filter 52′. Filter 52′ may be a fixed or programmable multi-pole active amplifier filter. When a bar code is scanned, the waveform produced has a rounded form with a continuously varying component due to the crisp alternating black and white bars, with the amplitude being an indication of the pulse width. In order to magnify the amplitude according to the width of the bars and spaces, filter 52′, which is a bandpass filter (active), will magnify the low amplitude portion of the signal and will maintain the high amplitude portion at the same level. This filtering may be achieved by a fixed filter, an automatic filter, or by a programmable, menu driven function. In the two-dimensional bar code reader, a memory buffer 88 will store the two-dimensional image prior to decoding by decoder module 26.

[0126] Gain control 54′, which may be automatic, edge detection or highly adaptive thresholding (described below) is provided to adjust the magnitude of the received signal to a pre-determined level, regardless of the distance between the bar code and the scanner and the ambient illumination. (These techniques may also be used in the one-dimensional scanner.) Dark reference 55 provides the means by which the calibration can be made to correct for variations in system responsivity. Comparator and threshold control 56′ may include highly adaptive thresholding to recover the accurate form of the bar code signal with elimination of the convolution distortion.

[0127] Convolution distortion refers to the averaging of the signal due to the finite size of the CCD's resolution and the delays in the electronic circuits. The distortion results in a rounding of the slope of the signal, causing significant error. The adaptive thresholding method consists of following the slope of the signal and switching the digital output level of the final shape of the comparator into the one level on the rising slope of the analog signal and into the zero level on the descending slope of the analog signal, using the zero crossing of the analog signal (average value) as the reference level.

[0128] A video signal processing module, as is known in the art, may also be used to process the analog signal to provide a digital output data stream and/or to decode and provide a signal representing the decoded information within a two-dimensional bar code. For AEC, the CMOS detector 206 automatically controls its exposure over a range of 40,000:1. This is the main mechanism for adjusting sensitivity to track varying picture conditions. Control is achieved by varying the integration time prior to reading each row of pixels. This integration time can be as long as one field, or as short as three cycles of the pixel clock. If necessary, the exposure time can be varied (for example, in steps of 6.26%) in the appropriate direction until the correct exposure for the scene is obtained. The exposure time for each row is preferably the same, but as exposure immediately precedes readout, the onset of exposure is different for each row. Thus, as those skilled in the art will appreciate, the overall effect of short exposure times is similar to the operation of a focal-plane shutter.

[0129] The CMOS detector 206 automatically calibrates video black level every field, using extra pixel rows that are shielded from incident light. Black level calibration can be inhibited, in which case an internal bias voltage sets a nominal black level. This bias voltage can be overridden externally on a pin on the optical scanner 100 for fine adjustment. Automatic black-level calibration is effectively and offset control on the video output amplifier.

[0130] The output gain of the CMOS detector 206 may be controlled digitally via a 7 to 8-bit binary integer, which effectively forms a divisor in the range of 1 to 127 to 256. The top three bits are available to the user of the optical scanner 100. The top bit (bit 7) is preferably pulled low. The next two bits (i.e., bits 5 and 6), when left unconnected, default to values that optimize the gain setting for normal operation of the optical scanner 100. By driving selected bits, the user may customize the default gain setting, or “gain base.”

[0131] AGC 54′ in FIG. 16 operates in the region above the gain base. If AGC is a low voltage, the CMOS detector 206 automatically increases the gain of its output stage when exposure is maximum and the picture is still too dark. For example, a threshold gain level can be provided for the electrical image signal obtained from the CMOS detector 206. If the actual electrical image signal detected by the CMOS detector 206 falls below this threshold value, the electrical image signal can be amplified to increase it above the threshold value. Otherwise, gain is maintained at its calibrated base value, set by bits 5 and 6, as described immediately above. The control range for AGC is greater than +10 dB over the minimum gain base.

[0132] The compressor 104 of the present invention may use a conventional data compression algorithm to compress the electrical image signal generated by the detector 206. For example, one such algorithm is disclosed in Tom Hopper, “Wavelet Applications,” SPIE Proceedings 2242, at 180-85 (Harold H. Szu, ed. 1994). As those skilled in the art will understand, other algorithms may be used. The compressor 104 may comprise a processing circuit having the algorithm implemented in circuitry, software, or a combination of the two.

[0133] The optical scanner 100 of the present invention also includes the decoder 106. The decoder 106 may be either inside or outside of the scanning head housing and will process the digitized signal generated in the scanning head and compressed by the compressor 104 to calculate the desired image data representative of the scanned two-dimensional image 108. The decoder 106 is used to decode a multiple-digit representation of the two-dimensional images, such as Maxi-Code, DATA MATRIX, Code One, and Code 16K, as well as linear symbologies such as UPC, EAN, JAN, Code 39, Code 2/5I, Code 2/5, Code 128, Codabar, Plessey, and other optical encoding systems. (It should be noted that, while most optical encoding techniques of this nature are generically called “barcodes”, some types of printed codes exist which may not be in the form of parallel bars. For example, a concentric target-type code is in use which involves alternating concentric rings of varying widths. The code systems that incorporate non-bar-type codes are also appropriate for measurement by the optical scanning system described herein and are considered to be included in the general category of barcodes for purposes of this description.) The decoder 106 may also be used to decode the two-dimensional image 108 and convert it into image data representative of the two-dimensional image 108. The decoder 106 is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,977, incorporated herein by reference.

[0134] Once decoded, the image data can be converted into a barcode symbol or other means for communicating information. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the image data can be output from the decoder 106 and sent to a converter 1402 where it is converted into a two-dimensional barcode symbol. The barcode symbol may then be output to a variety of peripheral units, including a printer 1404, a display device 1406, or a computer 1408. If the barcode symbol is printed, it can be affixed to a box, or card, allowing the image to be conveyed in a barcode format for identification purposes and other purposes.

[0135] The embodiment of FIG. 3 is further illustrated in FIG. 15, a cut-away view of the optical scanner 102. This second embodiment includes a pair of LEDs 1502′, 1502″, a pair of cylindrical lenses 1504′ and 1504′, an optical module 1512, a CMOS detector 1506, and, optionally, a window 204. Those elements may be attached to the PCB 201. Each LED 1502′, 1502″ is contained in a separate enclosure 1514, 1516, respectively, within dark room 210 by barriers 1515, 1517, which isolate the light emitted from each LED 1502′, 1502″ from that of the other LED and from the optical assembly 1512 and the CMOS detector 1506. At the front of each enclosure 1514, 1516, disposed forward of the LEDs 1502′, 1502″, are the cylindrical lenses 1504′, 1504″. The cylindrical lenses 1504′, 1504″ focus the light emitted from the LEDs 1502′, 1502″ into vertical planes of light 1518, 1520. The two vertical light planes 1518, 1520 (each one formed by a respective LED-cylindrical lens combination) create lines of light at target 108 which are used for framing a scanning boundary 1522 of the optical scanner 102. Thus, when reading a two-dimensional image, the optical scanner 102, via the LEDs 1502′, 1502″ and the cylindrical lenses 1504′, 1504″, generates the scanning boundary 1522, which is formed by the vertical light planes 1518, 1520, and in which the two-dimensional image must lie in order to be read by the optical scanner 102. Accordingly, the vertical light beams 1518, 1520 frame the scanning area and create a means by which the optical scanner 102 can be aimed at the target two-dimensional image.

[0136] Once the two-dimensional image is brought within the scanning boundary 1522, the CMOS detector 1506′ can be used to sense and process light reflected from the two-dimensional image. In this second embodiment, the LEDs 1502′, 1502″ and cylindrical lenses 1504′, 1504″ are used only to frame the scanning boundary 1522 and not to illuminate the two-dimensional image, unlike in the first embodiment of FIG. 2, where the LED array 202 is used to illuminate the two-dimensional image. Thus, in the second embodiment, only reflected ambient light is needed by the CMOS detector 1506 to detect the two-dimensional image. Such operation is distinct from the first embodiment, in which both ambient light and the light emitted by the LED array 202 is reflected off the two-dimensional image, permitting it to be read by the detector 206. Those skilled in the art, however, will recognize that this first embodiment may incorporate the LED array 202 of the first embodiment in addition to the framing LEDs 1502′, 1502″. In this way, the two-dimensional image would be illuminated by the LED array 202 in addition to the ambient light, which may be useful in conditions where the ambient light is minimal.

[0137] The embodiment of FIG. 15 also includes the lens assembly 1512. The lens assembly 1512 of the second embodiment is a fixed focus optical arrangement that serves to focus the ambient light reflected from the two-dimensional image and is disposed forward of the CMOS detector 1506 so that the reflected ambient light is focused onto the sensing surface of the CMOS detector 1506. Lens assembly 1512 is similar to the lens assembly 212 described in connection with the first embodiment of FIG. 5. In the second embodiment, however, the bandpass filter 510 may be omitted from the lens assembly. This is because, in the first embodiment, the illuminating LED array 202 operates at 660 nm, with the bandpass filter 510 serving to block any radiation falling outside a wavelength range centered around 660 nm. In the second embodiment, on the other hand, reflected ambient light is detected by the CMOS detector 1506, and such light is not limited a particular wavelength. Accordingly, the lens assembly 1512 need only have a selection of lenses, such as those shown in FIG. 5, although the lens assembly 1512 may include additional elements, such as the spatial filter 512 and the light absorber/diffuser 1202.

[0138] The lens assembly 1512 and CMOS detector 1506 may be isolated from the light emitted by the LEDs 1502′, 150″ by the barriers 1515, 1517. Thus, the emitted light from the LEDs 1502′, 150″ does not enter a chamber 1524 containing the lens assembly 1512 and CMOS detector 1506, preventing deleterious mixing of the ambient light reflected from the two-dimensional image with the LED emitted light. It is desirable for only the reflected ambient light to enter the chamber 1524. The window 1513 (similar to the window 204 described above) may be incorporated into the second embodiment and located forward of the lens assembly 1512. The reflected ambient light passes through the window 1513, is focussed by the lens assembly 1512, and reaches the CMOS detector 1506. Upon being sensed and processed by the CMOS detector 1506 to obtain an electrical signal representative of the two-dimensional image being read, the second embodiment of the optical scanner 102 operates like the first embodiment described in detail above.

[0139] With reference to FIG. 12, an application will be described in which the present invention may be used to verify and compare two-dimensional images. In this application, a banking institution uses the optical scanner of the present invention to identify a person using the banking facilities as an authorized customer. For example, when a person opens an account with the bank, he or she may elect to receive access to the bank's automatic teller machines (ATMs) 1602. The bank will then issue the person an ATM card 1604 for accessing ATMs 1602. It is necessary, each time the person uses an ATM 1602, to verify that the person using the ATM card 1604 is the same person that was issued the ATM card 1604.

[0140] One way to ensure that the person using the ATM card 1604 is actually the person that holds the bank account is to use fingerprint comparison between the user and the account holder. To do this, when the account holder opens the account, the bank may read his or her fingerprint using the optical scanner 100 of the present invention, store the data representative of the fingerprint, and encode the stored data into some symbolic form, such as a one- or two-dimensional barcode symbol 1606. The encoded barcode symbol 1606 can then be placed on the ATM card 1604, as shown in FIG. 12, for later use.

[0141] The coded ATM card 1604 can then be used for verification when the card user attempts to access an ATM 1602. Before being given access to the account holder's bank account, the ATM 1602 will ask the user to insert the ATM card 1604 into the ATM 1602. The user then inserts the ATM card 1604 into the ATM 1602, which is equipped with a first reader 1608 in accordance with the optical scanner 100 of the present invention, as well as an existing monitor and control system 1610. The card inserted by the user is not limited to an ATM card, but rather may be a credit card, etc. The monitoring and control system reads the account number and other pertinent information from the ATM card 1604, while the first reader 1608 captures the encoded barcode symbol 1606 from the ATM card 1604 and decodes it into the stored data representative of the fingerprint encoded in the barcode symbol 1606. This stored data is then sent through an RS232 interface 1612 to a central processor 1614. Alternatively, the conversion may take place in the central processor 1614.

[0142] The ATM 1602 then asks the card user to place his or her fingertip 1616 against a sensitive surface 1618 (the glass coating is indicated by shipping), such as coated glass, that is electronically controlled to provide the proper contrast for the two-dimensional image (e.g., the fingertip 1616). Such sensitive surfaces or coated glass 1618 are well known to those skilled in the art. A second reader 1620 (also in accordance with the optical scanner 100 of the present invention) captures the fingerprint 1622 from the fingertip 1616, compresses the captured fingerprint image, and converts it to image data representative of the fingerprint 1622. This image data is then sent over another RS232 interface 1624 to the central processor 1614.

[0143] The central processor 1614 compares the image data read by the second reader 1620 to the stored data read by the first reader 1608. If the image data matches the stored data, the central processor 1614 verifies that the user is the same person as the account holder and gives the user access to the account. If, on the other hand, the image data and stored data do not match, indicating the user and the account holder are not the same person, the user is denied access to the account.

[0144] Accordingly, the optical scanner 100 of the present invention is a valuable tool in personal identification and verification of identity for various systems, including security, immigration, health care, industrial, and others.

[0145] The optical scanner 100 can be used in a variety of applications, including reading two-dimensional images encoded on identification cards (e.g., passports, drivers licenses, ATM cards, etc.), as well as other two-dimensional images, such as fingerprints, photographs, and barcode symbols. In these applications two optical scanners 100 need not be provided; only one is necessary where the stored data is maintained in a memory 1526 that can be accessed by the processor 1514, or where the optical scanner 100 reads a first image, stores that image data, and then reads a second image. In contrast, additional optical scanners 100 can be provided where several means of identification or several images must be read.

[0146] The circuitry of the optical scanner 100 may be protected within a housing that is contoured to easily fit into a person's hand. The optical scanner 100 is gripped at a handle portion, with the window portion 204 of the optical scanner 100 aimed at the two-dimensional image to be read. A trigger may be built into the handle for easy, one-handed operation of the optical scanner 100, with the trigger being positioned at a short distance from the user's fingers so that activation is simply a matter of depressing the trigger. A dual trigger, multi-position trigger, or additional switch may be provided for selecting between one-dimensional and two-dimensional scanning, so that only as much power is used as is necessary to assure a high quality signal. The window portion 204 can be placed anywhere from 0 to 18 inches above or in front of the image to be scanned. With a scanning distance of less than seven inches, it is desirable to center the fan of light over the image. This is because different light intensities, due to the sequential limitation of the LEDs and the higher density of light at the center of the fan, may illuminate some portions of the image more brightly than others. For scans greater than 182 inches, the LEDs can be replaced with a flash lamp or a more intense light source.

[0147] The optical scanner 100 of the present invention provides a device for building a small or self-contained portable device, a portable component of a multi-component scanner, or the optical portion of a built-in scanning unit, for two-dimensional image scanning using LED and CMOS or LED and CCD technology. In either implementation, CMOS or CCD, the present invention is an economical device. But, by combining a CMOS decoder with the LED array in accordance with the present invention, the optical scanner 100 is made extremely inexpensive and cost-effective. The optical scanner 100 is capable of reading bar codes up to 18 inches away from the detector with LED illumination and even more with a flash lamp, so that it is versatile for either portable or fixed implementation. The variably pulsed activation of the LEDs and CMOS or CCD array, or the graduated illumination of the LEDs, makes the device capable of operating at low power with minimal power drain during illumination, a significant factor in portable scanners. The lens system and fan of incoherent light produced by the LED array permit the reading of wide range of images.

[0148] For point-of-sale use, or industrial applications, where the scanner is fixed and the object imprinted with the two-dimensional image is moved past it, a single scanner may be used, or a number of optical scanners 100 of the present invention can be used in combination and mounted at different angles so that, regardless of the orientation or position of the image, it can be read. For example, a crossed or starburst pattern can be made by combining two or four optical scanners 100, respectively. The signal generated by each individual optical scanner 100 will be compared with signals from the other optical scanners 100, and the signal with the least error will be used. The signals from each optical scanner 100 may also be used to double check the signals provided by other optical scanners 100.

[0149] It is important to note that certain embodiments of this invention, an optimization of useful illumination from the LEDs is accomplished by a combination of focusing and diffusing the light to shape the beam to cover the field of view of the lens system. In the case of one-dimensional barcodes, it is an uniform linewidth of an extent that matches or overlaps the length of the barcode. In the case of two-dimensional codes and images such as signatures or fingerprints, it is an uniform circle or rectangle circumscribing the extent of the code in height and width.

[0150] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the apparatus and method of the present invention without departing form the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention, provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.