Wireless identification device, RFID device, and method of manufacturing wireless identification device

[0002] This is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/942,781, filed, Oct. 2, 1997, and titled “Wireless Identification Device, RFID Device, and Method of Manufacturing Wireless Identification Device”.

[0003] This invention relates to radio frequency communication devices. More particularly, the invention relates to radio frequency identification devices for inventory control, object monitoring, determining the existence, location or movement of objects, or for remote automated payment.

[0004] As large numbers of objects are moved in inventory, product manufacturing, and merchandising operations, there is a continuous challenge to accurately monitor the location and flow of objects. Additionally, there is a continuing goal to interrogate the location of objects in an inexpensive and streamlined manner. One way of tracking objects is with an electronic identification system.

[0005] One presently available electronic identification system utilizes a magnetic coupling system. In some cases, the tag device may be provided with a unique identification code in order to distinguish between a number of different tags. Typically, the tag devices are entirely passive (have no power supply), which results in a small and portable package. However, this identification system is only capable of operation over a relatively short range, limited by the size of a magnetic field used to supply power to the tags and to communicate with the tags.

[0006] Another electronic identification system utilizes a large active transponder device affixed to an object to be monitored which receives a signal from an interrogator. The device receives the signal, then generates and transmits a responsive signal. The interrogation signal and the responsive signal are typically radio-frequency (RF) signals produced by an RF transmitter circuit. Because active devices have their own power sources, and do not need to be in close proximity to an interrogator or reader to receive power via magnetic coupling. Therefore, active transponder devices tend to be more suitable for applications requiring tracking of a tagged device that may not be in close proximity to an interrogator. For example, active transponder devices tend to be more suitable for inventory control or tracking.

[0007] Electronic identification systems can also be used for remote payment. For example, when a radio frequency identification device passes an interrogator at a toll booth, the toll booth can determine the identity of the radio frequency identification device, and thus of the owner of the device, and debit an account held by the owner for payment of toll or can receive a credit card number against which the toll can be charged. Similarly, remote payment is possible for a variety of other goods or services. An electronic identification system which can be used as a radio frequency identification device, and various applications for such devices are described in detail in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/705,043, filed Aug. 29, 1996, and incorporated herein by reference.

[0008] For active devices, battery drain is an important issue. The battery may be drained by spurious emissions of the necessary radiation to activate a radio frequency identification device. A power conservation problem is posed by such implementations where batteries are used to supply power to the circuitry of the radio frequency identification device. If the circuitry operates continuously at full power, battery life will be short, and device will have to be frequently replaced. If the battery is permanently sealed in a housing, replacement of the battery will be difficult or impossible. One reason for sealing the battery with the circuitry in a housing is to simplify the design and construction, to reduce the cost of production, and protect the electrical interconnections between devices. Another reason is protection of the battery and circuitry from moisture and contaminants. A third reason is to enhance the cosmetic appeal of the device by eliminating the need for an access port or door otherwise necessary to insert and remove the battery. When the battery is discharged, the entire device is then discarded. It is therefore desirable in such embodiments applications to employ power conservation techniques in order to extend useful life.

[0009] Additionally, for security control, a holder of an active or passive radio frequency identification device may want to prevent unwanted reading of the radio frequency identification device. One potential problem with existing radio frequency identification devices, particularly those with large communication ranges, is that the holder of the device may not have control over when the device is being interrogated. There are times when the holder would want the device to be interrogated, such as to authorize payment. On the other hand, there are other times when the holder would not want the device to be interrogated. For example, if the device is interrogated to seek payment for a particular service, another service provider who is related to or has a marketing deal with the first service provider may seek to solicit business from the holder when the holder enters the premises of the second service provider. There may be sensitive information on the device, such as health information, address information, purchase histories, credit information, that the holder would not want to have accessed without knowledge or approval.

[0010] Therefore, there is a need to provide a holder of a radio frequency identification device with the ability to control whether the device is interrogated.

[0011] The invention provides a wireless identification device including a housing, and circuitry in the housing configured to provide a signal to identify the device in response to an interrogation signal. A selectively actuated switch is supported by the housing and permits operation of the circuitry only while the switch is actuated.

[0012] In one aspect of the invention, the switch is a momentary switch.

[0013] One aspect of the invention provides a RFID device including a push button switch which allows the RFID device to become temporarily active. The user of the device has control over when the RFID device responds to an interrogator.

[0014] In one aspect of the invention, the switch is coupled to the power supply of an active RFID device, or a power supply receiver in a passive or magnetically coupled device. While the switch is pushed, the RFID device can be interrogated by a reader. In one embodiment, where the switch is coupled to the power supply, the device includes a non-volatile memory.

[0015] In one aspect of the invention, the switch sets a digital circuit flag in an active device to allow the device to operate momentarily. In another aspect of the invention, the switch sets a digital circuit flag in a passive device, when RF power is available, to allow the device to operate momentarily.

[0016] One embodiment of the invention provides a radio frequency identification device comprising an integrated circuit including a receiver, a transmitter, and a microprocessor. In one embodiment, the integrated circuit is a monolithic single die single metal layer integrated circuit including the receiver, the transmitter, and the microprocessor. The device of this embodiment includes an active transponder, instead of a transponder which relies on magnetic coupling for power, and therefore has a much greater range.

[0017] Another aspect of the invention provides a method of manufacturing a wireless identification device. Circuitry is configured to provide a signal to identify the device in response to an interrogation signal. The circuitry is coupled to a selectively actuated switch, such that the circuitry provides the signal only while the switch is actuated. The circuitry is encased in a housing such that the switch is actuable from outside the housing by touching a portion of the housing.

[0018] Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.

[0019] FIG. 1 is a high level circuit schematic showing an interrogator and a radio frequency identification device embodying the invention.

[0020] FIG. 2 is a front view of a housing, in the form of a badge or card, supporting the circuit of FIG. 1 according to one embodiment the invention.

[0021] FIG. 3 is a front view of a housing supporting the circuit of FIG. 1 according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0022] FIG. 4 is a circuit schematic of an active radio frequency identification device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

[0023] FIG. 5 is a circuit schematic of a passive radio frequency identification device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

[0024] FIG. 6 is a front elevational view, partly broken away, showing construction details of a switch included in the radio frequency identification device of FIG. 1.

[0025] FIG. 7 is a plan view showing construction details of the switch of FIG. 6.

[0026] FIG. 8 is a plan view showing construction details of the radio frequency identification device of FIG. 1 with the switch of FIG. 6 being located in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

[0027] FIG. 9 is a plan view showing construction details of the radio frequency identification device of FIG. 1 with the switch of FIG. 6 being located in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

[0028] This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (Article 1, Section 8).

[0029] FIG. 1 illustrates a radio frequency data communication device 12 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the radio frequency data communication device 12 includes RFID circuitry 16. In the illustrated embodiment, the RFID circuitry is defined by an integrated circuit as described in the above-incorporated patent application Ser. No. 08/705,043, filed Aug. 29, 1996. Other embodiments are possible. A power source 18 is connected to the integrated circuit 16 to supply power to the integrated circuit 16. In one embodiment, the power source 18 comprises a battery. In an alternative embodiment, the power source comprises a magnetic coil that receives power via magnetic coupling from an external reader as is known in the art, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,113,184 to Katayama. The device 12 further includes at least one antenna 14 connected to the circuitry 16 for radio frequency transmission and reception by the circuitry 16.

[0030] The device 12 transmits and receives radio frequency communications to and from an interrogator 26. Preferably, the interrogator unit 26 includes an antenna 28, as well as dedicated transmitting and receiving circuitry, similar to that implemented on the integrated circuit 16. Generally, the interrogator 26 transmits an interrogation signal or command 27 via the antenna 28. The device 12 receives the incoming interrogation signal via its antenna 14. Upon receiving the signal 27, the device 12 responds by generating and transmitting a responsive signal or reply 29. The responsive signal 29 typically includes information that uniquely identifies, or labels the particular device 12 that is transmitting, so as to identify any object or person with which the device 12 is associated. The device 12 includes a selectively actuated switch 30 permitting operation of the circuitry only while the switch is actuated. The switch 30 is coupled to the circuitry 16 or between the power source 18 and the circuitry 16, as will be described below in greater detail. In one embodiment, the switch 30 is a momentary, touch actuated switch. In one embodiment, the switch 30 is a pressable switch which permits the circuitry 16 to provide the signal to identify the device only while the switch 30 is pressed. More particularly, the switch 30 is a momentary, pressure sensitive switch.

[0031] In the illustrated embodiment in FIG. 1, there is no communication between devices 12. Instead, the devices 12 communicate with the interrogator 26. Multiple devices 12 can be used in the same field of an interrogator 26 (i.e., within communications range of an interrogator 26). Similarly, multiple interrogators 26 can be in proximity to one or more of the devices 12.

[0032] The radio frequency data communication device 12 can be included in any appropriate housing or packaging. Various methods of manufacturing housings are described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/800,037, filed Feb. 13, 1997, and incorporated herein by reference.

[0033] FIG. 2 shows but one embodiment in the form of a card or badge 19 including the radio frequency data communication device 12, and a housing 11 including plastic or other suitable material. In one embodiment, the front face of the badge has visual identification features such as graphics, text, information found on identification or credit cards, etc. The switch 30 is supported by the housing 11.

[0034] FIG. 3 illustrates but one alternative housing supporting the device 12. More particularly, FIG. 3 shows a miniature housing 20 encasing the device 12 to define a tag which can be supported by an object (e.g., hung from an object, affixed to an object, etc.). The switch 30 is supported by the housing 20.

[0035] Although two particular types of housings have been disclosed, the device 12 can be included in any appropriate housing.

[0036] If the power source 18 is a battery, the battery can take any suitable form. Preferably, the battery type will be selected depending on weight, size, and life requirements for a particular application. In one embodiment, the battery 18 is a thin profile button-type cell forming a small, thin energy cell more commonly utilized in watches and small electronic devices requiring a thin profile. A conventional button-type cell has a pair of electrodes, an anode formed by one face and a cathode formed by an opposite face. In an alternative embodiment, the battery 18 comprises a series connected pair of button type cells. Instead of using a battery, any suitable power source can be employed.

[0037] In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 4, the circuitry 16 includes a modulator and is configured to provide a signal responsive to an interrogation by the interrogator 26 (FIG. 1) other than by magnetic coupling. The circuitry 16 includes an active wireless transponder. In other words, the circuitry 16 includes a transponder that transmits other than via magnetic coupling and that receives its power other than via magnetic coupling. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the circuitry 16 includes power terminals 32 and 34, and the device further includes a battery 36 coupled to the circuitry 16, via the switch 30, supplying power to the circuitry 16. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the switch 30 connects the battery 36 to the circuitry 16 while the switch 30 is pressed and disconnects the battery 36 from the circuitry when the switch is not pressed. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the circuitry 16 includes non-volatile memory so that the contents of the memory are not lost when the battery 36 is disconnected from the circuitry 16 by the switch 30. The circuitry 16 further includes a transmitter and is configured to provide a responsive signal to the interrogator 26 by radio frequency. More particularly, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the circuitry 16 includes a transmitter, a receiver, and memory such as is described in above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/705,043. In another embodiment, the circuitry 16 is formed on a printed circuit board, and the switch 30 is added to the printed circuit board as a standard component (e.g., a conventional switch is employed for the switch 30). This will allow PC board RFID products to be activated as needed.

[0038] The circuitry 16 further includes antenna terminals 38 and 40 for a first antenna 41, and antenna terminals 42 and 44 for a second antenna 46. One of the antennas 41 and 46 is a send or transmit antenna, and the other of the antennas 41 and 46 is a receive antenna. In the illustrated embodiment, one of the antennas 41 and 46 is a dipole antenna, and the other of the antennas 41 and 46 is a loop antenna. In the illustrated embodiment, the dipole antenna is the send antenna, and the loop antenna is the receive antenna. In alternative embodiments, both antennas 41 and 46 are loop antennas or both antennas 41 and 46 are dipole antennas. Further, in alternative embodiments, a single antenna is used for both sending and receiving. The device of FIG. 4 further includes a decoupling capacitor 48 coupled between the terminals 32 and 34.

[0039] In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 5, the circuitry 16 is configured to provide a signal responsive to an interrogation by the interrogator 26 by magnetic coupling. The circuitry 16 includes an passive wireless transponder. In other words, the circuitry 16 includes a transponder that transmits via magnetic coupling and that receives its power via magnetic coupling. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the circuitry 16 includes power terminals 50 and 52, and the device further includes a coil 54 coupled to the circuitry 16, via the switch 30, supplying power to the circuitry 16. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the switch 30 connects the coil 54 to the circuitry 16 while the switch 30 is pressed and disconnects the coil 54 from the circuitry when the switch 30 is not pressed. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the circuitry 16 includes non-volatile memory so that the contents of the memory are not lost when the coil 54 is disconnected from the circuitry 16 by the switch 30. The circuitry 16 further includes a transmitter and is configured to provide a responsive signal to an interrogator by magnetic coupling.

[0040] The circuitry 16 further includes terminals 56 and 58 for a coil 60 which is used for communications to and from an interrogator by magnetic coupling which power is received by coil 54. In alternative embodiments, separate coils are used for sending and receiving. The device of FIG. 5 further includes a decoupling capacitor 48 coupled between the terminals 50 and 52.

[0041] A method of manufacturing a device 12 as shown in FIGS. 2-4 will now be described, reference being made to FIGS. 6-8.

[0042] The device 12 includes a housing defined in part by a substrate or layer of supportive material 62. The term “substrate” as used herein refers to any supporting or supportive structure, including, but not limited to, a supportive single layer of material or multiple layer constructions. In the illustrated embodiment, the substrate 62 comprises a polyester film. Other materials are possible. In one embodiment, the polyester film is provided in a roll, using which a number of similar or identical devices are fabricated at the same time and in an assembly line manner. In one embodiment, one or more layers of ink are printed on an inner side of the polyester film facing (after assembly) the back of the device to convey information such as logos and/or company names.

[0043] Conductive ink 64 is formed or applied over the substrate 62 and over any ink. In the illustrated embodiment, the conductive ink 64 comprises PTF (polymer or printed thick film; e.g., a polymer filled with flecks of metal such as silver or copper). One manner of forming or applying the conductive ink on the substrate is to screen print the ink on the substrate through conventional screen printing techniques. The conductive ink forms conductive traces for desired electrical connections with and between a electronic components which will be described below. In one embodiment, where the smart card is capable of radio frequency communications, the conductive ink is further used to define the antennas 41 and 46 (see FIGS. 8 and 9). In instances where substrate 62 forms a portion of a larger roll of polyester film material, the printing of conductive ink 64 can take place simultaneously for a number of the to-be-formed devices. A gap 66 is provided along a trace of the conductive ink 64 to define spaced apart ends or terminals 68 and 70 (FIGS. 6 and 7) for the switch 30. The spaced apart terminals 68 and 70 cause an open circuit unless they are electrically coupled together.

[0044] Conductive epoxy 72 is applied over desired areas (FIG. 8) using a syringe dispenser to assist in component attachment described just below. In one embodiment, solder is employed instead of conductive epoxy. Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, the battery 36 is provided and mounted on each substrate 62 using the conductive epoxy. The battery 36 is preferably a thin profile battery which includes first and second terminals. More particularly, the battery 36 has a lid or negative terminal, and a can or positive terminal. In an alternative embodiment, multiple batteries are provided (e.g., coupled together in series or parallel).

[0045] An integrated circuit defining the RFID circuitry 16 is provided and mounted on each of the substrates 62 using the conductive epoxy (e.g., picked and placed using surface mounting techniques). An exemplary and preferred integrated circuitry is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/705,043 incorporated by reference above. The capacitor 48 is similarly provided and mounted.

[0046] The device 12 includes a first or negative battery connection 74 and a second or positive battery connection 76 defined by PTF. The first battery connection is coupled to the integrated circuit by the conductive epoxy, and the second battery connection terminal is coupled to the integrated circuit by the conductive epoxy. In the illustrated embodiment, the battery 36 is placed lid down such that the conductive epoxy makes electrical contact between the negative terminal of the battery and a portion of the first battery connection 74 that extends underneath the lid of the battery in the views shown in FIGS. 8 and 9.

[0047] The battery has a perimetral edge which is disposed adjacent the second battery connection 76. Conductive epoxy is dispensed relative to battery perimetral edge and electrically connects the perimetral edge with an adjacent arcuate portion of the second battery connection 76. In the illustrated embodiment, the perimetral edge defines the can of the battery, such that the conductive epoxy connects the positive terminal of the battery to the battery connection terminal 76.

[0048] The conductive epoxy is then cured.

[0049] Subsequently, encapsulating epoxy material is provided to encapsulate the substrates, to cover the integrated circuits and batteries, and conductive traces and to define a second housing portion. After application and curing of such epoxy, the a suitable separation or singulation process takes place if multiple devices were formed simultaneously.

[0050] At any time after the conductive ink 64 is applied and before the encapsulating epoxy is provided, an insulating ring 78 is placed over a certain portion of the PTF 64. The insulating ring 78 has a periphery 80 and is positioned such that the periphery 80 circumscribes the ends 68 and 70 (see FIG. 7). A diaphragm 82 having a periphery 84 corresponding in size and shape to the periphery 80 of the insulating ring 78 is placed over the insulating ring 78 such that the insulating ring spaces the diaphragm 82 from the ends 68 and 70. The diaphragm 82 has a conductive face 86 facing the ends 68 and 70. Thus, after construction of the device 12, pushing on an area 88 of the flexible substrate 62 causes the ends 68 and 70 to move into contact with the conductive face 86 of the diaphragm 82, thus causing an electrical connection to be made between the ends 68 and 70. The diaphragm 82 does not move away from the ends 68 and 70 because the encapsulant is positioned above the diaphragm 82, and the encapsulant is substantially rigid.

[0051] FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate alternative possible locations for the gap 66 and thus for the switch 30. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the gap 66 is provided along a battery connection. Thus, unless the switch 30 is pressed and held, no power is available to the circuitry 16. The embodiment of FIG. 8 can be used where the circuitry 16 includes non-volatile memory or where no important information is lost if power is disconnected. In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the gap 66 is not provided along a battery connection. Instead, the embodiment of FIG. 9 is one to be used when the circuitry 16 does not employ non-volatile memory. In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the switch is provided between pins of the circuitry 16 used to set a digital flag described above.

[0052] In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.