Intraluminal filter

[0002] This application is a continuation-in-part of prior filed co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/494,323, filed Jan. 28, 2000, which is based upon and claims the benefit of prior filed co-pending Provisional Patent Application No. 60/158,197, filed Oct. 7, 1999.

[0003] This invention relates to a filter temporarily positionable in a lumen, for example, the lumen of an artery, for trapping and removing particles from a fluid flowing through the lumen while allowing the fluid to flow relatively unimpeded through it.

[0004] Various vascular procedures, such as the removal of a stenosis occluding an artery or the positioning of a stent graft to reinforce the weakened artery wall at an aneurysm, tend to dislodge particles or emboli from the wall of the artery. The dislodged emboli become entrained in the blood stream flowing through the lumen of the artery. If allowed to remain in the blood flow, the emboli are carried through the vascular system until they lodge in a blood vessel thereby forming a blockage or embolism. Depending upon the size and/or volume of the emboli and where in the vascular system they lodge, the consequences of an embolism can be extremely serious, resulting, for example, in the sudden cessation of blood flow to an extremity, an organ, such as a kidney, the brain or the heart.

[0005] There is clearly a need for a filter which can be temporarily positioned in the lumen of an artery downstream from the point where a medical procedure is taking place which may dislodge emboli from the artery wall. The filter should trap emboli above a predetermined size but allow the blood to flow through relatively unimpeded. The filter should be removable from the artery after the procedure is complete and no further emboli are dislodged, the filter bringing all of the trapped emboli with it out of the vascular system.

[0006] The invention concerns an intraluminal filter positionable within a lumen for separating entrained particles from a fluid flowing within the lumen. Although other applications are envisioned, the filter is particularly well suited for vascular use.

[0007] In its preferred embodiment, the intraluminal filter according to the invention comprises a plurality of filamentary members interlaced to form a basket. The basket has an upstream portion and a concave portion arranged to face the upstream portion. The upstream portion has openings sized to allow the fluid and the entrained particles to flow through and into said concave portion when the upstream portion is oriented upstream within the lumen. The concave portion comprises a filter element and has openings of predetermined size smaller than the first named openings. The openings of the concave portion are sized to capture the entrained particles while allowing the fluid to flow therethrough.

[0008] In a preferred embodiment for vascular use, the intraluminal filter also has a means for biasing the basket from a first shape state to a biased second shape state. The first shape state has a first diameter sized to allow the basket to slidingly fit within the bore of a catheter positionable within said lumen. The biased second shape state has a second diameter substantially larger than the first diameter, the biased second shape state being sized to allow the basket to sealingly interfit within the lumen.

[0009] There are various biasing means contemplated. For example, the biasing means may comprise selected ones of the filamentary members. These selected filamentary members being resilient and biased by internal elastic forces to expand the basket into the biased second shape state when the basket is released from the catheter.

[0010] In addition to or instead of the selected filamentary members, the biasing means may comprise a plurality of supplemental filamentary members. The supplemental filamentary members are elastic and oriented to compress the basket into the biased second shape state. The supplemental filamentary members are under tension when the basket is in the first shape state and compress the basket to bias it into the second shape state upon release of the basket from the catheter.

[0011] Another alternate biasing means comprises an elongated elastic member having one end attached to the upstream portion and the other end attached to the concave portion of the basket. The elastic member is under tension when the basket is in the first shape state to bias the upstream portion toward the concave portion in order to expand the basket from the first to the second shape state.

[0012] Preferably, the filamentary members are interlaced by braiding, a method of interlacing which allows the basket to readily assume the first and second shape states. It is convenient to form the basket by braiding the filamentary members into a tube having a predetermined length. The tube has oppositely arranged ends which are gathered and cinched to form the basket. Preferably, one of the ends forms the second portion of the basket which is not obstructed by the second filamentary members, thus, forming the openings at that end.

[0013] In an alternate embodiment, the filter includes a plurality of projections extending angularly outwardly from the filter. The projections are interengagable with the internal surface of the lumen and prevent downstream movement of the filter. The projections are arranged to point in the downstream direction to allow them to readily disengage from the lumen when the filter is moved in an upstream direction for retraction of the filter into the catheter.

[0014] The projections can be conveniently formed by cutting some of the selected filamentary members forming the basket at points adjacent to the concave portion of the basket. The projections adjacent to the first portion of the basket are relatively unrestrained and project angularly outwardly. The complementary end portions at the concave portion of the basket which result from the cut filamentary members are restrained by filamentary members forming the filter element and, thus, do not tend to extend outwardly from the filter. Preferably, the cut filamentary members forming the projections are present in a one to one ratio with the uncut filamentary members forming the basket.

[0015] It is advantageous to attach a flexible tether to the unobstructed end of the basket. The tether has a predetermined length and is extendable through the catheter for allowing the intraluminal filter to be manually withdrawn from the lumen into a catheter bore, for example, after completion of a surgical procedure when the filter is no longer required. The filter, along with the captured emboli, are then removed from the lumen when the catheter is removed.

[0016] A preferred method of forming an intraluminal filter according to the invention comprises the steps of:

[0017] (a) braiding a plurality of flexible, resilient filamentary members into a relatively open mesh forming an elastically deformable tube, the filamentary members providing a radial bias to the tube, urging the tube to assume a predetermined length and diameter;

[0018] (b) interbraiding a multiplicity of yarns with the first filamentary members to form, with the filamentary members, a surface having a predetermined porosity, the surface comprising the filter element or means;

[0019] (c) gathering each end of the tube and cinching each end together to form an elastically deformable basket;

[0020] (d) removing the yarns from a portion of the basket at one end of the tube, thereby forming openings at the one end which allow the fluid and particles to flow into the filter; and

[0021] (e) attaching the yarns to the first filamentary members adjacent to the unobstructed portion of the basket.

[0022] Although the steps of removing and attaching the yarns can be accomplished in any of several ways, it is preferred to use a laser to ablate the multifilament yarns from the portion of the basket which is to be unobstructed and use the same laser to heat seal the yarns to the filamentary members adjacent to the unobstructed portion of the basket. The laser allows for pinpoint accuracy in targeting the yarns to be removed and heat sealed.

[0023] It is an object of the invention to provide a filter positionable within the lumen of an artery.

[0024] It is another object of the invention to provide a filter having a filter element of braided filamentary members to capture emboli above a certain size entrained with the blood in the artery.

[0025] It is yet another object of the invention to provide a filter which is elastically collapsible into a first shape state having a diameter sized to permit the filter to slidingly interfit within a catheter bore for positioning the filter within the artery lumen.

[0026] It is still another object of the invention to provide a filter which is self-expanding into a second shape state having a second diameter substantially larger than the diameter of the first shape state, the second diameter being sized to allow the filter to sealingly interfit within the artery lumen.

[0027] It is again another object of the invention to provide a filter which is collapsible from the second shape state to the first shape state by withdrawing the filter into the catheter bore for removing the filter from the artery lumen.

[0028] These and other objects will become apparent from a consideration of the following drawings and detailed description of the invention.

[0029] FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an intraluminal filter according to the invention positioned in an artery;

[0030] FIGS. 2a-2fare partial cross-sectional views depicting a sequence of steps for deploying and recovering an intraluminal filter to and from an artery as seen in FIG. 1;

[0031] FIG. 3 shows a partial cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of an intraluminal filter as shown in FIG. 1;

[0032] FIG. 4 shows a side view of an alternate embodiment of an intraluminal filter according to the invention;

[0033] FIG. 5 shows a side view of another alternate embodiment of an intraluminal filter according to the invention;

[0034] FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of an intraluminal filter according to the invention;

[0035] FIG. 7 shows a side view of another alternate embodiment of an intraluminal filter according to the invention; and

[0036] FIG. 8 shows a flow chart describing a method of making an intraluminal filter according to the invention.

[0037] The intraluminal filter for vascular use preferably comprises a flexible, resilient structure adapted to assume at least two different shape states, the first shape state being adapted to interfit slidably within the lumen of an insertion catheter, the second shape state being adapted to interfit within the lumen of a vascular vessel. The resilient structure further comprises a distally arranged filter element which sealingly engages the inside circumference of the vessel to trap and retain emboli flowing through the vessel, the emboli being removed from the vascular system upon withdrawal of the intraluminal filter.

[0038] FIG. 1 shows an intraluminal filter 10 according to the invention, deployed within the lumen 12 of an artery 14. Filter 10 is shown downstream of an aneurysm 16 in the artery, the blood flow direction being indicated by arrow 18. Filter 10 is held on a tether 20 which leads to a catheter (not shown) allowing the filter to be retrieved from the lumen after a medical procedure repairing the aneurysm is completed.

[0039] Filter 10 comprises resilient monofilaments which preferably comprise braided wires 22. In the preferred embodiment, wires 22 are co-braided with other filamentary members preferably comprising polymer yarns 24. The wires 22 and yarns 24 are braided into a generally bulbous or spherical shape. Wires 22 are braided in a relatively open mesh basket 26 and form a flexible structure supporting the polymer yarns which are braided to form a filter element 28 located distally and forming the downstream portion 30 of the filter 10. The wires 22 of the open mesh basket 26 are braided in a relatively open mesh and form an unobstructed upstream portion 32 of the filter to allow for unrestricted flow of blood or other fluid into the filter.

[0040] Wires 22 have diameters ranging from 5 to 500 microns. Nitinol, an alloy of nickel and titanium, is the preferred material for wires 22 because it is easily braided, biocompatible, radiopaque and highly elastic, having a yield strength on the order of 65,000 psi. Other metals such as stainless steel, titanium, elgiloy and alloys of gold, tantalum or platinum having significant flexibility, elasticity, resilience and stiffness can also be used to form the wires. Non-metals such as polymers can also be used, but are not preferred for vascular applications because the filaments are not radiopaque and require larger diameters to achieve the strength and stiffness needed, resulting in a generally bulkier filter.

[0041] The properties of the wires in conjunction with the braided structure allow the filter to deform elastically and radially contract from the bulbous form, shown in FIG. 1, to the thin, elongated cylindrical shape, seen in FIG. 2a. These wire and braid characteristics allow the filter 10, when in its cylindrical shape, to be inserted into the lumen of a catheter and then to expand radially to the bulbous shape of FIG. 1 automatically when released from the catheter within the artery 14, as described in further detail below.

[0042] Filter element 28 (see FIG. 1), located distally and forming the downstream portion 30 of the filter 10, is preferably a braided polymer textile formed from polyester yarns 24 in a densely braided mesh 34 co-braided with the metal wires 22. Polyester is the preferred material because it is a well understood biomedical material with a long and successful implant history. Furthermore, polyester can be coated with bioactive chemicals, ablated or fused in a precisely controlled manner by heat, such as from a laser, which is useful for the manufacture of the filter as described below.

[0043] Other materials useful for forming the polymer yarns of the filter element 28 include ePTFE, PTFE, PET, nylon, polyethylene, PGA and PLA. The yarn material is chosen for its compatibility with human tissue, as well as mechanical properties, such as elongation, strength, flexibility and toughness.

[0044] Yarns 24 range in diameter from 5 microns to 500 microns (5 to 100 denier). Multifilament yarns are preferred, but other types of yarns such as monofilament yarns, textured or flat yarns and yarns formed from slit film can also be used.

[0045] While a textile filter element is preferred, other filter means are also feasible, such as solid films with holes formed by chemical means, laser or mechanical penetration, to achieve the desired porosity.

[0046] The diameter of the polymer yarns 24 and the mesh density are controlled to yield a filter element 28 preferably having a porosity ranging between 60% and 90%. The porosity is quantified by the ratio of the area of openings in the fabric to the total fabric area, multiplied by 100. Mesh in this porosity range will capture emboli in the bloodstream yet allow blood to flow substantially unimpeded, thus, allowing the filter 10 to remain in place for relatively long durations without occluding the artery 14. This enables the filter to be used in lengthy medical procedures.

[0047] Intraluminal filters 10 according to the invention are preferably formed by co-braiding metal wires 22 and polymer yarns 24 together on a braiding machine into a continuous tube or sleeve. The differing mesh densities for the wires and the polymer yarns are effected by the ratio of carriers on the braiding machine having wire versus the carriers having polymer yarns. For example, to create the dense mesh 34 of polymer yarns 24 required for the filter element 28, between 24 and 196 carriers will feed polymer to the braiding machine, whereas the open mesh basket 26 of wires 22 requires between 24 and 48 carriers feeding wire to the braiding machine. A preferred braiding set up features 72 filaments of 40 denier polyester yarn, 12 filaments of 0.005 inch diameter nitinol wires interbraided over a 6 mm mandrel at a braid angle of 37°. This configuration achieves a porosity of 80%. In an alternate embodiment, 132 filaments of 20 denier polyester yarn are interbraided with 12 filaments of 0.005 inch diameter nitinol wires over a 6 mm mandrel at a braid angle of 37°, achieving a porosity of 78%. The porosity of the filter element is readily controlled by varying the denier of the yarn and the mesh density. These parameters also affect the relative flexibility of the filter element, with higher mesh densities yielding stiffer filters.

[0048] The braiding machine forms a continuous tube of co-braided metal wires and polymer yarns having an unstressed diameter “D” (see FIG. 1) which is tailored to be slightly larger than the particular lumen in which it will be used. A larger diameter tube ensures that the filter will be slightly compressed by the inner wall 36 of lumen 12 and have an interference fit within the lumen. Friction between the filter 10 and inner wall fixes the position of the filter when it is deployed within the lumen.

[0049] In an alternate embodiment of the intraluminal filter, shown in FIG. 3, a plurality of the flexible wires 22 are cut at points 50 adjacent to the downstream portion of the basket 34 having the filter element 28. Cutting certain of the wires forms projections, in the form of the cut wire end portions 52, which extend angularly outwardly from the filter and point in the down stream direction. The end portions 52 engage the lumen inner wall 36 and prevent downstream motion of the filter. The cut wires are relatively unrestrained by the open mesh of the upstream portion 32 of the basket 26, allowing the end portions 52 to project outwardly. The complementary cut ends 54 residing on the downstream portion 30 of the filter are restrained by the filter element 28 and do not project outwardly. Because the end portions 52 point downstream, they prevent downstream motion of the filter but do not hinder upstream filter motion. The end portions readily disengage from the lumen when the filter is moved upstream, as, for example, when the filter is being withdrawn from the lumen into the catheter for removal of the filter from the vascular system. Furthermore, because the cut wires are interbraided with uncut wires the end portions 52 as well as the complementary cut ends 54 retract readily into the smaller diameter cylindrical shape, allowing the filter 10 to be retracted back into the catheter as described below. In this embodiment, it is preferred to interbraid 24 wires to form the basket 26 and cut every other wire, spacing the 12 cut wires at 30° intervals circumferentially around the filter and achieving a ratio of cut to uncut wires of one to one.

[0050] To form a filter 10, the continuous, co-braided tube is cut into discrete lengths “L” and cinched or crimped at each end by cinches 38 and 40. The length imparts stability to the filter against slippage and rotation when deployed in the lumen, and lengths on the order of 1.1 to 1.5 times the diameter of the lumen inner diameter are preferred for vascular use, for example. It is preferred to use a radiopaque, ductile material, such as platinum or stainless steel, to form cinches 38 and 40. Radiopaque material allows the filter to be detected via X-rays or fluroscopy to accurately determine its position.

[0051] Cinching the ends distorts the tube into the bulbous shape seen in FIG. 1. Polymer yarns initially extend in a dense mesh over the entire surface of the bulbous shape, and these yarns must be removed from the upstream portion 32 to expose the open mesh basket 26 of wires 22 and form the entrance openings 42 allowing blood or other fluid to flow into the filter. It is preferred to use a laser to ablate the polymer yarns off of the upstream portion, although other ablation methods, including chemical and mechanical methods, are feasible. The laser also fuses or heat seals the remaining polymer yarns 24 together and to the wires 22 at the boundary 31 between the upstream and downstream portions of the filter. The upstream cinch 40 forms a convenient point for attaching tether 20. FIG. 8 presents a flow chart which depicts the steps for forming a filter according to the invention.

[0052] Because filter 10 has a support structure of resilient, flexible wires 22 braided in an open mesh basket 26 it is possible to distort the filter from its nominal or unstressed bulbous shape into an elongated cylindrical shape, seen in FIG. 2a, by applying a tensile force to cinches 38 and 40. It is well known that braided structures exhibit a “trellis effect” wherein the braided wires rotate and slide relatively to one another when a force is applied. For the bulbous structure of the filter, this effect results in radial contraction of the filter with axial expansion and radial expansion upon axial contraction.

[0053] When the aforementioned tensile force is removed, the braid springs back into its nominal or unstressed shape due to elastic forces generated within the wires in response to the distortion. The wires themselves provide the means for biasing the filter into the expanded, bulbous shape. The degree of distortion per unit force applied is proportional to the mesh density with less dense meshes allowing for proportionally greater distortion from the nominal shape and higher associated elastic spring back forces.

[0054] FIG. 4 illustrates an alternate means for biasing filter 10 into the second shape state using supplemental filamentary members 56 (shown in dashed line for clarity) which are elastic and under tension when the filter is in the first shape state. Supplemental filamentary members 56 extend between the upstream end 32 and downstream end 30 of the filter and are thus oriented to compress the basket 26 into the second shape state upon release from the catheter. Preferably, the filter is formed by braiding the filamentary members such as wires 22 and yarns 24, and the supplemental filamentary members 56 are interbraided with the other filamentary members to take maximum advantage of the “trellis effect” enabling the members 56 to compress the filter and force it into the second shape state.

[0055] Another embodiment for biasing Filter 10 is shown in FIG. 5 and features an elongated elastic element 58 having one end attached to the upstream portion 32 of the filter and the other end attached to the downstream or concave portion 30. The elastic member 58 is under tension when the basket 26 is in the first shape state and, thus, biases the filter into the second shape state by biasing the upstream portion 32 toward the downstream portion 30. The elastic member 58 shown comprises a coil spring, but other configuration, such as elastic filaments or an elastic tube, are also feasible.

[0056] Forming elastic element 58 from an elastic tube provides additional advantages as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 6, wherein filter 10, shown positioned in artery 14, comprises an elastic tube 60 joining the upstream and downstream ends 32 and 30. Tube 60 allows the tether 20 to be decoupled from the filter and move independently of it. The tether can then be used as a guide wire which is easily snaked through arteries to provide a path for the catheter to follow. The tube 60 keeps the filter 10 coaxial with the tether 20 which prevents the filter from rotating upon deployment from the catheter thus ensuring proper positioning of the filter in the artery 14 with the upstream end 32 pointing upstream.

[0057] Tether 20, when functioning as a guide wire, passes through an aperture 62 defined by the tube 60 in the upstream end of the filter, passes through the tube and out of the filter through another aperture 64 defined by the tube in the downstream end of the filter. A stopper 66 is fixedly positioned on the tether 20 to ensure that the filter does not disengage from the tether and possibly become lost in the artery. A surface 68, preferably positioned in the tube 60 at the upstream end 32 of the filter is engageable with the stopper to prevent disengagement and assist in recovery of the filter into the catheter after the operation is completed. Positioning surface 68 at the upstream end ensures that the filter will properly collapse into its thin elongate form and lessens the chances that the filter will be turned inside out when it is drawn back into the catheter.

[0058] Tube 60 also acts as a means for sealing aperture 64 and isolating it from the rest of the filter. Aperture 64 is positioned in the concave portion which comprises the filter element 28. If the tube did not seal the aperture, then emboli entering the filter through openings 42 in the upstream end of the filter would exit the filter through aperture 64 and not be trapped in the filter element 28.

[0059] In an alternate embodiment shown in FIG. 7, a check valve 70 is used to seal the aperture 64 and prevent emboli from exiting the filter. Check valve 70 has a flexible flap 72 on the inside of the filter element overlying opening 64, the flap normally being held in the closed position by the fluid pressure within the artery. When tether 20 is drawn toward the upstream end of the filter, stopper 66 engages the flap which, being flexible, moves inwardly to an open position allowing the stopper to pass through aperture 64 and eventually engage surface 68 formed at the upstream end 32 by the cinch 38. Fluid pressure within the artery then forces the flap 72 back into the closed position overlying and sealing aperture 64.

[0060] The properties of braided structures are used to great advantage in the filter 10 according to the invention, as shown in the sequence of FIGS. 2a-2f, which illustrates the use of the filter to capture emboli dislodged while installing a stent graft to repair an aneurysm.

[0061] FIG. 2adepicts an artery 14 having an aneurysm 16. A catheter 44 containing filter 10 and a stent graft 46 is positioned with its tip 44adownstream of aneurysm 16 as indicated by arrow 18 showing the direction of blood flow. Filter 10 is nearer the tip 44aof the catheter as it will be deployed first. While within catheter 44, filter 10 is maintained in its distorted cylindrical shape by the restraint of the catheter wall, thus, the filter is able to slide along the catheter through lumen 48.

[0062] FIG. 2bshows filter 10 being pushed out from the tip 44aat the downstream location. As the filter emerges from the catheter 44, it is no longer restrained and springs open automatically by virtue of the elastic forces within the resilient wires 22. The filter tries to assume its stress free shape but encounters inner wall 36 of artery 14. The filter lodges against the inner wall 36 and friction between the filter and inner wall hold the filter in position despite the blood pressure which would otherwise tend to move the filter further downstream. Additionally or alternately, projections 52, when present, extend outwardly and engage the inner wall 36 (see FIG. 3) to prevent downstream motion of the filter.

[0063] FIG. 2cshows filter 10 fully deployed from the catheter in the proper orientation with the unobstructed upstream portion 32 of the open mesh basket 26 facing upstream and the dense mesh filter element 28 forming a concavity facing the blood flow 18. The porosity of the filter element 28 allows blood to flow without significant resistance. Catheter tip 44ais positioned at the downstream end 16aof aneurysm 16 in preparation to deploy the stent graft 46 to repair the aneurysm.

[0064] In FIG. 2d, the stent graft is shown partially deployed within artery lumen 12 and attaching itself to the inner wall 36 of artery 14. This procedure dislodges emboli 50 from the artery inner wall. The emboli become entrained with the blood and flow downstream, through the unobstructed upstream portion 32 of the open mesh basket 26 and into filter 10 where the emboli become entrapped against the dense mesh 34 of polymer yarns 24 forming the filter element 28 on the downstream portion 30 of the filter.

[0065] FIG. 2eshows the stent graft 46 fully deployed and installed at aneurysm 16, the repair procedure being complete and no further emboli being dislodged from the artery.

[0066] FIG. 2fshows filter 10 being recovered from artery 14. Recovery is effected by moving catheter tip 44adownstream into contact with upstream portion 32 of filter 10. Tension is applied to tether 20 to hold the filter in place as the catheter is pushed against the filter. Again, the flexible properties of the braided structure are manifest as filter 10 radially collapses as it is drawn into the catheter lumen 48 by the dual opposing action of the catheter and the tether. Blood in the filter flows out through filter element 28, but emboli 50 remain trapped within the filter and are removed from the artery once the filter is fully within the catheter and the catheter is removed from the artery.

[0067] Use of the intraluminal filter according to the invention will improve the success rate of vascular procedures by preventing complications due to embolisms caused by emboli dislodged during the procedure. Although the preferred field of application of the filter is for vascular applications, it can be employed in many procedures requiring that a temporary filter be deployed to collect, trap and separate particles from a fluid stream within a lumen.