Multiple-code oximeter calibration element

[0002] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/102,315, filed Sep. 29, 1998 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

[0003] The present invention relates to oximetry sensors and, in particular, pulse oximetry sensors which include coded information relating to characteristics of the sensor.

[0004] Pulse oximetry is typically used to measure various blood flow characteristics including, but not limited to, the blood-oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood, the volume of individual blood pulsations supplying the tissue, and the rate of blood pulsations corresponding to each heartbeat of a patient. Measurement of these characteristics has been accomplished by use of a non-invasive sensor which passes light through a portion of the patient's tissue where blood perfuses the tissue, and photoelectrically senses the absorption of light in such tissue. The amount of light absorbed is then used to calculate the amount of blood constituent being measured.

[0005] The light passed through the tissue is selected to be of one or more wavelengths that are absorbed by the blood in an amount representative of the amount of the blood constituent present in the blood. The amount of transmitted light passed through the tissue will vary in accordance with the changing amount of blood constituent in the tissue and the related light absorption. For measuring blood oxygen level, such sensors have been provided with light sources and photodetectors that are adapted to operate at two different wavelengths, in accordance with known techniques for measuring blood oxygen saturation.

[0006] An encoding mechanism is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,700,708, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This mechanism relates to an optical oximeter probe which uses a pair of light emitting diodes (LEDs) to direct light through blood-perfused tissue, with a detector picking up light which has not been absorbed by the tissue. The operation depends upon knowing the wavelength of the LEDs. Since the wavelength of LEDs can vary, a coding resistor is placed in the probe with the value of the resistor corresponding to the actual wavelength of at least one of the LEDs. When the oximeter instrument is turned on, it first applies a current to the coding resistor and measures the voltage to determine the value of the resistor and thus the value of the wavelength of the LED in the probe.

[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 5,259,381 recognizes that the coded value of the wavelength of the red LED provided by a coding resistor may be inaccurate, since the actual wavelength can vary with temperature. Accordingly, this patent teaches including a temperature sensor in the oximeter probe to measure the actual temperature. With the actual temperature, and the coded wavelength value, a look-up table can be consulted to determine the actual LED wavelength for that temperature.

[0008] Another method of storing coded information regarding the characteristics of the LEDs is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,942,877. This patent discloses using an EPROM memory to store digital information, which can be provided in parallel or serially from the sensor probe to the remote oximeter.

[0009] Other examples of coding probe characteristics exist in other areas. Multiple calibration values are sometimes required, with this making the circuitry more complex or requiring many leads. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,446,715, assigned to Camino Laboratories, Inc., a number of resistors are used to provide coded information regarding the characteristics of a pressure transducer. U.S. Pat. No. 3,790,910 discloses another pressure transducer with a ROM storing characteristics of the individual transducer. U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,984 shows another probe with digital characterization information stored in a PROM, which is read serially using a shift register.

[0010] Typically, the coding element is mounted in the probe itself. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,643 shows the coding resistor mounted in the probe element itself. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,003 shows the coding resistor being formed with a printed conductive material on the probe itself.

[0011] In some devices, an electrical connector coupled by a cable to a device attached to a patient may include a coding element. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,720,199 shows an intra-aortic balloon catheter with a connector between the catheter and a console. The connector includes a resistor with a value chosen to reflect the volumetric displacement of the particular balloon. U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,245 discloses a fiberoptic catheter with a module between the fiberoptic and electrical wires connected to a processor. The module converts the light signals into electrical signals, and includes a memory storing calibration signals so the module and catheter can be disconnected from the processor and used with a different processor without requiring a recalibration.

[0012] In some applications, it would be desirable to provide multiple independent codes for different values using only two leads. This may allow backward compatibility, or compatibility with probes of other manufacturers. For example, Nellcor Puritan Bennett produces a probe with an encoded calibration resistor for providing a signal indicative of a known wavelength of a red LED, which signal upon being read by an oximeter allows the oximeter to select appropriate calibration coefficients for use in calculating arterial oxygen saturation. In order to modify such a Nellcor-type sensor to provide multiple independent codes, one approach is to use a different range of resistors to indicate a different characteristic. For example, Ohmeda Systems is believed to use a first range of resistors for their reusable sensors, and a second range of resistors for the disposable sensors. Thus, a single resistor essentially encodes in its most significant bit the sensor type, and then indicates the calibration curve to be used with the least significant bits of its value. Marquette is believed to produce a sensor and monitor which uses the presence of a resistance to indicate the type of sensor, with no resistance being present indicating a Marquette sensor. Other sensors are believed to read multiple values using three pins.

[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,059 teaches using a modulated signal to provide the coded data to a remote analyzer. U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,129 shows using a voltage regulator to produce a specific voltage value in response to an attempt to read by the analyzer.

[0014] The present invention provides an encoding element which is backward compatible and will provide a single coded value to older analyzers in response to a first signal, but will also provide a second coded value to a new analyzer or monitor. Both coded values are provided over the same first and second leads which are compatible with existing probes or sensors. The encoding element can be a resistor or other discrete component, a hybrid, a component group, an integrated circuit, or any other encoding mechanism.

[0015] In one embodiment, a first voltage level produces a first current from the encoding element, while a second voltage level will produce the second coded value. In one version of this embodiment, a zener diode is activated to connect a second resistance or to simply bypass a resistor when a high level voltage is provided exceeding the zener value. When the lower voltage is provided, the analyzer sees only the resistance it expects for the older type of sensor.

[0016] In a second embodiment, a first coded value is provided in response to a DC current from older analyzers. A second coded value is provided in response to an AC signal from newer analyzers. Yet another embodiment provides the coded value in the form of a resonant circuit in the AC driven mode. By varying the frequency applied, the frequency resulting in the highest voltage, indicating the resonant frequency, can be found. Thus, the coded value is provided in the value of the resonant frequency chosen.

[0017] In another embodiment, the second coded value is provided over the same two leads after a period of time, with the first value being provided prior to that period of time passing. If the period of time is chosen to correspond with that used by older analyzers, backward compatibility is ensured. In one embodiment, a thermistor is used which will heat up as current is applied over time, and eventually switch in a second coding resistor.

[0018] In yet another embodiment, a first coded value is provided in response to a DC current from older analyzers, and a second code is provided in response to an input digital code from newer analyzers over the same two leads.

[0019] In one embodiment, since some older analyzers may drive the calibration resistor with different polarities, the new coding element is compatible to provide the desired value regardless of the polarity of the driving signal to determine the first coded value.

[0020] In one embodiment, a third lead is used which is not used in prior art oximeters. Many prior art oximeters had positions for two additional pins which were not used. By using one of these pins, a control signal can be sent to switch which encoded value is provided across the original 2 leads. Alternately, three encoded values can be provided over the 3 leads.

[0021] For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention, reference should be made to the following description taken in conjunction with accompanying drawings.

[0022] FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an oximeter system which would incorporate the present invention.

[0023] FIG. 1B is a diagram of a prior art read circuit for reading a simple Rcal coding resistor.

[0024] FIG. 2A is a graphical illustration of two voltage levels selecting different coded values. FIG. 2B is a graphical illustration of the use of current transient information to facilitate reading of two different coded values.

[0025] FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate embodiments of circuit implementations which would respond to two levels of voltage as illustrated in FIG. 2A.

[0026] FIG. 3G is a graph illustrating the operation of the circuit of FIG. 3C or 3E.

[0027] FIGS. 4A-4C are graphical representations of two coded values being provided in response to DC and time-dependent voltages.

[0028] FIGS. 5A-5E are embodiments of circuit implementations which would respond to the voltages shown in FIG. 4.

[0029] FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of selecting different coded values based on the time of application of a current.

[0030] FIG. 7 is a diagram of one embodiment of a circuit implementing the system of FIG. 6.

[0031] FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of an embodiment using a current source to produce the second coded value.

[0032] FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the operation of a circuit as in FIG. 8.

[0033] FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of an embodiment using an IC to provide a coded value for the second encoded value.

[0034] FIG. 11 is a diagram of a circuit implementing a state machine approach to provide a second coded value over the same two leads used for interconnecting a first encoding element.

[0035] FIGS. 12A and 12B are a circuit and layout diagram of an embodiment in which two coded values are provided by the real and imaginary parts of a complex impedance.

[0036] FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of another circuit for selecting different coded values based on the time of application of a current.

[0037] FIGS. 14 and 15 are circuit diagrams of 3 lead embodiments.

[0038] FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating encoder locations in a sensor, adapter or connector.

[0039] FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a 3-lead embodiment modification of FIG. 12A.

[0040] FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a pulse oximeter system incorporating a calibration element 56 according to the invention. The calibration element is part of the sensor 50 which also includes red and infrared LEDs 52 as in the prior art, along with a detector 54.

[0041] A read circuit 60 is provided for reading multiple coded values across the two leads 51, 53 connected to calibration element 56. One value is provided to a look-up table 62 to determine appropriate wavelength dependent coefficients for the oxygen saturation calculation, as in the prior art. The other value(s) are then provided to another look up table(s) 63 which provides input (e.g., coefficients) to other calculations performed by controller 64. These additional calculations may enhance the performance and/or safety of the system.

[0042] Controller 64 provides signals to a drive circuit 66, to control the amount of drive current provided to LEDs 52.

[0043] As in the prior art, detector 54 is connected through an amplifier 72 and a filter 74 to an A/D converter 76. This forms a feedback path used by controller 64 to adjust the drive current to optimize the intensity range of the signal received. For proper operation the signal must be within the analog range of the circuits employed. The signal should also be well within the range of A/D converter 76 (e.g., one rule that may be applied is to adjust LED drives and amplifier gains so that both red and IR signals fall between 40% and 80% of full scale reading of converter 76). This requires correct and independent settings for both the red and infrared LEDs. The current invention allows for another feedback path which may alter the LED settings based on other sensor characteristics contained in the coding of the calibration element.

[0044] FIG. 1B illustrates a prior art reader circuit in existing analyzers. It is desirable to have a coding element according to the present invention be readable by such a prior art circuit. An Rcal resistor 12 in a prior art sensor is connected between pins 1 and 6 of a probe. The read circuit connects either pin 1 or 6 to ground, and the other pin to a node 14. Node 14 is connected through a resistor R1 to a voltage source Vref. Node 14 is also connected to the negative input of an operational amplifier 16. The positive input of amplifier 16 is connected to ground. A voltage divider circuit is thus created by the Rcal and R1 resistors, with the created voltage being applied to the negative input of amplifier 16. The output of amplifier 16 is an analog voltage Vcal, which corresponds to the value of Rcal. Vcal is then applied to a D-A converter (not shown) to provide a value which can be used to index into a table of coefficients such as look-up table 62 of FIG. 1A. The values of Vref and R1 may vary from monitor to monitor, and the polarity across Rcal may vary. Although this polarity is not an issue for a simple Rcal resistor, is an issue for a new circuit being placed in parallel with Real and designed to be backward compatible.

[0045] FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate some embodiments of circuits implementing a coding system for two or more independent values using zener diodes. As shown in FIG. 3A, a calibration resistor 90 as in the prior art is provided between two leads 92 and 94. However, a zener diode 96 is also added. FIG. 3B shows a variant in which zener diode 98 is placed in parallel with resistor 90 rather than in series. In the embodiment of FIG. 3C, a second resistor 100 is added in series with zener diode 98. The zener diode is an example of a “non-linear” element, which is an element which produces a signal which does not linearly correspond to a measuring signal applied to the element.

[0046] For circuits of the type shown in FIG. 3C, one possible reading process would be as shown in FIG. 2A. For applied positive voltages 80 between pins 94, 92 which are below the zener 98 voltage V_z, the current would be that expected from resistor 90. For applied voltages 86 above the zener voltage V_z, the current would depend on both resistor 90 and resistor 100. By measuring the current at both voltage 80 below the zener voltage and voltage 86 above the zener voltage, and also knowing the voltage V_zof Zener 98, the values of both resistors 90 and 100 can be calculated. By testing at many voltages, the zener voltage V_zcan be determined. So if the designer chooses, the zener voltage V_zcan be used to define a 3^rdindependent value. Similar methods to those described above can easily be used to drive the circuit types shown in FIGS. 3A through 3E to derive the various zener voltages and resistances employed in these circuits. For example, in FIG. 3A, various positive voltages below and above V_zcan be applied between pins 92, 94 to determine V_zand the resistance of resistor 90. In FIG. 3B, various positive voltages both below and above V_zcan be applied between pins 94, 92 to determine V_zand the resistance of resistor 90.

[0047] FIGS. 3D and 3E show back to back zeners of opposite polarity. These circuits are similar to those of FIGS. 3B and 3C, except that they are designed to be backward compatible and thus work with older oximeters which are designed to read only one coded value encoded in a circuit resistance as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,643 or as shown in FIG. 1B. Some such older oximeters may drive lead 92 with the positive polarity, while others might drive lead 94 positive. In FIG. 3D, two back to back zener diodes ZD₁and ZD₂are used. In FIG. 3E, back to back zener diodes ZD₁and ZD₂are used along with a second resistor 110. The response of these circuits can be made identical regardless of the polarity of voltage drive applied. For example, if ZD₁is the same as ZD₂, any polarity voltage between pins 92, 94 which is below V_zwill create a current which will reveal the resistance of resistor 90 for both circuits shown in FIGS. 3D and 3E. Any polarity voltage above V_zwill create a current which will indicate the parallel resistance of resistors 90, 110 in FIG. 3E. The zener voltage will be determinable in both these circuits by applying incrementally higher voltages across pins 92, 94 until a parallel resistance is detected, as in the circuit of FIG. 3C.

[0048] FIG. 3F shows an embodiment which will work with a known polarity for prior oximeters. A diode 112 prevents a resistor 114 from being seen when the diode is reversed biased. Thus, the resistance seen will be resistor 90. When the diode is forward biased, the total resistance will be resistor 90 and resistor 114 in parallel, given a new coded value. This embodiment has the advantage that it does not require supply voltages greater than V_z. FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate the operation of the reading of a calibration element according to the circuit shown in FIG. 5A, which uses a capacitor 126 to allow separate reading of resistors 90 and 128. When a first voltage level 80 is applied for some time, it will produce current level 82 corresponding to calibration resistor 90 in the same manner as when using prior art sensors and prior art monitors. Current level 82 would be one of multiple current levels 84 depending on the resistance value of resistor 90. To detect a secondary value, at time T1 the voltage would be suddenly changed to a second voltage 86. This higher voltage 86 could be provided by new monitors or analyzers. Immediately after the change in voltage, the current peak 88 would depend on the values of both resistor 90 and resistor 128. As capacitor 126 charged up to the new voltage, the current would decay to level 89, representative of the value of resistor 90 and the new voltage. So by comparing the values of current peak 88 and current 89, the value of resistor 128 could be calculated. Alternatively, both values could be calculated by comparing the responses of this network to DC and AC excitation as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIG. 4A illustrates the application of DC voltage 116 during one time interval and AC voltage 120 during another time interval. FIG. 4B illustrates the responding currents 118 (DC) and 119 (AC). During the period of DC operation, the value of resistor 90 would be determined as in the prior art. Current 118 would depend only on the value of resistor 90. The response of the network to the AC signal 120 would be different, as the AC signal causes current to flow through resistor 128 and capacitor 126 as well as resistor 90 making the total current greater than the DC case. For different values of resistor 128, there would be different values of AC current 119, allowing the value of resistor 128 to be calculated to decode the second value. Optionally, the resistor 128 could be omitted, as in FIG. 5B, and the value of capacitor 126 and resistor 90 determined in response to the DC and AC inputs illustrated in FIG. 4A.

[0049] In FIG. 5C, an inductance 130 is placed in series with resistor 90. The inductor is essentially invisible to a DC voltage, but will provide an impedance to an AC voltage, giving a different impedance value, and thus a different code, when an AC excitation such as that shown in FIG. 4A is applied.

[0050] FIGS. 5D and 5E add a resonant circuit. In FIG. 5D capacitor 132 and inductor 134 form a series resonator. FIG. 5E shows a parallel resonant circuit with capacitor 136 and inductor 138. A resonant circuit would operate a little bit differently from the method shown in FIG. 4A. The DC resistance would be determined as in the prior art, to determine a first encoded value. The second value would be encoded by the resonant frequency. Different codes could be assigned to different resonant frequencies to provide the second encoded value. The resonant frequency can be found by sweeping the frequency of the test signal over the expected range. During this sweep, the response of the calibration element would either peak upward or downward at the resonant frequency, depending on whether a parallel or series resonator was employed. Such a response is illustrated by resonance peak 117 in FIG. 4C. The resonant frequency can also be determined from the impulse response of the calibration element.

[0051] FIG. 6 shows yet another encoding approach using time to distinguish between first and second codes. As shown, a constant current 140 is applied both for a time period 142 and subsequent time period 144. In such an approach older oximeters, which apply power to the calibration network continuously, would sample and measure the coded value within time period 144 which represents the response after a long time has passed. New oximeters would either measure during time period 142 upon initial power up, or switch the power off for a period (long enough, for example, for thermistor 154 of FIG. 7 to cool off) before the measurement. This allows a particular voltage value 146 out of a number of possible values 148 to be chosen in time period 142. In time period 144, a particular voltage 150 may result out of a number of possible voltage values 152.

[0052] An example of a circuit implementing the method of FIG. 6 is shown in FIG. 7. An NTC (negative temperature coefficient) thermistor 154 is connected in series with resistor 90. Initially, the circuit will have a resistance equal to the sum of the resistance of resistor 90 and the cold resistance of thermistor 154. After running a current through thermistor 154 for a period of time, it becomes sufficiently heated that its resistance drops significantly, giving a different coded value. This can be designed so that the sum of the hot resistance of thermistor 154 and the resistance of resistor 90 represents exactly the old code under the prior art. Other obvious variations are possible, such as having resistor 90 connected in parallel with resistor 156, or using PTC (positive temperature coefficient) thermistors.

[0053] FIG. 13 shows an alternate type of time dependent circuit. In this circuit, when voltage is initially applied, capacitor 186 is not charged and current flows only through resistors 90 and 182. As voltage continues to be applied, capacitor 186 will eventually charge up above the gate threshold voltage of FET 188. At this time the FET turns on, connecting resistor 184 into the circuit. The current will then increase, allowing a second value to be decoded.

[0054] FIG. 8 shows another embodiment in which a current regulator 158 is added in parallel to resistor 90. FIG. 9 illustrates the resulting current versus applied voltage. In a first region 160 of the current/voltage curve, as current is increased, the voltage will increase linearly across resistor 90. This range can be used to read the encoded value of resistor 90 using old oximeters to supply a fixed current into either pin 92 or 94. By providing a voltage high enough to activate the constant current regulator 158, an incremental current 162 is added by the current regulator 158, so the total current now becomes the current expected from resistor 90 at that voltage plus the fixed current of current regulator 158. By determining the amount of current change which occurs above the activation, the second encoded value can be obtained. The second encoded value, used by newer oximeters, thus encodes the value in the maximum current. By using different current regulator designs, different possible maximum current values 164 can be used to encode different values.

[0055] FIG. 10 shows another embodiment in which an integrated circuit (IC) 166 is placed in parallel with resistor 90. IC 166 can be made to have almost any desired response. One example is to make the IC non-responsive to a standard voltage for reading resistor 90 in older oximeters. However, when the voltage is switched on and off in a sequence representing a particular digital code, it can trigger a response from IC 166, which may be an output code of its own or some other response. In addition, an IC can be made to mimic any of the analog circuit responses described in this document. IC 66 may contain digital circuits, analog circuits, or a combination thereof.

[0056] FIG. 11 shows yet another embodiment in which the value of resistor 90 is read when it is measured without pulsing the LEDs in the oximeter probe (i.e. LED drive lines 168 and 170 are both at high impedance, so that no signals are applied to turn on either transistor 172 or transistor 174). Once the LEDs are pulsed, the LED drive signals, at both the positive and negative end, are applied to leads 168 and 170. These pulses will alternatively activate transistors 172 and 174 such that a second resistor 176 is placed in parallel with resistor 90 when the LEDs are being driven with pulse signal. Thus, two coded values are provided by providing the second coded values at a different time, when the LED pulse drive signals are applied. This system might also be expanded to provide different secondary values when the red and IR LEDs are pulsed.

[0057] FIG. 12A and 12B illustrate an embodiment in which the two encoded values are provided as a real impedance value, represented by resistor 90, and an imaginary impedance value, provided by inductor 178 in series and capacitor 180 in parallel. A physical embodiment of the circuit shown schematically in FIG. 12A could be provided by a coil 182 as shown in FIG. 12B, with the coil providing all three impedance elements. Inductance 178 would be provided in straightforward fashion by the coil's windings. Capacitance 180 would be provided by capacitive coupling between the coils of the windings, and resistance 90 would be provided by the resistance of the windings.

[0058] The embodiments described above have each comprised two leads connected to an encoding element. Alternate embodiments further comprise a third lead connected to that encoding element, with the advantage that the third lead may reduce the cost or complexity of providing back-compatible encoding elements which furnish additional information when utilized with new instruments. In addition, some prior art sensors do not use all the pins of the connectors, with certain pins being reserved. Accordingly, backward compatibility can be achieved by utilizing one of those reserved pins as a third lead for an encoding element in a new sensor. The prior art oximeter monitors will not use the third lead, and accordingly backward compatibility is achieved. Such embodiments are illustrated by FIGS. 14 and 15.

[0059] FIG. 14 shows an encoding element similar to the device of FIG. 10, in which read resistor 90 is in parallel with integrated circuit (IC) 166 between leads 92 and 94. In the embodiment of FIG. 14, IC 166 is designed to present a much higher terminal impedance than resistor 90, so long as no voltage is connected to added lead 190. In old instruments, lead 190 would have no connection to the instrument, and the encoding element would appear simply as resistor 90. New instruments would provide a connection to lead 190, and from time to time would apply an enabling voltage to lead 190, causing IC 166 to emit a series of pulses revealing the encoded information stored in IC 166. The advantage of the FIG. 14 embodiment over that of FIG. 10 is that the new instruments would not be required to have high-voltage power supplies, capable of emitting a large control voltage. In the FIG. 10 embodiment, on the other hand, the voltage required to switch on the functioning of IC 166 would have to be larger than any voltage normally applied to leads 92 and 94 by older instruments, in order that ICC 166 would not be turned on by any old instrument.

[0060] The same philosophy illustrated by FIG. 14 may also be applied in the various analog circuit configurations. As one example, FIG. 15 shows a device similar to the encoding element of FIG. 3C. FET switch 290 is designed to prevent very high impedance if no voltage is applied to lead 190, and to be switchable by new instruments into a low impedance state by application of an appropriate voltage to lead 190. Thus, old instruments would see only resistor 90, while new instruments would see the combined effects of resistors 90 and 100, or 90 alone, depending on the voltage applied to lead 190.

[0061] FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating different positions for locating an encoding or calibration element according to the present invention. FIG. 16 shows a sensor 202 with an encoding element 204. The sensor can be connected to an adapter 206, and alternately an encoding element 208 could be included in adapter 206. A connector 210 is shown connecting cable 212 to another cable 214, which is connected to a monitor 216. In yet another alternate embodiment, an encoding element 218 can be included in connector 210. In alternate embodiments, the two encoded values may be produced from two different locations. For example, the encoding element of the prior art could be element 204 in sensor 202, while a second encoded value could be provided from an encoding element 208 or 218.

[0062] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential characteristics thereof. For example, alternate three-pin embodiments could be provided by connecting a resistance to a third pin at one side, and at the other side to any position along the circuits of FIGS. 3-10 or 12A, for example. An example is shown in FIG. 17 with a three-pin and extra resistor embodiment corresponding to a modified FIG. 12A. As can be seen, an additional pin 97 and resistor 99 are added. Accordingly, the foregoing description is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention which is set forth in the following claims.