US 6,346,398 B1Grant
Method and reagent for the treatment of diseases or conditions related to levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
Issue Date:2002-02-12
•23 Claims
•20 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
Nucleic acid molecule which modulates the synthesis, expression and/or stability of an mRNA encoding one or more receptors of vascular endothelial growth factor.
Metadata
Assignee
- Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Inventors
- Pamela Pavco
- James McSwiggen
- Daniel Stinchcomb
- Jaime Escobedo
Application Information
Application Number:US 08/584,040
Filing Date:1996-01-11
Priority Date:1995-10-26
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
C12Q 168C12P 1934C07H 2104C12N 1585C12N 1586
Field of Search:
514 444353254353201435 6435 9131435 911435440435366435375536 245536 231536 232536 243
Patent Drawings (20 sheets)
Description
Related Applications
[0002] This application claims the benefit of Pavco et al., U.S. Ser. No. 60/005,974, entitled Method and Reagent for the Treatment of Diseases or Conditions Related to Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor, filed Oct. 26, 1995, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, including drawings.
Background of the Invention
[0003] This invention relates to methods and reagents for the treatment of diseases or conditions relating to the levels of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor(s).
[0004] The following is a discussion of relevant art, none of which is admitted to be prior art to the present invention.
[0005] VEGF, also referred to as vascular permeability factor (VPF) and vasculotropin, is a potent and highly specific mitogen of vascular endothelial cells (for a review see Ferrara, 1993 Trends Cardiovas. Med.3, 244; Neufeld et al., 1994 Prog. Growth Factor Res.5, 89). VEGF induced neovascularization is implicated in various pathological conditions such as tumor angiogenesis, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, wound healing and others.
[0006] VEGF, an endothelial cell-specific mitogen, is a 34-45 kDa glycoprotein with a wide range of activities that include promotion of angiogenesis, enhancement of vascular-permeability and others. VEGF belongs to the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family of growth factors with approximately 18% homology with the A and B chain of PDGF at the amino acid level. Additionally, VEGF contains the eight conserved cysteine residues common to all growth factors belonging to the PDGF family (Neufeld et al., supra). VEGF protein is believed to exist predominantly as disulfide-linked homodimers; monomers of VEGF have been shown to be inactive (Plouet et al., 1989 EMBO J.8, 3801).
[0007] VEGF exerts its influence on vascular endothelial cells by binding to specific high-affinity cell surface receptors. Covalent cross-linking experiments with 125I-labeled VEGF protein have led to the identification of three high molecular weight complexes of 225, 195 and 175 kDa presumed to be VEGF and VEGF receptor complexes (Vaisman et al., 1990 J. Biol. Chem.265, 19461). Based on these studies VEGF-specific receptors of 180, 150 and 130 kDa molecular mass were predicted. In endothelial cells, receptors of 150 and the 130 kDa have been identified. The VEGF receptors belong to the superfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) characterized by a conserved cytoplasmic catalytic kinase domain and a hydrophylic kinase sequence. The extracellular domains of the VEGF receptors consist of seven immunoglobulin-like domains that are thought to be involved in VEGF binding functions.
[0008] The two most abundant and high-affinity receptors of VEGF are flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase) cloned by Shibuya et al., 1990 Oncogene5, 519 and KDR (kinase-insert-domain-containing receptor) cloned by Terman et al., 1991 Oncogene6, 1677. The murine homolog of KDR, cloned by Mathews et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,USA, 88, 9026, shares 85% amino acid homology with KDR and is termed as flk-1 (fetal liver kinase-1). Recently it has been shown that the high-affinity binding of VEGF to its receptors is modulated by cell surface-associated heparin and heparin-like molecules (Gitay-Goren et al, 1992 J. Biol. Chem.267, 6093).
[0009] VEGF expression has been associated with several pathological states such as tumor angiogenesis, several forms of blindness, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and others. Following is a brief summary of evidence supporting the involvement of VEGF in various diseases:
[0010] 1) Tumor angiogenesis: Increased levels of VEGF gene expression have been reported in vascularized and edema-associated brain tumors (Berkman et al., 1993 J. Clini. Invest.91, 153). A more direct demostration of the role of VEGF in tumor angiogenesis was demonstrated by Jim Kim et al., 1993 Nature362,841 wherein, monoclonal antibodies against VEGF were successfully used to inhibit the growth of rhabdomyosarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme cells in nude mice. Similarly, expression of a dominant negative mutated form of the flt-1 VEGF receptor inhibits vascularization induced by human glioblastoma cells in nude mice (Millauer et al., 1994, Nature367, 576).
[0011] 2) Ocular diseses: Aiello et al., 1994 New Engl. J. Med.331, 1480, showed that the ocular fluid, of a majority of patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders, contains a high concentration of VEGF. Miller et al., 1994 Am. J. Pathol.145, 574, reported elevated levels of VEGF mRNA in patients suffering from retinal ischemia. These observations support a direct role for VEGF in ocular diseases.
[0012] 3) Psoriasis: Detmar et al., 1994 J. Exp. Med.180, 1141 reported that VEGF and its receptors were over-expressed in psoriatic skin and psoriatic dermal microvessels, suggesting that VEGF plays a significant role in psoriasis.
[0013] 4) Rheumatoid arthritis: Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies on tissues from the joints of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis show an increased level of VEGF and its receptors (Fava et al., 1994 J. Exp. Med.180, 341). Additionally, Koch et al., 1994 J. Immunol.152, 4149, found that VEGF-specific antibodies were able to significantly reduce the mitogenic activity of synovial tissues from patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. These observations support a direct role for VEGF in rheumatoid arthritis.
[0014] In addition to the above data on pathological conditions involving excessive angiogenesis, a number of studies have demonstrated that VEGF is both necessary and sufficient for neovascularization. Takashita et al., 1995 J. Clin. Invest.93, 662, demonstrated that a single injection of VEGF augmented collateral vessel development in a rabbit model of ischemia. VEGF also can induce neovascularization when injected into the cornea. Expression of the VEGF gene in CHO cells is sufficient to confer tumorigenic potential to the cells. Kim et al., supra and Millauer et al., supra used monoclonal antibodies against VEGF or a dominant negative form of flk-1 receptor to inhibit tumor-induced neovascularization.
[0015] During development, VEGF and its receptors are associated with regions of new vascular growth (Millauer et al., 1993 Cell 72, 835; Shalaby et al., 1993 J. Clin. Invest.91, 2235). Furthermore, transgenic mice lacking either of the VEGF receptors are defective in blood vessel formation, infact these mouse do not survive; flk-1 appears to be required for differentiation of endothelial cells, while flt-1 appears to be required at later stages of vessel formation (Shalaby et al., 1995 Nature376, 62; Fung et al., 1995 Nature376, 66). Thus, these receptors must be present to properly signal endothelial cells or their precursors to respond to vascularization-promoting stimuli.
[0016] All of the conditions listed above, involve extensive vascularization. This hyper-stimulation of endothelial cells may be alleviated by VEGF antagonists. Thus most of the therapeutic efforts for the above conditions have concentrated on finding inhibitors of the VEGF protein.
[0017] Kim et al., 1993 Nature362, 841 have been successful in inhibiting VEGF-induced tumor growth and angiogenesis in nude mice by treating the mice with VEGF-specific monoclonal antibody.
[0018] Koch et al., 1994 J. Immunol.152, 4149 showed that the mitogenic activity of microvascular endothelial cells found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue explants and the chemotactic property of endothelial cells from RA synovial fluid can be neutralized significantly by treatment with VEGF-specific antibodies.
[0019] Ullrich et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 94/11499 and Millauer et al., 1994 Nature367, 576 used a soluble form of flk-1 receptor (dominant-negative mutant) to prevent VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis in immunodeficient mice.
[0020] Kendall and Thomas, International PCT Publication No. WO 94/21679 describe the use of naturally occuring or recombinantly-engineered soluble forms of VEGF receptors to inhibit VEGF activity.
[0021] Robinson, International PCT Publication No. WO 95/04142 describes the use of antisense oligonucleotides targeted against VEGF RNA to inhibit VEGF expression.
[0022] Jellinek et al., 1994 Biochemistry33, 10450 describe the use of VEGF-specific high-affinity RNA aptamers to inhibit the binding of VEGF to its receptors.
[0023] Rockwell and Goldstein, International PCT Publication No. WO 95/21868, describe the use of anti-VEGF receptor monoclonal antibodies to neutralize the the effect of VEGF on endothelial cells.
Summary of the Invention
[0024] The invention features novel nucleic acid-based techniques [e.g., enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (ribozymes), antisense nucleic acids, 2-5A antisense chimeras, triplex DNA, antisense nucleic acids containing RNA cleaving chemical groups (Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,051)] and methods for their use to down regulate or inhibit the expression of receptors of VEGF (VEGF-R).
[0025] In a preferred embodiment, the invention features use of one or more of the nucleic acid-based techniques to inhibit the expression of flt-1 and/or flk-1 /KDR receptors.
[0026] By “inhibit” it is meant that the activity of VEGF-R or level of mRNAs or equivalent RNAs encoding VEGF-R is reduced below that observed in the absence of the nucleic acid. In one embodiment, inhibition with ribozymes preferably is below that level observed in the presence of an enzymatically inactive RNA molecule that is able to bind to the same site on the mRNA, but is unable to cleave that RNA. In another embodiment, inhibition with antisense oligonucleotides is preferably below that level observed in the presence of for example, an oligonucleotide with scrambled sequence or with mismatches.
[0027] By “enzymatic nucleic acid molecule” it is meant an RNA molecule which has complementarity in a substrate binding region to a specified gene target, and also has an enzymatic activity which is active to specifically cleave target RNA. That is, the enzymatic RNA molecule is able to intermolecularly cleave RNA and thereby inactivate a target RNA molecule. This complementary regions allow sufficient hybridization of the enzymatic RNA molecule to the target RNA and thus permit cleavage. One hundred percent complementarity is preferred, but complementarity as low as 50-75% may also be useful in this invention. By “equivalent” RNA to VEGF-R is meant to include those naturally occurring RNA molecules in various animals, including human, mice, rats, rabbits, primates and pigs.
[0028] By “antisense nucleic acid” it is meant a non-enzymatic nucleic acid molecule that binds to target RNA by means of RNA-RNA or RNA-DNA or RNA-PNA (protein nucleic acid; Egholm et al., 1993 Nature365, 566) interactions and alters the activity of the target RNA (for a review see Stein and Cheng, 1993 Science261, 1004).
[0029] By “2-5A antisense chimera” it is meant, an antisense oligonucleotide containing a 5′ phosphorylated 2′-5′-linked adenylate residues. These chimeras bind to target RNA in a sequence-specific manner and activate a cellular 2-5A-dependent ribonuclease which, in turn, cleaves the target RNA (Torrence et al., 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA90, 1300).
[0030] By “triplex DNA” it is meant an oligonucleotide that can bind to a double-stranded DNA in a sequence-specific manner to form a triple-strand helix. Formation of such triple helix structure has been shown to inhibit transcription of the targeted gene (Duval-Valentin et al., 1992 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA89, 504).
[0031] By “gene” it is meant a nucleic acid that encodes an RNA.
[0032] By “complementarity” it is meant a nucleic acid that can form hydrogen bond(s) with other RNA sequence by either traditional Watson-Crick or other non-traditional types (for example, Hoogsteen type) of base-paired interactions.
[0033] Six basic varieties of naturally-occurring enzymatic RNAs are known presently. Each can catalyze the hydrolysis of RNA phosphodiester bonds in trans (and thus can cleave other RNA molecules) under physiological conditions. Table I summarizes some of the characteristics of these ribozymes. In general, enzymatic nucleic acids act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of a enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic portion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through complementary base-pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts enzymatically to cut the target RNA. Strategic cleavage of such a target RNA will destroy its ability to direct synthesis of an encoded protein. After an enzymatic nucleic acid has bound and cleaved its RNA target, it is released from that RNA to search for another target and can repeatedly bind and cleave new targets. Thus, a single ribozyme molecule is able to cleave many molecules of target RNA. In addition, the ribozyme is a highly specific inhibitor of gene expression, with the specificity of inhibition depending not only on the base-pairing mechanism of binding to the target RNA, but also on the mechanism of target RNA cleavage. Single mismatches, or base-substitutions, near the site of cleavage can completely eliminate catalytic activity of a ribozyme.
[0034] Ribozymes that cleave the specified sites in VEGF-R mRNAs represent a novel therapeutic approach to treat tumor angiogenesis, ocular diseases, rhuematoid arthritis, psoriasis and others. Applicant indicates that ribozymes are able to inhibit the activity of VEGF-R (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) and that the catalytic activity of the ribozymes is required for their inhibitory effect. Those of ordinary skill in the art will find that it is clear from the examples described that other ribozymes that cleave VEGF-R mRNAs may be readily designed and are within the invention.
[0035] In preferred embodiments of this invention, the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is formed in a hammerhead or hairpin motif, but may also be formed in the motif of a hepatitis delta virus, group I intron or RNaseP RNA (in association with an RNA guide sequence) or Neurospora VS RNA. Examples of such hammerhead motifs are described by Rossi et al., 1992, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses8, 183, of hairpin motifs by Hampel et al., EP0360257, Hampel and Tritz, 1989 Biochemistry28, 4929, and Hampel et al., 1990 Nucleic Acids Res.18, 299, and an example of the hepatitis delta virus motif is described by Perrotta and Been, 1992 Biochemistry31, 16; of the RNaseP motif by Guerrier-Takada et al., 1983 Cell35, 849, Neurospora VS RNA ribozyme motif is described by Collins (Saville and Collins, 1990 Cell61, 685-696; Saville and Collins, 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA88, 8826-8830; Collins and Olive, 1993 Biochemistry32, 2795-2799) and of the Group I intron by Cech et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071. These specific motifs are not limiting in the invention and those skilled in the art will recognize that all that is important in an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of this invention is that it has a specific substrate binding site which is complementary to one or more of the target gene RNA regions, and that it have nucleotide sequences within or surrounding that substrate binding site which impart an RNA cleaving activity to the molecule.
[0036] In a preferred embodiment the invention provides a method for producing a class of enzymatic cleaving agents which exhibit a high degree of specificity for the RNA of a desired target. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is preferably targeted to a highly conserved sequence region of target mRNAs encoding VEGF-R proteins (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) such that specific treatment of a disease or condition can be provided with either one or several enzymatic nucleic acids. Such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be delivered exogenously to specific tissue or cellular targets as required. Alternatively, the ribozymes can be expressed from DNA and/or RNA vectors that are delivered to specific cells.
[0037] Synthesis of nucleic acids greater than 100 nucleotides in length is difficult using automated methods, and the therapeutic cost of such molecules is prohibitive. In this invention, small nucleic acid motifs (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides, hammerhead or the hairpin ribozymes) are used for exogenous delivery. The simple structure of these molecules increases the ability of the nucleic acid to invade targeted regions of the mRNA structure. However, these nucleic acid molecules can also be expressed within cells from eukaryotic promoters (e.g., Izant and Weintraub, 1985 Science229, 345; McGarry and Lindquist, 1986 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA83, 399; SullengerScanlon et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,88, 10591-5; Kashani-Sabet et al., 1992 Antisense Res. Dev.,2, 3-15; Dropulic et al., 1992 J. Virol,66, 1432-41; Weerasinghe et al., 1991 J. Virol,65, 5531-4; Ojwang et al., 1992 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA89, 10802-6; Chen et al., 1992 Nucleic Acids Res.,20, 4581-9; Sarver et al., 1990 Science247, 1222-1225; Thompson et al., 1995 Nucleic Acids Res.23, 2259). Those skilled in the art realize that any nucleic acid can be expressed in eukaryotic cells from the appropriate DNA/RNA vector. The activity of such nucleic acids can be augmented by their release from the primary transcript by a ribozyme (Draper et al., PCT WO93/23569, and Sullivan et al., PCT WO94/02595, both hereby incorporated in their totality by reference herein; Ohkawa et al., 1992 Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser.,27, 15-6; Taira et al., 1991, Nucleic Acids Res.,19, 5125-30; Ventura et al., 1993 Nucleic Acids Res.,21, 3249-55; Chowrira et al., 1994 J. Biol. Chem.269, 25856).
[0038] Such nucleic acids are useful for the prevention of the diseases and conditions discussed above, and any other diseases or conditions that are related to the levels of VEGF-R (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) in a cell or tissue.
[0039] By “related” is meant that the reduction of VEGF-R (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) RNA levels and thus reduction in the level of the respective protein will relieve, to some extent, the symptoms of the disease or condition.
[0040] Ribozymes are added directly, or can be complexed with cationic lipids, packaged within liposomes, or otherwise delivered to target cells or tissues. The nucleic acid or nucleic acid complexes can be locally administered to relevant tissues ex vivo, or in vivo through injection, infusion pump or stent, with or without their incorporation in biopolymers. In preferred embodiments, the ribozymes have binding arms which are complementary to the sequences in Tables II to IX. Examples of such ribozymes also are shown in Tables II to IX. Examples of such ribozymes consist essentially of sequences defined in these Tables. By “consists essentially of” is meant that the active ribozyme contains an enzymatic center equivalent to those in the examples, and binding arms able to bind mRNA such that cleavage at the target site occurs. Other sequences may be present which do not interfere with such cleavage.
[0041] In another aspect of the invention, ribozymes that cleave target RNA molecules and inhibit VEGF-R (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) activity are expressed from transcription units inserted into DNA or RNA vectors. The recombinant vectors are preferably DNA plasmids or viral vectors. Ribozyme expressing viral vectors could be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, adenovirus, or alphavirus. Preferably, the recombinant vectors capable of expressing the ribozymes are delivered as described above, and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors may be used that provide for transient expression of ribozymes. Such vectors might be repeatedly administered as necessary. Once expressed, the ribozymes cleave the target mRNA. Delivery of ribozyme expressing vectors could be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from the patient followed by reintroduction into the patient, or by any other means that would allow for introduction into the desired target cell.
[0042] By “vectors” is meant any nucleic acid- and/or viral-based technique used to deliver a desired nucleic acid.
[0043] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
[0044] First the drawings will be described briefly.
Drawings
[0045] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the hammerhead ribozyme domain known in the art. Stem II can be ≧2 base-pair long.
[0046] FIGS. 2a-2d:is a diagrammatic representation of the hammerhead ribozyme domain known in the art; FIG. 2bis a diagrammatic representation of the hammerhead ribozyme as divided by Uhlenbeck (1987, Nature,327, 596-600) into a substrate and enzyme portion; FIG. 2cis a similar diagram showing the hammerhead divided by Haseloff and Gerlach (1988, Nature ,334, 585-591) into two portions; and FIG. 2dis a similar diagram showing the hammerhead divided by Jeffries and Symons (1989, Nucl. Acids. Res.,17, 1371-1371) into two portions.
[0047] FIG. 3 is a diagramatic representation of the general structure of a hairpin ribozyme. Helix 2 (H2) is provided with a least 4 base pairs (i.e., n is 1, 2, 3 or 4) and helix 5 can be optionally provided of length 2 or more bases (preferably 3-20 bases, i.e., m is from 1-20 or more). Helix 2 and helix 5 may be covalently linked by one or more bases (i.e., r is ≧1 base). Helix 1, 4 or 5 may also be extended by 2 or more base pairs (e.g., 4-20 base pairs) to stabilize the ribozyme structure, and preferably is a protein binding site. In each instance, each N and N′ independently is any normal or modified base and each dash represents a potential base-pairing interaction. These nucleotides may be modified at the sugar, base or phosphate. Complete base-pairing is not required in the helices, but is preferred. Helix 1 and 4 can be of any size (i.e., o and p is each independently from 0 to any number, e.g., 20) as long as some base-pairing is maintained. Essential bases are shown as specific bases in the structure, but those in the art will recognize that one or more may be modified chemically (abasic, base, sugar and/or phosphate modifications) or replaced with another base without significant effect. Helix 4 can be formed from two separate molecules, i.e., without a connecting loop. The connecting loop when present may be a ribonucleotide with or without modifications to its base, sugar or phosphate. “q” is ≧2 bases. The connecting loop can also be replaced with a non-nucleotide linker molecule. H refers to bases A, U, or C. Y refers to pyrimidine bases. “_” refers to a covalent bond.
[0048] FIG. 4 is a representation of the general structure of the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme domain known in the art.
[0049] FIG. 5 is a representation of the general structure of the VS RNA ribozyme domain (SEQ ID NO:8).
[0050] FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an RNAseH accessibility assay. Specifically, the left side of FIG. 6 is a diagram of complementary DNA oligonucleotides bound to accessible sites on the target RNA. Complementary DNA oligonucleotides are represented by broad lines labeled A, B, and C. Target RNA is represented by the thin, twisted line. The right side of FIG. 6 is a schematic of a gel separation of uncut target RNA from a cleaved target RNA. Detection of target RNA is by autoradiography of body-labeled, T7 transcript. The bands common to each lane represent uncleaved target RNA; the bands unique to each lane represent the cleaved products.
[0051] FIG. 7 shows the effect of hammerhead ribozymes targeted against flt-1 receptor on the binding of VEGF to the surface of human microvascular endothelial cells. Sequences of the ribozymes used are shown in Table II; the length of stem II region is 3 bp. The hammerhead ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions (see FIG. 11); U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions; four nucleotides at the 5′ terminus contains phosphorothioate substitutions. Additionally, the 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose. The results of two separate experiments are shown as separate bars for each set. Each bar represents the average of triplicate samples. The standard deviation is shown with error bars. For the flt-1 data, 500 nM ribozyme (3:1 charge ratio with LipofectAMINE®) was used. Control 1-10 is the control for ribozymes 307-2797, control 11-20 is the control for ribozymes 3008-5585. The Control 1-10 and Control 11-20 represent the treatment of cells with LipofectAMINE® alone without any ribozymes.
[0052] FIG. 8 shows the effect of hammerhead ribozymes targeted against KDR receptor on the binding of VEGF to KDR on the surface of human microvascular endothelial cells. Sequences of the ribozymes used are shown in Table IV; the length of stem II region is 3 bp. The hammerhead ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions (see FIG. 11); U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions; four nucleotides at the 5′ terminus contains phosphorothioate substitutions. Additionally, the 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose. The Control 1-10 and Control 11-20 represent the treatment of cells with LipofectAMINE® alone without any ribozymes. Irrel. RZ, is a control experiment wherein the cells are treated with a non-KDR-targeted ribozyme complexed with Lipofectamine®. 200 nM ribozyme (3:1 charge ratio with LipofectAMINE(®) was used. In addition to the KDR-targeted ribozymes, the effect on VEGF binding of a ribozyme targeted to an irrelevant mRNA (irrel. RZ) is also shown. Because the affinity of KDR for VEGF is about 10-fold lower than the affinity of flt-1 for VEGF, a higher concentration of VEGF was used in the binding assay.
[0053] FIG. 9 shows the specificity of hammerhead ribozymes targeted against flt-1 receptor. Inhibition of the binding of VEGF, urokinase plasminogen activator (UPA) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to their corresponding receptors as a function of anti-FLT ribozymes is shown. The sequence and description of the ribozymes used are as described under FIG. 7 above. The average of triplicate samples is given; percent inhibition as calculated below.
[0054] FIG. 10 shows the inhibition of the proliferation of Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) mediated by phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted against human KDR receptor RNA. Cell proliferation (O.D. 490) as a function of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide concentration is shown. KDR 21AS represents a 21 nt phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeted against KDR RNA. KDR 21 Scram represents a 21 nt phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide having a scrambled sequence. LF represents the lipid carrier Lipofectin.
[0055] FIGS. 11 A-C show in vitro cleavage of flt-1 RNA by hammerhead ribozymes. A) diagrammatic representation of hammerhead ribozymes targeted against flt-1 RNA. The hammerhead (HH) ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions; four nucleotides at the 5′ terminus contains phosphorothioate substitutions. Additionally, the 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose (designated as 3′-iH). 1358 HH-A and 4229 HH-A contain 3 base-paired stem 11 region. 1358 HH-B and 4229 HH-B contain 4 base-paired stem II region. B) and C) shows in vitro cleavage kinetics of HH ribozymes targeted against sites 1358 and 4229 within the flt-1 RNA.
[0056] FIGS. 12 A-B show inhibition of human microvascular endothelial cell proliferation mediated by anti-flt-1 hammerhead ribozymes. A) Diagrammatic representation of hammerhead (HH) ribozymes targeted against sites 1358 and 4229 within the the flt-1 RNA. B) Graphical representation of the inhibition of cell proliferation mediated by 1358HH and 4229HH ribozymes.
[0057] FIG. 13 shows inhibition of human microvascular endothelial cell proliferation mediated by anti-KDR hammerhead ribozymes. The figure is a graphical representation of the inhibition of cell proliferation mediated by hammerhead ribozymes targeted against sites 527, 730, 3702 and 3950 within the KDR RNA. Irrelevant HH RZ is a hammerhead ribozyme targeted to an irrelevant target. All of these ribozymes, including the Irrelevant HH RZ, were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions; four nucleotides at the 5′ termini contain phosphorothioate substitutions. Additionally, the 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose (3′-iH).
[0058] FIG. 14 shows in vitro cleavage of KDR RNA by hammerhead ribozymes. The hammerhead (HH) ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions. Additionally, the 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose (designated as 3′-iH). 726 HH and 527 HH contain 4 base-paired stem II region. Percentin vitro cleavage kinetics as a function of time of HH ribozymes targeted against sites 527 and 726 within the KDR RNA is shown.
[0059] FIG. 15 shows in vitro cleavage of KDR RNA by hammerhead ribozymes. The hammerhead (HH) ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions. Additionally, the 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose (designated as 3′-iH). 3702 HH and 3950 HH contain 4 base-paired stem II region. Percentin vitro cleavage kinetics as a function of time of HH ribozymes targeted against sites 3702 and 3950 within the KDR RNA is shown.
[0060] FIG. 16 shows in vitro cleavage of RNA by hammerhead ribozymes that are targeted to sites that are conserved between flt-1 and KDR RNA. The hammerhead (HH) ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions. Additionally, the 3′end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose (designated as 3′-iH). FLT/KDR-I HH ribozyme was synthesized with either a 4 base-paired or a 3 base-paired stem II region. FLT/KDR-I HH can cleave site 3388 within flt-1 RNA and site 3151 within KDR RNA. Percentin vitro cleavage kinetics as a function of time of HH ribozymes targeted against sites 3702 and 3950 within the KDR RNA is shown.
[0061] FIG. 17 shows inhibition of human microvascular endothelial cell proliferation mediated by anti-KDR and anti-flt-1 hammerhead ribozymes. The figure is a graphical representation of the inhibition of cell proliferation mediated by hammerhead ribozymes targeted against sites KDR sites-527, 726 or 3950 or flt-1 site 4229. The figure also shows enhanced inhibition of cell proliferation by a combination of flt-1 and KDR hammerhead ribozymes. 4229+527, indicates the treatment of cells with both the fit 4229 and the KDR 527 ribozymes. 4229+726, indicates the treatment of cells with both the fit 4229 and the KDR 726 ribozymes. 4229+3950, indicates the treatment of cells with both the fit 4229 and the KDR 3950 ribozymes. VEGF −, indicates the basal level of cell proliferation in the absence of VEGF. A, indicates catalytically active ribozyme; I, indicates catalytically inactive ribozyme. All of these ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions; four nucleotides at the 5′ termini contain phosphorothioate substitutions. Additionally, the 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose (3′-iH).
[0062] FIG. 18 shows the inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis in rat cornea mediated by anti-flt-1 hammerhead ribozyme. All of these ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 position contains 2′-C-allyl modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions; four nucleotides at the 5′ termini contain phosphorothioate substitutions. Additionally, the 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose (3′-iH). A decrease in the Surface Area corresponds to a reduction in angiogenesis. VEGF alone, corresponds to treatment of the cornea with VEGF and no ribozymes. Vehicle alone, corresponds to the treatment of the cornea with the carrier alone and no VEGF. This control gives a basal level of Surface Area. Active 4229 HH, corresponds to the treatment of cornea with the flt-1 4229 HH ribozyme in the absence of any VEGF. This control also gives a basal level of Surface Area. Active 4229 HH+VEGF, corresponds to the co-treatment of cornea with the flt-1 4229 HH ribozyme and VEGF. Inactive 4229 HH+VEGF, corresponds to the co-treatment of cornea with a catalytically inactive version of 4229 HH ribozyme and VEGF.
[0063] Ribozymes
[0064] Ribozymes of this invention block to some extent VEGF-R (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) production and can be used to treat disease or diagnose such disease. Ribozymes will be delivered to cells in culture, to cells or tissues in animal models of angiogenesis and/or RA and to human cells or tissues ex vivo or in vivo. Ribozyme cleavage of VEGF-R RNAs (specifically RNAs that encode flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) in these systems may alleviate disease symptoms.
[0065] Target Sites
[0066] Targets for useful ribozymes can be determined as disclosed in Draper et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 95/13380, and hereby incorporated by reference herein in totality. Other examples include the following PCT applications which concern inactivation of expression of disease-related genes: WO 95/23225, WO 95/13380, WO 94/02595, incorporated by reference herein. Rather than repeat the guidance provided in those documents here, below are provided specific examples of such methods, not limiting to those in the art. Ribozymes to such targets are designed as described in those applications and synthesized to be tested in vitro and in vivo, as also described.
[0067] The sequence of human and mouse flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 mRNAs were screened for optimal ribozyme target sites using a computer folding algorithm. Hammerhead or hairpin ribozyme cleavage sites were identified. These sites are shown in Tables II to IX (all sequences are 5′ to 3′ in the tables; X can be any base-paired sequence, the actual sequence is not relevant here). The nucleotide base position is noted in the Tables as that site to be cleaved by the designated type of ribozyme. While mouse and human sequences can be screened and ribozymes thereafter designed, the human targeted sequences are of most utility. However, as discussed in Stinchcomb et al., “Method and Composition for Treatment of Restenosis and Cancer Using Ribozymes,” filed May 18, 1994, U.S. Ser. No. 08/245,466, mouse targeted ribozymes may be useful to test efficacy of action of the ribozyme prior to testing in humans. The nucleotide base position is noted in the Tables as that site to be cleaved by the designated type of ribozyme.
[0068] Hammerhead or hairpin ribozymes were designed that could bind and cleave target RNA in a sequence-specific manner. The ribozymes were individually analyzed by computer folding (Jaeger et al., 1989 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,86, 7706) to assess whether the ribozyme sequences fold into the appropriate secondary structure. Those ribozymes with unfavorable intramolecular interactions between the binding arms and the catalytic core were eliminated from consideration. Varying binding arm lengths can be chosen to optimize activity.
[0069] Referring to FIG. 6, mRNA is screened for accessible cleavage sites by the method described generally in Draper et al., PCT WO93/23569, hereby incorporated by reference herein. Briefly, DNA oligonucleotides complementary to potential hammerhead or hairpin ribozyme cleavage sites were synthesized. A polymerase chain reaction is used to generate substrates for T7 RNA polymerase transcription from human and mouse flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 cDNA clones. Labeled RNA transcripts are synthesized in vitro from the templates. The oligonucleotides and the labeled transcripts were annealed, RNAseH was added and the mixtures were incubated for the designated times at 37° C. Reactions are stopped and RNA separated on sequencing polyacrylamide gels. The percentage of the substrate cleaved is determined by autoradiographic quantitation using a PhosphorImaging system. From these data, hammerhead or hairpin ribozyme sites are chosen as the most accessible.
[0070] Ribozymes of the hammerhead or hairpin motif were designed to anneal to various sites in the mRNA message. The binding arms are complementary to the target site sequences described above. The ribozymes were chemically synthesized. The method of synthesis used follows the procedure for normal RNA synthesis as described in Usman et al., 1987 J. Am. Chem. Soc.,109, 7845; Scaringe et al., 1990 Nucleic Acids Res.,18, 5433; and Wincott et al., 1995 Nucleic Acids Res.23, 2677-2684 and makes use of common nucleic acid protecting and coupling groups, such as dimethoxytrityl at the 5′-end, and phosphoramidites at the 3′-end. Small scale synthesis were conducted on a 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer using a modified 2.5 μmol scale protocol with a 5 min coupling step for alkylsilyl protected nucleotides and 2.5 min coupling step for 2′-O-methylated nucleotides. Table XI outlines the amounts, and the contact times, of the reagents used in the synthesis cycle. A 6.5-fold excess (163 μL of 0.1 M=16.3 μmol) of phosphoramidite and a 24-fold excess of S-ethyl tetrazole (238 μL of 0.25 M=59.5 μmol) relative to polymer-bound 5′-hydroxyl was used in each coupling cycle. Average coupling yields on the 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer, determined by colorimetric quantitation of the trityl fractions, were 97.5-99%. Other oligonucleotide synthesis reagents for the 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer: detritylation solution was 2% TCA in methylene chloride (ABI); capping was performed with 16% N-methyl imidazole in THF (ABI) and 10% acetic anhydride/10% 2,6-lutidine in THF (ABI); oxidation solution was 16.9 mM I2, 49 mM pyridine, 9% water in THF (Millipore). B & J Synthesis Grade acetonitrile was used directly from the reagent bottle. S-Ethyl tetrazole solution (0.25 M in acetonitrile) was made up from the solid obtained from American International Chemical, Inc.
[0071] Deprotection of the RNA was performed as follows. The polymer-bound oligoribonucleotide, trityl-off, was transferred from the synthesis column to a 4mL glass screw top vial and suspended in a solution of methylamine (MA) at 65° C. for 10 min. After cooling to −20 ° C., the supernatant was removed from the polymer support. The support was washed three times with 1.0 mL of EtOH:MeCN:H2O/3:1:1, vortexed and the supernatant was then added to the first supernatant. The combined supernatants, containing the oligoribonucleotide, were dried to a white powder.
[0072] The base-deprotected oligoribonucleotide was resuspended in anhydrous TEA.HF/NMP solution (250 μL of a solution of 1.5 mL N-methyl-pyrrolidinone, 750 μL TEA and 1.0 mL TEA.3HF to provide a 1.4M HF concentration) and heated to 65° C. for 1.5 h. The resulting, fully deprotected, oligomer was quenched with 50 mM TEAB (9 mL) prior to anion exchange desalting.
[0073] For anion exchange desalting of the deprotected oligomer, the TEAB solution was loaded onto a Qiagen 500® anion exchange cartridge (Qiagen Inc.) that was prewashed with 50 mM TEAB (10 mL). After washing the loaded cartridge with 50 mM TEAB (10 mL), the RNA was eluted with 2 M TEAB (10 mL) and dried down to a white powder.
[0074] Inactive hammerhead ribozymes were synthesized by substituting a U Hertel, K. J., et al., 1992, Nucleic Acids Res.20, 3252).
[0075] The average stepwise coupling yields were >98% (Wincott et al., 1995 Nucleic Acids Res.23, 2677-2684).
[0076] Hairpin ribozymes are synthesized in two parts and annealed to reconstruct the active ribozyme (Chowrira and Burke, 1992 Nucleic Acids Res.,20, 2835-2840). Ribozymes are also synthesized from DNA templates using bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (Milligan and Uhlenbeck, 1989, Methods Enzymol.180, 51).
[0077] All ribozymes are modified extensively to enhance stability by modification with nuclease resistant groups, for example, 2′-amino, 2′-C-allyl, 2′-flouro, 2′-O-methyl, 2′-H (for a review see Usman and Cedergren, 1992 TIBS17, 34; Usman et al., 1994 Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser.31, 163). Ribozymes are purified by gel electrophoresis using general methods or are purified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC; See Usman et al., PCT Publication No. WO95/23225, the totality of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference) and are resuspended in water.
[0078] The sequences of the ribozymes that are chemically synthesized, useful in this study, are shown in Tables II to IX. Those in the art will recognize that these sequences are representative only of many more such sequences where the enzymatic portion of the ribozyme (all but the binding arms) is altered to affect activity. Stem-loop IV sequence of hairpin ribozymes listed in for example Table III (5′-CACGUUGUG-3′) can be altered (substitution, deletion, and/or insertion) to contain any sequence, provided a minimum of two base-paired stem structure can form. The sequences listed in Tables II to IX may be formed of ribonucleotides or other nucleotides or non-nucleotides. Such ribozymes are equivalent to the ribozymes described specifically in the Tables.
[0079] Optimizing Ribozyme Activity
[0080] Ribozyme activity can be optimized as described by Stinchcomb et al., supra. The details will not be repeated here, but include altering the length of the ribozyme binding arms (stems I and II, see FIG. 2c), or chemically synthesizing ribozymes with modifications that prevent their degradation by serum ribonucleases (see e.g., Eckstein et al., International Publication No. WO 92/07065; Perrault et al., 1990 Nature344, 565; Pieken et al., 1991 Science253, 314; Usman and Cedergren, 1992 Trends in Biochem. Sci.17, 334; Usman et al., International Publication No. WO 93/15187; Rossi et al., International Publication No. WO 91/03162; Beigelman et al., 1995 J Biol Chem.in press; as well as Sproat, U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,711 which describe various chemical modifications that can be made to the sugar moieties of enzymatic RNA molecules). Modifications which enhance their efficacy in cells, and removal of stem II bases to shorten RNA synthesis times and reduce chemical requirements are desired. (All these publications are hereby incorporated by reference herein).
[0081] Sullivan, et al., supra, describes the general methods for delivery of enzymatic RNA molecules. Ribozymes may be administered to cells by a variety of methods known to those familiar to the art, including, but not restricted to, encapsulation in liposomes, by iontophoresis, or by incorporation into other vehicles, such as hydrogels, cyclodextrins, biodegradable nanocapsules, and bioadhesive microspheres. For some indications, ribozymes may be directly delivered ex vivo to cells or tissues with or without the aforementioned vehicles. Alternatively, the RNA/vehicle combination is locally delivered by direct injection or by use of a catheter, infusion pump or stent. Other routes of delivery include, but are not limited to, intravascular, intramuscular, subcutaneous or joint injection, aerosol inhalation, oral (tablet or pill form), topical, systemic, ocular, intraperitoneal and/or intrathecal delivery. More detailed descriptions of ribozyme delivery and administration are provided in Sullivan et al., supra and Draper et al., supra which have been incorporated by reference herein.
[0082] Another means of accumulating high concentrations of a ribozyme(s) within cells is to incorporate the ribozyme-encoding sequences into a DNA or RNA expression vector. Transcription of the ribozyme sequences are driven from a promoter for eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (pol I), RNA polymerase II (pol II), or RNA polymerase III (pol III). Transcripts from pol II or pol III promoters will be expressed at high levels in all cells; the levels of a given pol II promoter in a given cell type will depend on the nature of the gene regulatory sequences (enhancers, silencers, etc.) present nearby. Prokaryotic RNA polymerase promoters are also used, providing that the prokaryotic RNA polymerase enzyme is expressed in the appropriate cells (Elroy-Stein and Moss, 1990 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,87, 6743-7; Gao and Huang 1993 Nucleic Acids Res.,21, 2867-72; Lieber et al., 1993 Methods Enzymol.,217, 47-66; Zhou et al., 1990 Mol. Cell. Biol.,10, 4529≧37; Thompson et al., 1995 supra). Several investigators have demonstrated that ribozymes expressed from such promoters can function in mammalian cells (e.g. Kashani-Sabet et al., 1992 Antisense Res. Dev.,2, 3-15; Ojwang et al.,1992 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,89,10802-6; Chen et al., 1992 Nucleic Acids Res.,20, 4581-9; Yu et al., 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A,90, 6340-4; L'Huillier et al., 1992 EMBO J.11, 4411-8; Lisziewicz et al., 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,90, 8000-4; Thompson et al., 1995 Nucleic Acids Res.23, 2259). The above ribozyme transcription units can be incorporated into a variety of vectors for introduction into mammalian cells, including but not restricted to, plasmid DNA vectors, viral DNA vectors (such as adenovirus or adeno-associated virus vectors), or viral RNA vectors (such as retroviral or alphavirus vectors).
[0083] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a transcription unit expressing a ribozyme that cleaves RNAs that encode flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 are inserted into a plasmid DNA vector or an adenovirus or adeno-associated virus DNA viral vector or a retroviral RNA vector. Viral vectors have been used to transfer genes and lead to either transient or long term gene expression (Zabner et al., 1993 Cell 75, 207; Carter, 1992 Curr. Opi. Biotech.3, 533). The adenovirus, AAV or retroviral vector is delivered as recombinant viral particles. The DNA may be delivered alone or complexed with vehicles (as described for RNA above). The recombinant adenovirus or AAV or retroviral particles are locally administered to the site of treatment, e.g., through incubation or inhalation in vivo or by direct application to cells or tissues ex vivo. Retroviral vectors have also been used to express ribozymes in mammalian cells (Ojwang et al., 1992 supra; Thompson et al., 1995 supra).
[0084] flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 are attractive nucleic acid-based therapeutic targets by several criteria. The interaction between VEGF and VEGF-R is well-established. Efficacy can be tested in well-defined and predictive animal models. Finally, the disease conditions are serious and current therapies are inadequate. Whereas protein-based therapies would inhibit VEGF activity nucleic acid-based therapy provides a direct and elegant approach to directly modulate flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 expression.
[0085] Because flt-1 and KDR mRNAs are highly homologous in certain regions, some ribozyme target sites are also homologous (see Table X). In this case, a single ribozyme will target both flt-1 and KDR mRNAs. At partially homologous sites, a single ribozyme can sometimes be designed to accomodate a site on both mRNAs by including G/U basepairing. For example, if there is a G present in a ribozyme target site in KDR mRNA at the same position there is an A in the flt-1 ribozyme target site, the ribozyme can be synthesized with a U at the complementary position and it will bind both to sites. The advantage of one ribozyme that targets both VEGF-R mRNAs is clear, especially in cases where both VEGF receptors may contribute to the progression of angiogenesis in the disease state.
[0086] “Angiogenesis” refers to formation of new blood vessels which is an essential process in reproduction, development and wound repair. “Tumor ngiogenesis” refers to the induction of the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid tumor. Tumor growth and tumor metastasis are dependent on angiogenesis (for a review see Folkman, 1985 supra; Folkman 1990 J. Natl. Cancer Inst.,82, 4; Folkman and Shing, 1992 J Biol. Chem.267, 10931).
[0087] Angiogenesis plays an important role in other diseases such as arthritis wherein new blood vessels have been shown to invade the joints and degrade cartilage (Folkman and Shing, supra).
[0088] “Retinopathy” refers to inflammation of the retina and/or degenerative condition of the retina which may lead to occlusion of the retina and eventual blindness. In “diabetic retinopathy” angiogenesis causes the capillaries in the retina to invade the vitreous resulting in bleeding and blindness which is also seen in neonatal retinopathy (for a review see Folkman, 1985 supra; Folkman 1990 supra; Folkman and Shing, 1992 supra).
Example 1
[0089] flt-1. KDR and/or flk-1 Ribozymes
[0090] By engineering ribozyme motifs applicant has designed several ribozymes directed against flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 encoded mRNA sequences. These ribozymes were synthesized with modifications that improve their nuclease resistance (Beigelman et al., 1995 J Biol. Chem.270, 25702) and enhance their activity in cells. The ability of ribozymes to cleave target sequences in vitro was evaluated essentially as described in Thompson et al., PCT Publication No. WO 93/23057; Draper et al., PCT Publication No. WO 95/04818.
Example 2
[0091] Effect of Ribozymes on the Binding of VEGF to flt-1. KDR and/or flk-1 Receptors
[0092] Several common human cell lines are available that express endogenous flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1. flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 can be detected easily with monoclonal antibodies. Use of appropriate fluorescent reagents and fluorescence-activated cell-sorting (FACS) will permit direct quantitation of surface flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 on a cell-by-cell basis. Active ribozymes are expected to directly reduce flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 expression and thereby reduce VEGF binding to the cells. In this example, human umbelical cord microvascular endothelial cells were used.
[0093] Cell Preparation
[0094] Plates are coated with 1.5% gelatin and allowed to stand for one hour. Cells (e.g., microvascular endothelial cells derived from human umbilical cord vein) are plated at 20,000 cells/well (24 well plate) in 200 μl growth media and incubated overnight (˜1 doubling) to yield ˜40,000 cells (75-80% confluent).
[0095] Ribozyme Treatment
[0096] Media is removed from cells and the cells are washed two times with 300 μl 1× PBS: Ca2+: Mg2+ mixture. A complex of 200-500 nM ribozyme and LipofectAMINE® (3:1 lipid:phosphate ratio) in 200 μl OptiMEM® (5% FBS) was added to the cells. The cells are incubated for 6 hr (equivalent to 2-3 VEGF-R turnovers).
[0097] 125I VEGF Binding Assay
[0098] The assay is carried out on ice to inhibit internalization of VEGF during the experiment. The media containing the ribozyme is removed from the cells and the cells are washed twice with with 300 μl 1× PBS: Ca2+: Mg2 + mixture containing 1% BSA. Appropriate 125I VEGF solution (100,000 cpm/well, +/−10× cold 1× PBS, 1% BSA) was applied to the cells. The cells are incubated on ice for 1 h. 1251I VEGF-containing solution is removed and the cells are washed three times with with 300 μl 1× PBS: Ca2+: Mg2+ mixture containing 1% BSA. To each well 300 μl of 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.5% Triton X-100 was added and the the mixture was incubated for 2 min. The 125I VEGF-binding was quantitated using standard scintillation counting techniques.
Example 3
[0099] Effect of Hammerhead Ribozymes Targeted Against flt-1 Receptor on the Binding of VEGF
[0100] Hammerhead ribozymes targeted to twenty sites within flt-1 RNA were synthesized as described above. Sequence of the ribozymes used are shown in Table II; the length of stem II region is 3 bp. The hammerhead ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions; four nucleotides at the 5′ terminus contains phosphorothioate substitutions. Additionally, 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic ribose.
[0101] Referring to FIG. 7, the effect of hammerhead ribozymes targeted against flt-1 receptor on the binding of VEGF to flt-1 on the surface of human microvascular endothelial cells is shown. The majority of the ribozymes tested were able to inhibit the expression of flt-1 and thereby were able to inhibit the binding of VEGF.
[0102] In order to determine the specificity of ribozymes targeted against flt-1 RNA, the effect of five anti-flt-1 ribozymes on the binding of VEGF, UPA (urokinase plasminogen activator) and FGF (fibroblast growth factor) to their corresponding receptors were assayed. As shown in FIG. 9, there was significant inhibition of VEGF binding to its receptors on cells treated with anti-flt-1 ribozymes. There was no specific inhibition of the binding of UPA and FGF to their corresponding receptors. These data strongly suggest that anti-flt-1 ribozymes specifically cleave flt-1 RNA and not RNAs encoding the receptors for UPA and FGF, resulting in the inhibition of flt-1 receptor expression on the surface of the cells. Thus the ribozymes are responsible for the inhibition of VEGF binding but not the binding of UPA and FGF.
Example 4
[0103] Effect of Hammerhead Ribozymes Targeted Against KDR Receptor on the Binding of VEGF
[0104] Hammerhead ribozymes targeted to twenty one sites within KDR RNA were synthesized as described above. Sequence of the ribozymes used are shown in Table IV; the length of stem II region is 3 bp. The hammerhead ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions; four nucleotides at the 5′ terminus contains phosphorothioate substitutions. Additionally, the 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose.
[0105] Referring to FIG. 8, the effect of hammerhead ribozymes targeted against KDR receptor on the binding of VEGF to KDR on the surface of human microvascular endothelial cells is shown. A majority of the ribozymes tested were able to inhibit the expression of KDR and thereby were able to inhibit the binding of VEGF. As a control, the cells were treated with a ribozyme that is not targeted towards KDR RNA (irrel. RZ); there was no specific inhibition of VEGF binding. The results from this control experiment strongly suggest that the inhibition of VEGF binding observed with anti-KDR ribozymes is a ribozyme-mediated inhibition.
Example 5
[0106] Effect of Ribozymes Targeted Against VEGF Receptors on Cell Proliferation
[0107] Cell Preparation
[0108] 24-well plates are coated with 1.5% gelatin (porcine skin 300 bloom). After 1 hr, excess gelatin is washed off of the plate. Microvascular endothelial cells are plated at 5,000 cells/well (24 well plate) in 200 μl growth media. The cells are allowed to grow for ˜18 hr (˜1 doubling) to yield ˜10,000 cells (25-30% confluent).
[0109] Ribozyme Treatment
[0110] Media is removed from the cells, and the cells are washed two times with 300 μl 1× PBS: Ca2+: Mg2+mixture.
[0111] For anti-flt-1 HH ribozyme experiment (FIG. 12) a complex of 500 nM ribozyme; 15 μM LFA (3:1 lipid:phosphate ratio) in 200 μl OptiMEM (5% FCS) media was added to the cells. Incubation of cells is carried out for 6 hr (equivalent to 2-3 VEGF receptor turnovers).
[0112] For anti-KDR HH ribozyme experiment (FIG. 13) a complex of 200 nM ribozyme; 5.25 μM LFA (3:1 lipid:phosphate ratio) in 200 μl OptiMEM (5% FCS) media was added to the cells. Incubation of cells is carried out for 3 hr.
[0113] Proliferation
[0114] After three or six hours, the media is removed from the cells and the cells are washed with 300 μl 1× PBS: Ca2+: Mg2+mixture. Maintenance media (contains dialyzed 10% FBS) +/−VEGF or basic FGF at 10 ng/ml is added to the cells. The cells are incubated for 48 or 72 h. The cells are trypsinized and counted (Coulter counter). Trypan blue is added on one well of each treatment as control.
[0115] As shown in FIG. 12B, VEGF and basic FGF can stimulate human microvascular endothelial cell proliferation. However, treatment of cells with 1358 HH or 4229 HH ribozymes, targeted against flt-1 mRNA, results in a significant decrease in the ability of VEGF to stimulate endothelial cell proliferation. These ribozymes do not inhibit the FGF-mediated stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation.
[0116] Human microvascular endothalial cells were also treated with hammerhead ribozymes targeted against sites 527, 730, 3702 or 3950 within the KDR mRNA. As shown in FIG. 13, all four ribozymes caused significant inhibition of VEGF-mediated induction of cell proliferation. No significant inhibition of cell proliferation was observed when the cells were treated with a hammerhead ribozyme targeted to an irrelevant RNA. Additionally, none of the ribozymes inhibited FGF-mediated stimulation of cell proliferation.
[0117] These results strongly suggest that hammerhead ribozymes targeted against either flt-1 or KDR mRNA can specifically inhibit VEGF-mediated induction of endothelial cell proliferation.
Example 6
[0118] Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeted Against VEGF Receptors on Cell Proliferation (Colorimetric Assay)
[0119] Following are some of the reagents used in the proliferation assay:
[0120] Cells: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) from Clonetics®. Cells at early passage are preferably used.
[0121] Uptake Medium: EBM (from Clonetics®);1% L-Glutamine;20 mM Hepes;No serum;No antibiotics.
[0122] Growth Medium: EGM (from Clonetics®);FBS to 20%;1% L-Glutamine; 20 mM Hepes.
[0123] Cell Plating: 96-well tissue culture plates are coated with 0.2% gelatin (50 μl/well). The gelatin is incubated in the wells at room temperature for 15-30 minutes. The gelatin is removed by aspiration and the wells are washed with PBS:Ca2+: Mg2+mixture. PBS mixture is left in the wells until cells are ready to be added. HAEC cells were detached by trypsin treatment and resuspended at 1.25×104/ml in growth medium. PBS is removed from plates and 200 μl of cells (i.e. 2.5×103cells/well) are added to each well. The cells are allowed to grow for 48 hours before the proliferation assay.
[0124] Assay: Growth medium is removed from the wells. The cells are washed twice with PBS:Ca2+: Mg2+mixture without antibiotics. A formulation of lipid/antisense oligonucleotide (antisense oligonucleotide is used here as a non-limiting example) complex is added to each well (100 μl/well) in uptake medium. The cells are incubated for 2-3 hours at 37° C. in C2incubator. After uptake, 100 μl/well of growth medium is added (gives final FBS concentration of 10%). After approximately 72 hours, 40 μl MTS® stock solution (made as described by manufacturer) was added to each well and incubated at 37° C. for 1-3 hours, depending on the color development. (For this assay, 2 hours was sufficient). The intensity of color formation was determined on a plate reader at 490 nM.
[0125] Phosphorothioate-substituted antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were custom synthesized by The Midland Certified Reagent Company®, Midland, Tex. Following non-limiting antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted against KDR RNA were used in the proliferation assay:
[0126] KDR 21 AS: 5′-GCA GCA CCT TGC TCT CCA TCC-3′
[0127] SCRAMBLED CONTROL: 5′-CTG CCA ACT TCC CAT GCC TGC-3′
[0128] As shown in FIG. 10, proliferation of HAEC cells are specifically inhibited by increasing concentrations of the phosphorothioate anti-KDR-antisense oligodeoxynucleotide. The scrambled antisense oligonucleotide is not expected to bind the KDR RNA and therefore is not expected to inhibit KDR expression. As expected, there is no detectable inhibition of proliferation of HAEC cells treated with a phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide with scrambled sequence.
Example 7
[0129] In Vitro Cleavage of flt-1 RNA by Hammerhead Ribozymes
[0130] Referring to FIG. 11A, hammerhead ribozymes (HH) targeted against sites 1358 and 4229 within the flt-1 RNA were synthesized as described above.
[0131] RNA Cleavage Assay in vitro
[0132] Substrate RNA was 5′ end-labeled using [γ-32P] ATP and T4 polynucleotide kinase (US Biochemicals). Cleavage reactions were carried out under ribozyme “excess” conditions. Trace amount (≦1 nM) of 5′ end-labeled substrate and 40 nM unlabeled ribozyme were denatured and renatured separately by heating to 90° C. for 2 min and snap-cooling on ice for 10-15 min. The ribozyme and substrate were incubated, separately, at 37° C. for 10 min in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl and 10 mM MgCl2. The reaction was initiated by mixing the ribozyme and substrate solutions and incubating at 37° C. Aliquots of 5 μl are taken at regular intervals of time and the reaction is quenched by mixing with equal volume of 2× formamide stop mix. The samples are resolved on 20 % denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The results were quantified and percentage of target RNA cleaved is plotted as a function of time.
[0133] Referring to FIG. 11B and 11C, hammerhead ribozymes targeted against sites 1358 and 4229 within the flt-1 RNA are capable of cleaving target RNA efficiently in vitro.
Example 8
[0134] In Vitro Cleavage of KDR RNA by Hammerhead Ribozymes
[0135] In this non-limiting example, hammerhead ribozymes targeted against sites 726, 527, 3702 and 3950 within KDR RNA were synthesized as described above. RNA cleavage reactions were carried out in vitro essentially as described under Example 7.
[0136] Referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, all four ribozymes were able to cleave their cognate target RNA efficiently in a sequence-specific manner.
Example 9
[0137] In Vitro Cleavage of RNA by Hammerhead Ribozymes Targeted Against Cleavage Sites that are Homologous Between KDR and flt-1 mRNA
[0138] Because flt-1 and KDR mRNAs are highly homologous in certain regions, some ribozyme target sites are also homologous (see Table X). In this case, a single ribozyme will target both flt-1 and KDR mRNAs. Hammerhead ribozyme (FLT/KDR-I) targeted against one of the homologous sites between flt-1 and KDR (flt-1 site 3388 and KDR site 3151) was synthesized as described above. Ribozymes with either a 3 bp stem II or a 4 bp stem II were synthesized. RNA cleavage reactions were carried out in vitro essentially as described under Example 7.
[0139] Referring to FIG. 16, FLT/KDR-I ribozyme with either a 3 or a 4 bp stem II was able to cleave its target RNA efficiently in vitro.
Example 10
[0140] Effect of Multiple Ribozymes Targeted Against Both flt-1 and KDR RNA on Cell Proliferation
[0141] Since both flt-1 and KDR receptors of VEGF are involved in angiogenesis, the inhibition of the expression of both of these genes may be an effective approach to inhibit angiogenesis.
[0142] Human microvascular endothalial cells were treated with hammerhead ribozymes targeted against sites flt-1 4229 alone, KDR 527 alone, KDR 726 alone, KDR 3950 alone, flt-1 4229+KDR 527, flt-1 4229+KDR 726 or flt-1 4229+KDR 3950. As shown in FIG. 17, all the combinations of active ribozymes (A) caused significant inhibition of VEGF-mediated induction of cell proliferation. No significant inhibition of cell proliferation was observed when the cells were treated with a catalytically inactive (I) hammerhead ribozymes. Additionally, cells treated with ribozymes targeted against both flt-i and KDR RNAs- flt-1 4229+KDR 527; flt-1 4229+KDR 726; flt-1 4229+KDR 3950, were able to cause a greater inhibition of VEGF-mediated induction of cell proliferation when compared with individual ribozymes targeted against either flt-1 or KDR RNA (see flt-1 4229 alone; KDR 527 alone; KDR 726 alone; KDR 3950 alone). This strongly suggests that treatment of cells with multiple ribozymes may be a more effective means of inhibition of gene expression.
[0143] Animal Models
[0144] There are several animal models in which the anti-angiogenesis effect of nucleic acids of the present invention, such as ribozymes, directed against VEGF-R mRNAs can be tested. Typically a corneal model has been used to study angiogenesis in rat and rabbit since recruitment of vessels can easily be followed in this normally avascular tissue (Pandey et al., 1995 Science268: 567-569). In these models, a small Teflon or Hydron disk pretreated with an angiogenesis factor (e.g. bFGF or VEGF) is inserted into a pocket surgically created in the cornea. Angiogenesis is monitored 3 to 5 days later. Ribozymes directed against VEGF-R mRNAs would be delivered in the disk as well, or dropwise to the eye over the time course of the experiment. In another eye model, hypoxia has been shown to cause both increased expression of VEGF and neovascularization in the retina (Pierce et al., 1995 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.92: 905-909; Shweiki et al., 1992 J. Clin. Invest,91: 2235-2243).
[0145] In human glioblastomas, it has been shown that VEGF is at least partially responsible for tumor angiogenesis (Plate et al., 1992 Nature359, 845). Animal models have been developed in which glioblastoma cells are implanted subcutaneously into nude mice and the progress of tumor growth and angiogenesism is studied (Kim et al., 1993 supra; Millauer et al., 1994 supra).
[0146] Another animal model that addresses neovascularization involves Matrigel, an extract of basement membrane that becomes a solid gel when injected subcutaneously (Passaniti et al., 1992 Lab. Invest.67: 519-528). When the Matrigel is supplemented with angiogenesis factors such as VEGF, vessels grow into the Matrigel over a period of 3 to 5 days and angiogenesis can be assessed. Again, ribozymes directed against VEGF-R mRNAs would be delivered in the Matrigel.
[0147] Several animal models exist for screening of anti-angiogenic agents. These include corneal vessel formation following corneal injury (Burger et al., 1985 Cornea 4: 35-41; Lepri, et al., 1994 J. Ocular Pharmacol.10: 273-280; Ormerod et al., 1990 Am. J. Pathol.137: 1243-1252) or intracorneal growth factor implant (Grant et al., 1993 Diabetologia36: 282-291; Pandey et al. 1995 supra; Zieche et al., 1992 Lab. Invest67: 711-715), vessel growth into Matrigel matrix containing growth factors (Passaniti et al., 1992 supra), female reproductive organ neovascularization following hormonal manipulation (Shweiki et al., 1993 Clin. Invest.91: 2235-2243), several models involving inhibition of tumor growth in highly vascularized solid tumors (O'Reilly et al., 1994 Cell79: 315-328; Senger et al., 1993 Cancer and Metas. Rev.12: 303-324; Takahasi et al., 1994 Cancer Res.54: 4233-4237; Kim et al., 1993 supra), and transient hypoxia-induced neovascularization in the mouse retina (Pierce et al., 1995 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.92: 905-909).
[0148] The cornea model, described in Pandey et al. supra, is the most common and well characterized anti-angiogenic agent efficacy screening model. This model involves an avascular tissue into which vessels are recruited by a stimulating agent (growth factor, thermal or alkalai burn, endotoxin). The corneal model would utilize the intrastromal corneal implantation of a Teflon pellet soaked in a VEGF-Hydron solution to recruit blood vessels toward the pellet which can be quantitated using standard microscopic and image analysis techniques. To evaluate their anti-angiogenic efficacy, ribozymes are applied topically to the eye or bound within Hydron on the Teflon pellet itself. This avascular cornea as well as the Matrigel (see below) provide for low background assays. While the corneal model has been performed extensively in the rabbit, studies in the rat have also been conducted.
[0149] The mouse model (Passaniti et al., supra) is a non-tissue model which utilizes Matrigel, an extract of basement membrane (Kleinman et al., 1986) or Millipore® filter disk, which can be impregnated with growth factors and anti-angiogenic agents in a liquid form prior to injection. Upon subcutaneous administration at body temperature, the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk forms a solid implant. VEGF embedded in the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk would be used to recruit vessels within the matrix of the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk which can be processed histologically for endothelial cell specific vWF (factor VIII antigen) immunohistochemistry, Trichrome-Masson stain, or hemoglobin content. Like the cornea, the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk are avascular; however, it is not tissue. In the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk model, ribozymes are administered within the matrix of the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk to test their anti-angiogenic efficacy. Thus, delivery issues in this model, as with delivery of ribozymes by Hydron- coated Teflon pellets in the rat cornea model, may be less problematic due to the homogeneous presence of the ribozyme within the respective matrix.
[0150] These models offer a distinct advantage over several other angiogenic models listed previously. The ability to use VEGF as a pro-angiogenic stimulus in both models is highly desirable since ribozymes will target only VEGFr mRNA. In other words, the involvement of other non-specific types of stimuli in the cornea and Matrigel models is not advantageous from the standpoint of understanding the pharmacologic mechanism by which the anti-VEGFr mRNA ribozymes produce their effects. In addition, the models will allow for testing the specificity of the anti-VEGFr mRNA ribozymes by using either a- or bFGF as a pro-angiogenic factor. Vessel recruitment using FGF should not be affected in either model by anti-VEGFr mRNA ribozymes. Other models of angiogenesis including vessel formation in the female reproductive system using hormonal manipulation (Shweiki et al., 1993 supra); a variety of vascular solid tumor models which involve indirect correltations with angiogenesis (O'Reilly et al., 1994 supra; Senger et al., 1993 supra; Takahasi et al., 1994 supra; Kim et al., 1993 supra); and retinal neovascularization following transient hypoxia (Pierce et al., 1995 supra) were not selected for efficacy screening due to their non-specific nature, although there is a correlation between VEGF and angiogenesis in these models.
[0151] Other model systems to study tumor angiogenesis is reviewed by Folkman, 1985 Adv. Cancer. Res. 43,175.
[0152] flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 protein levels can be measured clinically or experimentally by FACS analysis. flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 encoded mRNA levels will be assessed by Northern analysis, RNase-protection, primer extension analysis and/or quantitative RT-PCR. Ribozymes that block flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 protein encoding mRNAs and therefore result in decreased levels of flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 activity by more than 20% in vitro will be identified.
[0153] Ribozymes and/or genes encoding them are delivered by either free delivery, liposome delivery, cationic lipid delivery, adeno-associated virus vector delivery, adenovirus vector delivery, retrovirus vector delivery or plasmid vector delivery in these animal model experiments (see above).
[0154] Patients can be treated by locally administering nucleic acids targeted against VEGF-R by direct injection. Routes of administration may include, but are not limited to, intravascular, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraarticular, aerosol inhalation, oral (tablet, capsule or pill form), topical, systemic, ocular, intraperitoneal and/or intrathecal delivery.
Example 11
[0155] Ribozyme-mediated Inhibition of Angiogenesis in vivo
[0156] The purpose ot this study was to assess the anti-angiogenic activity of hammerhead ribozymes targeted against flt-1 4229 site in the rat cornea model of VEGF induced angiogenesis (see above). These ribozymes have either active or inactive catalytic core and either bind and cleave or just bind to VEGF-R mRNA of the flt-1 subtype. The active ribozymes, that are able to bind and cleave the target RNA, have been shown to inhibit (125I-labeled) VEGF binding in cultured endothelial cells and produce a dose-dependent decrease in VEGF induced endothelial cell proliferation in these cells (see Examples 3-5 above). The catalytically inactive forms of these ribozymes, wherein the ribozymes can only bind to the RNA but cannot catalyze RNA cleavage, fail to show these characteristics. The ribozymes and VEGF were co-delivered using the filter disk method: Nitrocellulose filter disks (Millipore®) of 0.057 diameter were immersed in appropriate solutions and were surgically implanted in rat cornea as described by Pandey et al., supra. This delivery method has been shown to deliver rhodamine-labeled free ribozyme to scleral cells and, in all likelihood cells of the pericorneal vascular plexus. Since the active ribozymes show cell culture efficacy and can be delivered to the target site using the disk method, it is essential that these ribozymes be assessed for in vivo anti-angiogenic activity.
[0157] The stimulus for angiogenesis in this study was the treatment of the filter disk with 30 μM VEGF which is implanted within the cornea's stroma. This dose yields reproducible neovascularization stemming from the pericorneal vascular plexus growing toward the disk in a dose-response study 5 days following implant. Filter disks treated only with the vehicle for VEGF show no angiogenic response. The ribozymes was co-adminstered with VEGF on a disk in two different ribozyme concentrations. One concern with the simultaneous administration is that the ribozymes will not be able to inhibit angiogenesis since VEGF receptors can be stimulated. However, we have observed that in low VEGF doses, the neovascular response reverts to normal suggesting that the VEGF stimulus is essential for maintaining the angiogenic response. Blocking the production of VEGF receptors using simultaneous administration of anti-VEGF-R mRNA ribozymes could attenuate the normal neovascularization induced by the filter disk treated with VEGF.
[0158] Materials and Methods:
[0159] Stock hammerhead ribozyme solutions
[0160] a. flt-1 4229 (786 μM)- Active
[0161] b. flt-1 4229 (736 μM)- Inactive
[0162] 2. Experimantal Solutions/groups
[0163] Group 1 Solution 1 Control VEGF solution: 30 μM in 82 mM Tris base
[0164] Group 2 Solution 2 flt-1 4229 (1 μg/μL) in 30 μM VEGF/82 mM Tris base
[0165] Group 3 Solution 3 flt-1 4229 (10 μg/μL) in 30 μM VEGF/82 mM Tris base
[0166] Group 4 Solution 4 No VEGF, flt-1 4229 (10 μg/μL) in 82 mM Tris base
[0167] Group 5 Solution 5 No VEGF, No ribozyme in 82 mM Tris base
[0168] 10 eyes per group, 5 animals (Since they have similar molecular weights, the molar concentrations should be essentially similar).
[0169] Each solution (VEGF and RIBOZYMES) were prepared as a 2× solution for 1:1 mixing for final concentrations above, with the exception of solution 1 in which VEGF was 2× and diluted with ribozyme diluent (sterile water).
[0170] 3. VEGF Solutions
[0171] The 2× VEGF solution (60 μM) was prepared from a stock of 0.82 μg/μL in 50 mM Tris base. 200 μL of VEGF stock was concentrated by speed vac to a final volume of 60.8 μL, for a final concentration of 2.7 μg/μL or 60 μM. Six 10 μL aliquots was prepared for daily mixing. 2× solutions for VEGF and Ribozyme was stored at 4° C. until the day of the surgery. Solutions were mixed for each day of surgery. Original 2× solutions was prepared on the day before the first day of the surgery.
[0172] 4. Surgical Solutions
[0173] Anesthesia
[0174] stock ketamine hydrochloride 100 mg/mL
[0175] stock xylazine hydrochloride 20 mg/mL
[0176] stock acepromazine 10 mg/mL
[0177] Final anesthesia solution: 50 mg/mL ketamine, 10 mg/mL xylazine, and 0.5 mg/mL acepromazine
[0178] 5% povidone iodine for opthalmic surgical wash 2% lidocaine (sterile) for opthalmic administration (2 drops per eye)
[0179] sterile 0.9% NaCl for opthalmic irrigation
[0180] 5. Surgical Methods
[0181] Standard surgical procedure as described in Pandey et al., supra. Filter disks were incubated in 1 μL of each solution for approximately 30 minutes prior to implantation.
[0182] 5. Experimental Protocol
[0183] The animal cornea were treated with the treatment groups as described above. Animals were allowed to recover for 5 days after treatment with daily observation (scoring 0-3). On the fifth day animals were euthanized and digital images of each eye was obtained for quantitaion using Image Pro Plus. Quantitated neovascular surface area were analyzed by ANOVA followed by two post-hoc tests including Dunnets and Tukey-Kramer tests for significance at the 95% confidence level. Dunnets provide information on the significance between the differences within the means of treatments vs. controls while Tukey-Kramer provide information on the significance of differences within the means of each group.
[0184] Results are graphically represented in FIG. 18. As shown in the figure, flt-1 4229 active hammerhead ribozyme at both concentrations was effective at inhibiting angiogenesis while the inactive ribozyme did not show any significant reduction in angiogenesis. A statistically signifiant reduction in neovascular surface area was observed only with active ribozymes. This result clearly shows that the ribozymes are capable of significantly inhibiting angiogenesis in vivo. Specifically, the mechanism of inhibition appears to be by the binding and cleavage of target RNA by ribozymes.
[0185] Diagnostic Uses
[0186] Ribozymes of this invention may be used as diagnostic tools to examine genetic drift and mutations within diseased cells or to detect the presence of flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 RNA in a cell. The close relationship between ribozyme activity and the structure of the target RNA allows the detection of mutations in any region of the molecule which alters the base-pairing and three-dimensional structure of the target RNA. By using multiple ribozymes described in this invention, one may map nucleotide changes which are important to RNA structure and function in vitro, as well as in cells and tissues. Cleavage of target RNAs with ribozymes may be used to inhibit gene expression and define the role (essentially) of specified gene products in the progression of disease. In this manner, other genetic targets may be defined as important mediators of the disease. These experiments will lead to better treatment of the disease progression by affording the possibility of combinational therapies (e.g., multiple ribozymes targeted to different genes, ribozymes coupled with known small molecule inhibitors, or intermittent treatment with combinations of ribozymes and/or other chemical or biological molecules). Other in vitro uses of ribozymes of this invention are well known in the art, and include detection of the presence of mRNAs associated with flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 related condition. Such RNA is detected by determining the presence of a cleavage product after treatment with a ribozyme using standard methodology.
[0187] In a specific example, ribozymes which can cleave only wild-type or mutant forms of the target RNA are used for the assay. The first ribozyme is used to identify wild-type RNA present in the sample and the second ribozyme will be used to identify mutant RNA in the sample. As reaction controls, synthetic substrates of both wild-type and mutant RNA will be cleaved by both ribozymes to demonstrate the relative ribozyme efficiencies in the reactions and the absence of cleavage of the “non-targeted” RNA species. The cleavage products from the synthetic substrates will also serve to generate size markers for the analysis of wild-type and mutant RNAs in the sample population. Thus each analysis will require two ribozymes, two substrates and one unknown sample which will be combined into six reactions. The presence of cleavage products will be determined using an RNAse protection assay so that full-length and cleavage fragments of each RNA can be analyzed in one lane of a polyacrylamide gel. It is not absolutely required to quantify the results to gain insight into the expression of mutant RNAs and putative risk of the desired phenotypic changes in target cells. The expression of mRNA whose protein product is implicated in the development of the phenotype (i.e., flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1) is adequate to establish risk. If probes of comparable specific activity are used for both transcripts, then a qualitative comparison of RNA levels will be adequate and will decrease the cost of the initial diagnosis. Higher mutant form to wild-type ratios will be correlated with higher risk whether RNA levels are compared qualitatively or quantitatively.
| TABLE I |
|---|
| Characteristics of Ribozymes |
| TABLE II |
|---|
| Human fltl VEGF Receptor-Hammerhead Ribozyme and |
| Substrate Sequence |
| TABLE III |
|---|
| Human fLt1 VEGF Receptor-Hairpin Ribozyme and Substrate sequence |
| Table IV |
|---|
| Human KDR VEGF Receptor-Hammerhead Ribozyme and |
| Substrate Sequence |
| TABLE V |
|---|
| Human KDR VEGF Receptor-Hairpin Ribozyme and Substrate Sequences |
| TABLE VI |
|---|
| Mouse flk-1 VEGF Receptor-Hammerhead Ribozyme and |
| Substrate sequence |
| TABLE VII |
|---|
| Mouse flk-1 VEGF receptor-Hairpin Ribozyme and Substrate Sequences |
| Table VIII |
|---|
| Mouse flt-l VEGF Receptor-Hammerhead Ribozyme and |
| Substrate Sequence |
| TABLE IX |
|---|
| Mouse flt1 VEGF Receptor-Hairpin Ribozyme and Substrate Sequence |
| TABLE X |
|---|
| Homologous Hammerhead Ribozyme Target Sites |
| Between Human flt-1 and KDR RNA |
| TABLE XI |
|---|
| 2.5 μmol RNA Synthesis Cycle |
[0188] Other embodiments are within the following claims.
Claims
Certificate of Correction present
The claims shown below may not include correction changes. Use the corrected PDF for authoritative text.
What is claimed is:
1. A nucleic acid molecule which specifically inhibits the synthesis, expression and/or stability of an mRNA encoding flt-1 receptor of human or mouse vascular endothelial growth factor, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule or an antisense nucleic acid molecule.
2. The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule.
3. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 2, wherein said enzymatic nucleic acid molecule comprises binding arms containing sequence complementary to a substrate nucleotide base sequence to any one of SEQ ID NOS; 1481-1482, 1493, 1574, 1664, 1669, 1838, 1847, 1913, 1933, 1974, 1984, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2025, 2130, 2382, or 2394.
4. The nucleic acid molecule of claims 2, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is in a hammerhead motif.
5. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 2, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is in a hairpin, hepatitis Delta virus, group I intron, VS nucleic acid or RNase P nucleic acid motif.
6. A method of cleaving RNA of flt-1 gene comprising the step of contacting said RNA with the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 3, under conditions suitable for the cleavage of said RNA.
7. The method claim 6, wherein said enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is in a hammerhead motif.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein said enzymatic nucleic acid molecule comprises between 12 and 100 bases complementary to the RNA of flt-1 gene.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein said enzymatic nucleic acid molecule comprises between 14 and 24 bases complementary to the RNA of flt-1 gene.
10. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises between 12 and 100 bases complementary to the RNA encoding the flt-1 receptor.
11. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 10, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises between 14 and 24 bases complementary to the RNA encoding the flt-1 receptor.
12. A mammalian cell including a nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said mammalian cell is not a living human.
13. The mammalian cell of claim 12, wherein said mammalian cell is a human cell.
14. An expression vector comprising nucleic acid sequence encoding the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, in a manner which allows expression and/or delivery of that nucleic acid molecule within a mammalian cell.
15. The expression vector of claim 14, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is an enzymatic nucleic acid.
16. A mammalian cell including an expression vector of claim 11, wherein said mammalian cell is not a living human.
17. The mammalian cell of claim 16, wherein said mammalian cell is a human cell.
18. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is an antisense nucleic acid molecule.
19. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 18, wherein said antisense nucleic acid molecule contains sequence complementary to the substrate nucleotide base sequence selected from the group consisting of: 1481-1482, 1493, 1574, 1664, 1669, 1838, 1847, 1913, 1933, 1974, 1984, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2025, 2130, 2382, or 2394.
20. An expression vector comprising nucleic acid sequence encoding the antisense nucleic acid molecule of claim 18, in a manner which allows expression and/or delivery of that antisense nucleic acid molecule within a mammalian cell.
21. A mammalian cell including the expression vector of claim 20, wherein said mammalian cell is not a living human.
22. The mammalian cell of claim 21, wherein said mammalian cell is a human cell.
23. An enzymatic nucleic acid molecule comprising any ribozyme sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOS: 50-51, 62, 143, 233, 238, 407, 416-417, 482, 502, 543, 553, 566, 568-569, 574, 594, 699, 951, and 963.
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