US 6,313,865 B1Grant

Method and apparatus for implementing a panoptic camera system

Issue Date:2001-11-06

•8 Claims

•13 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

A panoptic camera system that can be used to capture all the light from a hemisphere viewing angle is disclosed. The panoptic camera comprises a main reflecting mirror that reflects light from an entire hemisphere onto an image capture mechanism. The main reflecting mirror consists of a paraboloid shape with a dimple on an apex. The surface area around the dimple allows the main reflector to capture light from behind an image capture mechanism or a second reflector. When two panoptic camera systems that capture the light from an entire hemisphere are placed back to back, a camera system that “sees” light from all directions is created. A stereo vision panoramic camera system is also disclosed. The stereo vision panoramic camera system comprises two panoramic camera systems that are separated by a known distance. The two panoramic camera systems are each placed in a “blind spot” of the other panoramic camera system. By using the different images generated by the two panoramic camera systems and the known distance between the two panoramic camera systems, the range to objects within the panoramic images can be determined.

Metadata

Assignee

Be Here Corporation

Inventors

Edward Driscoll, Jr.
Willard Curtis Lomax
Howard Morrow

Application Information

Application Number:US 09/480,311

Filing Date:2000-01-10

Priority Date:1997-05-08

Art Unit:7

Classifications

IPC:

H04N 700

Field of Search:

348 36348143348147348117354 95354 81

Patent Drawings (13 sheets)

Description

[0002] This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/853,048 filed May 8, 1997.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention relates to the field of film and video photography. In particular the present invention discloses a panoptic camera device that captures virtually all the light that converges on a single point in space.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Most cameras only record a small viewing angle. Thus, a typical conventional camera only captures an image in the direction that the camera is aimed. Such conventional cameras force viewers to look only at what the camera operator chooses to focus on. Some cameras use a specialized wide angle lens or “fish-eye” lens to capture a wider panoramic image. However, such panoramic cameras still have a relatively limited field.

[0005] In many situations, it would be much more desirable to have a camera system that captures light from all directions. For example, a conventional surveillance camera can be compromised by a perpetrator that approaches the camera from a direction that is not within the viewing angle of the camera. An ideal surveillance camera would capture light from all directions such that the camera would be able to record an image of a person that approaches the camera from any direction.

[0006] It would be desirable to have a camera system that would capture the light from all directions such that a full 360 degree panoramic image can be created. A full 360 degree panoramic image would allow the viewer to choose what she would like to look at. Furthermore, a full 360 degree panoramic image allows multiple viewers to simultaneously view the world from the same point, with each being able to independently choose their viewing direction and field of view.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention introduces a panoptic camera system that can be used to capture all the light from a hemisphere viewing angle. The panoptic camera comprises a main reflecting mirror that reflects light from an entire hemisphere onto an image capture mechanism. The main reflecting mirror consists of a paraboloid shape with a dimple on an apex. The surface area around the dimple allows the main reflector to capture light from behind an image capture mechanism or a second reflector. When two panoptic camera systems that capture the light from an entire hemisphere are placed back to back, a camera system that “sees” light from all directions is created.

[0008] A stereo vision panoramic camera system is also disclosed. The stereo vision panoramic camera system comprises two panoramic camera systems that are separated by a known distance. The two panoramic camera systems are each placed in a “blind spot” of the other panoramic camera system. By using the different images generated by the two panoramic camera systems and the known distance between the two panoramic camera systems, the range to objects within the panoramic images can be determined.

[0009] Other objects feature and advantages of present invention will be apparent from the company drawings and from the following detailed description that follows below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art, in view of the following detailed description in which:

[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a panoramic camera system.

[0012] FIG. 2aillustrates an annular image that is recorded by the panoramic camera system of FIG. 1.

[0013] FIG. 2billustrates how the annular image of FIG. 2aappears after it has been unwrapped by polar to rectangular mapping software.

[0014] FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the 360 degree band of light that is captured by the panoramic camera system of FIG. 1.

[0015] FIG. 4aillustrates an embodiment of a panoramic camera system that captures all the light from a hemisphere above and around the panoramic camera system.

[0016] FIG. 4bis a conceptual diagram used to illustrate the shape of the panoptic camera system in FIG. 4a.

[0017] FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a panoramic camera system that captures light from all directions around the panoramic camera system.

[0018] FIG. 6 illustrates a first embodiment of a panoramic camera with stereo vision.

[0019] FIG. 7 illustrates a second embodiment of a panoramic camera with stereo vision.

[0020] FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a panoramic camera system that shields unwanted light and limits the amount of light that reaches the image plane.

[0021] FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a panoramic camera that is constructed using a solid transparent material such that the inner components are protected.

[0022] FIGS. 10aand 10bgraphically illustrate a method of locating the center of a annular panoramic image.

[0023] FIGS. 11aand 11billustrate flow diagram describing the method of locating the center of a annular panoramic image.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0024] A method and apparatus for implementing a panoptic camera is disclosed. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required in order to practice the present invention. For example, the present invention has been described with reference to Ethernet based computer networks. However, the same techniques can easily be applied to other types of computer networks.

A Panoptic Camera

[0025] FIG. 1 illustrates a cross section view of panoramic camera system 100 that captures an image of the surrounding panorama. It should be noted that the camera system is cylindrically symmetrical such that it captures light from a 360 degree band around a point.

[0026] The panoramic camera system 100 operates by reflecting all the light from a 360 degree band with a parabolic reflector 110 to a second reflector 115 through a set of lenses 120,130, and 140 to an image capture mechanism 150. The set of lenses corrects various optical artifacts created by the parabolic mirror. The image capture mechanism 150 may be a chemical based film image capture mechanism or an electronic based image capture mechanism such as a CCD. Details on how to construct such a panoramic camera can be found in the U.S. patent application titled “Panoramic Camera” filed on May 8, 1997, with Ser. No. 08/853,048.

[0027] FIG. 2aillustrates how an image captured by the panoramic camera system 100 of FIG. 1 appears. As illustrated in FIG. 2a, the surrounding panorama is captured as an annular image on a two dimensional surface. The annular image can later be processed by an optical or electronic image processing system to display the image in a more familiar format. FIG. 2billustrates how the annular image of FIG. 2aappears after it has been geometrically transformed from the annular image into a rectangular image by image processing software. In one embodiment, the transformation approximates a transform from polar coordinates to rectangular coordinate.

[0028] FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the band of light that is captured by the panoramic camera system of FIG. 1. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the panoramic camera system of FIG. 1 captures a 360 degree band of light that is 60 degrees above and below the horizon.

Camera System That Collects All Light From A Hemisphere

[0029] In certain applications, it would be desirable to have a camera system that collects all the light from a full hemisphere around the camera. For example, a camera system that collects all the light from a full hemisphere could be used by astronomers to capture an image of the entire night sky.

[0030] FIG. 4aillustrates a camera system similar to camera system of FIG. 1 except that the camera system of FIG. 4acaptures light from the horizon line all the way to the Zenith. Thus, the camera system of FIG. 4acaptures light from the entire hemisphere above the camera system.

[0031] The camera system operates by having a main reflector 410 that reflects light from the entire hemisphere above the camera system to a second reflector 415. The second reflector 415 reflects the light down through a lens system 420 to an image capture mechanism 440.

[0032] To be able to collect light from a full hemisphere, the main reflector of the camera system consists a cylindrically symmetric mirror with a cross section that consists of an offset parabola. FIG. 4billustrates the shape of a full parabola 450 that is then cut shortly after the apex on the side of the parabola near the center of the main reflector. The offset parabola reflects light from a slightly greater than 90 degree band that starts at the horizon (see light ray 481) and continues to the zenith (see light rays 485 and 489) and beyond. The short section of parabola near the center of the main reflector allows the main reflector to direct light from the zenith and beyond to the second reflector 470 and down into the image capture mechanism 440. This is illustrated by light ray 489.

[0033] Although the main reflector 410 of FIG. 4acaptures light from the zenith and beyond, the main reflector has a slight “blind spot.” The blind spot is limited to being a small cone of space behind the second reflector 415 inside light ray 439. This small area in the blind spot can be used to implement a support fixture for the mirror. Alternatively, the small area in the blind spot can be used to implement supplemental lighting.

Camera System That Collects Light From All Directions

[0034] For some applications, it would be desirable to have a camera system that collects all the light that converges on a point from all directions. For example, an ideal security camera system would be able to “see” in all directions such that no perpetrator could sneak up on the camera from an angle not seen by the camera. Thus, no perpetrator could sneak up on the camera and disable the camera without having his image captured by the camera.

[0035] To construct a panoptic camera system that collects light from all directions 500, the present invention discloses an arrangement of two hemisphere camera systems (one hemisphere system comprising 510,515 and 540 and the other hemisphere system comprising 560, 565 and 590) joined together as illustrated in FIG. 5. The arrangement of FIG. 5 will produce two annular images: one annular image for the upper hemisphere and one annular image for the lower hemisphere. Since the two camera systems are aligned with each other, the two annular images can be optically or electronically combined to generate an image of the entire surroundings of the panoptic camera system.

A Panoramic Camera System With Stereo Vision

[0036] To gauge the range of visible objects, humans uses stereo vision. Specifically, the two different view angles provided by two eyes enables a human to determine the relative distance of visible objects. The same principle can be used to implement a panoramic camera system that has stereo vision.

[0037] A First Embodiment

[0038] Referring back to FIG. 1, the original panoramic camera has a blind spot above the second reflector. The blind spot is clearly illustrated in FIG. 3 wherein the area above 60 degrees above the horizon and the area below 60 degrees below the horizon are not captured by the panoramic camera system. A second panoramic camera can be placed in a blind spot of a first panoramic camera. FIG. 6 illustrates a stereo vision panoramic camera system constructed according to this technique.

[0039] The stereo panoramic camera system of FIG. 6 comprises a first panoramic camera 605 and a second inverted panoramic camera 635. Each panoramic camera system 605 and 635 is in a blind spot of the other panoramic camera system. By spatially separating the two panoramic camera systems, each panoramic camera system will record a slightly different annular image of the surrounding panorama. Using the known distance between the two panoramic camera systems and the two different annular images, the distance to objects within the annular images can be determined.

[0040] In the embodiment displayed in FIG. 6, the two panoramic camera systems 635605 use a single dual sided reflector 615 to reflect the panoramic image from the main reflectors 610660 into the respective image capture mechanisms. In an alternate embodiment (not shown), two panoramic camera systems can be placed in the other blind spot such that the two panoramic camera systems are arranged in a manner similar to the arrangement of FIG. 5.

[0041] Another Stereo Vision Embodiment

[0042] FIG. 7 illustrates yet another embodiment of a stereo vision panoramic camera system. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, a single image capture mechanism 750 is used to capture two slightly different panoramic images.

[0043] The stereo vision panoramic camera of FIG. 7 captures a first panoramic annular image using a first main reflector 735 and a second reflector 715 in the same manner described with reference to FIG. 1. However, the second reflector 715 in the stereo vision panoramic camera system of FIG. 7 is an electrically activated mirror. The stereo vision panoramic camera system of FIG. 7 also features a second main reflector 760 that is positioned at the correct position for an optical path that does not require a second reflector. Thus, by deactivating the electrically activated second reflector 715, the stereo vision panoramic camera system captures a second panoramic annular image using the second main reflector 760. The two panoramic annular images can be combined to deliver a stereo image of the surrounding panorama.

Panoramic Camera System With Protective Shield

[0044] When collecting light reflected off the main reflector of a panoramic camera system, it is desirable to eliminate any influence from light from other sources. For example, ambient light should not be able to enter the optical system that is intended only to collect the panoramic image reflected off of the main reflector.

[0045] FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-section view of an improved panoramic camera system 800 the collects only the light from the reflected panoramic image. It should be noted that the real panoramic camera system is cylindrically symmetrical. The panoramic camera panoramic camera system 800 uses two light shields (875 and 877) to block all light 881, 883, 885 that is not from the reflected image off of the main reflector.

[0046] The first light shield 875 is mounted on top of the second reflector 815 that reflects the panoramic image on the main reflector 810 down into the optical path of the camera system. The first light shield 875 prevents light from above the panoramic camera's maximum vertical viewing angle. In one embodiment, the panoramic camera's maximum vertical viewing angle is 50 degrees such that the first light shield 875 prevents light coming from an angle greater than 50 degree from entering the panoramic camera's optical path.

[0047] The second light shield 877 is placed around the opening of the panoramic camera's lens system 820, 830, 840. The second light shield prevents light from entering the camera's optical path unless that light has reflected off the main reflector 810 and has reflected off the second reflector 815 down into the optical path.

[0048] FIG. 8 also illustrates that the second reflector 815 can be constructed using a convex mirror instead of the flat mirror. By using a convex mirror as the second reflector, the second reflector can be placed closer to the main body of the camera system.

Overexposure Control

[0049] A panoramic camera system must be able to handle a much wider variety of lighting conditions than a conventional (limited viewing angle) camera system. A conventional camera system only captures light from a small viewing angle such that the intensity of light from the viewing angle will probably not vary a great amount. However, a panoramic camera system captures light from all directions such that the wide variety of lighting conditions must be handled. For example, with a panoramic camera system light from a first direction may come directly from the sun and in another light from a second direction may consist of ambient light reflected off of an object in a shadow. To capture a high quality panoramic image, it would be desirable to adjust the amount of light captured from each viewing direction such that the light exposure from the different directions does not vary wildly.

[0050] FIG. 8 illustrates a panoramic camera constructed to limit the light received from the different directions. To adjust the amount of light captured from each direction, the panoramic camera system 800 includes an adaptive light filter 890 in the optical path of the panoramic camera system. The adaptive light filter 890 limits the amount of light that reaches the image capture mechanism 850.

[0051] In the illustration of FIG. 8, the adaptive light filter 890 is placed just before the image capture mechanism 850. This position minimizes the detrimental effects caused by any scattering of light by the adaptive light filter 890. However, the adaptive light filter 890 can be placed at any point in the optical path of the panoramic camera system.

[0052] A Passive Filtering System

[0053] One method of implementing an adaptive light filter 890 is to use a normally transparent light sensitive material that darkens when the material is exposed to large quantities of light. For example, a refractive neutral lens made of photogray material would automatically limit the amount of light from high intensity viewing directions. Examples of photogray glass include PhotoGray Extra and PhotoGray II made by Corning Glass Works of Corning, N.Y.

[0054] An Active Filtering System

[0055] Another method of implementing an adaptive light filter 890 is to use an electronically controlled Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) array as an adaptive light filter 890. Ideally, the LCD array would be capable of selectively adjusting the amount of light that passes through any point of the LCD array.

[0056] To control the LCD array, an LCD control circuit (not shown) would be coupled to the electronic image capture mechanism 850 of the panoramic camera system 800. The electronic image capture mechanism 850 would determine the relative light intensity at each point on the electronic image capture mechanism. The light intensity information from the electronic image capture mechanism 850 is passed to the LCD control circuit that determines how the LCD array should limit the light that passes through. Specifically, when the electronic image capture mechanism 850 detects an area that is receiving high intensity light, then the LCD control circuit would darken the corresponding area on the LCD array. Thus, the LCD array would selectively reduce the amount of light that reaches the image capture mechanism from high light intensity directions. The “flattening” of the light intensity results in captured panoramic annular images with greater contrast.

A Solid Camera Embodiment

[0057] The panoramic camera system illustrated in FIG. 8 uses an outer surface mirror for the main reflector. An outer surface mirror is used since an inner surface mirror protected by a transparent material would have refractive effects caused when the light enters the transparent material and when the light exits the transparent material. Since the panoramic camera system illustrated in FIG. 8 uses an outer surface mirror, the camera must be used cautiously to prevent damage to the out mirror surface. It would therefore be desirable to implement a panoramic camera that protects the main reflector.

[0058] FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a panoramic camera system constructed of a solid transparent block. In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the main reflector 910 is protected by a transparent material 912. The transparent material 912 is shaped such that all the light that will be used to create the annular reflection of the surrounding panorama enter the transparent material 912 at a normal to the surface of the transparent material 912 as illustrated by the right angle marks on the light rays. Since the light rays that create the annular image enter at a normal to the surface, there is no refractive effect as the light enters the transparent material 912. The outer surface of the transparent material 912 is coated with a multicoat material such that internal reflections are prevented.

[0059] Once a light ray that will form part of the panoramic image enters the transparent material 91Z the light ray then reflects off the main reflector 910 and then reflects off the second reflector 915 and then exits the transparent material 912 at surface 920. Thus, the light remains in the transparent material 912 until it enters the lens system 930, 940. The surface 920 can be shaped such that all light that is part of the annular image exits at a normal to the surface 920 such that the transparent material 912 has no refractive effect on the light. Alternatively, the surface 920 can be shaped such that surface 920 is part of the lens system. The light is captured by an image capture mechanism 950.

[0060] The embodiment in FIG. 9 includes two light shields 975 and 977 to prevent undesired light 981 from entering the optical path. It should be noted that the panoramic camera system can also be constructed without the light shields 975 and 977.

Annular Image Processing

[0061] As previously described, the panoramic annular images can be geometrically transformed from the annular image into more conventional rectangular projections. One method of performing this operation is to use digital image processing techniques as described in the relate U.S. patent titled “Panoramic Camera” filed on May 8, 1997, with Ser. No. 08/853,048.

[0062] When photographic film is used to capture the annular images, the annular images will not always be recorded in the exact same position on the film. One reason for this is that sprockets used to advance film through a camera are slightly smaller that the correspond holes in the film. Thus, the film alignment between exposures tends to vary. This effect is known as “gate weave.”

[0063] To process an annular image, the center coordinate of the digitized annular image must be known in order to rotate a selected viewport into a standard view. Since gate weave causes the center coordinate to vary, the center coordinate must be determined for each annular image that originated from photographic film. FIG. 10b, 10b, 11aand 11billustrate a method of determining the center coordinate of an digitized panoramic annular image that originated from photographic film.

[0064] Referring to the flow diagram of FIG. 11a, step 1110 selects an initial proposed center point along a first axis. Referring to FIG. 10a, an initial proposed center point PC₁is illustrated along a Y axis (the first axis). Next at step 1120, the annular video to standard video conversion software finds a first pixel along an orthogonal second axis that passes through the first proposed center point and exceeds a threshold value. In FIG. 10athis is illustrated as FP₁on a X axis. As illustrated in FIG. 10a, the threshold value is selected to locate the first pixel along the edge of the annular image. Next, a last pixel that exceeds the threshold and is located along the second axis that passes through the first proposed center point (PC₁) is selected. In FIG. 10a, that last pixel is LP₁along an X axis. Next at step 1130, the converter selects the midpoint between the first pixel FP₁and the last pixel LP₁along the second axis as a second proposed center point. In FIG. 10a, the second proposed center point is illustrated as PC₂. The second proposed center point is closer to the actual center than the first proposed center point.

[0065] This process is repeated again after switching axis. Specifically, in step 1140 a first pixel a first axis that passes through the second proposed center point and exceeds a threshold value is selected as a first pixel. This is illustrated in FIG. 10bas point FP₁along a Y axis. Then a last pixel along a first axis that passes through a second proposed center point and exceeds the threshold value is selected. In FIG. 10bthis is illustrated as LP₂. Then (at step 1150) a midpoint is selected between the first pixel FP₂and the last pixel LP₂as the third proposed center point. This is illustrated on FIG. 10bas third proposed center point PC₃. The third proposed center point is also referred to as the first proposed center point for purposes of repeating the method steps.

[0066] The method proceeds to step 1160 where it determines if the first/third proposed center point is equal to the second proposed center point. This test determines whether the same center point has been selected again. If this occurs, then the method proceeds down to step 1180 where the second proposed center point is selected as the center point of the annular image. If the first proposed center point is not the same as the second proposed center point the method proceeds to step 1170 where the method determines if a minimum number of iterations have been performed. If this has not occurred, then the method proceeds back up to 1120 where it can repeat additional iterations of the method to determine a more accurate center point.

[0067] The foregoing disclosure has described several panoramic camera embodiments. It is contemplated that changes and modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, to the materials and arrangements of elements of the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims

We claim:

1. A panoptic camera apparatus, said panoptic camera apparatus comprising:

such that light from an entire spherical view is recorded by capturing a first half of said spherical view using first panoptic camera and capturing a second half of said spherical view using said second panoptic camera.

a first panoptic camera, said first panoptic camera comprising

a first image capture mechanism,

a first main reflector, said first main reflector reflecting light from a first hemisphere view onto said first image capture mechanism via a first secondary reflector; and

a second panoptic camera, said second panoptic camera comprising:

a second image capture mechanism,

a second main reflector, said second main reflector reflecting light from a second hemisphere view onto said second image capture mechanism via a second secondary reflector;

2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein both said first main reflector and said second main reflector comprise a cylindrically symmetrical shape of a parabola segment rotated about an axis, said parabola segment comprising a vertex, a first side of said parabola segment, and a second side of said parabola segment shorter than said first side and adjacent to said axis.

3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further comprising:

a dual-sided reflector, said dual-sided reflector having a reflective surface on both a first side and a second side, said dual-sided reflector positioned between said first main reflector and said second main reflector such that light is reflected from said first main reflector onto said first side of said dual-sided reflector then onto said first image capture mechanism and light is reflected from said second main reflector onto said second side of said dual-sided reflector then onto said second image capture mechanism, said first side corresponding to said first secondary reflector and said second side corresponding to said second secondary reflector.

4. A stereo panoramic camera apparatus, said stereo panoramic camera apparatus comprising:

a first panoramic camera, said first panoramic camera comprising

a first image capture mechanism,

a first main reflector for reflecting a first image onto said first image capture mechanism via a first secondary reflector; and

a second panoramic camera, said second panoramic camera comprising

a second image capture mechanism,

a second main reflector for reflecting a second image onto said second image capture mechanism via a second secondary reflector.

5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 4 wherein said first panoramic camera and said second panoramic camera are separated by a known distance.

6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 4 wherein said first panoramic camera is located in a blind spot of said second panoramic camera and said second panoramic camera is located in a blind spot of said first panoramic camera.

7. A stereo panoramic camera apparatus, said stereo panoramic camera apparatus comprising:

an image capture mechanism;

an electronically controlled reflector;

a first main reflector for reflecting a first panoramic image onto said electronically controlled reflector, said electronically controlled reflector reflects the first panoramic image onto said image capture mechanism when said electronically controlled reflector is on; and

a second main reflector for reflecting a second panoramic image onto said image capture mechanism through said electronically controlled reflector when said electronically controlled reflector is off.

8. The apparatus as claimed in claim 7 wherein said first main reflector and said second main reflector are separated by a known distance.

Patent Citations (99)

Patent	Date	Inventor	Cited By
USD263716	1982-04-01	Globus et al.	Applicant
USD312263	1990-11-01	Charles	Applicant
US2146662	1939-02-01	Van Albada	Applicant
US2244235	1941-06-01	Ayres	Applicant
US2628529	1953-02-01	Braymer	Applicant
US2654286	1953-10-01	Cesar	Applicant
US3203328	1965-08-01	Brueggemann	Applicant
US3205777	1965-09-01	Brenner	Applicant
US3229576	1966-01-01	Ress	Applicant
US3486809	1969-12-01	Pinzone et al.	Applicant
US3785715	1974-01-01	Mecklenborg	Applicant
US3832046	1974-08-01	Mecklenborg	Applicant
US3934259	1976-01-01	Krider	Applicant
US4012126	1977-03-01	Rosendahl et al.	Applicant
US4017145	1977-04-01	Jerie	Applicant
US4038670	1977-07-01	Seitz	Applicant
US4058831	1977-11-01	Smith	Applicant
US4078860	1978-03-01	Globus et al.	Applicant
US4157218	1979-06-01	Gordon et al.	Applicant
US4190866	1980-02-01	Luknar	Applicant
US4241985	1980-12-01	Globus et al.	Applicant
US4326775	1982-04-01	King	Applicant
US4395093	1983-07-01	Rosendahl et al.	Applicant
US4429957	1984-02-01	King	Applicant
US4463380	1984-07-01	Hooks, Jr.	Applicant
US4561733	1985-12-01	Kreischer	Applicant
US4566763	1986-01-01	Greguss	Applicant
US4568160	1986-02-01	Krueger	Examiner
US4578682	1986-03-01	Hooper et al.	Applicant
US4593982	1986-06-01	Rosset	Applicant
US4602857	1986-07-01	Woltz et al.	Applicant
US4656506	1987-04-01	Ritchey	Applicant
US4661855	1987-04-01	Gulck	Applicant
US4670648	1987-06-01	Hall et al.	Applicant
US4728839	1988-03-01	Coughlan et al.	Applicant
US4742390	1988-05-01	Francke et al.	Applicant
US4751660	1988-06-01	Hedley	Applicant
US4754269	1988-06-01	Kishi et al.	Applicant
US4761641	1988-08-01	Schreiber	Applicant
US4772942	1988-09-01	Tuck	Applicant
US4858002	1989-08-01	Zobel	Applicant
US4864335	1989-09-01	Corrales	Applicant
US4868682	1989-09-01	Shimizu et al.	Applicant
US4901140	1990-02-01	Lang et al.	Applicant
US4907084	1990-03-01	Nagafusa	Applicant
US4908874	1990-03-01	Gabriel	Applicant
US4918473	1990-04-01	Blackshear	Applicant
US4943821	1990-07-01	Gelphman et al.	Applicant
US4943851	1990-07-01	Lang et al.	Applicant
US4945367	1990-07-01	Blackshear	Applicant
US4974072	1990-11-01	Hasegawa	Applicant
US4985762	1991-01-01	Smith	Applicant
US5016109	1991-05-01	Gaylord	Applicant
US5021813	1991-06-01	Corrales	Applicant
US5023725	1991-06-01	McCutchen	Applicant
US5038225	1991-08-01	Maeshima	Applicant
US5040055	1991-08-01	Smith	Applicant
US5048102	1991-09-01	Tararine et al.	Applicant
US5067019	1991-11-01	Juday et al.	Applicant
US5068735	1991-11-01	Tuchiya et al.	Applicant
US5083389	1992-01-01	Alperin	Applicant
US5097325	1992-03-01	Dill	Applicant
US5115266	1992-05-01	Troje	Examiner
US5130794	1992-07-01	Ritchey	Applicant
US5142354	1992-08-01	Suzuki et al.	Applicant
US5153716	1992-10-01	Smith	Applicant
US5166878	1992-11-01	Polestra	Applicant
US5173948	1992-12-01	Blackham et al.	Applicant
US5175808	1992-12-01	Sayre	Applicant
US5185667	1993-02-01	Zimmerman	Applicant
US5187571	1993-02-01	Braun et al.	Applicant
US5189528	1993-02-01	Takashima et al.	Applicant
US5200818	1993-04-01	Neta et al.	Applicant
US5231673	1993-07-01	Elenga	Applicant
US5259584	1993-11-01	Wainwright	Applicant
US5262852	1993-11-01	Eouzan et al.	Applicant
US5262867	1993-11-01	Kojima	Applicant
US5305035	1994-04-01	Schonherr et al.	Applicant
US5313306	1994-05-01	Kuban et al.	Applicant
US5315331	1994-05-01	Ohshita	Applicant
US5341218	1994-08-01	Kaneko et al.	Applicant
US5359363	1994-10-01	Kuban et al.	Applicant
US5384588	1995-01-01	Martin et al.	Applicant
US5396583	1995-03-01	Chen et al.	Applicant
US5422987	1995-06-01	Yamada	Applicant
US5473474	1995-12-01	Powell	Applicant
US5495576	1996-02-01	Ritchey	Applicant
US5508734	1996-04-01	Baker et al.	Applicant
US5539483	1996-07-01	Nalwa	Applicant
US5563650	1996-10-01	Polestra	Applicant
US5601353	1997-02-01	Naimark et al.	Applicant
US5627675	1997-05-01	Davis et al.	Applicant
US5631778	1997-05-01	Powel	Applicant
US5649032	1997-07-01	Burt et al.	Applicant
US5760826	1998-06-01	Nayar	Examiner
US5877801	1999-03-01	Martin et al.	Applicant
US5920337	1999-07-01	Glassman et al.	Examiner
FR1234341	1960-05-01		Applicant
GB2289820	1995-11-01		Applicant

Non-Patent Literature (54)

Supplemental Information Disclosure Statement in re: the Application of Steven D. Zimmerman, et al. Application No. 08/662,410; 08 Pages including PTO 1449 Form citing 19 references. Application No. 08/662,410; Filed Jul. 12, 1996. Filed: Jul. 12, 1996.Applicant
Heckbert, P., “Survey of Texture Mapping” IEEE CG&A, Nov. 1986, pp. 56-67.Applicant
Defendants IPI's Notice of Reliance of Prior Art and Witnesses, Civil Action of Interactive Pictures Corporation, A/K/A Omniview, Inc. v. Infinite Pictures, Inc. and Bill Tillman, Case No. 3-96-849; 05 Pages. Filed: Dec. 08, 1997, in U.S.D.C., Eastern District of Tennessee.Applicant
Defendant IPI's Composit Exhibit List, Civil Action of interactive Pictures Corporation, F/K/A Omniview, Inc. v. Infinite Pictures, Inc. and Bill Tillman, Case No. 3-96-849. Filed: Jan. 05, 1998, in U.S.D.C., Eastern District of Tennessee. Pages: 20.Applicant
Plaintiff's Rule 26(a)(3) Disclosures, Civil Action of Interactive Pictures Corporation, F/K/A Omniview, Inc. v. Infinite Pictures, Inc. and Bill Tillman, Case No. 3-96-849; 31 Pages. Filed: Dec. 08, 1997, in U.S.D.C., Eastern District of Tennessee.Applicant
Plaintiff's Supplemental Trial Exhibit List, Civil Action of Interactive Pictures Corporation, F/K/A Omniview, Inc. v. Infinite Pictures, Inc. and Bill Tillman, Case No. 3-96-849; 41 Pages. Filed: Jan. 02, 1998, in U.S.D.C., Eastern District of Tennessee.Applicant
Ripley G. David, “DVI-A Digital Multimedia Technology”. Communication of the ACM. Jul. 1989. vol. 32. No. 07. Pages: 811-820.Applicant
Onoe M. and Kuno Y., “Digital Processing CF Images Taken By Fish-Eye Lens”. 1982. IEEE. Pages: 105-108.Applicant
Hamit, F., “Near-Fisheye CCD Camera Broadens View for Imaging”. Advanced Imaging. Mar. 1993. Pages: 50-52.Applicant
Dixon, D., Golin, S., and Hasfield, I., “DVI Video/Graphics”. Computer Graphics World reprinted from the Jul. 1987 edition of Computer Graphics World. Pages: 04.Applicant
Upstill, Steve. “Building Stronger Images”. Unix Review. Oct. 1988. vol. 06. No. 10. Pages: 63-73.Applicant
Greene, N., “Environment Mapping and Other Applications of the World Projections.” Computer Graphics and Applications. Nov. 1986. IEEE Computer Society. vol.06. No.11. Pages: 21-29.Applicant
Hechbert P., “The PMAT and Poly User's Manual”. Computer Graphics Lab. N.Y.I.T., Feb. 18, 1983. Pages: 1-29.Applicant
Heckbert, P., Fundamentals of Textured Mapping and Image Warping. Master Thesis. Pages: 86. Dated: Jun. 17, 1989.Applicant
Rebiai,M., Mansouri,S., Pinson,F., and Tichit,B., “Image Distortion From Zoom Lenses: Modeling and Digital Correction”. International Broadcasting Convention. IEEE. Dated: Jul. 1992.Applicant
Charles Jeffery, R., “All-Sky Reflector with “Invisible” Camera Support”. Images from 1988 RTMC Proceedings. Pages: 79-80.Applicant
Roger W. Sinnott, “Scientific Library Gleaning for ATMs”. Sky & Telescope. Aug. 1986. Pages: 186.Applicant
Charles et al., “How to Build and Use an All-Sky Camera”. Astronomy. Apr. 1987. Pages: 64-70.Applicant
Deutsch, Cludia H., “One Camera That Offers Many Views”. The New York Times.Applicant
Johnson, Colin R., “Imaging System Sees All”. Electronic Engineering Times. Dec. 25, 1996. Pages: 1&98.Applicant
“Panospheric Camera Expands Horizon”. Pages:01.Applicant
“Panoshperic Camera Developed at Carnegie Mellon Expands Horizon”. Pages: 01.Applicant
Castleman, K., “Digital Image Processing”. Prentice Hall. 1979. Pages: 110-135, 383-400,408.Applicant
Castleman, K., “Digital Image Processing”. Prentice Hall. 1996. Pages: 125-127, 140-141.Applicant
Shah, S., A Simple Calibration Procedure For Fish-Eye (High Distortion) Lens. IEEE. 1994. Pages: 3422-3427.Applicant
“Gnomonic Projection”. Map Projections-A Working Manual. Pages: 164-168.Applicant
Greene, N., and Heckbert, P., “Creating Raster Omnimax Images From Multiple Perspective Views Using The Elliptical Weighted Average Filter”. IEEE. 1986. Pages: 21-27.Applicant
Fant, K., “A Nonaliasin, Real-Time Spatial Formation Technique”. IEEE. 1986. Pages: 71-80.Applicant
Greene, William B., “Qualitative Image Processing Techniques”. Digital Image Processing, A Systems Approach. 2nd Edition. 1989. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Pages: 92-112.Applicant
Wolberg, George. Digital Image Warping (Introduction). 1990. IEEE Computer Society Press. Pages: 2.Applicant
Fu, K. S. et al., “Low-Level Vision”. Robotics: Control, Sensing, Vision, and Intelligence. 1987.McGraw Hill Inc., Pages: 313-315.Applicant
Carlbom, Ingrid et al. “Planner Geometric Projections and Viewing Transformations”. Computing Surveys. vol. 10. No. 04. Dec. 1978. Pages: 465-502.Applicant
Anderson, R. L., et al., “Omnidirectional Real time Imaging Using Digital Restoration”. High Speed Photography SPIE. vol. 348. San Diego, Ca. 1982. Pages: 807-814.Applicant
Laikin, Milton. “Wide Angle Lens System”. 1980. International Design Conference (OSA). SPIE. vol. 237. 1980. Pages: 530-532, 815-816.Applicant
Shah, Shisir et al., “Depth Estimation using Fish-Eye Lenses”. IEEE. Department Of Electrical and Computer Engineering. University of Texas. 1994. Pages: 740-744.Applicant
Tsai, Roger Y., “A Versatile Camera Calibration Technique for High Accuracy 3-D Machine Vision Using Off-the-Shelf TV Cameras and Lenses”. IEEE. Journal of Robotics and Automation. vol. RA-3. No.04. Aug. 1987. Pages: 323-344.Applicant
Chang, Yuh-Lin et al., “Calibrating a Mobile Camera's Parameters”. Pattern Recognition. vol. 26. No. 01. Dated: 1983. Pages: 75-88.Applicant
Weng, Juyang. “Camera Calibration With Distortion Models and Accuracy”. IEEE. Transactions On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. vol. 14. No. 10. Oct. 1992. Pages: 965-980.Applicant
Lenz, Reimer K. et al., “Techniques for Calibration of the Scale Factor and Image Center for High Accuracy 3-D Machine Vision Metrology”. IEEE. Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. vol. 05. No. 05. Sep. 1988. Pages: 713-720.Applicant
Nomura, Yoshihiko, et al., “A Simple Calibration Algorithm for High-Distortion Lens Camera”. IEEE. Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Intelligence Machine. vol. 14. No.11. Nov. 1992. Pages: 1095-1099.Applicant
International Broadcasting Convention Venue RAI Congress And Exhibition Centre, Amersterdam, The Netherlands. Jul. 3-7, 1992. Pages:06, Including the title page.Applicant
Telerobotics International, Inc. “Optimizing The Camera And Positioning System For Telerobotic Workcite Viewing”.Applicant
Miyamoto, K., “Fish Eye Lens”. JOSA. vol.54, Pages: 1060-1061. Dated: Aug. 1964.Applicant
Defendant's IPI's Composite Exhibit List, Civil Action of Interactive Pictures Corporation, F/K/A Omniview, Inc. v. Infinite Pictures, Inc. and Bill Tillman. Case No. 3-96-849. Filed: Jan. 05, 1998 in U.S.D.C., Eastern District Of Tennessee. Pages: 20.Applicant
Baltes, M. “Bevet D'Intervention”. Ref. No.: N 1.234.341.Applicant
Verity, John W. (edited by): Information Processing. Business Week. Page: 134E. Dated: Jul. 13, 1992.Applicant
Marbach, William D. (edited by): Developments To Watch. Business Week. Page: 83. Dated: Sep. 26, 1988.Applicant
Lu Carnevale, Mary. Video Camera Puts The Viewer in Control. Wall Street Journal. Dated: Nov. 25, 1992.Applicant
Popular Science. Electronic Panning Camera System. Pages: 36-37. Dated: Sep. 1992.Applicant
Tulloch, Martha. “New Video Camera...” Photonics Spectra. Pages: 18-20. Dated: Oct. 1992.Applicant
Fisher, Timothy E., A Programmable Video Image Remapper. SPIE> vol. 938. Pages: 122-128. Dated: 1988.Applicant
Lippman, Andrew. Movie-Map: An Application Of The Optical Videodisc To Computer Graphics. Pages: 43. Dated: 1980.Applicant
Yelick, Steven. Anamorphic Image Processing. Pages: 1-37, Including Acknowledgement Page. Dated: 1980.Applicant
Chen, Shenchang Eric. Quick Time VR-An Image-Based Approach To Virtual Environment Navigation. Pages: 39. Dated: 1995.Applicant

Abstract