Solder anchor decal

[0002] This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/518,736; filed Aug. 24, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,846.

[0003] This application is related to commonly assigned and concurrently filed application Ser. No. 08/518,874, filed, entitled “Apparatus and Method for Vacuum Injection Molding.”

[0004] The present invention relates generally to soldering of integrated circuits and substrates, and, more specifically, to an improved solder decal and method of forming and using.

[0005] Solder processing for standard electronic packaging applications such as integrated circuit chip interconnections routinely use evaporation or electroplating. Both of these processes are costly, and may involve many processing steps. For example, to produce a solder decal by electroplating, a metal seed layer must first be deposited on a decal substrate. Next, this seed layer is patterned to produce the desired layout, after which the plating process produces the solder structures. Finally, the patterning and unplated seed layers must be stripped away. For effective transfer, the seed layer remaining under each solder structure must not metallurgically bond to the solder during reflow. Both of these processes are also typically limited to smaller solder structures such as solder balls having a diameter of about 2-4 mils.

[0006] Other requirements such as chip rework, burn-in and test, thermally mismatched packages, and 3-D packaging usually cannot be met with solder interconnection schemes alone. For example, burn-in and test methods usually require sophisticated temporary connectors. Thermally mismatched packages require mechanically flexible connections such as copper or gold-plated pins. The cost of these temporary connectors for burn-in and test as well as substrates with tall gold-plated pins significantly increase the overall package costs.

[0007] A solder decal is produced by a method wherein a decal strip having a plurality of anchor holes is aligned with a mold having a plurality of cells. Liquid solder is injected into the anchor holes and mold cells, and is then allowed to cool to solidify therein. The mold may be separated from the decal strip to form the solder decal containing solder beads each having a stem mechanically joined to the strip at respective ones of the anchor holes. Various forms of the solder decal are used for transferring the solder beads to a substrate or chip, or effecting temporary connections for conducting burn-in and testing, or accommodating thermal mismatch for example.

[0008] The invention, in accordance with preferred and exemplary embodiments, together with further objects and advantages thereof, is more particularly described in the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0009] FIG. 1A-1C are a schematic representation of a process for forming a solder decal in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

[0010] FIG. 2 is ad isometric view of an exemplary circuit chip or substrate having pads to which may be transferred the solder beads from the solder decal produced in FIG. 1.

[0011] FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a solder decal in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention having a flexible decal supporting a plurality of solder beads by a respective plurality of stems.

[0012] FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a solder decal in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention having a rigid decal supporting a plurality of solder beads by a respective plurality of stems.

[0013] FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a solder decal in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention having a flexible strip supporting a plurality of solder beads thereon formed from a mold having blind cells.

[0014] FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a solder decal in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention having a rigid strip supporting a plurality of solder beads formed from a mold having through cells.

[0015] FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a solder decal in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention having two-sided solder beads extending therefrom.

[0016] FIG. 8 is a sectional view of a solder decal in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention wherein the decal strip is mechanically joined to the mold by solder bead stems.

[0017] FIGS. 9A-9C are a schematic representation in section of transferring solder beads from an exemplary solder decal to an integrated circuit chip or substrate.

[0018] FIGS. 10A-10F are a schematic representation in section of an alternate embodiment of a solder decal formed to effect a temporary electrical connection with an integrated circuit chip or substrate for allowing burn-in and testing thereof, with subsequent disassembly thereof with transfer of the solder beads to the chip or substrate.

[0019] FIG. 11 is a sectional view of a two-sided solder decal in accordance with another embodiment of the invention disposed in contact with a pair of adjacent chips or substrates for accommodating thermal mismatch therebetween.

[0020] FIGS. 12A-12C are a schematic representation in section of a solder decal in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention in which the decal strip forms a signal circuit mechanically joined to a power substrate by solder bead stems, with the strip being in turn joined to an integrated circuit chip or substrate by additional solder beads.

[0021] Illustrated schematically in FIGS. 1A-1C (also referred to collectively as FIG. 1) are three basic steps (a), (b), and (c), respectively, for forming or effecting an exemplary solder decal 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The solder decal 10 includes a decal strip 12 having a plurality of initially empty anchor holes 14 therein. A mold 16 includes a plurality of mold cells or recesses 18 and is initially aligned in abutting contact with the decal strip 12 as shown in step (a) with at least one of the anchor holes 14 being aligned in flow communication with a corresponding one of the mold cells 18.

[0022] In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the anchor holes 14 are through holes, and the mold cells 18 are also through holes. Accordingly, a suitable backing plate 20 is disposed in abutting contact with one side of the strip 12 to seal the anchor holes 14 thereby. A suitable injection head 22 is disposed in abutting contact with one side of the mold 16 to seal the mold cells 18 thereby, with the strip 12 and mold 16 being sandwiched between the backing plate 20 and the injection head 22. Disposed in the injection head 22 is an injection port 22aand a vacuum port 22bspaced laterally therefrom with a shallow cross channel 22cextending therebetween to prevent solder flow from the injection port 22ato the vacuum port 22b.

[0023] Conventional means 24 are provided for supplying melted solder 24ain liquid form into the solder injection port 22afor sequentially filling the anchor holes 14 and mold cells 18 therewith in pairs as the injection head 22 is suitably translated laterally across the mold 16 as shown in the first step (a). In this way, the anchor holes 14 and mold cells 18 are filled with the liquid solder 24awhich is then allowed to cool therein to solidify the solder 24ato form solidified solder bumps or beads 26 shown in step (b). In step (c), the mold 16 is suitably lifted or separated from the decal strip 12 to form the resulting solder decal 10 containing the solid solder beads 26 mechanically joined thereto by respective integral solidified solder stems 26bformed in respective ones of the anchor holes 14. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, each of the mold cells 18 corresponds with or is aligned with a single one of the anchor holes 14 to form the solder beads 26 with a respective single one of the stems 26b.

[0024] In accordance with the present invention, the decal strip 12 and the mold 16, along with the backing plate 20 and injection head 22 are formed of a suitable material which does not metallurgically or chemically bond with the solder 24aso that the solder beads 26 are solely mechanically joined to the strip 12 and may be simply removable therefrom by reflowing or reliquifying the solder 24aby suitable heating thereof. In order to create a suitable mechanical joint between the stems 26band the anchor holes 14, the stems 26bare preferably reentrant in cross section, or conically divergent away from the solder beads 26 with the corresponding anchor holes 14 being complementary in shape to prevent withdrawal of the stems 26bfrom the anchor holes 14. The solder bead 26 is suitably larger than its corresponding stem 26bto prevent liberation of the solder bead 26 in one direction through the anchor holes 14, with the reentrant shape of the stem 26bpreventing liberation of the solder bead 26 in the opposite direction through the anchor hole 14.

[0025] Since in the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, it is desired to remove the mold 16 from the solder beads 26, the solder beads 26 preferably converge outwardly away from the strip 12 in the exemplary frustoconical or truncated cone shape illustrated. The mold cells 18 have corresponding frustoconical shapes in this exemplary embodiment. Since the mold 16 does not bond to the solder beads 26 on solidification of the solder 24a, the converging shape of the solder beads 26 allows ready removal of the mold 16 therefrom as illustrated in step (c).

[0026] In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, both the anchor holes 14 and the mold cells 18 are through holes which are preferably closed at one end thereof by the backing plate 20 to prevent solder flow therethrough. The injection head 22 is disposed on the opposite side thereof for injecting the solder 24atherein. In order to fully fill the respective anchor holes 14 and mold cells 18 with the liquid solder 24a, a suitable vacuum pump 28 is disposed in flow communication with the vacuum port 22bfor evacuating each of the anchor hole 14 and mold cell 18 pairs to effect a suitable vacuum therein prior to injecting the liquid solder 24atherein. As the injection head 22 is traversed from cell to cell as illustrated in step (a) of FIG. 1A, each of the cells 18 is evacuated and then injected with the liquid solder 24afrom the injection port 22a. In this way, the cell/anchor hole pairs are sequentially evacuated and filled with solder to create the solder beads 26. Further details of the injection head 22 are not part of the present invention but may be found in the cross-referenced application.

[0027] A portion of the resulting solder decal 10 is illustrated in FIG. 2 adjacent to an exemplary electrically active first substrate 30 which may take any suitable form including an integrated circuit chip formed in silicon. The substrate 30 includes a plurality of electrically conductive first pads 32 with suitable electrical lines 34 interconnecting the pads as desired. As described in further detail hereinbelow, the solder decal 10 is aligned with the substrate 30 so that the solder beads 26 abut respective ones of the pads 32 so that the beads 26 may be heated to reflow or reliquify the solder therein and wet the solder to the pads 32 for metallurgically bonding thereto.

[0028] As indicated above with respect to FIG. 1, each solder bead 26 may have an integral single stem 26b. FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate alternate embodiments of solder decals 10band 10cwherein each of the mold cells 18, 18bis aligned with a plurality of suitably smaller anchor holes 14b,cto form the solder beads 26 with respective pluralities of stems 26c. In this way, the actual alignment of the anchor holes 14b,cwith the mold cells 18, 18bis of less concern since each solder bead 26 will have multiple stems 26c. In the FIG. 3 embodiment, the mold 16bincludes blind mold cells 18bextending partly therein, with the anchor holes 14bextending through the decal strip 12b.In the FIG. 4 embodiment, the anchor holes 14care blind holes extending in part into the decal strip 12c, and the mold cells 18 extend through the mold 16 as in the FIG. 1 embodiment. In FIG. 3, the liquid solder is injected through the anchor holes 14binto the mold cells 18b,and in FIG. 4, the liquid solder is injected through the mold cells 18 and into the anchor holes 14c.

[0029] In the FIG. 5 embodiment, the anchor holes 14 extend completely through the decal strip 12, with the liquid solder 24abeing injected through the anchor holes 14 and into the mold cells 18b. The decal strip 12 is preferably thin and flexible to form a flexible decal 10 identical to the decal 10 illustrated in FIG. 1.

[0030] In FIG. 6, the anchor holes 14d are blind holes extending partly into the decal strip 12donly in part and are not through holes.

[0031] Correspondingly, the mold cells 18billustrated in FIG. 5 are blind holes extending into the mold 16bonly in part and are not through holes. Whereas the mold cells 18cillustrated in FIG. 6 extend completely through the mold 16cas in the FIG. 1 embodiment.

[0032] In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 and 5, the decal strips 12 and 12bare transversely flexible for readily bending to form corresponding flexible decals 10 and 10b.The corresponding molds 16 and 16bare preferably rigid.

[0033] In the FIG. 6 embodiment, the mold 16chaving cells 18cis preferably flexible, with the decal strip 12dbeing rigid to form a rigid decal 10d.

[0034] In the above embodiments, either the mold or the decal strip is flexible to facilitate separation of the molds from the decal strips after solidification of the solder. Suitable rigid materials may include metal, glass, silicon, and polymers and other materials capable of withstanding solder processing temperatures. Flexible materials include for example polymers and thin metals. Suitably thick polyimides, such as that known under the trademark Kapton commercially available from the Dupont Company, may be used to provide flexibility or rigidity for either or both of the decal strips and molds. These materials also do not metallurgically bond to typical solders as desired in the present invention.

[0035] In one embodiment, a flexible decal strip may be formed of about 1 to 2 mils. thick Kapton, with the tapered anchor holes 14 such as those illustrated in FIG. 1 being conventionally formed using laser photo-ablation which typically produces a 60° taper. The mold 16 may be a thicker Kapton layer of about 3 to about 5 mils and the same laser photo-ablation process may be used to form 60° taper mold cells 18 therein. Any suitable processing method may be used to produce the various anchor holes 14 and mold cells 18 in various sizes including etching, photo-ablation, or punching which are typically used for relatively small features. For larger features, drilling with tapered bits may also be used. Furthermore, anisotropic etching in 1-1-0 silicon will produce a blind inwardly expanding or locking tapered hole. Isotropic etching in 1-0-0 silicon will produce a blind outwardly expanding or non-locking tapered hole. Furthermore, through holes may also be made in the silicon depending upon the thickness thereof and etching time if desired.

[0036] FIG. 7 illustrates yet another embodiment of a two-sided solder decal 10ewhich includes a pair of molds 16, 16bon opposite sides of the decal strip 12einitially in abutting contact therewith. The mold cells 18 in the upper mold 16 are through holes, whereas the mold cells 18bin the lower mold 16bare blind holes. The injection head 22 illustrated in FIG. 1 is suitably traversed over the top of the upper mold 16 for injecting the liquid solder into both molds 16, 16band through anchor holes 14eto form the decal 10ewith solder beads 26 on opposite sides thereof. In this embodiment, a common solder stem 26djoins respective opposite ones of the solder beads 26 in pairs. The stems 26dmay be simply cylindrical in configuration and formed by complementary cylindrical anchor holes 14e. Since the solder beads 26 are formed on both sides of the decal strip 12ethey collectively have a length L and a common width W for providing a relatively large length to width (L/W) ratio for accommodating thermal mismatch when used in electrically joining together opposing components as discussed in more detail hereinbelow. In this embodiment the decal strip 12eis preferably flexible.

[0037] FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein an hourglass shape locking hole may be produced in a composite material assembly of laminations, with the hole being filled with solder for securing together the separate components. In this embodiment, the mold 16dincludes a plurality of blind reentrant mold cells 18dextending partly therein, with the decal strip 12 similarly including reentrant anchor holes 14 which extend completely therethrough. The anchor holes 14 and the mold cells 18dare aligned with each other to collectively form the hourglass shape. Each of the mold cells 18dis conically divergent away from the anchor holes 14, and each of the anchor holes 14 is similarly conically divergent away from the mold cells 18dso that the solidified solder therein forms mirror stems 26band 26ethat mechanically join the decal strip to the mold 16dto prevent mechanical disassembly thereof. In one exemplary embodiment, the mold 16dmay comprise a glass substrate coated with a thin metal or polymer layer forming the decal strip 12. Holes are first etched or ablated in the top layer to form the anchor holes 14. Thereafter, a glass etchant produces holes in the glass of the mold 16dto produce the mold cells 18dthat have an isotropic etch profile. Etching proceeds in the glass mold 16duntil these holes undercut the holes in the top layer. These undercut holes define the reentrant mold cell 18dthat provides the locking feature upon being filled with solder.

[0038] The above embodiments are merely representative of the various combinations that may be created using two or more layers of decal strips and molds with solder injection to form the various mechanically locked solder beads. These exemplary embodiments may be used in various applications for providing significant improvements over conventional processes known in the art.

[0039] For example, FIGS. 9A-9C (referred to collectively as FIG. 9) illustrate three basic steps (a), (b), and (c), respectively, of transferring the solidified solder beads 26 from the decal 10 to the corresponding first pads 32 of the first substrate 30 initially shown in FIG. 2. In step (a), the solder decal 10 is aligned with the first substrate 30 having the first pads 32 thereon, with a respective one of the solder beads 26 abutting a respective one of the pads 32. A suitable heater 36 is then used in step (b) for heating the solder beads 26 to reflow or reliquify the solder beads 26 and wet the solder to the pads 32. This is preferably accomplished using a suitable solder flux or in a suitable reducing atmosphere so that the solder within the anchor holes 14 is pulled out therefrom due to surface tension. In step (c) the decal strip 12 is lifted or separated away from the substrate 30 while the solder is still liquid to transfer the liquid solder to the pads 32, followed in turn by cooling the solder on the pads 32 to metallurgically bond the solder thereto. Since the solder has no metallurgical affinity to the decal strip 12 substantially all of the solder will be transferred to the respective pads 32 to form solidified beads 26 thereon. The empty decal 12 may then be reused by again forming solder beads 26 thereon as described above, with the process being repeated as many times as desired.

[0040] In an alternate embodiment also shown in step (b) of FIG. 9B, one or more of the anchor holes 14 may include an electrically conductive metallized layer 38 joined by suitable electrical lines 34bfor producing an inexpensive flexible circuit or connector. In this embodiment, step (c) is not accomplished but instead the decal strip 12 is maintained closely adjacent to the substrate 30 as shown in step (b) so that the reflow solder maintains contact with the metallized anchor holes 14 in addition to the pads 32. The solder is then allowed to cool and solidify for forming an electrical junction between the anchor holes 14 and the pads 32. In this way, the substrate 30 is electrically connected through the decal strip 12 itself at the respective metallized anchor holes 14.

[0041] FIGS. 10A-10F (referred to collectively as FIG. 10) illustrate another application using steps (a) through (f), respectively, for producing a solder decal 10fwhich may be used for burn-in and testing as well as solder transfer. This application has substantial cost-saving and process simplification potential by combining many previously separate processing steps. In this embodiment, step (a) begins with a decal strip 12fin the form of a second electrically active substrate which includes a plurality of second electrically conductive pads 32bdisposed in respective ones of blind reentrant anchor holes 14f.Suitable electrically conductive lines 34cextend through the strip 12fto join first ends thereof to the second pads 32b,and join opposite ends to a respective plurality of lead pins 40 which extend outwardly from the strip 12ffor effecting electrical communication in conventional fashion. The mold 16cwith its cells 18cis suitably aligned atop the decal strip 12f, with the solder injection head 22 then being positioned atop the mold 16cfor forming the solder beads 26 as described above. In step (b), the mold 16cis removed to expose the solidified solder beads 26.

[0042] In step (c), the first substrate 30 is in the form of a conventional integrated circuit chip or board which is aligned with the solder beads 26 for joining in abutting contact respective pairs of the pads 32 and the beads 26. The heater 36 then heats the solder beads 26 in the presence of a suitable flux to reflow or reliquify the solder beads 26 which are then allowed to cool for electrically joining the first substrate 30 to the substrate or strip 12fbetween the respective first and second pads 32 and 32bthereof as shown in step (d). The first substrate or strip 30 now electrically connected to the substrate strip 12fthrough the solidified beads 26 may then be conventionally burned-in and tested using a conventional test circuit 42 specifically configured therefor and joined to the pins 40.

[0043] After burn-in testing, the heater 36 is used for reheating the solder beads 26 to reflow or reliquify the solder, and then the first substrate 30 or chip is lifted for separating it away from the decal strip 12fas shown in step (e) while the solder is still liquid to transfer the liquid solder to the first pads 32. Surface tension separates the liquid solder from the strip 12fso that a majority of each solder bead 26 transfers to the first pads 32, with only a small amount of the solder being retained by the second pads 32binside the anchor holes 14f.The solder transfer is enhanced since each of the first pads 32 has a substantially greater surface area than that of the necked-in top portion of the reentrant anchor holes 14f.Thus in substantially one solder processing step, burn-in, test, and solder transfer to the chip or substrate 30 may be accomplished. The resulting substantially empty decal strip 12fis illustrated in step (f) along with the mold 16cwhich may then be used to repeat the process as shown in step (a).

[0044] The two-sided solder decal 10eillustrated in FIG. 7 is shown in an exemplary application in FIG. 11 for improving testing, accommodating differential thermal movement between a pair of opposing ones of the first substrates 30, and for 3-D packaging. In the first application, the solder decal 10eis aligned between the pair of substrates 30 which may be suitably held in contact therewith for establishing temporary connections for test applications wherein the decal 10efunctions as an interposer. Interposers are conventionally known for joining a testing circuit to a functional circuit to be tested.

[0045] In the second application, the solder decal 10eis aligned between the pair of substrates prior to heating the solder beads 26 using the heater 36 and prior to cooling of the reflow solder beads 26 for bonding the opposite solder beads 26 to respective pads 32 on the opposite substrates 30. In this way, the relatively high L/W ratio of the opposing solder beads 26 may be used to allow relative lateral movement between the opposing substrates 30 due to differential thermal expansion and contraction thereof, while still maintaining an electrical path through each of the solder bead pairs 26 and the opposing pads 32 bonded thereto. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11, the L/W ratio of the opposing solder beads 26 is greater than about 2/1. In order to maintain the relatively tall solder beads 26 upon attachment to the respective pads 32 of the opposing substrates 30, it is desirable to reflow solely the tips of the beads 26 for metallurgically bonding the beads 26 to the pads 32. Or, the pads 32 themselves may contain a lower temperature solder than that of the solder beads 26, with the heater 36 being used for melting solely the lower temperature solder on the pads 32 without melting the beads 26 to effect the solder joints therebetween.

[0046] If desired in the third application, the decal strip 12eillustrated in FIG. 11 may be an electrically active carrier wherein the anchor holes 14eare metallized (layer 38) as was done in the anchor holes illustrated in step (b) of FIG. 9, with suitable electrical lines 34dbeing joined thereto. In this way, the opposite substrates 30 may be independently electrically joined to an external source as desired via the electrical lines 34dand the solder beads 26 joined thereto by the metallized anchor holes 14e.

[0047] FIGS. 12A-12C (referred to collectively as FIG. 12) illustrate yet another application of the present invention in three basic steps (a), (b), and (c), respectively. In this application, the mold 16eis in the form of an electrically active substrate or power circuit, with the mold cells 18eand the anchor holes 14gof the decal strip 12gbeing suitably metallized for being electrically conductive. The mold cells 18eare suitably electrically joined to respective power pins 40bextending outwardly from the mold 16e.As shown in step (a), the solder injection head 22 is mounted atop the decal strip 12gto sequentially fill the corresponding anchor holes 14gand mold cells 18eto form first solder beads with the reentrant, hourglass shape stems 26band 26eas was done in the FIG. 8 embodiment. The head 22 is removed, and a first substrate 30 having a plurality of electrically conducting first pads 32 is aligned with the decal strip 12gas illustrated in step (b). The pads 32 contain previously transferred second solder beads 26A thereon, as produced for example in the FIG. 9 process, with the second beads 26A being disposed in abutting contact with the stems 26bof the first beads as illustrated in step (c). The heater 36 is then used to reflow or reliquify the second solder beads 26A which then metallurgically bond to the stems 26bof the first solder beads. In this way, the first substrate 30 is electrically joined to both the decal strip 12gand the mold substrate 16e.

[0048] In this embodiment, the decal strip substrate 12gcomprises a low power and low current communication signal circuit, whereas the mold substrate 16ecomprises a high power substrate or circuit. The power pins 40bare electrically joined to the power circuit or mold 16eand to the first substrate 30 for providing power or electrical current thereto. The signal circuit or strip 12gis electrically connected to the power circuit or mold 16eand the first substrate 30 through respective pairs of the metallized anchor holes 14gand mold cells 18e. In this way, the respective pairs or anchor holes 14gand mold cells 18ewhich are filled with solder provide electrical paths from the power substrate 16eto the decal substrate 12gand in turn to the first substrate 30. And, the signal path to the decal substrate 12gmay be electrically separated from the power substrate 16e. The solder injected into the anchor holes 14g and the mold cells 18eis preferably a eutectic Pb/Sn alloy, which has a lower reflow temperature than the typical 95 Pb/5 Sn alloy found on chips which comprises the second solder beads 26A. The top substrate 30 with the higher temperature alloy may be joined to the composite signal substrate 12gand power substrate 16eby reflowing the eutectic solder only. This produces a complete circuit package in a convenient manner.

[0049] While there have been described herein what are considered to be preferred and exemplary embodiments of the present invention, other modifications of the invention shall be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings herein, and it is, therefore, desired to be secured in the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

[0050] Accordingly, what is desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is the invention as defined and differentiated in the following claims: