Receiving station with interference signal suppression

[0002] This disclosed method and apparatus relates to wireless communications systems, and more specifically to suppressing interference.

[0003] In a conventional wireless communications system, a mobile station (cellular telephone, portable computer, etc.) is served by a network of base stations. Such base stations serve as the communication relay station for mobile stations. Accordingly, a mobile station must be in wireless communication with at least one base station whenever the mobile station is turned on in order to communicate with the other components of a communications system. Mobile stations sometimes move out of a region served by one base station and into a region served by another base station. Base stations note this fact, and “handoff” communication from the first base station to the second. It is common for a mobile station to be in communication with both the first and second base station for periods of time. A mobile station that is in communication with more than one base station is said to be in “soft handoff”. In some cases, a mobile station will be in soft handoff with more than two base stations at any one time.

[0004] Soft handoff is desirable because it reduces dropped calls. In addition, soft handoff allows the mobile unit to receive the same information from more than one source and to use all of this received information (or energy) to assist in decoding the information that is being transmitted to the mobile station by each base station. Using information transmitted from more than one base station means that the power level that is required from any one base station is reduced.

[0005] One type of wireless communication system is known as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). CDMA systems offer greater capacity than other systems. That is, the number of channels of information that can be communicated concurrently is greater in CDMA systems than in other systems, such as a time division multiple access (TDMA) system or a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) system.

[0006] In CDMA systems in which both voice and data are being communicated, base stations transmit to as many mobile stations as are in the coverage area for that base station on the same frequency at the same time. In addition, each such base station transmits at the same frequency as every other base station in the network. Signals transmitted to a particular mobile station are distinguishable from signals transmitted to other mobile stations only by the fact that they are transmitted using different codes. In contrast, in a TDMA system, transmissions to a first mobile station are sent during a first period of time and transmissions to a second mobile station are sent during a second, non-overlapping period of time. In an FDMA system, transmissions to a first mobile station are transmitted on a first frequency and transmissions to a second mobile station are transmitted on a second frequency. Because a CDMA receiver can receive more than one channel at a time while tuned a single frequency, a CDMA receiver can more conveniently perform soft handoff then can a TDMA receiver or an FDMA receiver.

[0007] While CDMA systems have the advantage of being ideally suited for soft handoff, signals transmitted to a first mobile station using a first code appear as noise to a second mobile station attempting to receive signals transmitted to the second mobile station using a second code. This interference is preferably minimized by making the codes assigned to signals transmitted from a base station orthogonal with codes assigned to all other signals being transmitted by that base station. However, codes used with signals that are transmitted by a first base station can not be made orthogonal with codes used with signals transmitted by a second base station. Therefore, base stations carefully regulate the amount of power used to transmit signals to mobile stations. The power must be high enough to get the signal through, but the power is preferably no higher than necessary, since additional power appears to other mobile stations as additional interference and reduces the number of mobile stations that can be served.

[0008] Because conventional CDMA communication systems must handle both voice and data, certain performance requirements must be met. One such requirement is that the delay between the time the information is transmitted from one end of the communication system until the time the information is received at the other end of the communication system must be relatively short. That is, when two people are talking, any perceptible delay between the time words are spoken at one end of the line and the time those words are heard at the other end of the line would be annoying to both the speaker and the listener.

[0009] In contrast, many data communication systems can tolerate relatively long delays between the time information is sent and that information is received. CDMA systems have recently been proposed that take advantage of the fact that relatively long delays can be tolerated in systems designed to handle only data. Such systems are referred to herein as high data rate (HDR) systems. In HDR systems, a base station is dedicated to communicating with only one mobile station at any one time. The capacity advantages of CDMA are realized with HDR systems. However, it may be difficult or undesirable to perform soft handoff due to the following reasons. First, the transmissions from a base station in an HDR system are all directed to one mobile station at any particular time. Therefore, while the number of code channels being transmitted from an HDR base station is essentially the same, all of the code channels are intended to be received by one mobile station at any one time. As a result, it is complex to coordinate the times of transmission between two base stations in order to allow soft handoff between the two base stations. Second, in order to perform soft handoff, it is necessary to distribute the same data between more than one base station. This will greatly increase the amount of data to be transferred between base stations, especially for high data rate applications. Third, system capacity increases if the mobile unit can always connect to the best serving base station instead of using soft handoff, assuming that the channel condition is relatively static, as is likely for an HDR system. This is true, since an HDR base station typically transmits at maximum power to allow the best data rate. That is, the rate at which data can be transmitted is directly proportional to the amount of power received. Therefore, in order to maximize the data rate, the maximum power is transmitted. However, this increases the amount of interference a first base station contributes to the signals received by mobile stations attempting to receive signals from a second base station.

[0010] Accordingly, there is a need for a method and apparatus for reducing the amount of interference that a first base station contributes to mobile stations attempting to receive signals from one or more other base stations.

[0011] The presently disclosed method and apparatus reduces the amount of interference imposed upon a first base station by transmissions of other base stations within the same communication system. The presently disclosed method and apparatus takes into account the fact that soft handoff is not easily implemented or undesirable in some communication systems, such as a high data rate (HDR) communication system in which multiple code channels are being transmitted to one receiving station, such as a mobile station, at a time. That is, in a typical HDR system, each base station is transmitting to only one receiving station at a time. To coordinate the times of transmission and data transfer between two base stations in order to allow soft handoff between two base stations is complex. Moreover, the capacity of the HDR system may increase by not using soft handoff under typical channel conditions. Therefore, the presently disclosed method and apparatus deviates from the traditional approach of performing soft handoff and relies on techniques that use two or more antennas for decreasing the interference between transmissions from a first base station and transmissions from one or more other base stations.

[0012] In accordance with the presently disclosed method and apparatus, two antennas are used to receive transmissions within a receiving station. A rake receiver is coupled to each antenna. The rake receiver has a plurality of fingers, each finger having the ability to identify and independently decode signals arriving with different propagation delays (i.e., the delay encountered between the time the signal is transmitted and the time the signal is received). By optimally combining the signals that are received by each independent finger of the rake receiver, interference that is correlated between a finger associated with the first antenna and a finger associated with the second antenna can be minimized with respect to the desired signal. Optimum combining requires determination of optimum combining coefficients as follows.

[0013] Optimum combining coefficients for each of the signals received by the fingers of the rake receiver are determined by first pairing the output from a first finger associated with the first antenna with the output from a second finger associated with the second antenna. The first finger receives the desired signal with essentially the same propagation delay as the second finger. That is, the path of the signal decoded by the first finger and the path of the signal decoded by the second finger differ only because the first finger is associated with the first antenna and the second finger is associated with the second antenna. An autocorrelation matrix is estimated. In one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, the autocorrelation matrix is an estimate of the autocorrelation of the received signals. Alternatively, the autocorrelation matrix is an estimate of the autocorrelation of the received noise plus interference.

[0014] In addition, the cross-correlation between the received signal and the transmitted symbol is estimated by estimating the elements of a fading coefficient vector. Each element of the fading coefficient vector is a fading coefficient associated with one of the signal paths traversed by the signals received by the rake receiver. The fading coefficient vector is preferably estimated based on the pilot bursts received on each finger.

[0015] The autocorrelation matrix of the noise plus the interference is estimated from the received noise component of each of the signals received by the fingers of the rake receiver. The received noise component for a particular finger is calculated by subtracting the fading coefficient associated with the signal received by that finger from the total signal received by that finger in the pilot bursts. In another of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, the noise and interference is estimated by subtracting the signal y(m) from the signal y(m+1) one chip later in time (i.e., subtracting adjacent samples). In yet another of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, the autocorrelation matrix of the noise plus interference R_nnis estimated by subtracting the fading coefficient vector multiplied by the transpose conjugate of the fading coefficient vector, from the autocorrelation matrix R_yyof the received signal y(m).

[0016] Once the fading coefficient vector and the autocorrelation matrix of the signal received by each pair of fingers has been calculated, these values are used to calculate the optimum combining coefficients. Alternatively, once the fading coefficient vectors and the autocorrelation matrix of the noise plus interference for each pair of fingers have been calculated, they are used to calculate the optimum combining coefficients.

[0017] Upon combining the signals received by each finger of the rake receiver using the optimum combining coefficients, it is desirable to calculate the signal to interference plus noise ratio of the output from the optimum combiner. This ratio is calculated using the transpose conjugate of the optimum combining coefficients and the fading coefficient vector. The result is a system in which interference from sources other than the source of the desired signal is suppressed with respect to the desired signal to improve decoding. The resulting signal to noise plus interference is calculated to allow a receiving station so equipped to determine the data rate that the channel can support.

[0018] FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a wireless network according to the presently disclosed method and apparatus.

[0019] FIGS. 2aand 2btaken together are a simplified block diagram of a receiving station of the presently disclosed method and apparatus.

[0020] FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of one optimum combiner of one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus.

[0021] FIG. 4ais a functional block diagram of a combiner coefficient processor of one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus.

[0022] FIG. 4bis a functional block diagram of a combiner coefficient processor 224′ of an alternative method and apparatus.

[0023] FIG. 5 is an illustration of a data field for which three consecutive fading coefficient estimates are to be averaged and then interpolating between consecutive averages.

[0024] FIG. 6ais a functional block diagram of a combiner coefficient processor 600 of an alternative method and apparatus.

[0025] FIG. 6bis a functional block diagram of a combiner coefficient processor 600′ in yet another alternative method and apparatus.

[0026] FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a wireless network 100 according to the presently disclosed method and apparatus. In one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, the wireless network 100 is a code division multiple access (CDMA) high data rate (HDR) system. A first base station 102 has an antenna 104. The first base station 102 transmits signals that are intended to be received by a receiving station 110, such as a mobile station, having two antennas 112, 114. The signals that are transmitted by the first base station 102 are shown to traverse two distinct paths from the first base station 102 to the two antennas 112, 114 of the receiving station 110. Accordingly, four desired signals (y₁₁, y₁₂, y₂₁, y₂₂) are received at the receiving station 110 from the base station 102. Each desired signal is delayed a different amount (i.e., has a different propagation delay) due to the different paths traversed. The first subscript associated with a desired signal is indicative of the antenna that received the signal. The second subscript associated with a desired signal is indicative of the propagation delay encountered by the signal.

[0027] It should be noted that while y₁₁, y₂₁do not traverse exactly the same path (i.e., they are received by different antennas as indicated by the first subscript) their delays are essentially equal when contrasted against the delays of y₁₂and y₂₂. That is, the difference in the propagation delay between the signals y₁₁and y₂₁will be far less than the difference in the propagation delay between the signal y₁₁and either y₁₂, or y₂₂, since the paths traversed by signals y₁₂and y₂₂are far longer than the path traversed by signal y₁₁. Likewise, the difference in the propagation delay between the signals y₁₂and y₂₂will be far less than the difference in the propagation delay between the signal y₁₂and either y₂₁, or y₁₁, since the path traversed by signals y₂₁and y₁₁is far shorter than the path traversed by the signal y₁₂.

[0028] A second signal source also transmits signals being received by the receiving station 110. For simplicity, the second signal source is described throughout this document as a second base station 108 having an antenna 106. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the second signal source may be a second antenna associated with the same or another base station, or different portion of the same antenna transmitting from the same base station. However, the signals being transmitted by the second base station 108 are not intended to be received by the receiving station 110. The base stations 102 and 108 each transmit broadband signals over the same frequency band. Therefore, the signals that are being received by the receiving station 110 from the second base station 108 interfere with the reception by the receiving station 110 of the signals transmitted from the first base station 102.

[0029] For ease of understanding, only two base stations 102, 108 are shown. However, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that more than two base stations may be transmitting. Furthermore, the receiving station 110 is shown to have only two antennas 112, 114. However, in one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, additional antennas may be provided on the receiving station 110.

[0030] In the presently disclosed method and apparatus, the receiving station 110 uses the signals received by the two antennas 112, 114 to assist in suppressing interference from signal sources that are transmitted from different antennas, or portions of an antenna, than the desired signal.

[0031] FIGS. 2aand 2btaken together are a simplified block diagram of a receiving station 110 of the presently disclosed method and apparatus. As noted above, incoming signals are received at the receiving station 110 over each of the two antennas 112, 114. The receiving station 110 preferably includes two receiver modules 201a, 201b. Each receiver module 201 includes: a radio frequency/intermediate frequency (RF/IF) converter 200, 202; an analog to digital (A/D) converter 204, 206; a rake receiver 208, 210, a pilot/data demultiplexer (demux) 212, 214; and a plurality of Walsh decover modules 216a, 216b, 216c, 216d, 216e, 216f.

[0032] Each of the two RF/IF converters 200, 202 is coupled to an associated one of the two antennas 112, 114. Accordingly, signals received over each of the two antennas 112, 114 are coupled to the corresponding radio RF/IF converters 200, 202.

[0033] Each RF/IF converter 200, 202 is coupled to a corresponding one of two A/D converters 204, 206. The A/D converters 204, 206 convert the output from the RF/IF converter 200, 202 into a digital form. Alternatively, a single A/D converter may be used to convert the received analog signals from both antennas to digital form. Each A/D converter 204, 206 is coupled to a corresponding one of two rake receivers 208, 210.

[0034] Each rake receiver 208, 210 is capable of distinguishing between each of the signals that have originated from a desired source base station and that encounter different propagation delays to get to the receiving station 110. Rake receivers used in CDMA receivers are well known in the art for receiving and discriminating between CDMA signals. Since signals y₁₁, y₁₂, y₂₁, y₂₂encounter different delays, a conventional rake receiver is capable of distinguishing between these signals. Each signal y₁₁, y₁₂, y₂₁, y₂₂from the desired source (i.e., the base station 102) that has a distinguishable delay is assigned to a unique “finger” 213a, 213b, 213c, 213d, 213e, 213fof the rake receiver 208, 210. Each such finger 213 outputs a signal that is despread with a delayed pseudo-random noise (PN) code generated by a PN generator 211. The PN code output from the generator 211 is delayed by one of a plurality of delay modules 209a, 209b, 209c, 209d, 209e, 209f. The amount of the delay imposed by each delay module 209 is set such that the PN code output from each delay module 209 is synchronized to the PN code with which the signals received from the desired source base station 102 were originally spread, plus the propagation delay encountered in transmission from the base station 102 to the receiving station 110.

[0035] It should be noted that the signals transmitted by each base station 102, 108 may be spread (i.e., encoded) with the same PN code. However, a substantially different delay is imposed with respect to the start of the PN sequence used to encode the signals from each base station 102, 108. The difference in the delay is substantially greater than the delay between any two signals that would arrive at the receiving station 110 from the same base station 102 over different paths. Therefore, by spreading signals transmitted from different base stations with the same PN code, but with substantially different delays, signals from a first base station 102 can be distinguished from signals from a second base station 108. Furthermore, signals transmitted from the first base station 102 to the receiving station 110 have a different propagation delay than signals transmitted from the base station 108 to the receiving station 110. Accordingly, these signals can be distinguished from one another. It should be noted that none of the delay modules 209 are set to promote reception of the signals transmitted by the second base station 108.

[0036] In a base station generating signals to be received by one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, a pilot signal is time multiplexed with data. In one such base station 102, the pilot and each data stream are covered (i.e,. encoded) with a different Walsh code. The pilot is preferably covered with the Walsh code that has a constant value, making decovering the pilot channel less difficult. During the time when the pilot channel is being transmitted (i.e., the pilot burst), no data is transmitted. Two such pilot bursts occur in each forward link slot. A forward link slot is a predetermined period of time within the signal transmitted from a base station to a receiving station. During the time (i.e., the data field) when the data is being transmitted, the pilot channel is not transmitted. The data is code multiplexed. That is, the data is divided into separate data streams. Each data stream is covered with a different Walsh code. All of the data streams are then transmitted at the same time. For example, a first portion of the data is covered with a first Walsh code, a second portion of data is covered with a second Walsh code, and a third portion of data is covered with a third Walsh code. The first, second, and third portions are then all transmitted by the base station at the same time during the data field.

[0037] Since the data and pilot are transmitted in time multiplexed format, in one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, the receiving station 110 includes one pilot/data demux 212, 214 associated with each of the antennas 112, 114. However, a single demux may be provided for demultiplexing the signals received by both of the antennas 112, 114. The output from the first demux 212 is a plurality of pilot streams y_p11(m), y_p12(m), . . . y_p1N(m) and a plurality of data streams y_d11(m), yd₁₂(m), . . . y_d1N(m), where y_p11(m) indicates a series of pilot samples, each taken at a time “mT” over the pilot channel received on antenna 1, with propagation delay 1, and where y_d11(m) indicates a series of data samples, each taken at a time “mT” over the data channel received on antenna 1, delay 1, and where “m” is an integer and “T” is a time equal to one data chip in duration.

[0038] Each pilot and data stream having the same numeric subscripts is associated with the same finger 213 of the rake receiver 208, 210. Each data stream is coupled to Walsh decover module 216a, 216b, 216c, 216d, 216e, 216f. Each Walsh decover module 216 separates the code channels that were code multiplexed into the data field prior to transmission from the base station 102. The output from the Walsh decover modules 216a, 216b, 216c, 216d, 216e, 216fare separate data streams that have been decovered, as is well known to those skilled in the art. These pilot and data signals are then coupled to an optimum combining processor 218.

[0039] The optimum combining processor 218 shown in FIG. 2bincludes three optimum combiners 220a, 220b, 220cand a combiner coefficient processor 224. It should be noted that each optimum combiner 220 is associated with a corresponding one code channel (i.e., Walsh code used to cover the data transmitted over that code channel). That is, if each the Walsh decover module 216 puts out three data streams (each associated with a different code channel and having been decovered by a different Walsh code), then there will be three optimum combiners 220 that will be used. However, it should be understood that in an alternative method and apparatus, the number of code channels and optimum combiners 220 may differ from the three shown in FIG. 2b. Furthermore, it should be noted that a single module can perform the functions of more than one optimum combiner. Each optimum combiner 220 is coupled to all of the Walsh decover modules 216, providing each optimum combiner 220 with the data transmitted on one code channel via multiple paths received over both antennas. The output from each optimum combiner 220 is a stream of data symbols representing the data that modulates the signals transmitted by the base station 102. Due to the processing by the optimum combining processor 218, the interference encountered when decoding the symbols is less than would result from a conventional combining of the input to the optimum combiner 220. That is, the SINR of the signals modulated with the output symbols is greater than the SINR of any of the data streams input to the optimum combiner 220. Furthermore, the SINR of the output symbols is greater than would result from a conventional combining of the inputs to the optimum combiner 220.

[0040] FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of one optimum combiner 220ain one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus. Since each optimum combiner 220 is essentially identical, only one such optimum combiner 220awill be described. The optimum combiner 220aincludes a plurality of two input multiplication modules 302. The multiplication modules 302 multiply the signal at the first input with the signal at the second input and provide the product at the output of the multiplication module 302. It should be noted that the multiplication modules 302 may be implemented as a function performed by a programmable device (such as a general purpose processor or a DSP) or as dedicated hardware or programmable logic, or in any other manner that allows the multiplication function to be carried out (such as circuitry or processing functionality within an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)).

[0041] The number of multiplication modules 302 in an optimum combiner 220 is preferably equal to the total number of Walsh decover modules 216 in the receiving station 110. A first input to each multiplication module 302 is coupled to a unique corresponding one of the Walsh decover modules 216. Accordingly, each data stream received on the one code channel associated with the optimum combiner 220ais coupled to a first input of the particular two input multiplication module 302athat is associated with that Walsh decover module 216a. In the method and apparatus shown in FIG. 2, there are six decover modules 216a, 216b, 216c, 216d, 216e, 216f. Accordingly, six multiplication modules 302a, 302b, 302c, 302d, 302e, 302fare shown in the optimum combiner 220aof FIG. 3. A second input to each multiplication module 302 is coupled to the combiner coefficient processor 224 by signal line 223. The combiner coefficient processor 224 calculates optimum combining coefficients (w_ij(m)). The subscript “i” represents the particular antenna associated with a finger 213 and the subscript “j” represents the particular delay encountered by a signal transmitted from a desired source. As noted above, while the paths traversed by signals received by the two antennas 112, 114 (such as signals y₁₁and y₂₁shown in FIG. 1) are not identical due to the fact that the signals are received by different antennas, the same second subscript is used to denote that these signals have encountered essentially equal propagation delays. Similarly, the second subscript of the optimum combining coefficients indicates which propagation delay was encountered by the signal to be multiplied with that optimum combining coefficient.

[0042] The multiplication performed by the multiplication modules 302 allows each received signal to be weighted and rotated (i.e., the phase and amplitude of the received signals can be adjusted). By rotating the phase, the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of the combined signal output from the summing module 304 is optimized. That is, the SINR will be the highest possible. Accordingly, the interference caused by undesired signals will be reduced. That is, the power received from a base station 102 attempting to communicate with the receiving station 110 can be maximized with respect to the power received from a base station 108 that is not attempting to communicate with the receiving station 110.

[0043] The combiner coefficient processor 224 (shown in FIG. 2b) is coupled to the second input of each multiplication module 302 by signal lines 223. It should be noted that to reduce the number of lines in FIG. 2b, a single signal line 223 is shown from the combiner coefficient processor 224 to each optimum combiner 220. However, this line 223 represent a connection over which a plurality of values of wij*(m) (six in the case shown in FIG. 2band 3) are provided to each multiplication module 302 in each optimum combiner 220. These values allow the multiplication modules 302 to optimally adjust the received signals before combining within a summing module 304. The summing module 304 sums the products to combine each of the received rotated signals. Accordingly, the optimum combiner 220aperforms a dot product operation. The output of the summing module 304 (i.e., the output from the optimum combiner 220a) is provided as an input sample to a conventional decoding or detection module or a processor that performs conventional decoding or detection functions, such as the error correcting decoder 226. The output from the summing module 304 can be expressed as:

[0044] {tilde over (y)}(m)=w^H(m)•y(m)  (1)

[0045] where H denotes the transpose conjugate; y(m)=[y₁₁(m),y₁₂(m), . . . y_ij(m), . . . ]^Tis the vector containing the sampled received signal at each rake finger 213 associated with each antenna 112, 114 at time mT after Walsh decover; y_i,jis the received signal in the j^thrake finger 213 coupled to the i^thantenna at time mT after Walsh decover; w(m)=[w₁₁(m),w₁₂(m), . . . w_ij(m) . . . ]^Tis the vector containing the optimum combining coefficients at time mT.

[0046] It should be noted that j^thrake finger associated with the first antenna will have the same delay as the j^thrake finger associated with the second antenna. For example, the delay imposed by the delay module 209bassociated with the 2^ndrake finger 213bwhich receives signals from the first antenna 112 will be the same as the delay imposed by the delay module 213eassociated with the 2^ndrake finger 213ewhich receives signals from the second antenna 114. Accordingly, in the presently disclosed method and apparatus, each delay module 209 associated with the first antenna 112 preferably has a counter-part delay module 209 associated with the second antenna 114. Each of the modules 209 of such a pair of counter-part delay modules 209 preferably has the same delay.

[0047] After Walsh decover, the received signal at the j^thrake finger 213 of the j^thantenna can be represented as:

[0048] y_ij(m)=c_ij(m)•x(m)+n_ij(m)  (2)

[0049] where: x(m) is the transmitted symbol at time mT; c_ij(m) is the fading coefficient at time mT; and n_ij(m) is a complex number representing the thermal noise plus the interference at the j^thrake finger 213 coupled to the i^thantenna at time mT. The fading coefficient c_i,j(m) is a complex number representing instantaneous channel gain, at a time “mT”, including the effect of propagation loss, shadowing, and fast fading. In binary phase-shift keying, the symbol x(m) is a value of either +1 or −1. However, in quadrature phase-shift keying, quadrature amplitude modulation, or other such modulation techniques, the symbol x(m) belongs to a modulation constellation.

[0050] Generation of Optimum Combining Coefficients

[0051] The following is a detailed description of one disclosed method and apparatus used to determine optimum combining coefficients. FIG. 4ais a functional block diagram of a combiner coefficient processor 224 of one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus. It should be noted that each of the optimum combiners 220 operates the same. Therefore, for simplicity, the operation of only one such optimum combiner 220 is described.

[0052] Each of the functions being performed in the modules shown in FIG. 4amay be performed by a programmable device (such as a general purpose processor or a DSP) or as dedicated hardware or programmable logic, or in any other manner that allows the function to be carried out (such as circuitry or processing functionality within an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)). These functions may be performed by a single module, or by multiple modules. Furthermore, each such module may be physically integrated together with one or more of the other modules or may be physically independent from one or more of the other modules.

[0053] The combiner coefficient processor 224 is coupled to the two pilot/data demultiplexers 212, 214. The pilot/data demultiplexer 212 provides the pilot signals y_p1(m) to the combiner coefficient processor 224, where y_p1(m)=[y_p11(m), y_p12(m) . . . y_p1N(m)]. The pilot/data demultiplexer 214 provides the pilot signals y_p2(m) to the combiner coefficient processor 224, where y_p2(m)=[y_p21(m), y_p22(m) . . . y_p2N(m)].

[0054] In one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, the values of the optimum combining coefficients are calculated as a function of an autocorrelation matrix and the cross-correlation r_yx(m) of the received signal y(m) with the transmitted symbols x(m). In one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, the autocorrelation matrix is an estimate of the autocorrelation of the received signal. Accordingly, the combiner coefficient processor 224 calculates the optimum combining coefficients as:

[0055] w(m)=R_yy⁻¹(m)r_yx(m)  (3)

[0056] where: R_yy(m) is the autocorrelation matrix of the vector y(m)=[y₁₁(m),y₁₂(m), . . . y_ij(m), . . . ]^Tcontaining the sampled received signal at each rake finger 213 coupled to each antenna at time mT after Walsh decover (i.e. R_yy(m)=E [y(m)•y^H(m)]); and r_yx(m) is the cross-correlation between the vector y(m) and the transmitted symbol x(m) (i.e. r_yx=E [y(m)•x*(m)], where E denotes the expectation value as defined in statistical mathematics and x*(m) denotes the complex conjugate of x(m).

[0057] In an alternative method and apparatus, the values of the optimum combining coefficients are calculated by a combiner coefficient processor 224′ (as shown in FIG. 4band discussed in detail below) as:

[0058] w′(m)=R_nn⁻¹(m)r_yx(m)  (4)

[0059] where R_nn(m) is the autocorrelation matrix of the thermal noise plus interference vector n(m)=[n₁₁(m),n₁₂(m), . . . n_ij(m) . . . ]^T(i.e. R_nn(m)=E[n(m)•n^H(m)]): and r_yx(m) is as defined above. In a system in which pilot symbols are represented by |x|=+1;

[0060] r_yx=E[y(m)x*(m)]=c=[c₁₁(m),c₁₂(m), . . . ,c_ij(m) . . . ]^T  (4a)

[0061] where c_ij(m) is the fading coefficient at time mT.

[0062] The variable w as described in equation (3) and w′ as described in equation (4) only differ by a scalar factor. That is:

[0063] w′=(1+h)w  (5)

[0064] where: h=c^HR_nn⁻¹c.

[0065] Estimation of the Cross-correlation r_yx

[0066] The estimations of the cross-correlation r_yxbetween the received signal y(m) and the transmitted symbol x(m) is determined from the fading coefficient vector c during the pilot bursts in the forward link slot, since the cross-correlation r_yxis equal to the vector c=[c₁₁,c₁₂, . . . c_{ij,. . .}]^Tof the fading coefficients, as described above.

[0067] The estimation of c is performed by a fading coefficient estimation module 401 using the pilot bursts of the forward link slot as follows. The fading coefficient module 401 receives each of the pilot signals y_p11(m), y_p12(m), . . . y_p1N(m), y_p21(m), y_p22(m), . . . y_p2N(m) output from each of the two pilot/data demultiplexers 212,214. For simplicity sake, FIG. 4ashows a vector y_p(m)=y_p11(m), y_p12(m), . . . y_p1N(m), y_p21(m), y_p22(m), . . . y_p2N(m). In one of the presently described methods and apparatus, the transmitted symbol during the pilot burst is equal to a constant value of one (i.e., x=1). Therefore, each element of the fading coefficient vector c_ij(m) can be estimated as: $\begin{array}{cc}{\hat{c}}_{\mathrm{ij}}=\frac{1}{M}\sum _{m=1}^M{y}_{\mathrm{pij}}\left(m\right)& \left(6\right)\end{array}$

[0068] where ĉ_ijis an estimate of the fading coefficient c_ij(m) for the pilot burst at the j^thrake finger of the i^thantenna, y_pij(m) is the m^thsample of the received signal in the pilot burst at the j^thrake finger of the i^thantenna, and M is the number of symbols in the pilot burst.

[0069] The fading coefficient estimate ĉ_ijdetermined in equation (6) gives an estimate of the cross-correlation r_yx, only in the pilot bursts. Therefore, in order to perform coherent detection and determine the optimum combiner coefficients using equations (3), an estimate of the fading coefficient ĉ_ijin the data chips is calculated in a first interpolation module 403.

[0070] In one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, an estimate of the fading coefficient ĉ_ijin the data chips is made by the linear interpolation module 403 by interpolation between the estimates of two fading coefficients ĉ_ijdetermined in consecutive pilot bursts. Alternatively, the estimate of the fading coefficient ĉ_ijin the data chips is made by averaging a plurality (e.g., two or three) of fading coefficients ĉ_ijin consecutive pilot bursts in an averaging module 405. An interpolation is then made between the values of two consecutively calculated averages by the interpolation module 403.

[0071] FIG. 5 is an illustration of a data field for which three consecutive fading coefficient estimates are to be averaged and then interpolating between consecutive averages. FIG. 5 shows two forward link slots 500, 502. Each forward link slot 500, 502 has two pilot bursts 504, 506, 508, 510. The fading coefficient for each pilot burst 504, 506, 508, 510 is estimated. A first average fading coefficient estimate c(k) is calculated by taking the sum of the three estimates for the first three consecutive pilot bursts 504, 506, 508 and dividing by three. Next, a second average fading coefficient c(k+1) is calculated for the three pilot bursts 506, 508, 510 by adding the fading coefficients for each of the pilot bursts 506, 508, 510 and dividing by three. A linear interpolation is performed between the first and second average fading coefficients. To estimate the fading coefficient for a portion of data that is a distance from the pilot burst 506, the following equation is used:

[0072] c(m)=(1−a)·c(k)+a·c(k+1), 0<a<1  (7)

[0073] The cross-correlation vector r_yxis calculated by repeating this procedure for each rake finger of each antenna.

[0074] Estimation of the Autocorrelation Matrix R_yy

[0075] The autocorrelation matrix of the received signal can be represented as: $\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{yy}}=\frac{1}{M}\sum _{m=1}^{M}y\left(m\right)y^H\left(m\right)& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

[0076] where M is the number of samples used to perform the estimation and y(m)=[y₁₁(m), y₁₂(m), . . . y_1N1(m), y₂₁(m), y₂₂(m) . . . y_2N2(m)]^Tis the vector containing the received signal; y_ij(m) is the received signal at the i^thantenna and the j^thrake receiver finger sampled at time mT after Walsh decover; N₁is the number of rake fingers associated with antenna 1 and N₂is the number of rake fingers associated with antenna 2.

[0077] It can be seen from equation (8) that, in the case in which N₁=N₂(i.e., the same number of fingers are used to receive the incoming signal over each of two antennas), R_yyis a 2N×2N matrix, comprising 2×2 sub-matrices. Accordingly, the number of 2×2 sub-matrices is equal to N².

[0078] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the interference at different rake fingers of each antenna is uncorrelated, due to the differences in the propagation delays of the signals received by different rake fingers. Accordingly, the elements of the autocorrelation matrix R_yyderived from rake fingers having different delays can be assumed to be zero. Only the estimation of 2×2 autocorrelation matrices of the signals of the rake fingers having the same delay (i.e., having j₁=j₂) need be calculated: $R\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc}{R}^{\left(1\right)}& 0& & & \cdots & & & 0\\ 0& R^{\left(2\right)}& 0& & & \cdots & & ⋮\\ ⋮& & ⋰& & & & & ⋮\\ ⋮& & & R^{\left(s\right)}& & & & ⋮\\ ⋮& \cdots & & & \cdots & & ⋰& ⋮\\ 0& & & & & & 0& R^{\left(N\right)}\end{array}\right)$

[0079] In the presently disclosed method and apparatus using two antennas, each 2×2 sub-matrix, R^(s)located on the diagonal of the matrix R_yy(as shown above) can be expressed as follows: $R^{\left(s\right)}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{M}\sum _{m=1}^M{\left|y_{1s}\left(m\right)\right|}^2& \frac{1}{M}\sum _{m=1}^M{y}_{1s}\left(m\right)y_{2s}^{*}\left(m\right)\\ \frac{1}{M}\sum _{m=1}^M{y}_{1s}^{*}\left(m\right)y_{2s}\left(m\right)& \frac{1}{M}\sum _{m=1}^M{\left|y_{2s}\left(m\right)\right|}^2\end{array}\right)1\le s\le N$

[0080] wherein y_1s(m) is the signal at time mT received by the first antenna through the s^thrake finger, and y_2s(m) is the signal at time mT received by the second antenna through the s^thrake finger. Each of the zeros shown above in the matrix R represents the assumed value of an off-diagonal 2×2 sub-matrix.

[0081] In one presently disclosed methods and apparatus, the autocorrelation matrix of the received signal is estimated by an R_yystimation module 407 using the pilot bursts to estimate the value of R_yyin the data chips. However, in an alternative method and apparatus, the R_yyestimation module uses the data chips directly, or both the pilot bursts and the data chips to determine the value of R_yyin the data chips.

[0082] In one presently disclosed method and apparatus in which pilot bursts are used to estimate R_yyin the data chips, an R_yyinterpolation module 411 interpolates R_yyfrom the values determined in the pilot bursts. In an alternative method and apparatus, the R_yyestimation module 407 is coupled to an R_yyaveraging module 409 that calculates an average of two or three R_yyvalues determined in the pilot bursts. The averages output from the R_yyaveraging module 409 are coupled to the interpolation module 411 which interpolates the averages to determine the value of R_yyin the data. The averaging and interpolation performed by the averaging and interpolation modules 409, 411 is essentially the same as the averaging and interpolation that is done in the averaging and interpolation modules 405, 403.

[0083] Determination of the Optimum Combining Coefficients w:

[0084] The optimum combining coefficients, w are determined by a combining coefficient evaluation module 415 using either equation (3), as provided above. Once R_yyhas been estimated by the R_yyestimation module 407 and interpolated to represent R_yyin the data chips, the value of R_yyis coupled to an inversion module 413 which inverts the matrix R_yy. Equation (3) is then applied to determine the optimum combining coefficients.

[0085] In yet another alternative method and apparatus, R_yyis determined from the pilot bursts. Equation (3) is used to determine the optimum combiner coefficients in the pilot bursts. Then linear interpolation is used to determine the optimum combining coefficients in the data chips.

[0086] The computational complexity for the inversion required in equation (3) is very low due to the zeroing of all of the off-diagonal sub-matrices R^(s)of the matrix R_yy. That is, the inversion can be performed without inverting the entire matrix R_yy. Rather, the sub-matrices R^(s)can be separately inverted.

[0087] The algorithm described above is general and can be applied at a generic M×M autocorrelation matrix, where for the autocorrelation matrix inversion we can use the direct inversion or the well known recursive least square (RLS) algorithm.

[0088] Estimation of the Autocorrelation Matrix R_nn

[0089] FIG. 4bis a functional block diagram of a combiner coefficient processor 224′ of an alternative method and apparatus. As shown in FIG. 4b, the combiner coefficient processor 224′ includes essentially the same modules as the combiner coefficient processor 224 shown in FIG. 4a. However, the processor 224′ of FIG. 4bincludes an R_nnestimation module 407′ which calculates an estimate of an autocorrelation matrix of the noise plus interference R_nn(m) instead of the R_yyestimation module 407 of FIG. 4a. To estimate the autocorrelation matrix of the noise plus interference R_nn(m), the pilot bursts are preferably used. A first formula is represented as: $\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{nn}}=\frac{1}{M}\sum _{m=1}^{M}n\left(m\right)n^H\left(m\right)& \left(9\right)\end{array}$

[0090] where n(m) is the estimated noise plus interference at the receiver in a sample at time mT, and M is the number of samples used to perform the estimation (i.e. the number of symbols in the pilot burst). Each component of vector n(m) is determined by an R_nn(m) estimation module 407′ by subtracting the channel gain c_ij(m) from the received pilot burst y_ij(m) as follows:

[0091] n_ij(m)=y_pij(m)−c_ij(m)  (10)

[0092] where y_pij(m) is the m^thsample of the received signal in the pilot burst at the j^thrake finger of the i_{hu th}antenna after Walsh decover and c_ij(m) is estimated by a fading coefficient estimation module 401′ using formula (6) provided above. The vector n(m) is generated by repeating this procedure for each rake finger of each antenna 112,114.

[0093] Alternatively, R_nnmay be estimated by the following equation: $\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{nn}}=\frac{1}{2M}\sum _{m=1}^{M}n\left(m\right)n^H\left(m\right)& \left(11\right)\end{array}$

[0094] where each component of vector n(m) is determined by the R_nn(m) estimation module 407′ using the formula:

[0095] n_ij(m)=y_pij(m)−y_pij(m+1)  (12)

[0096] where M is the number of samples used to perform the estimation (i.e., the number of symbols in the pilot burst, less one).

[0097] According to equation (12), one pilot symbol of a rake finger of the first antenna 112 is subtracted from a next pilot symbol of the same rake finger of the same antenna 112. M is the number of samples used to perform the estimation, i.e. (the number of symbols in the pilot burst −1).

[0098] It should be noted that an alternative method for calculating R_nnis:

[0099] R_nn=R_yy−cc^H  (13)

[0100] where cc^His the product of the fading coefficient vector with the transpose conjugate of the fading coefficient vector.

[0101] In one presently disclosed method and apparatus, the second interpolation module 411 interpolates the values of R_nnin the pilot to determine the value of R_nnin the data chips. Alternatively, the average module 409 averages a plurality of R_nnvalues determined from the pilot (i.e., two or three pilot values of R_nn). The average is then coupled to the second interpolation module 411 which interpolates the averages to determine the value of R_nnin the data chips, as shown and described above with reference to FIG. 5. It should be noted that with the exception of the processing that is done by the estimation modules 407, 407′, and the processing done by the combining coefficient evaluation module 415,415′, the functions of the combiner coefficient processors 224, 224′ are essentially identical.

[0102] In the presently disclosed method and apparatus shown in FIG. 4b, once the value of R_nnis determined in the data chips, the matrix R_nnis coupled to the inversion module 413. The inverted R_nnoutput from the inversion module 413 is coupled to the combining coefficient evaluation module 415′. Equation (4) is then applied by the combining coefficient evaluation module 415′ to determine the optimum combining coefficients w′.

[0103] Post Evaluation Interpolation

[0104] FIG. 6ais a functional block diagram of a combiner coefficient processor 600 of an alternative method and apparatus. As shown in FIG. 6a, the combiner coefficient processor 600 includes essentially the same modules as the combiner coefficient processor 224 shown in FIG. 4a. However, in the processor 600 of FIG. 6a, the interpolation is performed after the evaluation of the optimum combining coefficients. Accordingly, the fading coefficient estimation module 401 is coupled directly to the evaluation module 415. Likewise, the estimation module 407 is coupled directly to the martix inversion module 413. The evaluation module 415 is then coupled to an interpolation module 601 performs a linear interpolation between the values of w output from the evaluation module 415 in order to determine the values of w during the data portions of each forward link slot.

[0105] Likewise, FIG. 6bis a functional block diagram of a combiner coefficient processor 600′ in yet another alternative method and apparatus. As shown in FIG. 6b, the combiner coefficient processor 600′ includes essentially the same modules as the combiner coefficient processor 224′ shown in FIG. 4b. However, in the processor 600′ of FIG. 6b, the interpolation is performed after the evaluation of the optimum combining coefficients. Accordingly, the fading coefficient estimation module 401 is coupled directly to the evaluation module 415. Likewise, the R_yyestimation module 407′ is coupled directly to the martix inversion module 413. The evaluation module 415 is then coupled to an interpolation module 601 perform a linear interpolation between the values of w′ output from the evaluation module 415 in order to determine he values of w′ during the data portions of each forward link slot.

[0106] Estimation of the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise(SINR) Ratio

[0107] In one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, the values of c_ij(m) and w_ij(m) from the combiner coefficient processor 224 are coupled to an SINR evaluation module 228 (shown in FIG. 2b). In one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, a SNIR is calculated as: $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{SINR}=\frac{w^{H}c}{1-w^{H}c}& \left(14\right)\end{array}$

[0108] where w has been determined from equation (3) and c from equation (6).

[0109] In an alternative method and apparatus in which combiner coefficient processor 224′ is used to determine w′, the SINR is calculated as:

[0110] SINR=w′^Hc  (15)

[0111] where c has been determined from (6).

[0112] In one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, SINR is used to determine the rate at which data can be transmitted from the base station 102 to the receiving station 110. As shown in FIGS. 2aand 2b, the combiner coefficient processor 224, 224′ is coupled to a SINR evaluation module 228 by signal lines 230, 231. Signal line 230 provides the SINR evaluation module 228 with the value of either w or w′, as calculated by the combiner coefficient processor 224, 224′. Signal line 231 provides the SINR evaluation module 228 with the value for c_ij(m). The SINR evaluation module 228 determines the SINR in accordance with either equation (14) or (15). The SINR evaluation module 228 is coupled to a DRC module 232. The DRC module 232 determines the rate at which data can be received from the base station 102, taking into account the SINR of the signal being received from the base station 102. This rate is then communicated to the base station.

[0113] Calculation of LLR

[0114] Most communication systems require the evaluation of the log likelihood ratios (LLR) of the coded bits in order to perform decoding at the receiver (for example iterative or “turbo” decoding, conventional Viterbi decoding, etc.). One advantage of the presently disclosed method and apparatus is that values of LLR can be easily computed from the soft decision values represented by either w or w′.

[0115] For example, assume that quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) or 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (4QAM) is used at the transmitter. Further, assume that d₀and d₁denote, respectively, the first and the second coded bit associated with the modulated symbol y_d,ij, mapping coded bit 0 at the input of the modulator to the modulation value +1 and coded bit 1 at the input of the modulator to the modulation value −1 (as shown in FIG. 7). Then, the values of the LLR are computed using either equations (16) and (17) or equations (18) and (19):

[0116] LLR(d₀|y_d(m))=4·Re(w′(m)^H•y_d(m))  (16)

[0117] LLR(d₁|y_d(m))=4·Im(w′(m)^H•y_d(m))  (17)

[0118] LLR(d₀|y_d(m))=4·(1+h)·Re(w(m)^H•y_d(m))  (18)

[0119] LLR(d₁|y_d(m))=4·(1+h)·Im(w(m)^H•y_d(m))  (19)

[0120] where H denotes the transpose conjugate;Re(.) and Im(.) denotes real part and imaginary part of a complex number, respectively; y_d(m)=[y_d,11(m),y_d,12(m), . . . y_d,ij(m), . . . ]^Tis the vector containing the sampled received data signal at each rake finger 213 associated with each antenna 112, 114 at time mT after Walsh decover; y_d,ijis the received data signal in the j^thrake finger 213 coupled to the i^thantenna at time mT after Walsh decover; w(m)=[w₁₁(m),w₁₂(m), . . . w_ij(m) . . . ]^Tis the vector containing the optimum combining coefficients at time mT evaluated using equation (3), w′(m)=[w′₁₁(m), w′₁₂(m), . . . w′_ij(m) . . . ]^Tis the vector containing the optimum combining coefficients at time mT evaluated using equation (4), and (1+h) has been defined in equation (5).

[0121] For BPSK signaling, only equations (16) or (18) are needed because the imaginary part is zero.

[0122] Accordingly, in one of the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, the error correcting decoder 226 performs the calculations shown in equations (16) and (17), or equations (18) and (19).

[0123] Industrial Application

[0124] Our disclosed method and apparatus is capable of exploitation in industry, and can be made and used, whenever is it desired to do wireless data transfer. The individual components of the apparatus and method shown herein, taken separate and apart from one another, may be entirely conventional, it being their combination which we claim as our invention.

[0125] While we have describe various modes of apparatus and method, the true spirit and scope of our invention is not limited thereto, but is limited only by the following claims and their equivalents, and we claim such as our invention.