US 6,282,311 B1Grant
Using a residual image to represent an extended color gamut digital image
Issue Date:2001-08-28
•34 Claims
•5 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A method for representing a digital image having color values with an extended color gamut in a storage color space having a limited color gamut includes adjusting the color values of the extended color gamut digital image to fit within the limited color gamut to form a limited color gamut digital image; representing the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space; determining a residual image representing a difference between the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image; and associating the residual image with the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space such that the associated residual image and the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space are adapted to be used to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image.
Metadata
Assignee
- Eastman Kodak Company
Inventors
- Ann L. McCarthy
- Kevin E. Spaulding
- Edward J. Giorgianni
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/162,026
Filing Date:1998-09-28
Priority Date:1998-09-28
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
G06K 900
Field of Search:
382162382167382240358504358520358523358518358 1935851734843113484341345153345155
Patent Drawings (5 sheets)
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] Reference is made to commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/162,051, filed Sep. 28, 1998, entitled “Representing an Extended Color Gamut Digital Image in a Limited Color Gamut Color Space” to McCarthy et al; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/162,250, filed Sep. 28, 1998, entitled “Using a Set of Residual Image to Represent an Extended Color Gamut Digital Image” to McCarthy et al; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/162,234, filed Sep. 28, 1998, entitled “Method of Applying Manipulation to an Extended Color Gamut Digital Image” to Spaulding et al; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/162,201, filed Sep. 28, 1998, entitled “A System Using One or More Residual Image(s) to Represent an Extended Color Gamut Digital Image” to McCarthy et al, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention relates to the field of digital imaging, and more particularly to representing an extended color gamut digital image.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] In digital imaging systems, there are many ways to represent images in digital form. Not only are there many different formats of digital files, but there are also a large variety of different color spaces and color encodings that can be used to specify the color of digital images.
[0005] In some cases, the color encoding may be in terms of a so-called device independent color space, such as the well-known CIELAB color space. In recent years this color space has been used extensively to specify the color of digital images in color-managed digital imaging systems. In some cases, the image may actually be stored in the CIELAB color space. More commonly, the color space may be used to connect device profiles, which can be used to describe the color characteristics of various color imaging devices such as scanners, printers, and CRT video displays. The KODAK PhotoYCCColor Interchange Space is another example of a device independent color space that can be used to encode digital images.
[0006] In other cases, the color-encoding may be in terms of a device dependent color space. Video RGB color spaces and CMYK color spaces are examples of this type. When a color image is encoded in a device dependent color space, it will have the desired color appearance when it is displayed on the particular output device associated with that color space. The advantage of a device dependent color space is that the image is ready to be displayed or printed on the target device. However, the disadvantage is that the image will necessarily be limited to the color gamut of the target device. The color gamut of an imaging device refers to the range of colors and luminance values that can be produced by the device. Therefore, if the target device has a limited dynamic range, or is incapable of reproducing certain saturated colors, then it is not possible to encode color values outside of the range of colors that can be produced on the device.
[0007] One type of device dependent color space that has become quite widespread for use as a storage and manipulation color space for digital images is the video RGB color space. In reality, there are many different video RGB color spaces due to the fact that there are many different types of video RGB displays. As a result, a particular set of video RGB color values will correspond to one color on one video display and to another color on another video display. Therefore, video RGB has historically been a somewhat ambiguous color representation due to the fact that the color values could not be properly interpreted unless the characteristics of the target video display were known. Nonetheless, video RGB color spaces have become the defacto standard in many applications because the creation, display and editing of images on video displays are central steps in many digital imaging systems.
[0008] Recently, there have been efforts to standardize a particular video RGB color space in order to remove the ambiguity in the interpretation of the color values. (See the proposed IEC TC100 sRGB Draft Standard). One such proposed standard color space is known as “sRGB.” This color space specifies a particular set of red, green, and blue primaries, a particular whitepoint, and a particular non-linear code value to light intensity relationship. Together, these tightly define the overall relationship between the digital code values and the corresponding device independent color values.
[0009] Although the use of a standard video RGB color space eliminates much of the ambiguity usually associated with video RGB color spaces, it does nothing to address the fact that this color space has a limited color gamut relative to other output devices. Additionally, any output device will have a limited color gamut relative to that of an original scene. For example, a scene may have a luminance dynamic range of 1000:1 or more, whereas a typical video display or reflection print will have a dynamic range on the order of 100:1. Certain image capture devices, such as photographic negative film, can actually record dynamic ranges as large as 8000:1. Even though this is larger than the luminance dynamic range associated with most scenes, the extra dynamic range is often useful to provide allowance for exposure errors, light source variations, etc.
[0010] In order to encode images from various sources in a video RGB representation, it is necessary to discard information that is outside the color gamut of the video RGB color space. In some cases, such as when it is desired to encode the appearance of colors in an original scene or the colors captured by a photographic negative, a great deal of information will typically need to be discarded due to the large disparity in the dynamic ranges. For the case where it is desired to scan a reflection print and store it in a video RGB color space, it is still necessary to discard a substantial amount of information due to the mismatch in the color gamuts, even though the luminance dynamic ranges may be quite similar.
[0011] For example, FIG. 1 shows a comparison of a typical Video RGB Color Gamut 10 and a typical Reflection Print Color Gamut 12. In this case, a*-b* cross-sections of the color gamuts are shown in the CELAB space at an L* of 65. The colors that are inside the boundary are within the gamuts of the respective devices, while those that are outside the boundary cannot be reproduced, and are therefore referred to as “out-of-gamut” colors. It can be seen that there is a large set of color values with a b* value larger than 60 that can be produced on the printer, but are outside the color gamut of the video display. As a result, if the reflection print were scanned and stored in a video RGB color space, it would not be possible to encode this color information.
[0012] The mismatch between the video RGB color gamut and the color gamuts of other output devices and image sources represents a serious limitation on the usefulness of the video RGB color space. However, in many cases, the convenience of storing the image in a color space that is ready for direct display on a computer video CRT has been the over-riding factor in the determination of the preferred color space. This has come at the expense of applications that can utilize the extended color gamut information that may have existed in an input image.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] It is an object of the present invention to overcome the limitations of the prior art by permitting the storage of images in a color space having a limited color gamut, while retaining the extended color gamut information.
[0014] This object is achieved in a method for representing a digital image having color values with an extended color gamut in a storage color space having a limited color gamut comprising the steps of:
[0015] a) adjusting the color values of the extended color gamut digital image to fit within the limited color gamut to form a limited color gamut digital image;
[0016] b) representing the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space; and
[0017] c) determining a residual image representing a difference between the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image; and
[0018] d) associating the residual image with the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space such that the associated residual image and the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space are adapted to be used to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image.
ADVANTAGES
[0019] The present invention has the advantage that a digital image can be stored in a color space convenient for a particular application while overcoming the color gamut limitation associated with that color space. The image can be stored, for example, in a video RGB color space that is well-adapted for fast and convenient display on a computer system without compromising the potential quality of the image.
[0020] It has the additional advantage that the use of the extended color gamut information is optional. As a result, the benefits of the extended color gamut information can be gained by applications that are able to make use of it, without introducing an image quality or computation penalty for applications that do not require the optional information or that are not able to make use of it.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIG. 1 is graph comparing the color gamuts of a typical video display, and a typical reflection print;
[0022] FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a process for making a limited gamut digital image in accordance with the present invention;
[0023] FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a second process for making a limited gamut digital image in accordance with the present invention;
[0024] FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the reconstruction of a extended gamut digital image from the limited digital image of FIG. 2; and
[0025] FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing-a third process for making a limited gamut digital image in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0026] One preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 2. An extended color gamut digital image 20 has color values that are outside the limited color gamut of a storage color space. An adjust color values step 21 is used to limit the color values to those that will fit within the limited color gamut of the storage color space to form a limited color gamut digital image 22. Next, a represent image in storage color space step 23 is used to produce a storage space digital image 24. A compute residual image step 25 is used to determine a residual image 26 representing the difference between the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image. The storage space digital image 24 and the residual image 26 are then stored in a digital file 28 using a digital file storage step 27.
[0027] A key aspect of the present invention is the creation of the residual image 26 representing the difference between the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image. Other prior art systems include the computation of a residual image, but none involve computing a difference between an extended color gamut digital image and a limited color gamut digital image. Nishihara et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,317) describe the computation of a residual image determined from the difference between an original image, and an image that has been compressed using a lossy data compression technique and subsequently decompressed. The residual image represents the compression artifacts that are introduced during the compression/decompression process. Golin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,873) also describes a method for encoding images using a residual image. In this case, the residual image relates to the difference between images of different spatial resolution. It is also known that a residual image can be computed between a high-precision digital image, and a low-precision digital image. In each of these cases, the images being differenced have identical color gamuts and color spaces. As a result, none of these prior art configurations would support the storage of extended color gamut information as required in the present invention.
[0028] Each of the aspects of the invention shown in FIG. 2 will now be discussed in more detail. The extended color gamut digital image 20 can take many different forms. For example, the image can be a scanned photographic print, a scanned photographic negative, a scanned photographic transparency, or an image from a digital camera, etc. Depending on the source of the image, as well as any image processing that has been applied to the image, the image may have very different color gamuts and color representations. Images from scanned photographic negatives and digital cameras can contain scene information having a much larger luminance dynamic range than can be encoded in many storage color spaces. In this case, luminance dynamic range is simply one aspect of color gamut related to the range of luminance values that can be represented.
[0029] The color gamut of an imaging system is the range of colors that can be represented or produced. Since color is fundamentally a three-dimensional phenomenon, color gamuts can be viewed as a three-dimensional volume. Color values that are within the volume are said to be “in-gamut,” whereas colors that are outside the volume are said to be “out-of-gamut.” One aspect of the color gamut is the luminance dynamic range of the system. This is the range of relative luminance values that can be encoded by the system from the whitest white to the blackest black. Another aspect of the color gamut is the range of chroma values that can be represented from a neutral out to a saturated color. The extended color gamut digital image will generally have a larger luminance dynamic range and a larger range of chroma values than the limited color gamut digital image. The range of chroma values that are in-gamut will generally be a function of hue and lightness. Generally, the highest chroma colors can be produced near the hue and lightness of the primary and secondary colors of a given imaging device or color space (usually red, green, blue, cyan, magenta and yellow).
[0030] If the image were a scanned photographic print, the color gamut of the image would generally be the color gamut of the original photographic print medium. Likewise if the image were captured by a digital camera, the color gamut of the image would generally be that of an original scene, although it may be limited by the dynamic range of the camera sensor and by lens flare. The color space that the image is represented in is somewhat independent of the color gamut of the original image. For example, the color values for a scanned photographic print can be represented as raw scanner code values, or they can be given by device independent color values according to a color space such as the CIELAB color space. Alternatively, the color values can be expressed in some other color space.
[0031] For many applications, it is convenient to store, display and manipulate the digital image in a particular storage color space that is well-suited for the work flow associated with that application. Frequently, the storage color space that is chosen will be a device dependent color space associated with a common output device or medium used by the system. In many cases, video RGB color spaces are used because they can be displayed or previewed directly on a computer video display without any further processing, Additionally, many software applications that are available to manipulate images on a computer are designed to work with images in a video RGB color space. The color gamut of the storage color space will often be smaller than, or at least different than, the color gamut of the extended color gamut digital image 20. As a result, there generally will be colors in the extended color gamut digital image 20 that can not be represented in the storage color space. For example, consider the case where the extended color gamut digital image 20 is a scanned photographic print. There are many colors within the color gamut of the reflection print that are outside the color gamut of the video RGB color space. This can clearly be seen in FIG. 1 which shows cross-sections through a typical Video RGB Color Gamut 10, and a typical Reflection Print Color Gamut 12.
[0032] Therefore, information must be discarded in order to store the reflection print color values in a video RGB color space, or any other limited color gamut storage space. In prior art methods, the information that is discarded is lost permanently and can not be recovered. In the present invention, the information that is lost will be stored in a residual image.
[0033] The adjust color values step 21 is used to adjust the color values of the extended color gamut digital image to fit within the limited color gamut of the storage space, forming a limited color gamut digital image 22. In this step, information must be discarded when color values that are outside the limited color gamut are mapped to color values within the limited color gamut. In some cases, the color values for the out-of-gamut colors are simply “clipped,” i.e., they are mapped to color values the surface of the limited color gamut. In other cases, more sophisticated gamut mapping methods can be used to compress the extended color gamut into the limited color gamut without introducing a hard clipping function. For example, the chroma of the input color values can be scaled so that the most saturated colors in the extended color gamut are mapped to the most saturated colors in the limited color gamut. Alternatively, a gamut mapping method can be used that is designed to preserve color appearance as closely as possible. Regardless of what gamut mapping technique is used, there will necessarily be a loss of information and a distortion of the color characteristics of the image.
[0034] In many cases, the extended color gamut will contain color values that have higher chroma values than can be represented in the limited color gamut. In some cases, the extended color gamut may also have a larger luminance dynamic range than can be represented in the limited color gamut. In the case where it is necessary to reduce the luminance dynamic range of the image, one part in the implementation of the adjust color values step 21 is typically the application of a tone scale function. The tone scale function might be applied to a luminance channel of the image, or alternatively to each color channel of an RGB color representation. In some applications, the image being processed may actually be a monochrome image, e.g., a black-and-white image. In this case, the tonescale function would be applied to the image luminance values.
[0035] For cases where the extended color gamut digital image is a representation of the colors in an original scene, the adjust color values step 21 will typically involve determining reproduced color values that will produce desired aim colors on a target output device. For example, optimal color reproduction aims can be applied to determine desired video RGB aim colors for the original scene colors. The process of transforming the original scene color values into aim reproduced color values is sometimes referred to as “rendering” the image.
[0036] Once the limited color gamut digital image 22 has been determined, the next step is to represent it in the storage color space using the represent image in storage color space step 23. The output of this step is a storage space digital image 24. This step typically involves applying a device model, or a color space conversion, to determine the storage space color values that correspond to the adjusted color values of the limited color gamut digital image 22. For example, if the adjusted color values were specified in terms of the CIELAB color space, a video display device model can be used to determine the corresponding video RGB values that would be necessary to produce the specified adjusted color values.
[0037] A compute residual image step 25 is used to determine a residual image 26 representing the difference between the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image 22. In its simplest form, the residual image can be calculated by simply subtracting the adjusted color values of the limited color gamut digital image 22 from the input color values of the extended color gamut digital image 20. The residual image would then be in terms of the color space used to represent those color values. Alternatively, the color values can be transformed into some other space that would be useful for computing the residual image. For example, it might be desirable to compute the residual image in a color space that is well-suited for compressing the residual image or that is convenient for use in reconstructing the extended color gamut digital image. Generally, the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image 22 should be represented in the same color space before the residual image is calculated so that the in-gamut colors will be given by zero residual errors. Since most images will only have a small fraction of color values that are out of gamut, the residual image will be dominated by zeros, and therefore will be highly compressible.
[0038] For cases where the adjust color values step 21 involves the application of a transform that modifies the color values for the colors within the limited color gamut as well as those outside the limited color gamut, a residual image determined by directly computing the difference between the input color values of the extended color gamut digital image and the adjusted color values of the limited color gamut digital image 22 would have a large number of non-zero values. This could be undesirable for cases where the residual image is to be compressed. The prior example where the extended color gamut digital image is a representation of the original scene, and the adjust color values step 21 includes rendering the color values to determine desirable color values for a target output device, will generally suffer from this problem. In this case, it can be desirable to apply a second rendering function to the extended color gamut digital image to determine a second set of rendered color values that are desirable for another output device having a larger color gamut than the first target output device. If the second rendering function were identical to the first rendering function throughout most of the color gamut, then a residual image computed by taking the difference between the first and second rendered images would again be largely dominated by zero differences. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first rendering function produces a rendered image that is optimized for a video display, and the second rendering function produces a rendered image that is optimized for some hypothetical output device having an idealized large color gamut.
[0039] Once the residual image 26 has been calculated, it should be associated in some fashion with the storage space digital image 24. This can involve storing the residual image 26 in a memory buffer that is associated with a second memory buffer used to store the storage space digital image 24. Alternatively, many applications will store the image data in a digital file 28 on some sort of digital storage media such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, or a PCMCIA card using a digital file storage step 27. In this case, the storage space digital image 24 and the residual image 26 can be stored in two different files, or can be stored in the same digital image file. In many cases, the file format used to store the storage space digital image 24 may support the use of private image tags. For example, the file formats TIFF, EXIF and FlashPIX all support tags of this sort. These tags are sometimes referred to as meta-data. In cases where file formats of this type are used, it will be convenient to store the residual image data in the form of a residual image tag. In this way, applications that do not know how to make use of the residual image tag will simply ignore it, and will therefore have access only to the storage space digital image 24. Whereas applications that know how to use the residual image tag will be able to make use of it to reconstruct the extended color gamut digital image. Some file formats place a limit on the size of tags, so compression of the residual image is important for these applications.
[0040] A second preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 3. This embodiment is similar to that shown in FIG. 2 but differs in the way that the residual image is determined. In this second embodiment, the residual image is represented relative to the code values of the storage color space. FIG. 3 shows an extended color gamut digital image 30, having color values that are outside the limited color gamut of a storage color space. An adjust color values step 31 is used to limit the color values to those that will fit within the limited color gamut of the storage color space. Next, a represent image in storage color space step 32 is used to produce a limited color gamut digital image 33. A represent image in extended storage color space step 34 is then applied to the original image, and a compute residual image step 35 is used to determine a residual image 36 representing the difference between the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image, both being encoded according to the storage color space. The limited color gamut digital image 33 and the residual image 36 are then stored in a digital file 38 using a digital file storage step 37.
[0041] Since most of the steps in this second embodiment of the invention are identical to the corresponding steps in the first embodiment, only the steps that differ will be discussed in more detail. The primary difference between the two embodiments is that the residual image is computed relative to the storage color space color values in this case. Therefore, the original extended color space digital image must be transformed to the storage color space in addition to the limited color gamut digital image. This is accomplished by the represent image in extended storage color space step 34. The complication is that the storage color space will typically only have a limited color gamut. For example, if the storage color space is a video RGB color space, then the color gamut of the storage space would be limited to the color gamut of the video display. Therefore, to represent the original extended color gamut digital image in the storage color space, it is necessary to define an extended version of the storage color space that does not impose the limited color gamut. For example, 24-bit video RGB color spaces usually encode the color values in terms of integer code values in the range of 0 to 255. In order to allow the encoding of colors outside the color gamut of the video display, the original extended color gamut digital image can be represented in an extended storage space where the code values were allowed to go outside the range 0 to 255. This permits the encoding of colors with higher chroma values, as well as larger luminance dynamic range values, than can be encoded directly in the storage color space. After both the limited color gamut digital image and the extended color gamut digital image had been represented in terms of the storage color space, the residual image 36 is then calculated as before by computing a difference between the two images.
[0042] The result of applying the method of the present invention is the creation of both a limited color gamut digital image in a storage color space and an associated residual image which correlates the limited color gamut digital image to an extended color gamut digital image. As discussed previously, the limited color gamut digital image is generally well suited for display on a target output device such as a video display. One advantage of this approach is that systems that cannot make use of the residual image will be able to display and manipulate this image directly with no image quality or computation disadvantage relative to the prior art where only the limited color gamut digital image is stored. However, the information that normally would have been discarded has now been stored in the residual image and is available for use by systems that can utilize it. In this case, the limited color gamut digital image is extracted and the residual image from the digital file is used to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image.
[0043] FIG. 4 shows an example of reconstructing an extended color gamut digital image from the limited color gamut digital image and the residual image. The input to this process is an extended color gamut digital file 40 containing a limited color gamut digital image and a residual image created as described above. An extract data from digital file step 41 is used to extract the limited color gamut digital image 42 and the residual image 43. A reconstruct extended color gamut digital image step 44 is then used to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image 45 by combining the limited color gamut digital image 42 and the residual image 43. Typically the reconstruct extended color gamut digital image step 44 will involve combining the limited color gamut digital image 42 and the residual image 43.
[0044] The reconstructed extended color gamut digital image can be used for many different purposes. For example, it can be used to form a digital image appropriate for display on an output device having a color gamut different from the limited color gamut of the limited color gamut digital image 42 in the digital file 40. This enables the generation of an optimal print from the original extended color gamut digital image, rather than a print limited by constraints of the storage color space.
[0045] Alternatively, the information in the reconstructed extended color gamut digital image can be used during the process of applying a modification to the digital image. For example, consider the case where the original image is determined to be over-exposed. In this case, the highlights of the limited color gamut digital image would have been clipped during the adjust color values step. However, the highlight information would be restored in the reconstructed extended color gamut digital image. This information can then be used to produce a modified digital image that retains the highlight detail. Modifications to the digital image can be interactively specified by a user, such as in the case of a user adjustable lightness knob. Modifications can also be determined by applying an automatic algorithm to the digital image. For example, a “scene balance algorithm” can be used to estimate the best color balance and lightness level for an image.
[0046] In some cases, it will be desirable to send the modified digital image directly to a printer, but in other cases it will be desirable to write the modified image back out to a file. In this case, a new limited color gamut digital image and a new residual image can be calculated to encode the modified image, using the methods described by this invention.
[0047] Another embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 5. As in the previously discussed embodiments, an extended color gamut digital image 50 has color values that are outside the limited color gamut of a storage color space, and an adjust color values step 51 is used to limit the color values to those that will fit within the limited color gamut of the storage color space. Next, a represent image in storage color space step 52 is used to produce a limited color gamut digital image. In this case, the limited color gamut digital image is compressed using a compress limited color gamut digital image step 53 to form a compressed limited color gamut digital image 54. The compress limited color gamut digital image step 53 can be performed using any one of many image data compression methods such as the well-known JPEG compression method which is based on a discrete cosine transform. There are many other types of image data compression methods known to those skilled in the art including those based on differential pulse code modulation, vector quantization, wavelets, or fractals. In some cases, the compression algorithms are lossless, meaning that an exact copy of the original image can be reconstructed from the compressed image. However, in many cases, the compression images are lossy meaning that an image which is reconstructed from the compressed image will only be an approximation of the original image. In these cases, the use of image data compression will introduce errors into the digital image.
[0048] The process of computing the residual image in this embodiment of the present invention is slightly modified relative to the previous embodiments. Rather than computing the residual image based on the limited color gamut digital image itself, the residual image is computed from the compressed limited color gamut digital image 54. In this way, the residual image not only includes the differences introduced by representing the image in the limited color gamut, but it also accounts for losses introduced in the compression process. In particular the compute residual image step 57 computes the difference between the extended color gamut digital image as represented in an extended storage color space using a represent image in extended storage color space step 55, and an uncompressed limited color gamut digital image computed from the compressed limited color gamut digital image by an uncompress limited color gamut digital image step 56. It will frequently be desirable to compress the resulting residual image using a compress residual image step 58 to form a compressed residual image 59. The compress residual image step 58 can be performed using many different types of compression methods. In some cases, it can be desirable to compress the residual image using a lossless image data compression method, whereas in other cases, it will be acceptable to use a so-called lossy image data compression method. The compressed limited color gamut digital image 54 and the compressed residual image 59 are then stored in a digital file 61 using a digital file storage step 60.
[0049] A computer program product having a computer readable storage medium can have a computer program stored thereon for performing all the steps of the present invention.
[0050] The computer readable storage medium can comprise, for example; magnetic storage media such as magnetic disc (such as a floppy disc) or magnetic tape; optical storage media such as optical disk, optical tape, or machine readable bar code; solid state electronic storage devices such as random access memory (RAM), or read only memory (ROM); or any other physical device or medium employed to store a computer program.
[0051] This invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
PARTS LIST
[0052] 10 video RGB color gamut
[0053] 12 reflection print color gamut
[0054] 20 extended color gamut digital image
[0055] 21 adjust color values
[0056] 22 limited color gamut digital image
[0057] 23 represent image in storage color space
[0058] 24 storage space digital image
[0059] 25 compute residual image
[0060] 26 residual image
[0061] 27 digital file storage
[0062] 28 digital file
[0063] 30 extended color gamut digital image
[0064] 31 adjust color values
[0065] 32 represent image in storage color space
[0066] 33 limited color gamut digital image
[0067] 34 represent image in extended storage color space
[0068] 35 compute residual image
[0069] 36 residual image
[0070] 37 digital file storage
[0071] 38 digital file
[0072] 40 digital file
[0073] 41 extract data from digital file
[0074] 42 limited color gamut digital image
[0075] 43 residual image
[0076] 44 reconstruct extended color gamut digital image
[0077] 45 reconstructed extended color gamut digital image
[0078] 50 extended color gamut digital image
[0079] 51 adjust color values
[0080] 52 represent image in storage color space
PARTS LIST (con't)
[0081] 52 compress digital image
[0082] 54 compressed limited color gamut digital image
[0083] 55 represent image in extended storage color space
[0084] 56 uncompress digital image step
[0085] 57 compute residual image
[0086] 58 compress residual image
[0087] 59 compressed residual image
[0088] 60 digital file storage
[0089] 61 digital file
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for representing a digital image having color values with an extended color gamut in a storage color space having a limited color gamut comprising:
a) adjusting the color values of the extended color gamut digital image to fit within the limited color gamut to form a limited color gamut digital image;
b) representing the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space;
c) determining a difference between the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image forming a residual image; and
d) storing the residual image with the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space such that the associated residual image and the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space are adapted to be used to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image.
2. The method of claim 1 where the storage color space is a particular device dependent color space.
3. The method of claim 2 where the storage color space is a video RGB color space.
4. The method of claim 3 further including previewing the digital image by displaying the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space on a video display.
5. The method of claim 1 where the storage color space is a particular limited color gamut color space.
6. The method of claim 1 where the limited color gamut digital image is determined by clipping colors that are outside the limited color gamut so that they are on the surface of the limited color gamut.
7. The method of claim 1 where the limited color gamut digital image is determined by using gamut mapping that preserves color appearance.
8. The method of claim 1 where the limited color gamut digital image is determined by modifying color values that are outside the limited color gamut so that they are mapped to color values within the limited color gamut.
9. The method of claim 1 where the extended color gamut digital image has a larger range of chroma values than the limited color gamut digital image.
10. The method of claim 1 where the extended color gamut digital image has a larger luminance dynamic range than the limited color gamut digital image.
11. The method of claim 10 where the adjusting the color values of the extended color gamut digital image to determine the limited color gamut digital image includes applying a tone scale function to reduce the luminance dynamic range of the image.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the extended luminance dynamic range digital image is a monochrome digital image.
13. The method of claim 1 where the extended color gamut digital image is a representation of the colors in an original scene.
14. The method of claim 13 where the limited color gamut digital image is determined by rendering the colors of the original scene to produce rendered color values that are desirable for a first output device.
15. The method of claim 14 where the residual image is determined by computing the difference between the rendered color values for the first output device and a second set of rendered color values that are desirable for a second output device having a larger color gamut than the first output device.
16. The method of claim 15 where the larger color gamut output device is a hypothetical output device having an idealized color gamut.
17. The method of claim 1 where the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space is stored in a digital image file using a digital storage medium.
18. The method of claim 17 where the residual image is stored as additional data in the digital image file.
19. The method of claim 17 where a data compression technique is applied to the residual image before it is stored so that it uses a smaller amount of digital storage memory.
20. The method of claim 17 where the limited color gamut digital image is stored in the digital image file, and the residual image is stored in a separate digital image file.
21. The method of claim 1 further including using the residual image together with the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image.
22. The method of claim 1 further including using the residual image together with the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space to form a digital image appropriate for display on an output device having a color gamut different that the limited color gamut.
23. The method of claim 1 where the extended color gamut digital image originates from a scan of a photographic negative.
24. The method of claim 1 where the extended color gamut digital image originates from a scan of a photographic transparency.
25. The method of claim 1 where the extended color gamut digital image originates from a scan of a photographic print.
26. The method of claim 1 where the extended color gamut digital image originates from a digital camera.
27. The method of claim 1 where the residual image is determined by computing a difference between the extended color gamut digital image represented in an extended storage color space and the limited color gamut digital image represented in the storage color space.
28. A method for representing and manipulating a digital image with an extended color gamut using a storage color space having a limited color gamut comprising:
a) adjusting the color values of the extended color gamut digital image to fit within the limited color gamut to form a limited color gamut digital image;
b) representing the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space;
c) determining a difference between the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image forming a residual image;
d) storing the residual image with the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space such that the associated residual image and the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space are adapted to be used to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image;
e) specifying a desirable modification to the image; and
f) using the residual image together with the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space and the specified desirable modification to the image to produce a modified digital image.
29. The method of claim 28 where the desirable modification is interactively user specified.
30. The method of claim 28 where the desirable modification is determined by applying an automatic algorithm to the digital image.
31. A method for representing a digital image having color values with an extended color gamut in a storage color space having a limited color gamut comprising:
a) adjusting the color values of the extended color gamut digital image to fit within the limited color gamut to form a limited color gamut digital image;
b) representing the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space;
c) compressing the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space;
d) determining a difference between the extended color gamut digital image and an uncompressed limited color gamut digital image computed from the compressed limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space forming a residual image; and
e) storing the residual image with the compressed limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space such that the associated residual image and the compressed limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space are adapted to be used to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image.
32. A computer program product, comprising a computer readable storage medium, for representing a digital image having color values with an extended color gamut in a storage color space having a limited color gamut having a computer program stored thereon for performing:
a) adjusting the color values of the extended color gamut digital image to fit within the limited color gamut to form a limited color gamut digital image;
b) representing the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space;
c) determining a difference between the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image forming a residual image; and
d) storing the residual image with the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space such that the associated residual image and the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space are adapted to be used to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image.
33. A computer program product for representing and manipulating a digital image with an extended color gamut using a storage color space having a limited color gamut, and having a computer readable storage medium with a computer program stored thereon for performing:
a) adjusting the color values of the extended color gamut digital image to fit within the limited color gamut to form a limited color gamut digital image;
b) representing the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space;
c) determining a difference between the extended color gamut digital image and the limited color gamut digital image forming a residual image;
d) storing the residual image with the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space such that the associated residual image and the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space are adapted to be used to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image;
e) specifying a desirable modification to the image; and
f) using the residual image together with the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space and the specified desirable modification to the image to produce a modified digital image.
34. A computer program product, comprising a computer readable storage medium, for representing a digital image having color values with an extended color gamut in a storage color space having a limited color gamut having a computer program stored thereon for performing:
a) adjusting the color values of the extended color gamut digital image to fit within the limited color gamut to form a limited color gamut digital image;
b) representing the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space;
c) compressing the limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space;
d) determining a difference between the extended color gamut digital image and an uncompressed limited color gamut digital image computed from the compressed limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space forming a residual image; and
e) storing the residual image with the compressed limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space such that the associated residual image and the compressed limited color gamut digital image in the storage color space are adapted to be used to form a reconstructed extended color gamut digital image.
Patent Citations (23)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US4417270 | 1983-11-01 | Nagao et al. | Applicant |
| US4903317 | 1990-02-01 | Nishihara et al. | Applicant |
| US5050230 | 1991-09-01 | Jones et al. | Applicant |
| US5122873 | 1992-06-01 | Golin | Applicant |
| US5268754 | 1993-12-01 | Van De Capelle et al. | Examiner |
| US5297219 | 1994-03-01 | Weldy | Applicant |
| US5317425 | 1994-05-01 | Spence et al. | Examiner |
| US5333069 | 1994-07-01 | Spence | Examiner |
| US5510910 | 1996-04-01 | Bockman et al. | Examiner |
| US5528377 | 1996-06-01 | Hutcheson | Applicant |
| US5539540 | 1996-07-01 | Spaulding et al. | Applicant |
| US5583665 | 1996-12-01 | Gregory, Jr. et al. | Applicant |
| US5583666 | 1996-12-01 | Ellson et al. | Applicant |
| US5666215 | 1997-09-01 | Fredlund et al. | Applicant |
| US5713062 | 1998-01-01 | Goodman et al. | Examiner |
| US5760386 | 1998-06-01 | Ward | Examiner |
| US5892891 | 1999-04-01 | Dalal et al. | Applicant |
| US5949967 | 1999-09-01 | Spaulding et al. | Examiner |
| US5990931 | 1999-11-01 | Nimri et al. | Applicant |
| US6043909 | 2000-03-01 | Holub | Applicant |
| JP9-312777 | 1997-12-01 | Applicant | |
| JP11-331622 | 1999-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO99/41734 | 1999-08-01 | Applicant |
Non-Patent Literature (17)
- Lindley, Craig A., “JPEG-like Image Compression, part 1: Here's a C++ Class Library for JPEG-like Image Compression”, Dr. Dobbs Journal, v. 20, n. 7, pp. 50-59, Jul. 1995.Applicant
- English Language Translation of Claim 1 of Japanese Printed Patent Application No. 9-312777 (Kojima Misaki et al.), of Dec. 2, 1997, as translated by the Japanese Patent Office, page 1.Applicant
- Abrash, Michael, “Zen of Graphics Programming with Disk”, IDG Books Worldwide, as reprinted from Dr Dobbs (TM) Graphics Books on CD-ROM, “Notes Before We Begin”, reprinted as p. 1.Applicant
- Stroebel, Leslie et al., ed., “Encyclopedia of Photography”, Boston: Focal Press, ISBN 0-240-80059-1, p. 113.Applicant
- R. S. Gentile, E. Walowit, and J. P. Allebach, “A comparison of techniques for color gamut mismatch compensation,” J. Imaging Technol. 16, 176-181 (1990).Applicant
- U.S. application No. 09/162,051, McCarthy et al., filed Sep. 28, 1998.Applicant
- U.S. application No. 09/162,234, Spaulding et al., filed Sep. 28, 1998.Applicant
- U.S. application No. 09/162,201, McCarthy et al., filed Sep. 28, 1998.Applicant
- U.S. application No. 09/162,205, McCarthy et al., filed Sep. 28, 1998.Applicant
- U.S. application No. 09/489,367, Spaulding et al., filed Jan. 21, 2000.Applicant
- U.S. application No. 09/354,808, Parada et al., filed Jul. 16, 1999.Applicant
- U.S. application No. 09/543,652, Spaulding et al., filed Apr. 5, 2000.Applicant
- U.S. application No. 09/543,038, Spaulding et al., filed Apr. 5, 2000.Applicant
- U.S. application No. 09/651,510, Spaulding et al., filed Aug. 30, 2000.Applicant
- U.S. application No. 09/716,107, Spaulding et al., filed Nov. 17, 2000.Applicant
- English Language Translation selected passages of Japanese Printed Patent Application No. 11-331622 (Okubo Akihito) of Nov. 30, 1999, as translated by the Japanese Patent Office, pp. 1-9.Applicant
- IEC TC100 sRGB Draft Standard.Applicant