US 6,276,455 B1Grant
Subsea gas separation system and method for offshore drilling
Issue Date:2001-08-21
•8 Claims
•8 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A subsea gas separation system use in drilling an offshore well includes a subsea blowout preventor connected to the well and a gas separator connected to the blowout preventor near the seafloor. Gas released into the well bore during a well control event is removed at the separator and not returned with the drilling mud recirculated to the surface. A method offshore drilling includes a mud circulation circuit established leading down the drill string, through the drill bit, up the borehole, through a subsea pump, and to the surface through a return riser. The subsea pump is protected during critical well control events by removing gas released into the mud at a gas separator located upstream of the subsea pump and in communication with the blowout preventor.
Metadata
Assignee
- Shell Offshore Inc.
Inventor
- Romulo Gonzalez
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/160,772
Filing Date:1998-09-24
Priority Date:1997-09-25
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
E21B 2110E21B 3306
Field of Search:
175 5175 7175 48175206175207166357166267
Patent Drawings (8 sheets)
Description
[0002] This application claims priority to provisional application No. 60/060,031 filed Sep. 25, 1997.
Background of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to drilling systems and operations. More particularly, the present invention is a method and system for handling formation fluids entering the wellbore in the form of a hydrocarbon gas during well events.
[0004] Drilling fluids, also known as muds, cool the drill bit, flush the cuttings away from the bit's formation interface and then out of the system, and stabilize the borehole with a “filter cake” until newly drilled sections are cased. The drilling fluid also performs a crucial well control function and is monitored and adjusted to maintain a pressure with a hydrostatic head in uncased sections of the borehole that prevents the undesired flow of pressured well fluids into the borehole from the formation during drilling operations, i.e., well control events.
[0005] Conventional offshore drilling circulates drilling fluids down the drill string and returns the drilling fluids with entrained cuttings through an annulus between the drill string and the casing below the mudline. A riser surrounds the drill string starting from the wellhead at the ocean floor to drilling facilities at the surface and the return circuit for drilling mud continues from the mudline to the surface through the riser/drill string annulus.
[0006] In this conventional system, the relative weight of the drilling fluid over that of seawater and the length of the riser in deepwater applications combine to exert an excess hydrostatic pressure in the riser/drill string annulus.
[0007] Systems have been conceived to bring the drilling fluid and entrained cuttings out of the annulus at the base of the riser and to deploy a subsea pump to facilitate the return flow through a separate line. One such system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,813,495 issued Mar. 21, 1989 to Leach. That system requires complex provisions to ensure the closely synchronous operation of the supply and return pumps critical to the approach disclosed. However, the durability and dependability of such a mud circulation system is suspect in the offshore environment and particularly so in light of the incompatibility of the fluid with pumping operations following a well control event.
[0008] Thus, there remains a need for technology facilitating subsea pump operation for the return of drilling fluid to the surface.
A Summary of the Invention
[0009] One aspect of the present invention is a subsea gas separation system for use in drilling an offshore well in which a subsea blowout preventor is connected to the well and a gas separator is connected to the blowout preventor near the seafloor. Gas released into the well bore during a well control event is removed at the separator and not returned with the drilling mud recirculated to the surface.
[0010] Another aspect of the present invention is a method for offshore drilling in which a mud circulation circuit is established leading down the drill string, through the drill bit, up the borehole, through a subsea pump, and to the surface through a return riser. The subsea pump is protected during critical well control events by removing gas released into the mud at a gas separator located upstream of the subsea pump and in communication with the blowout preventor.
A Brief Description of the Drawings
[0011] The brief description above, as well as further objects and advantages of the present invention, will be more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments which should be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
[0012] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a subsea pumping system for deepwater drilling;
[0013] FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a one embodiment of a subsea pumping system for deepwater drilling;
[0014] FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the dedicated riser section in the embodiment of FIG. 2;
[0015] FIG. 4 is a top elevational view of the dedicated riser section of FIG. 3;
[0016] FIG. 5 is a longitudinally taken cross sectional view of the drill string shut-off valve of FIG. 2 in a closed position;
[0017] FIG. 6 is a longitudinally taken cross sectional view of the drill string shut-off valve of FIG. 2 in an open position;
[0018] FIGS. 7A-7C are longitudinally taken cross sections of another embodiment of a drill string shut-off.
A Detailed Description of Illustrative Embodiments
[0019] FIG. 1 illustrates schematically one embodiment of a drilling fluid circulation system 10 in accordance with the present invention. Drilling fluid is injected into the drill string at the drilling rig facilities 12 above ocean surface 14. The drilling fluid is transported down a drill string (see FIG. 2), through the ocean and down borehole 16 below mudline 18. Near the lower end of the drill string the drilling fluid passes through a drill string shut-off valve (“DSSOV”) 20 and is expelled from the drill string through the drill bit (refer again to FIG. 2). The drilling fluid scours the bottom of borehole 16, entraining cuttings, and returns to mud line 18 in annulus 19. Here, near the ocean floor, the drilling mud is carried to a subsea primary processing facility 22 where waste products, see line 24, are separated from the drilling fluid. These waste products include at least the coarse cuttings entrained in the drilling fluid. With these waste products 24 separated at facilities 22, the processed drilling fluid proceeds to subsea return pump 26 where it is pumped to drilling facilities above surface 14. A secondary processing facility 28 may be employed to separate additional gas at lower pressure and to remove fines from the drilling fluid. The reconditioned drilling fluid is supplied to surface pump system 30 and is ready for recirculation into the drill string at drilling rig 12. This system removes the mud's hydrostatic head between the surface and the seafloor from the formation and enhances pump life and reliability for subsea return pump system 26.
[0020] The embodiment of FIG. 1 can be employed in both drilling operations with or without a drilling riser. In either case, the hydrostatic pressure of the mud return through the water column is isolated from the hydrostatic head below the blow-out preventor, near the seafloor. Indeed, with sufficient isolation the return path for the mud could proceed up the drilling riser/drill string annulus. However, it may prove convenient to have a separate riser for mud return whether or not a drilling riser is otherwise employed. Further, even if not used as the mud return line through the water column, it may be convenient to have a drilling riser to run the blowout preventor and separation equipment discussed below. See FIG. 2.
[0021] Returning to FIG. 1, another advantage of this embodiment is that gas resulting from a well control event is removed at gas separator 52 and is expelled near seafloor 18. Pump operation in such well events is critical. In a well control event in which large volumes of gas enter the well, the overall system must handle gas volumes while creating an acceptable back pressure on the wellbore 16 by pumping down heavier weight mud at sufficient volume, rate and pressure. Dropping below this pressure in a well control event will result in additional gas influx, while raising pressure to excess may fracture the borehole. The ability to cycle through muds at weights suited to the immediate need is the primary control on this critical pressure. However, multiphase flow is a challenge to conventional pumps otherwise suited to subsea return pump system 26. Thus, only substantially gas free mud is pumped to the surface through subsea return pump system 26, facilitating pump operation during critical well control events. Additional gas may be removed at the surface atmospheric pressure with an additional gas separation system, not shown.
[0022] FIG. 2 illustrates the subsea components of one embodiment of drilling fluid circulation system 10, here with a drilling riser that is not used for returning the mud through the water column. The drilling fluid or mud 32 is injected into drill string 34 which runs within marine drilling riser 36, through a subsea blow-out preventor (“BOP stack”) 38 near the mudline 18, through casing 40, down the uncased borehole 16 to a bottom hole assembly 42 at the lower end of the drill string. The bottom hole assembly includes DSSOV 20 and drill bit 44.
[0023] The flow of drilling mud 32 through drill string 34 and out drill bit 44 serves to cool the drill bit, flush the cuttings away from the bit's formation interface and to stabilizes the uncased borehole with a “filter cake” until additional casing strings 40 are set in newly drilled sections. Drilling mud 32 also performs a crucial well control function in maintaining a pressure with a hydrostatic head in uncased sections of the borehole 16 that prevents the uncontrolled flow of pressured well fluids into the borehole from the formation.
[0024] However, in this embodiment, the drilling mud is not returned to the surface through the marine riser/drill string annulus 46, but rather is withdrawn from the annulus near mudline 18, e.g., immediately above BOP stack 38 through mud return line 19. In this illustration, with a drilling riser, the remainder of annulus 46, to the ocean surface, is filled with seawater 48 which is much less dense than the drilling mud. Deepwater drilling applications may exert a thousand meters or more of hydrostatic head at the base of marine drilling riser 36. However, when this hydrostatic head is from seawater rather than drilling mud in annulus 32, the inside of the marine drilling riser remains substantially at ambient pressure in relation to the conditions outside the riser at that depth. The same is true for mud leaving the well bore in riserless embodiments. This allows the drilling mud specification to focus more clearly on well control substantially from the mudline down.
[0025] Drilling mud 32 is returned to the surface in drilling fluid circulation system 10 through subsea primary processing 22, subsea return pump 26 and a second riser 50 serving as the drilling mud return line. In this embodiment, subsea primary processing 22 is illustrated with a two component first stage 22A carried on the lowermost section of drilling riser 36 and a subsequent stage 22B on the ocean floor.
[0026] In normal operation, solids removal system 54 first draws the return of drilling mud 32. Here solids removal system 54 is a gumbo box arrangement 68 which operates in a gas filled ambient pressure dry chamber 72. The hydrostatic head of mud 32 within the annulus 46 drives the mud through the intake line and over weir 74 to spill out over cuttings removal equipment such screens or gumbo slide 78. Cuttings 76 too coarse to pass between bars or through a mesh screen proceed down the gumbo slide, fall off its far edge beyond mud tank 80, and exit directly into the ocean through the open bottom of dry chamber 72. The mud, less the cuttings separated, passes through the gumbo slide and is received in mud tank 80 and exits near the tank base.
[0027] Remote maintenance within gumbo box arrangement 68 may be facilitated with a wash spray system to wash the gumbo slide with seawater and a closed circuit television monitor or other electronic data system in the dry chamber.
[0028] Cuttings 76 can be prevented from accumulation at the well by placing a cuttings discharge ditch 84 beneath dry chamber 72 to receive cuttings exiting the dry chamber (and perhaps the dump valve). A jet pump 86 injects seawater past a venturi with a sufficient pressure drop to cause seawater and any entrained cuttings to be drawn into cuttings discharge line 88 from cuttings discharge ditch 84. The cuttings discharge line then transports the cuttings to a location sufficiently removed such that piles of accumulated cuttings will not interfere with well operations.
[0029] FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate in detail an alternate embodiment in which components of first and second stage processing 22A and 22B as well as gas separator 52 are mounted on a dedicated riser section 36A. The dedicated riser needs to be sized to be run through the moonpool of the surface drilling facilities, preferably having a horizontal cross section no greater that the BOP stack outline 104, illustrated in FIG. 4 in dotted outline 100.
[0030] Components, here a pair of gumbo boxes 68 and a pair of horizontal gas/mud separators 58, are mounted on frame 102 secured to dedicated riser joint 36A. Cuttings discharge ditches 84, jet pumps 86, and cuttings discharge lines 88 are also mounted to this riser section. This allows connections between these initial components and the annulus within marine drilling riser 36 and BOP stack 38 to be fully modularly assembled on the surface before the drilling riser is made up to the subsea well.
[0031] Returning to FIG. 2, the illustrated embodiment also provides subsequent stage processing 22B, here a further solids removal system 54A, in the form of a second gumbo box arrangement 68A in gas filled ambient pressure dry chamber 72A. The hydrostatic head of mud 32 within tank 80 drives the mud and over weir 74A to spill out mud and entrained cuttings over more closely spaced bars or a finer mesh screen gumbo slide 78A. Mud separated in mud/gas separator 52 may join that from tank 80 in this second stage processing. A finer grade of cuttings is removed and carried away with cuttings discharge ditch 84A and jet pump 86B, as before, with the processed mud passing to mud tank 80A.
[0032] It may also be desirable to provide the position of normal tank exit and a tank volume that allows settling of additional cuttings able to pass through the gumbo slide. A surface activated dump valve 82 at the very bottom of the mud tank may be used to periodically remove the settled cuttings.
[0033] The suction line 94 of subsea return pump 26 is attached to the base of mud tank 80A. A liquid level control 90 in the mud tank or subsequent subsea mud reservoir activates return pump. The removal of the cuttings from the mud greatly enhances pump operation in this high pressure pumping operation to return the cuttings from the seafloor to the facilities above the ocean surface through a return riser 50. The return riser may be conveniently secured at its base to a foundation such as an anchor pile 98 and supported at its upper end by surface facilities (not shown), perhaps aided by buoyancy modules (not shown) arranged at intervals along its length. A return pump is provided to propel the mud up the return riser to the surface. A suitable pump may be deployed into the subsea environment or, as in this embodiment, the return pump is housed in an ambient pressure dry chamber 92 which improves the working environment and simplifies pump design and selection.
[0034] In well control events, BOP stack 38 is closed and the gas separator 52 intakes from subsea choke lines 33 associated with BOP stack 38. The intake leads to a vertically oriented tank or vessel 58 having an exit at the top which leads to a gas vent 60 through an inverted u-tube arrangement 62 and a mud takeout 64 near its base which is connected into return line 66 downstream from solids removal system 54. In such a well control event, gas separator 52 permits removal of gas from mud 32 so that subsea pump system 26 may operate with only a single phase component, i.e., liquid mud. The gas separator 52 may be conveniently mounted with a bracket 57 to the lowermost riser section 36 or, as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, a dedicated riser section 36A.
[0035] FIG. 5 details a DSSOV 20 deployed at the base of drill string 34 as part of bottom hole assembly 42 in FIG. 2. The DSSOV is an automatic valve which uses ported piston pressures/spring balance to throw a valve 112 for containing the hydrostatic head of drilling fluid 32 within the drill string when the bottom hole assembly is in place and the normal circulation of the drilling fluid is interrupted, e.g., to make up another section of drill pipe into the drill string. In such instances the DSSOV closes to prevent the drilling fluid from running down and out of the drill string and up the annulus 46, displacing the much lighter seawater until equilibrium is reached. See FIG. 2.
[0036] FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate DSSOV 20 in the closed and open positions, respectively. The DSSOV has a main body 120 and may be conveniently provided with connectors such as a threaded box 122 and pin 124 on either end to make up into the drill string in the region of the bottom hole assembly. The body 120 presents a cylinder 128 which receives a piston 116 having a first pressure face 114 and a second pressure face 130. First pressure face 114 is presented on the face of the piston and is ported to the upstream side of DSSOV 20 through channel 132 passing through the piston. Channel 132 may be conveniently fitted with a trash cap 134.
[0037] Second pressure face 130 is on the back side of piston 116 and is ported to the downstream side of DSSOV 20. Further, the first and second pressure faces of piston 116 are isolated by o-rings 136 slidingly sealing between the piston and the cylinder.
[0038] Body 120 also has a main flow path 140 interrupted by valve 112, but interconnected by drilling mud flow channels 126 and a plurality of o-rings 142 between valve 112 and body 120 isolate flow from drilling mud flow channels 126 except through ports 118.
[0039] The DSSOV is used to maintain a positive surface drill pipe pressure at all times. When the surface mud pump system 30 (see FIG. 1) is shut off, e.g., to add a section of drill pipe 34 as drilling progresses, valve shut-off spring 110 shuttles valve 112 to a closed position in which valve ports 118 are taken out of alignment with drilling mud flow channels 126 in body 120. See FIG. 5. The spring 110, the surface area of first pressure face 114, and the surface area of the second pressure face 130 of piston 116 are balanced in design to close valve 112 to maintain the pressure margin created by the differences in density between seawater 48 and mud 32 over the distance between surface 14 and ocean floor 18. See FIG. 1. This holds the excess positive pressure in drill pipe 34, keeping it from dissipating by driving drilling mud down the drill pipe and up annulus 46, while isolating the excess pressure from borehole 16. See FIG. 2.
[0040] After a the new drill pipe section has been made up or drilling is otherwise ready to resume, surface pump system 30 (FIG. 1) is used to build pressure on valve 112 until the pressure on face 114 of piston 116 overcome the bias of spring 110, opening valve 112 and resuming circulation. See FIG. 6.
[0041] DSSOV 20 also facilitates a method of determining the necessary mud weight in a well control event. With the DSSOV closed, pump pressure is slowly increased while monitoring carefully for signs of leak-off which is observed as an interruption of pressure building despite continued pump operation. This signals that flow has been established and the pressure is recorded as the pressure to open the DSSOV. Surface pump system 30 is then brought up to kill speed and the circulating pressures are recorded. Kill speed is a reduced pump rate employed to cycle out well fluids while carefully monitoring pressures to prevent additional influx from the formation. The opening pressure, kill speed and circulating pressure are each recorded periodically or when a significant mud weight adjustment has been made.
[0042] With such current information, the bottom hole pressure can be determined should a well control event occur. Shutting of surface pump system 30 after a flow is detected will close off DSSOV 20. The excess pressure causing the event, that is the underbalanced pressure of the formation, will add to the pressure needed to open valve 112. Pump pressure is then reapplied and increased slowly, monitoring for a leak-off signaling the resumption of flow. The pressure difference between the pre-recorded opening pressure and the pressure after flow is the underbalanced pressure that must be compensated for with adjustments in the density of mud 32. The kill mud weight is then calculated and drilling and adjustments are made accordingly in the mud formulation.
[0043] FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate another DSSOV embodiment, DSSOV 20A, in full open, intermediate, and closed positions, respectively. The DSSCOV cylinder has three regions, 128A, 128B and 128C. An additional profile in piston 116 provides paired large and small pressure faces as first pressure faces, 114A and 114B paired with corresponding second pressure faces 130A and 130B. Pressure faces 130A and 114A engage region 128A of the cylinder during normal mud circulation. Pressure faces 130A and 114A have a greater area than pressure faces 130B and 114B. This means that a lower pressure differential will keep valve 112 open. However, when the balance shifts such that the DSSOV starts to close, pressure faces 130A and 114B disengage from a sealing relationship with the cylinder walls in region 128A as the piston moves and these faces align with large diameter region 128B. The smaller area pressure faces 130B and 114B are then aligned in a sealing relationship with a reduced region 128C of the cylinder.
[0044] In the illustrated embodiment, some of the components of the subsea primary processing system 22 are provided on the marine drilling riser 36 and others are set directly on ocean floor 18. As to components which are set on the ocean floor, it may be useful to deploy a minimal template or at least interlocking guideposts and receiving funnels to key components placed as subsea packages into secure, prearranged relative positions. This facilitates making connections between components placed as separate subsea packages with remotely operated vehicles (“ROV”). Such connections include electric lines, gas supply lines, mud transport lines, and cuttings transport lines. A system of gas supply lines (not shown) supply each of the dry chambers 72, 72A, and 92 to compensate for the volumetric compression of gas in the open-bottomed dry chambers when air trapped at atmospheric pressure at the surface is submerged to great depths. Other combinations of subsea primary processing components and their placement are possible. Further, some components may be deployed on the return riser 50 analogous to the deployment on marine drilling riser 36.
[0045] Other modifications, changes, and substitutions are also intended in the foregoing disclosure. Further, in some instances, some features of the present invention will be employed without a corresponding use of other features described in these illustrative embodiments. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims to be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the spirit and scope of the invention herein.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A subsea gas separation system for use in drilling an offshore well, comprising:
a subsea blowout preventor connected to the well;
a gas separator connected to the blowout preventor near the seafloor;
whereby gas released into the well bore during a well control event is removed at the gas separator so that the gas is not returned with the drilling mud recirculated to the surface.
2. A subsea gas separation system in accordance with claim 1 further comprising a marine drilling riser connected to the blowout preventor and wherein the gas separator is mounted on the marine riser.
3. The gas separation system of claim 1, wherein said gas separator is comprised of:
a vertically oriented tank having an exit at its top and a mud takeout near its base;
intakes connecting chocke lines connected to the subsea blowout preventor to the vertically oriented tank;
a gas vent connected to the exit and leading to the subsea ambient environment through an inverted u-tube section of the gas vent; and
a return line connected to the mud takeout.
4. A method for offshore drilling, comprising:
establishing a mud circulation circuit of down a drill string, through a drill bit, up a borehole, through a subsea pump, and to the surface through a return riser; and
protecting the subsea pump during critical well control events by removing gas released into the mud at a gas separator located upstream of the subsea pump and in communication with a blowout preventor.
5. A subsea gas separation system for use in drilling an offshore well to remove gas introduced into the drilling mud from a well control event, the subsea gas separation system comprising:
a subsea blowout preventor connected to the well;
subsea choke lines connected to the well through the subsea blowout preventor; and
a gas separator near the seafloor connected to the subsea choke lines and operating at ambient pressure whereby pressure fluctuations upstream of the subsea choke lines are controlled and whereby said gas is not returned with the drilling mud to the surface.
6. A subsea gas separation system for use in drilling an offshore well with a drilling system including a subsea pump for returning drilling mud to the surface, the subsea gas separation system comprising:
a subsea blowout preventor connected to the well;
a gas separator connected to the blowout preventor near the seafloor;
whereby gas released into the well bore during a well control event is removed at the gas separator so that the gas is not returned with the drilling mud recirculated to the surface.
7. A method for offshore drilling, comprising:
establishing a circulation circuit for the drilling mud of down a drill string, through a drill bit, up a borehole, through a subsea pump and to the surface through a return riser; and
protecting the subsea pump during critical well control events by removing gas released into the mud at a gas separator located upstream of the subsea pump and in communication with a blowout preventor, said gas separator operating at subsea ambient pressure whereby the mud passing to the subsea pump is substantially in a single phase liquid state.
8. A subsea gas separation system for use in drilling an offshore well to address gas influx in drilling mud resulting from a well control event, the system comprising:
a subsea blowout preventor, having subsea choke lines, connected to the well;
a gas separator near the sea floor and connected to the subsea choke lines and operating at subsea ambient pressure whereby well bore pressure from the gas influx is controlled and the gas is separated from the drilling mud prior to the mud being returned to the surface.
Patent Citations (32)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3498674 | 1970-03-01 | Matthews | Examiner |
| US3603409 | 1971-09-01 | Watkins | Examiner |
| US3754380 | 1973-08-01 | McMinn et al. | Examiner |
| US3769521 | 1973-10-01 | Calswell et al. | Examiner |
| US3815673 | 1974-06-01 | Bruce et al. | Examiner |
| US4063602 | 1977-12-01 | Howell et al. | Applicant |
| US4091881 | 1978-05-01 | Maus | Examiner |
| US4147221 | 1979-04-01 | Ilfrey et al. | Examiner |
| US4149603 | 1979-04-01 | Arnold | Applicant |
| US4253530 | 1981-03-01 | Sharki et al. | Examiner |
| US4295366 | 1981-10-01 | Gibson et al. | Examiner |
| US4326859 | 1982-04-01 | Burnham, Sr. | Applicant |
| US4326863 | 1982-04-01 | Day et al. | Applicant |
| US4365977 | 1982-12-01 | Egbert | Applicant |
| US4381191 | 1983-04-01 | Brand et al. | Applicant |
| US4397659 | 1983-08-01 | Gowan et al. | Applicant |
| US4430892 | 1984-02-01 | Owings | Examiner |
| US4495999 | 1985-01-01 | Sykora | Examiner |
| US4506735 | 1985-03-01 | Chaudot | Applicant |
| US4527632 | 1985-07-01 | Chaudot | Applicant |
| US4687066 | 1987-08-01 | Evans | Applicant |
| US4691789 | 1987-09-01 | Richards et al. | Examiner |
| US4705114 | 1987-11-01 | Schroeder et al. | Applicant |
| US4813495 | 1989-03-01 | Leach | Applicant |
| US4867254 | 1989-09-01 | Gavignet | Examiner |
| US4982794 | 1991-01-01 | Houot | Applicant |
| US5085277 | 1992-02-01 | Hopper | Examiner |
| US5417544 | 1995-05-01 | Mohn | Applicant |
| US5460227 | 1995-10-01 | Sidrim | Applicant |
| US5827357 | 1998-10-01 | Farion | Applicant |
| US5975219 | 1999-11-01 | Sprehe | Examiner |
| US6062313 | 2000-05-01 | Moore | Examiner |
Non-Patent Literature (12)
- Allen Gault, “Riserless drilling: circumventing the size/cost cycle in deepwater,” Offshore, May 1996, 4 pp.Applicant
- Rick von Flatern, “Rig rates must keep reaching,” Offshore, Feb. 1997, 1 p.Applicant
- Larry Comeau, Integrating surface systems with downhole data improves underbalanced drilling, Oil & Gas Journal, Mar. 3, 1997, OGJ Special, 56-67.Applicant
- Steven S. Bell, “Riserless drilling promising for deepwater developments,” World Oil, May 1997, 1 p.Applicant
- “Riserless Drilling Project Develops Critical New Technology/Deepwater Technology Symposium”, by Robert E. Snyder, World Oil, pp. 1-11, Dec. 1997.Applicant
- “Riserless Drilling: Circumventing the size/cost cycle in deepwater”, by Allen Gault, Drilling Technology, pp. 1-4, undated.Applicant
- “Subsea Mudlift Drilling JIP: Achieving daul gradient technology”, by K. L. Smith et al., Deepwater Technology, pp. 21-28, Aug. 1999.Applicant
- “Riserless Drilling and Well Control for Deep Water Applications”, by Jongguen Choe et al., pp. 1-9. presented at Deep Water Well Control Conference Sep. 15-16, 1997.Applicant
- “Mudlift Drilling System Operations”, by Riley Goldsmith, pp. 1-9, presented at the OTC Conference on May 4-7, 1998.Applicant
- “‘Riserless’ rivals rally to the cause”, Offshore Engineer, Apr. 2000, pp. 20-23.Applicant
- “Shell moves forward with dual gradient deepwater drilling solution”, Willaim Furlow, Offshore, Mar. 2000, pp. 95-96.Applicant
- “Riserless Drilling JIP/Conceptual Engineering” Jul. 30, 1997, Deepwater Drilling Workshop, MMS-LSU (Baton Rouge).Applicant