Method of using an object-oriented communication system with support for multiple remote machine types

[0002] This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/504,120 filed on Jul. 19, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,732,261.

[0003] A portion of the disclosure of this patent contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

[0004] The present invention relates generally to the area of service tools for remote machines. More specifically, the present invention relates to communication between service application programs in computer systems, and remote devices such as remote machines and external data in files, databases, and programs.

[0005] Object Oriented Programming

[0006] An understanding of object oriented programming and object-oriented application frameworks will assist in full understanding of the present invention. As is understood to one skilled in the art, an “object” is an abstraction of a real world entity and is implemented as a combination of a data structure (whose fields are called “attributes” or “data members”) and a set of operations (“methods” or “member functions”) that can be performed on it. A “class” is a data type for a set of objects that each have the same data structure and the same operations. An “instance” of a class is an object, the data type of which is the class, as actually embodied in the memory of a running application program.

[0007] Classes are grouped into one or more (compile-time) hierarchies based on “inheritance,” which allows the interface (i.e. the names and types of the attributes and methods) of a “subclass” to be specified in terms of its differences from those of one or more “superclasses.” Instances may be grouped in one or more (run-time) hierarchies by “containment”; an object that contains a plurality of other objects is called a “container” or a “collection.” Further information regarding object oriented programming concepts are found in The Annotated C++ Reference Manual by Margaret A. Ellis and Bjarne Stroustrup, Addison Wesley c 1990.

[0008] An “object-oriented application framework” consists of a library of classes that are designed to be extended and subclassed by the application programmer, packaged along with several illustrative sample applications that use those classes and which are designed to be modified by the application programmer. The sample applications generally constitute a system that is useful in its own right. In general, the basic concept of a framework is well known to one skilled in the art. Some example frameworks include X Toolkit, Motif Toolkit, Smalltalk Model-View-Controller GUI, and MacApp.

[0009] Remote Service Application

[0010] An “application” is a program or set of cooperating programs that enable a user of a computer system to accomplish some task or set of tasks.

[0011] Remote Service Applications are applications that allow a computer user to communicate with and perform services (operations) upon machines (remote machines) that are separate from the user's computer system, possibly at a remote location, i.e. off-site. Some examples of remote machines include office machines such as copy machines, facsimile machines, and phone systems; and software entities in the memory of some remote computer system such as a file server or database server, etc. The typical actions performed with remote service applications include remotely diagnosing problems of a remote machine, monitoring the usage of the remote machine, enabling/disabling features of the remote machine, retrieving data, changing parameters, etc.

[0012] The present invention also supports applications that communicate with and perform operations upon software entities such as files and processes that are contained by the same computer system as the application program; we will use the term “remote machine” with the understanding that it may also include processes and files in the user's machine, but external to the memory and process controlled by the remote service application program.

[0013] To access a remote machine, the remote service application uses a “device driver” associated with some interface device such as a modem, and a “protocol driver” that formats the data sent to and received from the remote machine. These drivers may be part of the operating system or may be modules within the application program.

[0014] In the past, remote service applications were individually customized for each type of remote machine. For example, a first remote service application communicated only with machines having a particular protocol, whereas a second remote service application communicated only with machines having a different protocol. An advantage of this customized approach is that the remote service applications are efficient because they are tightly coupled to the architecture and parameters of the respective remote machine.

[0015] One disadvantage to individually customized remote service applications is that each software system often includes functions and data that are commonly used and duplicated for each system, such as customer databases. Another disadvantage is that each time a new type of remote machine is manufactured, a new software system needs to be created to address the unique capabilities of the new type of remote machine. The problem with this is that the software system is often built from scratch; thus the development cycle time is high. Yet another disadvantage is that individually customized approaches are often inflexible. Typically once a software system is on-line, modifications to the software system are very difficult because of the numerous ramifications to other parts of the software system.

[0016] What is needed is a set of software mechanisms by which a remote service application can communicate with and operate on any one of a plurality of remote machines, and a method for developing these remote service applications, that avoid the disadvantages disclosed above.

[0017] The present invention relates generally to the area of service tools for remote machines. More specifically, the present invention relates to communication between service application programs in computer systems, and remote devices such as remote machines and external data in files, databases, and programs.

[0018] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a ethod for communicating with a plurality of remote machines, of a plurality of machine types, using a computer system having a memory, includes the steps of constructing within the memory a first plurality of software objects, the first plurality of software objects describing services for one of the plurality of remote machines, establishing communications with the one remote machine, and invoking operations on the one remote machine in response to requests described by services of the first plurality of software objects.

[0019] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system 110 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0020] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an object-oriented application framework for use in a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0021] FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of the sample remote service application programs and data files supplied with the framework for use in a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0022] FIG. 4 illustrates the representation, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, of the component, graphical user interface, application state, machine model, and queue objects that describe a remote machine;

[0023] FIG. 5 illustrates the representation, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, of a remote facsimile machine and the corresponding component, machine model, and application state objects, and their relationship to the data contained in the remote machine;

[0024] FIG. 6 illustrates the representation, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, of the objects that are required in order to communicate with and operate upon a remote machine.

[0025] A preferred embodiment of the present invention is part of the REST (“Ricoh Electronic Service Tool”) object-oriented application framework which is currently under development by Ricoh Corporation, the assignee. An object-oriented application framework (“framework”) comprises a class library that includes the declarations and implementations of classes of objects, and a plurality of sample application programs written using those classes.

[0026] A framework is a system that enables an application programmer to quickly and easily write new application programs in some application domain, e.g. (in the case of the present invention) remote service applications. In particular, the application programmer typically edits sample application programs that have been written for a particular remote machine to create a new application program.

[0027] The object classes in the framework that are part of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when instantiated as software objects within the memory of a computer system, constitute a mechanism and an associated method that enables any application program implemented using them to communicate with a plurality of remote machines, of a plurality of different types.

[0028] The sample applications also constitute a system in their own right, for performing some set of tasks, e.g. (in the case of the present invention) remote service tasks.

[0029] A “component” is a software object that represents the services and state of some remote machine. A component may have sub-components, e.g. a copier may have a sorter and a feeder attached to it.

[0030] A “device” is a computer system peripheral that enables the computer system in which the remote service application is running to communicate with one or more remote machines.

[0031] A “device driver” is a software object that provides an interface by which the remote service application communicates with a device.

[0032] A “machine” is any hardware or software entity that is external to the computer system in which the remote service application is running; i.e. a remote office machine, file server, or database server.

[0033] A “machine model” is a collection object, the contents of which are “model item” objects, describing the services provided by some component.

[0034] A “model item” is an object that describes an individual service item provided by some remote machine.

[0035] A “service” is any operation that can be performed on or by a component, including retrieving or updating data contained in that component.

[0036] A “service item” is an abstract class that describes a service or set of services, or the data currently contained in a service.

[0037] A “machine state” is a collection object, the contents of which are “application item” objects.

[0038] An “application item” is an object that contains the information that the remote service application has about some service provided by the remote machine, including the current state (data) of the service in the machine and any changes or operations that the end user of the program has requested and that have not been performed.

[0039] The following is a summary of the naming conventions used herein and in the attached software appendix. The names of classes are capitalized, with internal capital letters to indicate the start of words. Names of global functions, variables, and classes have a one- to three-letter prefix that indicates the general family to which they belong. For example, the data structure that describes a service item, and all of its subclasses, have a prefix of “SI_.” Classes that descend from “R_Base” have the prefix separated from the rest of the name by an underscore; “R_Base” is the base class for objects that can be put into collections, written into external files, and read back from those files.

[0040] Classes and data types whose names lack an underscore are usually instantiated as variables, function arguments, or class data members, and are passed by value; classes whose names include an underscore are almost always instantiated on the heap and passed as references or pointers. This convention allows one skilled in the art of object-oriented programming to easily distinguish classes from instances, and instances from references or pointers to instances, in the discussion that follows.

[0041] The names of global functions, constants, and variables have a lowercase prefix.

[0042] Member functions and data members that are part of a class's public interface start with a lowercase letter. Protected data members have a name ending in underscore; there is usually a public member function to access the data; its name is the same but without the underscore. Such data members are called “attributes,” and are declared using macros whose names start with “R_ATTR.”

[0043] If there is a member function that updates a value, its name ends in “Set”; the update function is declared by the same macro that declares the attribute.

[0044] 1. System Overview

[0045] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system 1 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Computer system 1 includes a display monitor 10, a keyboard 20, and a mouse 30, and computer 2. Computer 2 includes a processor 40, a memory (e.g. semiconductor RAM) 50, a mass storage device (e.g. a disk drive) 60, and a communication device (e.g. a modem) 70, and a system bus 80 interconnecting the above components. Mouse 30 is but one example of a graphical input or pointing device. A remote machine 90 is typically coupled to system 1 via a communication device such as modem 70.

[0046] In a preferred embodiment, system 1 is a 80486 microprocessor class based machine, running Linux or Windows 3.1 operating system, the latter from Microsoft Corporation, and remote service application programs developed using the REST application framework currently under development by Ricoh Corporation. A preferred embodiment of classes of objects in the REST framework, described below, are written in C++.

[0047] FIG. 1 is representative of but one type of system for embodying the present invention. It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many system types and configurations are suitable for use in conjunction with the present invention.

[0048] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an object-oriented application framework as used in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The application layer 140 is the portion of the system consisting of application programs run by an end user, including Remote Setting 100 and Customer Database Access 130, and application programs run automatically by the operating system, including Call-out 110 and Call-in 120.

[0049] The core layer 190 consists of a library of class declarations and implementations that provide functions shared by all remote service applications residing in application layer 140 of the framework, including graphical user interface functions 150, general programming-system functions 160, modelling remote machines 170, and communicating with remote machines 180.

[0050] The interface layer 260 contains classes (“device drivers”) that provide an interface to specific local communication devices such as modems, classes (“protocol drivers”) that provide an interface to the communication protocols required to communicate with and operate upon specific families of remote machines (e.g. copiers 200 and facsimile machines 240), as well as interfaces to remote or local database servers 220, and files 230, 240, 250 (“machine description files”) that contain descriptions of the services provided by specific types of remote machines. The application programming interface (API) of the classes in the interface layer 140 is defined by abstract classes in the core layer 190; hence an application programmer is insulated from the details of specific interface devices and remote machines.

[0051] An application programmer using the framework implements remote service application programs, typically by using a text editor to copy and modify one or more of the existing sample programs in the application layer 140. Applications constructed in this way share a common, well-proven architecture and design, and a large body of re-usable code; eliminating most of the design and debugging phase from the software life-cycle is one way in which the use of an object-oriented application framework speeds up the implementation of remote service applications.

[0052] A program that uses the present invention to communicate with a remote machine is capable of communicating with almost any remote machine.

[0053] FIG. 3 illustrates some of the sample application programs in application layer 140 of the framework (FIG. 2) and the files whereby they communicate information. All application programs and files preferably reside in the Mass Storage Device 60 of the Computer System 1.

[0054] The user interacts directly with a Customer Database Access application 300, a Job Scheduler application 370, and a Remote Setting application 400. (It will be clear to one skilled in the art that many other interactive programs are possible; these are merely illustrative examples.)

[0055] The Customer Database Access application 300 allows the user to query a customer database 310 to select machines with which to communicate; it also allows the user to select groups of machines (each described in a Machine Group file 350) and groups of service items (each described in a Service Item Group file 340) upon which to operate. The Customer Database Access application 300 outputs a Job Item file 320 and a Case file 330, each containing the filenames of the other files involved in the interaction.

[0056] The user then runs the Job Scheduler application 370, which reads Job Item files 320 and automatically runs instances of the Call Out application 380 and Remote Setting application 400 in order to communicate with one or more Remote Machines 90. The Call In application 390 may be run at any time in response to an incoming communication from a remote machine 90.

[0057] The Call In application 390 and Call Out application 380 write a Data Dump file 410 which contains a copy of the information sent by a remote machine 90 to the Call In application or retrieved from a remote machine 90 by the Call Out application 380. The Data Dump file 410 is translated by the Call Translator application 440 into either a Case file 420 or a Comma-Delimited file 450 for import into an Analysis Database 460 or other application program such as a spreadsheet. The Call Translator application 440 performs its conversion operation using a description of the remote machine 90 contained in one of a plurality of Machine Model files 430.

[0058] The Remote Setting application 400 is used for direct interactions between a user and some remote machine 90; the operations that can be performed on the remote machine 90 are described in one of a plurality of Machine Model files 350; the access information (e.g. telephone number) of the remote machine 90 and some of the operations to be performed on it may be specified in a Case file 330, or entered directly by the user.

[0059] 2. Machine Model Module

[0060] 2.1.Overview

[0061] The Machine Model module 170 in FIG. 2 is the main module within the Core Layer 190. The objective of the machine model module is to describe the services available on remote machines to remote service applications in the form of configurations of objects, called Machine Models, and to contain and organize the information required for the application program to keep track of the current state of the remote machine and of any operations and data transfers requested by the user.

[0062] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the machine and service class hierarchies consist of the following (note indentation denotes inheritance):

[0063] 2.2.Component and Associated Objects

[0064] FIG. 4 illustrates a typical Component 700 (object instance in the memory 50 of computer system 1 representing a remote machine 90) and the objects to which it refers. These objects are its “state” attribute 600, an SC_AppServices object, its “model” attribute 630, an SC_ServiceModel object, its writeQueue and readQueue attributes 670, each an SC_Queue object, and its “session” attribute 710, a reference to an instance of a subclass of class SI_CommunicationSession.

[0065] An SC_ServiceModel 630 is a collection of “model items” 640, 650, each model item being an instance of a subclass of SI_ModelItem. Collectively the SC_ServiceModel 630 is a description of the services provided by the remote machine 90 represented by Component 700.

[0066] An SC_AppServices 600 is a collection of “application items” 610, 620, each application item being an instance of class SI_AppItem, and having a reference to a corresponding SI_ModelItem 640, 650 and SI_CallbackList 520, 530. Each application item 610, 620 contains information about the current value (if known) of the corresponding service in the remote machine, and any requested operations or data transfers involving that service. The SC_AppServices object 600 is initialized by means of the “initServices” operation on class Collection 700; one of its parameters is an optional pointer to a function from pointer-to-SI_ModelItem to Boolean that allows an application to select from the machine model 630 only those services that are actually used by the application.

[0067] An SI_CallbackList 520, 530 is a collection of SI_GuiItem objects 540, 550, 570, 580, 590, each of which refers to and is referred to by a single object that represents a “control” in the graphical user interface which displays information and with which the user may interact. The purpose of the SI_GuiItem is to ensure that changes made by the user using the graphical user interface cause equivalent changes in the appropriate SI_AppItem 610, 620 in the application state 600, and that changes in an SI_AppItem 610, 620 in the application state 600 that result from the operation of the program, and particularly from communication with the remote machine, cause equivalent changes in the information presented to the user by the graphical user interface.

[0068] The operation “newValueSet” of class SI_AppItem is used to request a change of state (write operation) in the service. The operation “readRequest” of class SI_AppItem is used to request a read operation. When a read or write operation is requested, an object 680, 690 of class SI_QueueItem is constructed that refers to the SI_AppItem 610, 620 and also contains the requested operations: read or write and, in the case of a write, the data to be written. The SI_QueueItem is placed on either a read queue 670 or a write queue that are attached to Component 700. These queue items accumulate until the user or the application requests a batch communication session with the remote machine, as will be further described in conjunction with the communications module.

[0069] When the batch communication session is performed, the currentvalue attribute of each SI_AppItem is updated to reflect the value stored in or retrieved from the remote machine. Each SI_GuiItem 500 associated with SI_AppItems 610, 620 is automatically notified of the update as a side effect of the “currentValueSet” operation.

[0070] A Component object is itself a container for “sub-components” (not shown), corresponding to separately-controllable machines connected to the remote machine. For example, the top-level. Component object 700 may be a line-adapter multiplexer, to which a plurality of copiers are attached, represented by the contents of the top-level Component 700.

[0071] FIG. 5 illustrates the relationship between the machine model 860 (630 in FIG. 4), the application state 810 (600 in FIG. 4), and the remote machine 90. For this illustration we will use a facsimile machine similar to the Ricoh model FAX-60, in which the remotely-accessible services are represented by data contained in an electronically-erasable read-only memory 910, from which data may be retrieved or in which data may be modified by presenting the facsimile machine 90 with a suitably-formatted request containing a starting address and size. It can easily be seen by one skilled in the art that other protocols are possible, involving different ways of identifying the data to be transferred, and different encodings for the data.

[0072] Since the remote facsimile machine stores service items in a memory, the machine model 860 contains objects 870, 880 that are instances of class SI_MemoryItem, a subclass of SI_Remoteltem which in turn is a subclass of SI_ServiceItem. For example, SI_MemoryItem 870 has a size 3 in its “itemsize” attribute, specifying a string of length 3. The data type “Chars” in SI_MemoryItem 870 is represented in the “valueDscr” attribute by a pointer to an instance of a subclass of class R_ValueDscr.

[0073] Some of the remotely-accessible data consists of bitfields stored within bytes in the memory; FIG. 5 illustrates two such bitfields 921, 922 contained within a byte 920 in memory 910 of remote facsimile machine 90, each represented by an instance 890, 900 of class SI_BitfieldItem, both contained within the SI_MemoryItem object 880 that represents the byte 920.

[0074] Each service item that can be manipulated by the remote service application program has a current state within the application state 810 represented by an instance 820, 830, 840, 850 of class SI_AppItem.

[0075] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the machine model is composed of instances of subclasses of SI_ModelItem, having the following hierarchy (note indentation denotes inheritance):

[0076] The abstract class SI_ModelItem provides an abstract programming interface for performing access and update operations to a service item located on a remote machine; the various subclasses of SI_ModelItem provide implementations of these operations for operating on particular kinds of remote data using communication protocols specific to particular remote machines.

[0077] The subclassing allows SI_MemoryItem objects 870, 880 to have behavior specific to remote service items stored in a remote machine's memory, and SI_BitfieldItem objects 890, 900 to have behavior specific to bitfields that are contained in a word stored in a remote machine's memory. For example, the “packedSize” attribute is computed by a function that in an SI_BitfieldItem simply returns the value of the “itemSize” attribute, but in an SI_MemoryItem returns the value of the “itemSize” attribute multiplied by 8, the number of bits in a byte.

[0078] SI_InternalItem and SI_ExternalItem are the two main subclasses of SI_ModelItem. SI_InternalItem objects describe data associated with the remote machine, but internal to the remote service application (for example, the machine's serial number, which may not be accessible remotely but which may be obtained from a customer database). When data is external to the remote service application a subclass of SI_ExternalItem subclass is used. For example, SI_TableItem describes a table in a remote database server, and SI_MemoryItem describes a data item in the memory of a remote facsimile machine.

[0079] The data itself, i.e. its data type (integer, cardinal number, float, string, etc.), size, range of values, and other attributes, are described in a data structure called a “value descriptor” (class R_ValueDscr). These value descriptors are runtime class descriptors similar to those used in languages such as Smalltalk. A pointer to the value descriptor and the default value of the data are combined in an object of class Rvalue, which is the “defaultvalue” attribute of the SI_ModelItem object. Some attributes of the value descriptor may be overridden by corresponding attributes of the SI_ModelItem. If a value is a reference to an instance of some object, its class name and publicly-accessible attributes are described by an instance of class R_ClassDscr which is returned by the virtual function “dscr” of the object instance.

[0080] Each SI_AppItem object 820, 830, 840, 850 in the application state 810 stores the information that the remote service application has about the current state of the remote machine, the state of the user interface, and the relationship between them. Each instance of class SI_AppItem 820, 830, 840, 850 has an attribute “model” containing a reference to a single instance of class SI_ModelItem 870, 889, 890, 900 that describes the permissible states for that item, and its location or access information on the remote machine. Each SI_AppItem also has an attribute “currentValue,” that contains information about the current state of that service item in the remote machine, as well as an attribute, “newValue,” that represents a requested update state for the remote item.

[0081] When a service item in the remote machine consists of a compound data structure such as an array or structure, it is described by an SI_ModelItem object having a collection of one or more subsidiary SI_ModelItem objects, also known as its “children.” An SI_ModelItem representing an array will have a single child describing the array item objects and an SI_ModelItem representing a structure will have a separate child describing each field. The corresponding SI_AppItem may have either a child SI_AppItem for each sub-item (array element of structure field), or else a single compound value that refers to an array of sub-item values. Each SI_AppItem representing an array element has a value in its “location” attribute that is an index from the start of the array. The application programmer decides which of these two representations is most appropriate for any given application. For example, in FIG. 5, remote data byte 920, described by SI_AppItem object 830 and SI_MemoryItem object 880 contains bitfields that are described by SI_AppItem objects 840 and 850 and SI_Bitfield objects 890 and 900.

[0082] Optionally, the history of a remote machine may be stored in a historical database (not illustrated). Types of historical data include for example, the number of copies made on a copier every month, the options purchased by the customer, etc. To track the history, the SI_AppItem has an attribute, “history,” that points to another SI_AppItem of a different component. The different component is typically one that describes a database or file.

[0083] The history item's “currentvalue” reflects what is known about the item when the application is started (e.g. The previous month's copy count in a billing application). When there is a change in what the system knows about the item, “currentValueSet” is called to reflect the change and the history item's “newValueSet” operation is called with the same value. In some applications (e.g. remote setup) it may be very useful to be able to revert a service item's value to the value it had when the program was started, so as to effectively undo any changes that may have been made by the application's user.

[0084] As can be seen, the application programmer may readily define new subclasses to the class SI_ModelItem in order to describe new sorts of service items provided by any new remote machine, database, or other external resource. Any application linked with a library containing the code for such a subclass will be able to make use of the new service items at runtime; such applications need not be recompiled, but only relinked. By putting the new classes in a dynamic link library (DLL), suitably-constructed applications can make use of new service items even after being linked and distributed to users.

[0085] It can be seen by one skilled in the art that the application program must construct in its memory a Component and its associated machine model and application state, in order to communicate with some remote machine.

[0086] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, this can be done by parsing one or more files that contain a textual or binary representation of the object instances to be constructed, including the names of their classes, the names and values of their attributes, and the textual or binary representations of the objects contained in each collection object. The resulting parse tree is created using the constructors for the various classes represented in the file; its root is the required Component object instance 700, 800; its “model” attribute contains the machine model 630, 860, and its “state” attribute contains the application state 600, 810. The application state may either be constructed by parsing a separate Case file 330, 420, or constructed and initialized with default values from the machine model file 350, 430.

[0087] As an example, if the application program needs to communicate with a facsimile machine, the application program first retrieves a machine model file describing the facsimile machine. Such a file may appear as follows (partial):

[0088] As illustrated, the description file is a textual representation of a SC_ServiceModel (model) for a “K50” facsimile machine. Instances of SI_MemoryItem are described including R17D4, R17D5, and R17D6. Virtual functions within the appropriate instances are executed to handle the specific communication protocol.

[0089] As another example, if the application program needs to communicate with a copier machine, the application program first retrieves a file describing the Copier machine. Such a file may appear as follows (partial):

[0090] As illustrated, the description file contains a textual representation of a SC_ServiceModel (model) for a “FT8780” copier machine. Instances of SI_CopierItem are described including LampThermistor, SC_ChargerLeak, and FusingTempADJ.

[0091] An application can communicate with a plurality of remote machines by creating a plurality of Component objects 700, 800 and associated machine models 630, 860 and application states 600, 810 in its memory, either sequentially or concurrently.

[0092] 2.3. Exemplary Class Descriptors

[0093] The following C++ code consists of class declarations for an illustrative subset of a preferred embodiment of the machine model classes.

[0094] 2.3.1. Service Class

[0095] The Service class is the general abstract base class for service items and service collections.

[0096] 2.3.2. SI_ServiceItem Class

[0097] The SI_ServiceItem class provides a uniform interface for all service items.

[0098] Value Description Information

[0099] The following functions are normally delegated to a descriptor, specifically the value descriptor of defaultValue. A few functions such as the sizes and valueList, can be overridden by attributes in SI_ModelItem.

[0100] 2.3.3. SI_ModelItem Class

[0101] A ModelItem is part of a machine's description, i.e., the program's model of the machine. It contains no information whatever about the current state of the machine, only how to get that state and what values are permissible. Essentially, a ModelItem contains everything that can be known in advance about an item without actually calling up a remote machine or looking in a database.

[0102] Reading and Writing

[0103] SI_RemoteItem contains operations for reading and writing the item on a remote machine, however these are overridden in the protocol-specific subclasses. These operations are incorporated to SI_ModelItem because this is the class an SI_AppItem refers to. There is no reason why SI_AppItem should have to treat remote items and database items differently—for example, some machines may be able to report their own serial numbers, while others may have serial numbers only on the nameplate and in the customer database.

[0104] Note that the remote access operations take an SI_AppItem argument; this is the application item on behalf of which the work is being done. All operations return immediately, if the SI_AppItem is marked '“busy” a callback method is invoked when the work is actually done.

[0105] 2.3.4. SI_RemoteItem Class

[0106] SI_RemoteItem is the parent class for those service items actually performed by, stored in, or retrieved from a remote machine. This class represents the actual memory location for a memory-based service item, this class also contains information about individual bits, if necessary. If a remote machine has contents, this class gives individual names and descriptions to the components in the form of a data structure. Arrays of identical items have only one component.

[0107] 2.3.5. SI_MemoryItem Class

[0108] The SI_MemoryItem class represents locations in a memory on a remote machine. As described in the background section, some remote machines may provide direct access to the remote machine memory.

[0109] 2.3.6. SI_BitfieldItem Class

[0110] The SI_BitfieldItem class represents a bitfield within an SI_MemoryItem that contains it. The bit number is relative to the low-order bit of the containing memory item, which in turn may be up to 32 bits long. It is up to the default value's descriptor to specify the size (packedSize) of the bitfield.

[0111] 3. Communication Module

[0112] 3.1. Overview

[0113] The communication module 180 works with the machine module 170 to perform operations and access data on a remote machine 90, in accordance with requests made by executing the “readRequest” and “newvalueSet” operations on instances of class SI_AppItem. The objective of the communication module 170, located in the core layer 190 in FIG. 2, is to provide a programming interface for carrying out an interaction, called a “communication session,” between the computer system 1 running the remote service application program (e.g. 100, 110, 120, 130 in the Application Layer 140 of FIG. 2) and some remote machine 10. The implementation of this programming interface is contained in subclasses of the basic communication classes, the subclasses being located in the interface layer 260 of FIG. 2.

[0114] A preferred embodiment of the present invention uses a single programming interface, defined in the communication module 170, for all kinds of remote machines. The subclasses in Interface Layer 260 provide implementations for that programming interface suitable for interacting with particular kinds of remote machines.

[0115] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the session class hierarchy consists of the following (note indentation denotes inheritance):

[0116] 3.2. Detailed Description

[0117] The SI_DeviceCallBack class contains a set of abstract programming interfaces for asynchronous communication between the remote service application and an external process, communication device, or remote machine. Since such an asynchronous input or output operation may require some time to complete, the application merely issues the request and continues to process user interface events. When the operation has been completed, the device driver will “call back” the application using the “connectDone” operation.

[0118] “SI_CommunicationSession” is the abstract base class for all sessions, i.e. interactions with remote machines. There are two subclasses of SI_CommunicationSession: buffered and unbuffered.

[0119] Buffered sessions (SI_BufferedSession and its subclasses) handle communications using a protocol that requires data to be transmitted and received in blocks, possibly including a header that contains protocol information. The data and header are then stored in a buffer prior to being sent, or after being received. The SI_BufferedSession contains the code required to move data between the buffer and the remote service application's internal data structures (contained in the application state 600, 810), using information in the machine model 630, 860 to specify the format of the data and its location within the buffer. SI_MemorySession, SI_—256BytesSession, and SI_CopierSession are illustrative subclasses of SI_CommunicationSession which provide communication specific information for different remote machines.

[0120] Unbuffered sessions (SI_UnbufferedSession and its subclasses) are used as an interface to entities, such as database servers or file servers, for which an application programming interface is provided by some operating system or library, that supports direct data transfers between the remote machine and the data in the application state 600, 810, e.g. by remote procedure call. SI_DBSession, SI_CustAccessSession, and SI_HistorySession are illustrative subclasses of SI_UnbufferedSession which provide communication specific information for different remote databases, etc.

[0121] TI_TaskItems are used to break a communication session into a sequence of steps. FIG. 6 illustrates a typical session between a computer system 1 and a remote machine 90, 1110. A session 1000 contains a local read queue 1040 and a local write queue 1070, a virtual batching operation to execute requested operations on service items, and a virtual mapping operation to translate data between the external format used by the remote machine 90, 1110 and the computer system 1. The queues 1040 and 1070 are instances of SC_Queue, and contain instances 1050, 1060, 1080, 1090 of SI_QueueItem.

[0122] Each SI_QueueItem, e.g. 1050 or 1080, contains a Boolean attribute “read” which is true for read requests 1050 and false for write requests 1080, an Rvalue attribute “value” which is undefined for read requests 1050 and contains the value to be written for write requests 1080, and an attribute “appItem” containing a reference to the SI_AppItem 1051, 1081 that represents the remote service to be operated upon. The SI_AppItem 1051, 1081 in turn refers to an instance 1052, 1082 of a subclass of SI_ModelItem that describes the data type, size, and location of the service.

[0123] The session 1000 also has an attribute “callSchedule” that refers to a list 1010 of instances 1020, 1030 of some subclass of class TI_TaskItem. The subclass used is specific to the type of remote machine 1110 being communicated with. The call schedule list determines the order of operations to be done in a single call, and may be used for optimization, for example by re-ordering references to items 920, 930 in a remote facsimile machine's memory 910 in order to minimize the number of separate calls required to access them, in a facsimile machine that transfers a maximum 256 consecutive bytes per call.

[0124] When the session 1000 is initialized, it requests a device manager object for an instance 1100 of a subclass of CM_CommunicationDevice that provides an interface to the communication device 70 by which the application program can communicate with a remote machine 90, 1110. The request made by session 1000 includes a specification of the protocol to be used in communicating with the remote machine 90, 1110; the device manager returns an instance 1100 of a device 70 that can use the requested protocol and is not already in use.

[0125] When the remote service application requests that the queued-up communication requests be executed, typically in response to the user, the session 1000 iterates through its read queue 1040 and write queue 1070 to construct a callSchedule 1010. If necessary, it accumulates data to be written in a buffer using the virtual function “putValueIntoBuffer” of each corresponding SI_ModelItem 1082 to translate the data from its internal format in the SI_QueueItem 1080 to its external representation and store it in the buffer.

[0126] The session 1000 then iterates through the call schedule 1010 and tells each task item 1020, 1030 to perform its operation. Each task item 1020, 1030 in turn tells session 1000 what operation to perform on remote machine 1110. Session 1000 then uses the device controller 1100 (referred to above) to perform the low level read or write operation with remote machine 1110. If necessary, it then uses the virtual function “getValueFromBuffer” of each the corresponding SI_ModelItem 1052 to extract the data from the buffer, translate it from external to internal representation, and store it in the SI_AppItem 1051 using the SI_AppItem 1051's “currentValueSet” operation.

[0127] 3.3. Defining New Session Types

[0128] As can be seen, the application programmer may readily define subclasses to the class SI_CommunicationSession in order to describe new ways of communicating with any new remote machine, database, or other external resource. Any application linked with a library containing the code for such a subclass will be able to make use of the new session type at runtime; such applications need not be recompiled, but only relinked. By putting the new classes in a dynamic link library (DLL), suitably-constructed applications can make use of new session types even after having been linked and distributed to users.

[0129] 4. Communication Device Interface

[0130] 4.1. Overview

[0131] A communication device 70, (device) is a computer system peripheral such as a modem, through which remote service applications communicate with a remote machine. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a communication device 70 is represented within an application program as an instance 1100 of a subclass of class CM_CommunicationDevice.

[0132] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the device class hierarchies consist of the following (note indentation denotes inheritance):

[0133] 4.2. Detailed Description

[0134] The class CM_CommunicationDevice encapsulates all attributes and operations relevant not only to physical communication devices such as modems, but also application programming interfaces to such things as databases and database servers. An instance of CM_CommunicationDevice has attributes that contain the communication address of a remote machine, a list of protocol restrictions specific for the remote machine, and virtual functions “initDevice,” “connect,” “read,” “write,” and “disconnect” which provide a generic programming interfaces for all devices.

[0135] The class CM_CCA is a preferred embodiment of a class that defines all attributes and operations that are applicable to communication controller adapters used to communicate with a remote facsimile machine. A CCA (Communication Control Adapter) is one embodiment of a special-purpose fax modem that can access the internal memory of the remote machine. The CM_USACCA class defines a preferred embodiment of how to access/modify a facsimile machine that uses a 256-byte protocol.

[0136] The class CM_LADP is a preferred embodiment of a class used for communication with copiers. This class uses an instance of CM_Modem as a communication channel. The LADP (Line Adapter) is one embodiment of a combination modem and multiplexer that interfaces between a telephone line and up to five copiers.

[0137] The class CM_DBACESS is a preferred embodiment of a class that allows the remote service application to view a database as if it were a remote device. This class has a handle to a database and uses operations defined by a database interface library to access and update data items in the database.

[0138] The class CM_DeviceManager is a preferred embodiment of class for a global object the function of which is to keep track of all of the communication devices 70 attached to a computer system 1, their status (idle or busy), and the protocols which they support. A communication session object 1000 requests a device object 1100 from the device manager, which returns a reference to a device 1100 that is currently idle and that is capable of handling the communication protocol required by remote machine 90, 1110.

[0139] 4.3. Adding New Devices

[0140] As can be seen, the application programmer may readily define subclasses to the class CM_CommunicationDevice in order to define a protocol for any new remote device, database, or other external resource. Any application linked with a library containing the code for such a subclass will be able to make use of the new protocol at runtime; such applications need not be recompiled, but only relinked. By putting the new classes in a dynamic link library (DLL), suitably-constructed applications can make use of new protocols even after being linked and distributed to users.

[0141] In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to a specific exemplary embodiment thereof. Many changes, modifications, and additional extensions to the framework facilitating the modeling of remote devices are readily envisioned and are included within other embodiments of the present invention.

[0142] The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than in a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.